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Advanced Digital Systems Design 09
Advanced Digital Systems Design 09
INSTITUTION
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC
DEPARTMENT ENGINEERING
EENG424
MODULE CODE
PROF JONAS A S REDWOOD-
MODULE LECTURER SAWYERR
Mobile : +232 76 670904, +232 88
001019, +232 25 273401
Email : jonas.redwood-
CONTACTS sawyerrd@usl.edu.sl,
osehsylrs1952@gmail.com,
jredwood_sawyerr@yahoo.com
3-0-3
LECTURE HOURS/LAB. PRACTICALS/CREDIT HOURS
ASSESSMENT Examination will account for 70% of the
overall grade whilst continuous
assessment will account for 30%.
Question sets at the end of each lecture
must be returned for grading one week
after receipt of lectures and will account
for 10% of the continuous assessment
grade.
This module draws from a number of
concepts met in earlier years of the
programme and seeks to show how these
engineering tools can be used in digital
systems design. You may wish to revise
Modules in Digital Systems at Year IV so
as to better cope with the discussions as
OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES these concepts will be assumed during our
lectures.
References
1. http://
www.reliabilityeducation.com/
ReliabilityPredictionBasics.pdf
2. http://www.mtl-inst.com/
images/uploads/datasheets/
App_Notes/AN9030.pdf
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Failure_rate
4. G C Loveday,1989. Electronic
Testing and Fault Diagnosis.
SUGGESTED READINGREFERENCE
Longman Scientific &
TEXTS/MANUALS/WEBSITES Technical. ISBN 0-582-03865-
0
5. Holdsworth, B. Digital Logic
Design. Butterworth
Heineman. 1987. ISBN 0
7506 0501 4
6. Loveday, G C. Electronic
testing and Fault Diagnosis.
Longman Scientific &
Technical. 1992. ISBN 0-582-
03865-0
PART 3
Use of shift registers and the Universal State Diagram (USD) or deBruign diagram
00
11
Lock-in Lock-in state on receipt of 11
state on receipt
00 10
S2
001 011
S2
010
S5
100 110
S4 S6
Recap
PLDs are devices that are programmable such as ROMs, PLAs and PALs
These have similar basic building blocks but with different degrees of programmable characteristics.
AND OR
Array Array
Programming Characteristics
PLD AND OR
ROM Fixed (using Programmable
decoders)
Programmab Programmable Programmable
le Logic
Array (PLA)
Programmab Programmable Fixed
le Array
Logic (PAL)
A logic circuit having two inputs, produces an output which is the square of its inputs. Design the circuit
using a ROM showing the sequence table and the ROM connection matrix of the circuit.
Solution
Sequence Table
Dec. A B W X Y Z
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 1
2 1 0 0 1 0 0
3 1 1 1 0 0 1
Here we note
Z = A’B + AB
Y=0
X = AB’
W = AB
A 2 x 4 0 (A’B’)
Decoder 1 (A’B)
2 (AB’}
B 3 (AB)
WX Y Z
Z1 =P 2+ P5 + P7
and
Z2 =P0 + P3+ P 4 + P6
ABC
o/p of a
3 to 8
Decoder Bit lines
P0
P1
P2
P3 Word lines
P4
P5 Bit capacity = 8 x 2 = 16 bits. No of connections = 10
P6
P7
Z1 Z2
Output functions
2D design
Z1 =P 2+ P5 + P7
and
Z2 =P0 + P3+ P 4 + P6
Here the p-terms are first factorised with C as a prime factor to implement the 2D addressing technique
e.g.
Z1 =A B C+ A B C+ ABC
¿ C [ A B]+C [ A B+ AB]
Similarly we note
Z2 =A B C+ A BC + A B C+ AB C
¿ C [ A B+ A B+ AB]+ C[ A B ]
AB
External i/ps C
C
AND/OR Circuit
providing access to
C and C
Z1 Z2
Illustrative Example
Serial binary data is received on line X of a logic circuit, in pulse form, each bit of the input data being
synchronised with an incoming clock pulse. An output Z=1 is generated when the sequence X = 1 0 1 is
detected including overlapping sequences. Design this circuit using ROMs and D-type flip-flops for
synchronisation.
Solution
I/O diagram
X Logic
Circuit Z
Clock
X : .. 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0....
Z: 1 1 1
There are two models used in solving sequential circuits, referred to as the Moore and Mealy models or
machines. We shall use the Moore model.
AB
00 X X
X X
01
X
11
X X
10
S3
For the ROM design all possible transitions are programmed on the chip
Table 1. State table.
D A =A B X + A B X + ABX
DB = A B X + A B X + A B X + A B X= X [ A B+ A B ] + X [ A B+ A B]
Realisation of circuit
AB
AB
ROM (4 x 4 bits)
AB
AB
X
X
DA DB
Note:
D A =A B X + A B X + ABX
DB = A B X + A B X + A B X + A B X= X [ A B+ A B ] + X [ A B+ A B]
X
Z Z= AB
A A
B B AFF
Synch clock
BFF
NB
i. ROMs do not have clock facilities
ii. The A & B outputs from the ROM, i.e. the output word determined by DA and DB are fed back into
the ROM as the Next states on receipt of the clock pulse through the use of synchronising D-type Flip
Flops.
iii. It is assumed that the ROM has an internal decoder
iv. Additional logic is provided to generate the output Z with its clock input synchronising pulse.
PLAs offer optimal use of storage compared to ROMs in terms of the available addresses and what may be
required in a given design. Quite often only a small percentage of the available storage capacity in ROMS is
used.
PLAs consist of basically two separate ROMS, one being the AND ROM or logical product generator, and
the other the OR ROM or logical sum generator. This structure therefore lends itself to the PLA being used
as a function generator. Note that both arrays are programmable. The block schematic and connection
matrix for the implementation of two functions f1 and f2 are shown in the Figure.
I/Ps A
AND
ROM
Logical Product Generator
B
P0 P3
OR f1 = P2+P3
Logical Sum ROM
Generator f2 = P 0 + P 3
Fig. 9.10. Block schematic of simple PLA
Po P2 P3
A
AND ROM
f1
OR ROM
f2
We note that the number of vertical lines in the AND array indicates the number of AND or p-terms that are
generated for the design while the number of horizontal lines in the OR array indicates the number of output
functions required. Also the output functions are generated in the two-level SOP form and both elementary
and canonical terms can be generated by the PLA.
PLA design
AND array
For six variable inputs and 14 product terms we obtain 6 x 2 x 14 = 168 bits
OR array
For 4 o/p functions and 14 product terms we obtain 4 x 14 = 56 bits
Total capacity = 168 + 56 = 224 bits
ROM design
Also for 4 o/p functions we obtain a total capacity of 26 x 4 = 256 bit storage capacity. This can be reduced
by using a multiplexed or 2D configuration of ROMs
Diode connections are available for both the variable and its complement. Programming entails either
blowing the fusible nichrome links or retaining them. Discuss printed diagrams.
Illustrative example
Design a hexadecimal counter using a PLA and D-type Flip flop for synchronisation. The output of the
counter is decoded to give a visual seven-segment decimal display.
Sequence Tables, State diagrams and Connection matrix of the design will be distributed during the
lecture.
D D=C D+ B D+ A D+ ABC D
D C = AB C+ A C+ B C
DB = A B+ A B
D A =A