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Editorial Board
Gotcha Djaparidze, Zaza Skhirtladze,
Mamuka Tsurtsumia (Editor)
© avtorebi 2015
saavtoro uflebebi daculia. masalis gadabeWdva
redaqciis nebarTvis gareSe dauSvebelia
saistorio krebuli
UDC (uak) 93/94(051.2) s-187
ISSN 1987-7285
Tbilisi 2015 Tbilisi

sarCevi
istoria
I mansur II ja‘farianis samoneto emisia 9
maliq-Sahis saxeliT – Tbilisi da qvemo
qarTli bagratovanTa da did selCukTa Soris
irakli faRava
II kidev erTi ucnobi aRmosavluri wyaro 62

SavbatknianTa mbrZaneblis jahan Sahis
saqarTveloSi Semosvlis Sesaxeb
mirian maxaraZe
III sefianTa iranisa da did moRolTa 77
urTierTobebi XVIII s. dasawyisSi
da giorgi XI: yandaaris problema
kaxa kvaSilava
IV Savi Wiris epidemia saqarTveloSi 1802-1804 wlebSi 97

(general sergei tuCkovis cnobebis mixedviT)
jaba samuSia
samxedro istoria
V lazur-bizantiuri falanga mdinare 126
cxeniswyalTan brZolaSi (550 w.)
nika xoferia
VI yivCaRuri kvali Sua saukuneebis 138

qarTul materialur kulturaSi
(XII-XIV ss. muzaradebis mixedviT)
mamuka wurwumia
qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi
VII yadri Sirazi imamyuli xan undilaZis 160
triumfisa da dacemis Sesaxeb
marina aleqsiZe
VIII qarTvelebi samxreT aziis politikur cxovrebaSi 178
(XV-XVII saukuneebi)
aleqsandre miqaberiZe
epigrafika
IX baranis cixis warweris TariRisaTvis 201
giorgi oTxmezuri
wyaroTmcodneoba
X efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis (S-1276a) 216
1370-1390-iani wlebis minaweris cnobebi
monRol sardlebs – ulusis amira Seix hasan
bozorgsa da amira ali fadiSahs Soris 1336 wels
gamarTul yara daras brZolaSi taos erisTavis
amirRambar I fanaskertelis vasalis, taoeli
feodalis boco wmedisZis monawileobis Sesaxeb
Temo jojua
numizmatika
XI XI-XII saukunis bizantiuri yaidis qarTuli 286
monetebi: mimoqcevis xasiaTi
irakli faRava, roland spanderaSvili
iaraRTmcodneoba
XII sxeulis damcavi saSualebebis erTi 306
tipi Sua saukuneebSi
mamuka wurwumia
XIII qarTuli Tofi ermitaJis muzeumSi 316
mamuka qafianiZe, mamuka wurwumia
xelovnebaTmcodneoba
XIV stelis fragmenti mcxeTis wm. jvris taZridan 325
nana sixaruliZe, zaza sxirtlaZe
.
Contents
I Monetary Emission of Mansur II, the Ja‘farid in 58

the Name of Malik-Shah: Tiflis and Lower
Kartli Between Georgian Bagratids and Great Seljuks
Irakli Paghava
II One More Unknown Oriental Source about 76
Intervention of Jahan Shah, the Ruler of
Black Sheep Turkomans (Qara Qoyunlu) to Georgia
Mirian Makharadze
III Relations Between Safavid Iran and Great Moghuls 96
at the Beginning of 18th Century and Giorgi XI: Problem
of Qandahar
Kakha Kvashilava
IV The Plague Epidemic in Georgia in 1802-1804 125
(Based on information provided by General S. Tuchkov)
Jaba Samushia
V Byzantine-Lazic Phalanx at the Battle of the Tskhenistskali (550 A.D.) 137

Nika Khoperia
VI Qipchaq Trace in the Medieval Georgian Material Culture 153
Mamuka Tsurtsumia
VII Qadri Shirazi About the Rise and Fall 167
of Imam-Quli Khan Undiladze
Marina Alexidze
VIII Georgians in South Asia in 15th-17th Centuries 199
Alexander Mikaberidze
IX Regarding the Dating of the Inscription on the Barana Fortress 215
Giorgi Otkhmezuri
X Accounts About Participation of Botso Tsmedisdze, Feudal 282
Lord from Tao Province, Vassal of Amirgambar I Panaskerteli,
Eristavi of Tao, in the Qara Darra Battle Faught in 1336 Between the
Mongolian Commanders-in-Chief Shaikh Hasan Bozorg,
Emir of Ulus, and Emir Ali-Padishah, Found in the
Colophon (1370-90s) From Homiletical
Compilation (S-1276A) by Ephrem Mtsire
Temo Jojua
XI The 11th-12th C. Georgian Coins of Byzantine Type: Circulation 303
Irakli Paghava, Roland Spanderashvili
XII One Type of Body Defense in Middle Ages 310
Mamuka Tsurtsumia
XIII Georgian Gun in the State Hermitage Museum 323
Mamuka Qapianidze, Mamuka Tsurtsumia
XIV The Fragment of Stela from the Jvari Church of Mtskheta 373
Nana Sikharulidze, Zaza Skhirtladze
I
mansur II ja‘farianis samoneto emisia maliq-Sahis

saxeliT – Tbilisi da qvemo qarTli bagratovanTa
da did selCukTa Soris
irakli faRava
ja‘farianTAa da Semdgomi periodis, muslimTa xelSi myofi Tbili-

sis, aseve, qvemo qarTlis istoriaze arcTu bevri ram viciT. kerZod,
istoriografias Zalze mwiri informacia gaaCnda bolo ja‘farianebis,
ja‘far III b. ‘alis vaJiSvilebis, abul-heijasa da mansuris moRvaweo-
baze. sakmarisi iqneba aRvniSnoT, rom sul bolo dromde, mkvlevari
munejim-baSis TxzulebaSi Zmebis mxolod da mxolod orjer gakvriT
moxseniebis amara rCeboda.1
sAAabednierod, istorikoss gverdSi daudga numizmatikuri mec-
niereba. swored numizmatikuri monacemebi gvevlineba obieqtur Tanad-
roul pirvelwyarod, romelic movlenebis Sesaxeb Zvirfas (da, SeiZle-
ba iTqvas, unikalur) informacias gvawvdis. ukve qrestomaTiulad iqca
X saukunis ori ja‘fariani amiras – mansur I b. ja‘farisa (I) da ja‘far II
b. mansuris (I) magaliTi, romelTa arsebobac ki ar gvecodineboda, rom
ara samoneto masala.2 numizmatika ara nakleb mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda
bolo ja‘farianebis istoriis Sesaswavladac.
Cveni mizani swored rom axali, aqamde ucnobi numizmatikuri ma-
salis safuZvelze ja‘fariani amira mansur II b. ja‘faris (III) da, mas-
Tan erTad, Tbilisis (saamiros) istoriis garkveva-dazustebaa; gansa-
kuTrebul yuradRebas vuTmobT bolo ja‘farianebisa da Tbilisi-qve-
mo qarTlis muslimebis urTierTdamokidebulebas did selCukebTan
da Turqmen momTabareebTan; sazogadod, qvemo qarTlisa da Tbili-
1
Vladimir Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History. I. New Light on the Shaddādids of Ganja. II. The
Shaddādids of Ani. III. Prehistory of Saladin (London, 1953), 19-20, 23.
2
goCa jafariZe, `Tbilisis amiras ‘ali ibn ja‘faris monetebi~, amierkavkasiis
istoriis problemebi (Tbilisi, 1991), 132.
10 irakli faRava
sisTvis bagrationebisa da didi selCukebis, regionis sxva politikuri

erTeulebis brZolis istorias.
epoqis istoriografiuli mimoxilva

sanam uSualod axalaRmoCenil numizmatikur masalasa da mis is-
toriul mniSvnelobaze gadavidodeT, mokled SevajamoT, Tu rogor
gvesaxeboda (aqamde cnobili istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT) Tbili-
sis (saamiros) istoria daaxloebiT XI saukunis 30-iani wlebidan vidre
qalaqis daviT aRmaSeneblis mier aRebamde (1122).
1030-iani wlebis bolos (1039/40 wels?) selCukTa faqtori, TiTqos-
da, pirvelad gaCnda Tbilisis istoriaSi: 1037/8 wels (h. 429 wels) (da-
TariReba al-asiris cnobas efuZneba) Tbiliss alya Semoartya qris-
tianuli koaliciis – afxazTa da kaxeT-hereTis samefoebis jarebma;
alya or wlamde gagrZelda da, TiTqosda, qarTvelebis warmatebiT
unda dasrulebuliyo, vinaidan Tbilisis ja‘fariani amira ja‘far III
b. ‘ali ukve gaqcevasac fiqrobda, magram uecrad qarTvelebma alya
moxsnes – bagrat IV-m Tbilisis damorCilebaze xeli aiRo da Tavis mo-
kavSire mefe gagiks Seutia, safiqrebelia, kaxeT-hereTis dapyroba-
SemoerTebis imediT; qarTveli mematianis mixedviT, `romelTame dide-
bulTa afxazTa mefisaTa liparitisagan farulad gaazraxes mefesa ara
ganZeba amirasi, da farulad liparitisagan dahkides zavi amirasa ... da
ibirna afxazTa mefeman kaxni ... da moeyara afxazTa mefe qalaqsa da em-
tera kaxTa ... gailaQSqra afxazTa mefeman kaxeTs~.3 ibn al-asirma dagvi-
tova Zvirfasi cnoba, romelic qarTul wyaros ewinaaRmdegeba imdenad,
ramdenadac savsebiT gansxvavebulad gvixatavs alyis moxsnis mizezebs:
`429 wels afxazTa mefem qalaqi Tbilisi alyaSi moaqcia da miuxedavad
imisa, rom mosaxloebis mxridan medgar winaaRmdegobas waawyda, gare-
mocvas da Seviwroebas mainc ganagrZobda. rodesac xoragi gamoelia
da sursaTis miwodeba Sewyda, mosaxleobam azerbaijanis muslimebs
daxmareba da samxedro mxardaWera sTxova. magram rodesac Ruzebma
azerbaijanamde miaRwies da afxazebma maTi miaxloeba Seityves, da isic
gaiges, Tu rogor uswordebodnen isini somxebs SiSisagan Tbiliss maS-
inve alya moxsnes da datoves~.4
3
qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I (Tbilisi, 1955), 297-298.
4
cnoba moyvanilia b. silagaZis TargmanSi: beniamin silagaZe, arabTa batonoba
saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 1991), 221.
mansur II ja‘farianis samoneto emisia 11
qarTul istoriografiaSi, al-asirze dayrdnobiT, bolo dromde

miRebuli iyo, rom swored selCukebis gamoCenam aiZula qarTvelebs
alya moexsnaT.5 jaba samuSias ekuTvnis metad saintereso naSromi,
romelSic avtorma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom Turq-selCukebis Semoseva
azerbaijanSi da qarTvelebis mier TbilisisTvis alyis moxsna ubralod
droSi daemTxva erTmaneTs da al-asirma es ori movlena erTmaneTs us-
afuZvlod daukavSira.6 jaba samuSias mixedviT, movlenebi sworad (da
amomwuravad) aris gadmocemuli matiane qarTlisa-Si da bagrat IV-is
es qmedeba unda aixsnebodes mis karze liparit baRvaSis mowinaaRmdege
banakis moqmedebiT, romelmac STaagona monarqs, Tbilisis sanacvlod,
kaxeT-hereTis SemoerTeba ecada.7
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ratom moxsnes qarTvelebma alya, al-asiris
cnoba mainc inarCunebs mniSvnelobas, rogorc am adreul periodSic
ki Tbilisis zedafenis sagareo, aseve muslimur Zalaze orientaciis
faqtis mowmobas.
sxva sakiTxia, uxmes Tu ara Tbiliselebma Tu ja‘farianma amiram
maincdamainc selCukebs. al-asiris cnobis mixedviT, Tbiliselebma dax-
mareba àzerbaijanis muslimebs~ sTxoves. xom ar SeiZleba vifiqroT,
rom avtors àzerbaijanis muslimebSi~ arranis muslimebi aeria, da is,
sinamdvileSi, davuSvaT, ganZisa da arranis mmarTvel Sadadianebs gu-
lisxmobda? ja‘far III-c xom ganZaSi apirebda gaqcevas – `Semzada tivebi
da navebi RamiT warsvlad ganZas laSqarias Tana fadlonis Svilsa~.8
Tumca ki, es, cxadia, damtkicebulad ver CaiTvleba. Teoriulad mainc,
SeiZleba isic davuSvaT, rom Tbiliselebma swored selCukebTan daa-
myares kavSiri.
ja‘far III b. ‘ali gardaicvala 1045 Tu 1046 wels.9 mas yavda ori vaJiS-
5
Sdr. magaliTad, ivane javaxiSvili, `qarTveli eris istoriis II wigni~,
Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. II (Tbilisi, 1983), 142; nodar Sengelia, selCukebi
da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi (Tbilisi, 1968), 174; jaba samuSia, `bagrat IV-isa da
liparit baRvaSis konfliqtis gamomwvevi mizezis Sesaxeb~, saistorio Ziebani, 8-9
(2006), 137-8. sakiTxis vrceli istoriografia ix. iqve.
6
iqve, 144-5.
7
iqve, 145-50.
8
qarTlis cxovreba, I, 297.
9
javaxiSvili, „qarTveli eris istoriis II wigni~, 144; revaz kiknaZe, „XI-XIII
saukuneTa Tbilisis istoriidan~, iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis institutis
Sromebi, V, nakv. 1 (1960), 111; Мариам Лордкипанидзе, Тбилиси (IV-XV вв.). Исторический
очерк (Тбилиси, 1991), 74-5; mariam lorTqifaniZe, Tbilisis saamiros istoriidan,
12 irakli faRava
vili, mansuri da abul-heija,10 magram taxti, dasawyisSi mainc, arcerTs

ar ergo – Tbilisis saamiros garTulebuli mgomareoba, iseve rogorc
dasavleT saqarTvelos – afxazTa samefos (romelic aRmosavleT saqa-
rTveloSic dominirebda) siZliere, zurgs umagrebda saamiroSi ar-
sebul pro-qarTul partias.11 ja‘far III b. ‘alis sikvdilis Semdgom am
calke amonabeWdi (Tbilisi, 1952), 197; pavle Tofuria, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis

politikuri erTeulebi XI-XII saukuneebSi (Tbilisi, 1975), 191-3. erT-erT, 2004
wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi is SecdomiT warmodgenilia rogorc alf-arslanis
Tanamedrove, romelic 1068 welsac ki aris cocxali. Garnik Asatrian, Hayrapet Margarian,
“The Muslim Community of Tiflis (8th-19th Centuries),” Iran & the Caucasus, vol. 8, no. 1 (2004), 32.
10
Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History, 19-20, 23.
11
Лордкипанидзе, Тбилиси (IV-XV вв.), 74; SoTa mesxia, `saqalaqo komuna Sua
saukuneebis TbilisSi~, saistorio Ziebani, t. I (Tbilisi, 1982), 238. hamlet
mkrtumians gamoTqmuli aqvs saintereso mosazreba, rom TbilisSi erTmaneTs
upirispirdeboda qristianuli da muslimuri Temebi, da Tbilisis (saamiros)
sagareo politikuri orientaciac maTze iyo damokidebuli. amasTan, muslimuri
Temi Sedgeboda `sparselebisa da arabebisgan~, xolo qristianuli ki – `somexi
da qarTveli vaWrebisa da xelosnebisgan~, qalaqis berni ki, avtoris mixedviT,
romelic s. eremians eyrdnoba, somexi vaWrebisa da xelosnebisgan Sedgeboda.
Гамлет Мкртумян, “Царство Кахети-Эрети и армяно-грузинские отношения (XI в. – начало
XII в.),” Լրաբեր Հասարակական Գիտությունների, 11 (1981), 99, сноска 20. rTuli
saTqmelia, Tu ra politikuri gavleniT sargeblobda Tbilisis qristianuli
Temi. revaz kiknaZec cdilobda daesabuTebina, rom `qalaqis mosaxleobis ZiriTad
masas aq swored qarTvelebi Seadgendnen, muslimanebi ki vaWarTa zedafenaSi
sWarbobdnen~. kiknaZe, „XI-XIII saukuneTa Tbilisis istoriidan~, 127. Cveni azriT,
XII-XIII saukuneebis (anu, daviT aRmaSeneblis mier qalaqis aRebis Semdgomi
periodis) muslimi mogzaurebis dakvirveba, rom Tbiliseli qalebi saxes ar
ifaravdnen (muslimebis garda) (iqve, 129, 135-6), ver gamodgeba imis samtkiceblad,
rom Tbilisis mosaxleoba VIII-XI saukuneebSic upiratesad qristianuli iyo.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, veWvobT, rom Tbilisis qristianul Tems iseTi politikuri
wona qonoda, rom bagrat IV-is mowvevis iniciativa gamoeCina, rom ara qalaqis
muslimuri, aSkarad ufro privilegirebuli Temis, yvelaze cota, nawilis survili.
da, rasakvirvelia, dausabuTebulia da aradamajerebelia hamlet mkrtumianis
mosazrebebi am periodis TbilisSi qarTul mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT somxuri
mosaxleobis upiratesi xvedriTi wilisa da gavlenianobis Sesaxeb – naSromi,
sazogadod, tendenciuria. revaz kiknaZes miaCnda, rom `berebis~ xelisufleba [anu,
proqarTuli partia? – i.f.] mxolod mtkvris marjvena napirze mdebare qalaqze,
e.i. Tbilisis savaWro-saxelosno ubnebze vrceldeboda~, xolo isanSi ki bagrat
IV-is winaaRmdeg ganwyobili `feodaluri aristokratia~ [anu, antiqarTuli
partia? – i.f.] gamagrda. kiknaZe, „XI-XIII saukuneTa Tbilisis istoriidan~, 111, sq.
11. SoTa mesxiac Tvlida, rom `mtkvris marcxena nawilis simagreebSi, umTavresad,
mahmadianuri samxedro feodaluri aristokratia batonobda.~ mesxia, `saqalaqo
komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi~, 230. msgavs mosazrebas gamoTqvamen Tanamedrove
somexi istoriografebic (revaz kiknaZis naSromis miTiTebis gareSEe): “Being the
partiam scada Sinagani uTanxmoeba12 1046 wels qalaqis bagrat IV-sTvis13

gadacemis gziT gadaelaxa; magram bagrationma monarqma ver SeinarCu-
na es Zvirfasi monapovari: Tumca bagrat IV-m triumfalurad daikava
tfilisi, iq Tavisi garnizoni Caayena da Tavisi administracia daniSna,
magram qalaqis mosaxleobis Seurigebeli nawili isanSi gamagrda da
mefes medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwia. saboloo jamSi, mefes qalaqis da-
toveba mouwia;14 mematianis TqmiT, bagrat IV-s ùqades qalaqi da u£mes
saswrafod~. Cveni azriT, am frazaSi igrZnoba, rom aCqarebas didi mniS-
vneloba qonda, saqme sxvanairad rom ar datrialebuliyo, risi saSiS-
roebac, rogorc Cans, iyo da rasac kargad grZnobdnen is `tfilelni
berni~, vinc afxazTa mefes am SemoTavazebiT mimarTa. amasTan, mematia-
nis sakmaod vrceli monaTxrobi eWvs ar tovebs, rom bagrat IV-is Se-
mosvla TbilisSi namdvilad sazeimo viTarebaSi moxda, winaaRmdegoba
ki, Tbilisis saamiros (dakninebuli) samxedro potencialis gaTval-
native-born city residents, the Muslims dealing in commerce and crafstmanship, probably occupied the old
right-bank part of Tiflis. The military nobility of the Muslim community was settled on the left bank, the
fortified part of Isani.” Asatrian, Margarian, “The Muslim Community of Tiflis (8th-19th Centuries),” 41.
aRsaniSnavia, rom wyarod miTiTEebulia matiane qarTlisa, sadac araferi weria imaze,
qalaqis romel ubanSi Tu vin cxovrobda. rogorc vxedavT, Cvens winaSe mcdelobaa,
pro- da antiqarTuli partiebi erTmaneTisgan socialuri statusisa da funqciis
mixedviT, aseve teritoriuladac gaimijnos; amasTan, calke aris gamoyofili
Tbilisis muslimuri Temis feodaluri aristokratia. am periodis TbilisSi
raime saxis muslimuri feodaluri aristokratiis arseboba saeWvod gveCveneba,
Tumca ki, vaRiarebT, rom Tbilisis saamiroSi miwaTmflobelobis sistemis Sesaxeb
cota ram viciT. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa, Tu ras warmoadgenda, socialuri
TvalsazrisiT, is 500 meomari, romelic daviT aRmaSenebelma qalaqis aRebis Semdeg
sikvdiliT dasaja. isini moxseniebulia vardanTan da maTe urhaelTan. Всемирная
история Вардана Великого, перевел Н. Эмин (Москва, 1861), 147; liana davlianiZe, “maTe
urhaelis cnobebi daviT aRmaSeneblis Sesaxeb”, saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi
(Tbilisi, 1966), 246-7.
12
qalaqis mcxovreblebsa da mesveurebze qarTvelTa zewola da proqarTuli
partiis saqmianobac rom ugulebelvyoT, ja‘far III b. ‘alis vaJiSvilebi SeiZleba
jer kidev uwlovanebi yofiliyvnen, Tbilisi rom SeenarCunebinaT. SoTa mesxias ki
miaCnda, rom Zmebs Soris dapirispireba mamis gardacvalebisTanave daiwyo. mesxia,
`saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi~, 237. samwuxarod, ar viciT Zmebis
dabadebis TariRi, ase rom am sakiTxis gadawyveta am etapze, albaT, SeuZlebelia.
13
msgavsad amisa, cota xnis win, 1045 wels, anisis warmomadgenlebma aseve gadasces
es somxuri qalaqi bagrat IV-s. javaxiSvili, „qarTveli eris istoriis II wigni~, 143;
Лордкипанидзе, Тбилиси (IV-XV вв.), 74-5.
14
javaxiSvili, „qarTveli eris istoriis II wigni~, 144; kiknaZe, „XI-XIII saukuneTa
Tbilisis istoriidan~, 111-2; Лордкипанидзе, Тбилиси (IV-XV вв), 74-6; lorTqifaniZe,
Tbilisis saamiros istoriidan,197; Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History, 57.
14 irakli faRava
iswinebiT, Zalauneburad pasiur xasiaTs atarebda – mefe, marTalia,

isanSi ar SemouSves, magram, mis jarze Tavdasasxmelad Zalebi ar qon-
daT.15
ucnobia, Tu vin marTavda qalaqs Semdgomi ori Tu sami wlis ganma-
vlobaSi; savaraudod – adgilobrivi oligarqia, vinaidan cota mogvi-
anebiT bagrat IV xelmeored swored Tbiliselebma moiwvies:16 1040-iani
wlebis bolos Turq-selCukebma daatyveves bizantielTa mokavSired
gamosuli liparit baRvaSi,17 romelic mefes Zalauflebas ecileboda
– es, Cans, 1048 wels moxda,18 da bagrat IV-sTvis namdvilad xelsayreli
movlena iyo.19 1048 Tu1049 wlis ganjis winaaRmdeg warmatebuli bizan-
tiur-qarTuli laSqrobis20 Sedegad Seqmnili mdgomareobis gaTval-
iswinebiT, Tbilisis macxovreblebma kvlav moiwvies bagrat IV TavianTi
qalaqis dasakaveblad21 – àmissa Semdgomad kualad u£mes tfilelTa da
15
moviyvanT vrcel citatas: `da movides tfilelni berni, rameTu mis Jamisa
pirvel momkudar iyo tfileli amira jafar. uqades qalaqi da u£mes saswrafod.
wamovida ... da amoiara mefeman da movida qarTls, da movides sxuani m£mobelni
bernis tfilelni. waremarTa tfilisad da moegebnes qalaqis berni, darbazis ymani,
cxenosanni diRmisa velsa, da yoveli eri queiTi dakazmuli umedeulsa, da dedaTa
da mamaTa simravle iyo moedans. da iyo £ma bukTa da dumbulTa orkerZove saSineli,
romlisa £miTa iZrvoda queyana; da iyo sixaruli orkerZove gansak¢rvebeli.
Seiyvanes da moavles qalaqi, asxmides dramasa da drahkansa, da moarTunes kliteni
qalaqisadni, da Seiyvanes saamiraosa darbazsa. dajda mefe bagrat sauravad.
aRixuna koSkni karTani Tavis kaciTa, da aRiRo cixe qalaqisa darijeli, da ornive
koSkni wyalyinisani da Tabori, da daadginna Sigan laSqarni T¢sni da erisTavni.
xolo isnelTa Caagdes £idi da ara mosces isni; daudgnes filakavanni, da brZodes
isnsa, da esrodes isarsa~. qarTlis cxovreba, I, 299-300.
16
javaxiSvili, „qarTveli eris istoriis II wigni~, 147; Лордкипанидзе, Тбилиси (IV-XV
вв.), 77; mesxia, `saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi~, 239; Minorsky, Studies in
Caucasian History, 57, 61.
17
javaxiSvili, „qarTveli eris istoriis II wigni~, 146; Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian
History, 61, n. 2; Tofuria, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis politikuri erTeulebi XI-XII
saukuneebSi, 194.
18
goCa jafariZe, `liparit IV baRvaSi bizantiisa da Turq-selCukTa diplomatiur
urTierTobebSi~, Ziebani, t. 1 (Tbilisi, 2012), 112-34.
19
javaxiSvili, „qarTveli eris istoriis II wigni~, 146-7; Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian
History, 56-7, 61, n. 2.
20
History, 59-64; Tofuria, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis politikuri erTeulebi XI-XII
saukuneebSi, 194-5.
21
javaxiSvili, „qarTveli eris istoriis II wigni~, 147; Лордкипанидзе, Тбилиси (IV-XV
вв.), 77; mesxia, `saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi~, 239; Minorsky, Studies in
Caucasian History, 57, 61.
mosces tfilisi bagrats, da Seiyvanes Sina. da iyo sixaruli da mS¢doba

didi~.22 magram Tbilisi qarTvelTa mflobelobaSi cota xans darCa:
bagrat IV-s kvlav mouwia misi datoveba Turqebis mier ganTavisufle-
bul da bizantielebis mier zurg-Semagrebul (?)23 liparit baRvaSTan
ganaxlebuli dapirispirebis gamo:24 àmissa Semdgomad dae£sna liparit
TurqTa, da Semovida aniss. daagdo bagrat tfilisi liparitis gziTa...
ganZlierda liparit... da verRara daudga bagrat~.25 liparitis gan-
Tavisufleba ki, bolo monacemebiT, 1049 wliT unda daTariRdes.26 am-
rigad, 1049 Tu 1050 wels bagratma Tbilisi isev dakarga.
gaurkvevelia, Tu vin marTavda qalaqsa da saamiros 1049-1062 wleb-
Si. safiqrebelia, rom am SualedSi (ufro zustad Tqma SeuZlebelia)
qalaqi ja‘far III b. ‘alis Svilebis – mansurisa da abul-heijas kon-
trols daqvemdebara. es iqidan viciT, rom Zmebi erTmaneTs 1062 wels
(h. 454 weli) xelisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi daupirispirdnen, rac qa-
laqis macxovrebelTa mier maTi gagdebiT dasrulda (moviyvanT minor-
skis Targmans inglisur enaze: “Ja‘far b. ‘Alī, had died and left two sons, Manṣūr
and Abul-Hayjā , between whom fierce disputes had arisen with regard to the government
of the fortress. The inhabitants turned them out;”27 es aris Zmebis pirveli moxse-
nieba naratiul wyaroSi); Tbilisis Tavkacebma Tavisi qalaqis dakaveba
Savur b. fadls SesTavazes, magram Sadadianma mmarTvelma es SemoTava-
zeba uaryo – qalaqi Cabarda kaxeT-hereTis mefe aRsarTans, gagikis Zes,
22
23
goCa jafariZes gamoTQqmuli aqvs mosazreba, rom liparitis daxsnis erT-
erTi piroba iyo TurqTa winaaRmdeg brZolaze xelis aReba, rasac misi Semdgomi
politikuri da samxedro moRvaweobac adasturebs. bizantiis imperias aseTi
mokavSire aRar awyobda, ris gamoc Seicvala (gaumjobesda) konstantinopolis
politika bagrat IV-is mimarTac. jafariZe, `liparit IV baRvaSi bizantiisa da
Turq-selCukTa diplomatiur urTierTobebSi~, 130-1. sainteresoa, rom matiane
qarTlisa-s mixedviT, lipariti am periodSic kvlavindeburad bizantielTa
mxardaWeriT sargeblobs: `ganZlierda liparit, rameTu msaxurebisaT¢s berZenTa
mefisa tyue-qmnil iyo; warvida saberZneTs, da naxa berZenTa mefe, da moirTo
berZenTa mefisagan Zali. da verRara daudga bagrati.~ qarTlis cxovreba, I, 303.
24
javaxiSvili, „qarTveli eris istoriis II wigni~, 147-8; Лордкипанидзе, Тбилиси (IV-
XV вв.), 77; mesxia, `saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi~, 239; Minorsky, Studies in
Caucasian History, 57, 61-3.
25
26
maia karanaZe, àxali qronologiuri cnoba baRvaSTa feodaluri saxlis
Sesaxeb~, mravalTavi, 22 (2007), 315-9. Sdr. jafariZe, `liparit IV baRvaSi bizantiisa
da Turq-selCukTa diplomatiur urTierTobebSi~, 127-8.
27
Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History, 19-20.
16 irakli faRava
man ki Tbilisi isev bagrat IV-s miyida; ukanasknelma qalaqSi isev Tavisi
mecixovneebi Caayena.28
rTuli saTqmelia, Tu vis xelSia Tbilisi 1062-1068 wlebSi alf-
arslanis meore Semosevis droisTvis (1068-1069) isev gvxvdeba ja‘far
III b. ‘alis vaJiSvilebi (es aris Zmebis meore da ukanaskneli moxsenieba
naratiul wyaroSi): alf-arslanma daapatimra àbu-mansuri~29 da abul-
heija, Tbilisis ori batoni.30 gamoyenebul wyaros Tu vendobiT, unda
davaskvnaT, rom 1062 wlis Semdeg da 1068 wlamde maT xelSi Caigdes
Tbilisis xelisufleba. arsebobs ori versia imis Taobaze, es Tu ro-
gor SeiZleba momxdariyo:31
1) ja‘far III b. ‘alis vaJiSvilebs qalaqi gaurkvevel dros (aRniSnul
SualedSi) bagrat IV-m daubruna32 (safiqrebelia, vasalitetis piro-
biT);
2) mansurma da abu al-heijam isargebles alf-arslanis pirveli Se-
moseviT (1064) da Tbilisi swored selCukebis wyalobiT daibrunes.33
Cveni azriT, pirveli versia ufro aris savaraudo, vinaidan meo-
re Semosevisgan gansxvavebiT, pirvelad SemoWrilma alf arslanma
Tbiliss, rogorc Cans, gverdi auara.34 garda amisa, pirveli versiis sa-
sargeblod, TiTqosda, metyvelebs aseve matiane qarTlisa, romlis te-
qstic tovebs SYTabeWdilebas, rom Zmebi TiTqosda an ar flobdnen qa-
laqs, an marTavdnen mas bagrat IV-is saxeliT: `xolo sultanman... sTxo-
va [bagrats – i.f.] xaraja da uqada mS¢doba. xolo sificxlisagan zam-
Trisa verRara moilodina da warvida qarTliT. Dda Camavalman waruRo
tfilisi da rusTavi ... amoswy¢da [ikiTxvisebi: gamoswy¢da / amoswy¢ta]
28
Лордкипанидзе, Тбилиси (IV-XV вв.), 78-9; Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History, 19-21, 31, n.
2; Tofuria, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis politikuri erTeulebi XI-XII saukuneebSi,
196.
29
saxeli aq sxvanairi formiT aris gadmocemuli, rac, safiqrebelia, Secdomas
warmoadgens.
30
“Arrested Abū-Manṣūr and Abul-Hayjā, the two lords of Tiflis.” Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian
History, 23.
31
Лордкипанидзе, Тбилиси (IV-XV вв.). Исторический очерк, 80.
32
kiknaZe, „XI-XIII saukuneTa Tbilisis istoriidan~, 114; Лордкипанидзе, Тбилиси (IV-
XV вв.). Исторический очерк, 80.
33
iqve, 80; mesxia, `saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi~, 241.
34
laSqrobis marSrutis vizualizaciisTvis ix. saqarTvelos istoriis atlasi,
red. daviT musxeliSvili (Tbilisi, 2003), 22-3.
tfilisi da rusTavi amas samefosa (kursivi Cvenia);~35 sxva wyaros mixed-

viT ki alf arslans Tbilisis dapyroba mouwia.36 meores mxriv, rogorc
muslimi, aseve qarTveli mematiane aRniSnaven alf arslanis amalaSi
`tfilisis amiras~, romelic sulTans bagrat IV-is winaaRmdeg laSqro-
bis dasawyisSi SeuerTda.37 daudgenelia, Tu ra kavSirSia es àmira~
ja‘farianTa gvarTan, iseve rogorc is, Tu ramdenad miuwvdeboda mas
laSqrobis dasawyisSi xeli Tbilisze: anu, es ja‘farianTa dinastiis
warmomadgeneli iyo, devnilobaSi myofi, iqneb ase vTqvaT, amira-yo-
fili Tu Tbilisis realuri xelisufali? ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es
amira ja‘fariani iyo – vTqvaT, ja‘far III b. ‘alis erT-erTi vaJiSvili,38
romelic ukve marTavda Tbiliss, SesaZloa bagrat IV-is siuzerenite-
tis cnobiT da romelmac dro ixelTa da selCukebis mxares gadavida.
ase Tu ise, alf arslanma ar CaTvala mizanSewonilad Tbilisis imave
(ja‘fariani?) amiris xelSi datoveba, da qalaqi Tbilisi (saamiros ter-
itoria) fadl II b. Savurs 1068 an 1069 wels gadasca, ase rom Sadadianma
mmarTvelma xelosnebis gayvanac ki moaswro:39 ìwyo fadlon ampar-
tavnebasa da urjuebasa, da siaxlesa tfilisisa sada sadme gamoyvaneba-
sa £elosanTasa~.40 magram TbilisSi SadadianTa mbrZanebloba Zalze xan-
mokle aRmoCnda: dasavleT saqarTvelos laSqarma sastikad daamarcxa
fadl II, romelic kaxeT-hereTis mefe aRsarTanTan gaiqca; ukanasknel-
ma daapatimra es Sadadiani da aiZula kaxeTisa da hereTis samefos sa-
sargeblod ramdenime cixesimagre daeTmo, Semdeg ki fadl II bagrat
IV-s kidev or cixesimagreSi gaucvala; bagrat IV-m ki Tavis mxriv aiZula
fadl II daeTmo Tbilisi da gagis cixe.41 magram Tbilisis aReba gaZnel-
35
qarTlis cxovreba, I, 309-10; javaxiSvili, „qarTveli eris istoriis II wigni~, 155;
mesxia, `saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi~, 243; Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian
History, 57.
36
Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History, 58.
37
Tbilisis istoriidan~,117; Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History, 57.
38
ase fiqrobda revaz kiknaZe. ix. misi, „XI-XIII saukuneTa Tbilisis istoriidan~,
117.
39
History, 66; Tofuria, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis politikuri erTeulebi XI-XII
saukuneebSi, 196.
40
41
qarTlis cxovreba, I, 310-2; javaxiSvili, „qarTveli eris istoriis II wigni~, 155-
6; Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History, 66-7, n. 1; Tofuria, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis
politikuri erTeulebi XI-XII saukuneebSi, 196-200.
18 irakli faRava
da, vinaidan mis imdroindel mmarTvels (SadadianTa mier daniSnuls?),

romlis saxelsac Cven ar vicnobT, surda Tavad gaamirebuliyo:42 ài-
Res Wirveulad tfilisi, rameTu mun Sina mdgomi kaci T¢T gaamirebasa
lamobda~43 (niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom mas ar qonda Tbilisis flobis
iuridiuli ufleba anu ja‘fariani ar iyo? nakleb mosalodnelia, rom
Sadadian dinasts TbilisSi Tavis nacvlad Tbilisis amirebis Zveli
saxlis warmomadgeneli daetovebina).
zurab papasqirs sainteresod aqvs warmodgenili am periodis isto-
riuli movlenebi; savsebiT damajerebelia avtoris mier SemoTavazeb-
uli rekonstruqcia, romlis Tanaxmadac alf-arslanis meore laSqro-
bis miuxedavad bagrat IV-m ar cno didi selCuki sulTnis uzenaesoba,
ufro metic, kontrSetevaze gadavida da garkveul warmatebebsac mi-
aRwia; alf-arslani ki iZulebuli gaxda amas Serigeboda, vinaidan bi-
zantiasTan moaxloebuli konfrontaciisTvis mzadebaSi iyo da dam-
atebiT, kidev ase vTqvaT, qarTul frontze, saomari moqmedebebis ga-
naxleba xels ar aZlevda.44
miuxedavad alf-arslanis Caurevlobisa, bagrat IV-m ver Tu ar
SeinarCuna tfilisi da is isev muslimTa mflobelobaSi datova – mefem
Tbilisi vinme `siTlarabs~ gadasca, romelic dmanisidan iyo da, qarT-
vel istorikosTa azriT, SesaZloa, ja‘farianTa STamomavali Tu gva-
ris warmomadgeneli iyo, vinaidan matianeSi Tbilisis memamuled moix-
senieba.45
42
Tbilisis istoriidan~, 118; Лордкипанидзе, Тбилиси (IV-XV вв.), 81; lorTqifaniZe,
Tbilisis saamiros istoriidan, 198; mesxia, `saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis
TbilisSi~, 243-4.
43
44
zurab papasqiri, `manaskertis brZola da saqarTvelo-selCukebis
urTierTobebis zogierTi aspeqti XI s. 60-ian wlebsa da 70-iani wlebis damdegs~,
saistorio krebuli, 1 (2011), 35-42.
45
kiknaZe, „XI-XIII saukuneTa Tbilisis istoriidan~, 118; lorTqifaniZe, Tbilisis
saamiros istoriidan, 198; mesxia, `saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi~, 244;
Vladimir Minorsky, “Caucasica in the History of Mayyāfāriqīn,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental
and African Studies, vol. XIII, part I (1949), 29; Id., Studies in Caucasian History, 67. `da ara
daiWira bagrat Tavisad tfilisi, aramed dmaniss datevebuli siTlarabi Zebna,
Semoiyvana tfilisad, da misca mas tfilisi [ikiTxvisebi: Semoiyvana memamuled /
tfilisad memamule saxeliT siT(i)lar]~. am piris saxels matiane qarTlisa aSkarad
damaxinjebiT gadmogvcems – sxvadasxva nusxas Semdegi ikiTxvisebi Semounaxavs:
`siTilarbi / sililaraba / siTlarbi / siTlaba / siTlaraba / siT(i)lar /
siTlarbi~. qarTlis cxovreba, I, 312. viziarebT vladimir minorskis mosazrebas,
absoluturad ucnobia, Tu ra drois ganmavlobaSi marTavda es siT-

larabi Tbiliss. is arcerT sxva epizodSi ar figurirebs. ucnobia, Tu
vin marTavda Tbiliss 1068/1069 wlis Semdeg – siTlarabi Tu sxva piri?
erTi, Tumca ki SedarebiT gviandeli, wyaros mixedviT, h. 468 wlisT-
vis (1075/6 weli) Tbilisi maliq-Sahma daikava: ìranis qveynebi, Sirvani,
derbendi, Tbilisi aiRo, mosaxleoba daimorCila~.46 cnoba miTiTebulia
sparsulenovan TxzulebaSi anatoliis selCukTa saxelmwifos istoria
(xelnaweri daculia parizis biblioTekaSi); wyaro gamoiyena da qarTu-
lad Targmna (Turquli Targmanidan) nodar Sengeliam.47 anonimi avto-
ri, rogorc Cans, XIV saukuneSi cxovrobda,48 da misi mowmoba erTgvarad
meoradi, da, Sesabamisad, naklebad sarwmunoa. Tavad nodar Sengelia
misdami, Cans, skeptikuradaa ganwyobili (ix. qvemoT).49 miuxedavad amisa,
misi ignorireba, Cveni azriT, mizanSewonili ar aris – 1070-iani wlebis
II naxevrisTvis Tbilisis ama Tu im formiT daqvemdebareba didi sel-
Cukebisadmi savsebiT logikurad da, Sesabamisad, dasaSvebad migvaCnia.
miT umetes, rom matiane qarTlisa pirdapir miuTiTebs maliq-Sahis
rom aq unda igulisxmebodes “sayyid al-‘Arab.” Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History,

67. istoriografiaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom ja‘farianebi warmoSobiT,
SesaZloa, ‘alidebi iyvnen. 271-2, 277-80, (2535, ØCnæP) ,ÔDÚÖÊ ØCmDénæv ,èÜnsÂ jÖbC; Grigol Beradze,
“Among the Chosen Cities: Tbilisi in the Shi’i Tradition,” Journal of Persianate Studies, Special Issue
on Georgia and Iran, vol. 1, no. 2 (2008), 213. isic aris cnobili, rom IX-X saukuneebis
TbilisSi ramdenime ‘alidi cxovrobda. goCa jafariZe, `muslimi moRvaweebi aT-
Tiflisis nisbiT VIII-XIV saukuneebSi~, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 4 (1989),
82-4. Siitur tradiciaSi Tbilisis mniSvneloba da ja‘farianTa damokidebuleba
islamis am mimdinareobisadmi asev Seswavlilia grigol beraZis mier. Beradze, “Among
the Chosen Cities: Tbilisi in the Shi’i Tradition,” 212-3. magram am konkretul SemTxvevaSi,
xom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom sityva sa¡id aRniSnavda arabTa, muslimTa Temis
winamZRols? da dmanisidan Camoyvanili da TbilisSi bagrat IV-is mier dayenebuli
piris aRniSvnac metsaxelia, romelic mis am rols ukavSirdeba? aqve gavixsenebT
ufro adre Cvens mier gamoTqmul hipoTezas, romlis Tanaxmadac mansur II b. ja‘faris
monetaze tituli sa¡id aRniSnavs mis ufrosobas Zmaze, abul-heijaze, romlis
monetazedac sa¡id ar Cans. Иракли Пагава, Севериане Туркиа, “Монетное наследие Мансура
II б. Джа‘фара (III) (к нумизматической истории Тифлисского амирата),” ΠΟΛΥΤΡΟΠΟΣ. Сборник
научных статей памяти Аркадия Анатольевича Молчанова (1947–2010), ред. Т.Н. Джаксон и А.В.
Акопян (Москва, 2014), 358. isic ar aris gamoricxuli, rom aRniSnuli siTlarabi erT-
erTi ja‘farianis, mansurisa da abul-heijas metsaxelic yofiliyos (aRsaniSnavia,
rom matiane qarTlisa-Si arcerTi ar aris am saxeliT dasaxelebuli).
46
Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, 302.
47
iqve, 31, sq. 69.
48
iqve, 32.
49
iqve, 302.
20 irakli faRava
mier samSvildis aREebaze: `da movida sultani maliq-Sa mterad yovel-

Ta qristianeTa... da movida sultani da moadga samS¢ldesa, da waruRo
samS¢lde...~50 es movlenebi SeiZleba erTdroulad momxdariyo. swored
h. 468 wliT (1075/6) TariRdeba didi selCukebis mier SadadianebisTvis
ganZis warTmevac51 – rogorc Cans, samxreT kavkasiaSi Zalauflebis kon-
solidacias didi selCukebi swored am periodSi axdenen.52
ase Tu ise, rogorc Cans, daaxloebiT 1082 wlidan qalaqSi amira
aRar ijda da mas qalaqis mosaxleobis warmomadgenlebi marTavdnen.53
yovel SemTxvevaSi, h. 515 w. (1121/2) wlis movlenebis daxasiaTebisas
Tbilisis warsuli al-farikim Semdegnairad gadmogvca: `515 wels
Tbilisis xalxma mociquli gaugzavna najm ad-din il-Razis da moiwvia
50
qarTlis cxovreba, I, 316-7.
51
Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History, 25.
52
soso margiSvils wamoyenebuli aqvs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac didma
selCukebma 1060-1080-ian wlebSi imitom Seikaves Tavi afxazTa da kaxeT-hereTis
samefoebis uSualo inkorporirebisagan, rom e.w. `seljukuri maraos~ principiT
xelmZRvanelobdnen, anu, Tavs ikavebdnen politikuri erTeulebis dapyrobisagan,
Tu ukve ar qondaT (Aadministraciulad) kargad aTvisebuli misi mimdebare
teritoria. soso margiSvili, miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis
Sesaxeb: omi seljukTa samyaros winaaRmdeg (Tbilisi, 2006) 16-8. hipoTeza,
udavod, sainteresoa, magram mas ver daveTanxmebiT. avtori acxadebs, rom
`seljukuri marao~, e.i. maT mier aTvisebuli teritoriebi, jer kidev sakmaod
Sors imyofeboda saqarTvelos sazRvrebisgan~. iqve, 18. 1060-iani wlebisTvis es
SeiZleba Seesabamebodes simarTles – rogorc davinaxeT, alf-arslanma Tbilisis
saamiros myar daqvemdebarebasac ki ver miaRwia; magram 1080 wlebis dasawyisisTvis
situacia aSkarad Secvlili iyo: selCukuri garnizonebi ganTavsda qvemo qarTlSi,
magaliTad, iseT mniSvnelovan punqtSi, rogoric iyo samSvilde; maTve daimorCiles
ganZis saamiro, sadac gaauqmes SadadianTa mmarTveloba da am politikuri
erTeulis uSualo inkorporireba moaxdines. ganZis saamiro da, gansakuTrebiT
ki, qvemo qarTli xom uSualod emezobleboda rogorc afxazTa, aseve, miT ufro,
kaxeT-hereTis samefoebs. amrigad, selCukebi kars iyvnen momdgari, magram
gaCerdnen. ratom? am SemTxvevaSi, Cveni azriT, ufro mniSvnelovani unda yofiliyo
meore faqtori – SinaaSliloba selCukur samyaroSi. jafariZe, saqarTvelo da
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri samyaro XII-XIII s-is pirvel mesamedSi, 15-7, 21-4;
margiSvili, miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis Sesaxeb: omi seljukTa
samyaros winaaRmdeg, 18-9. ar unda daviviwyoT qarTvelTa winaaRmdegobac.
farcxisis brZolam aCvena, rom qarTul feodalur samxedro manqanas zogjer
mainc SeeZlo selCukebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva.
53
David Lang, Studies in the Numismatic History of Georgia in Transcaucasia. Based on the Collection
of The American Numismatic Society (New-York, 1955), 16-7; Лордкипанидзе, Тбилиси (IV-XV вв.),
87-8; lorTqifaniZe, Tbilisis saamiros istoriidan, 198; mesxia, `saqalaqo komuna
Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi~, 245; Minorsky, “Caucasica in the History of Mayyāfāriqīn,” 31-2.
igi, raTa CaebarebinaT misTvis Tbilisi. igi [qalaqi] manamde misi xalx-
is xelT iyo TiTqmis 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi. misi gamgebeli daaxloebiT
200 wels iyo erTi gvari mis mcxovrebTagan, romlebsac uwodebdnen
banu jafars. Semdeg amowydnen maTi [am gvaris] uxucesebi da gadaSend-
nen. maTi Zalaufleba misi xalxis xelSi gadavida. marTavda [mas] misi
xalxi da yovel Tve maT saqmes ganagebda erT-erTi maTgani, iyvnen ase 40
wels~54 (1121/2 wels rom `40~ an `TiTqmis 40~ rom gamovakloT, miviRebT
daaxloebiT 1182 wels, 1180-iani wlebis dasawyiss).
am periodSi, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis mematianis mixedviT,
TiTqosda Turqebs (Turq-selCukebs) hqondaT damorCilebuli: àma
Jamadmde qalaqi tfilisi, rusTavi, somxiTi, yoveli samS¢lde, agarani
TurqTa hqondes~.55 mematiane agrZelebs Txrobas samSvildis aRebis
ambiT,56 rac 1110 wliT TariRdeba.57 amgvarad, es cnoba gvaZlevs kidev
54
eTer sixaruliZe, „al-ჶariki saqarTveloSi~, 83-91, semitologiuri Ziebani,
II (Tbilisi, 1985), 87-8. SedarebisTvis moviyvanT SoTa mesxias wignSi moyvanil, al.
lekiaSvilis mier Sesrulebul Targmans: `xuTas TxuTmet wels Tbilisis xalxma
nejm ad-din il-Razis mowveva gaugzavna, raTa [mosuliyo da] gadaecaT misTvis
Tbilisi. amaze win ki ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi igi [Tbilisi] iyo misi xalxis
xelSi. da maT [Tbiliselebis] mflobelad [mullaq] orasi wlis manZilze iyo
jgufi adgilobrivi xalxisa jafarianebad wodebuli, romelic amowyda. Semdeg
gamgebloba gadavida misi [Tbilisis] xalxis xelSi da yovel Tves ganagebda [qalaqs]
erTi maTgani~. mesxia, `saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi~, 245-6, sq. 17.
moviyvanT aseve vladimir minorskis mier Sesrulebul Targmans: “Its possessors had
been a family of local people called Banū Ja‘far for about 200 years, after which the senior members
among them became ruined and (their affairs) got into confusion and the administration of Tiflis reverted
to the population of whom every month one administered its affairs. Thus they carried on for forty
years.” Minorsky, “Caucasica in the History of Mayyāfāriqīn,” 31-2.
55
cxoreba¡ mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva,
leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo mzeqala SaniZem (Tbilisi, 1992), 176.
56
`rameTu mefe ra¡ gardavidis afxazeTad, umcrore eSinodis TurqTa da maTTa
cixovanTa; mas Jamsa gardavida mefe [imier]; Sekrbes giorgi Wyondidelisa da
mwignobarTuxucesisa winaSe Tevdore, abuleT da iovane orbeli, da simarj¢T
moipares samS¢lde~. cxoreba¡ mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, 176-7.
57
òdes samS¢lde da Zerna aiRes, qronikoni iyo samas ocdaaTi~. qarTlis
cxovreba, I, 332. viziarebT mzeqala SaniZis skepticizms gviandeli nusxebis mier
Semonaxuli (Ggvian Camatebuli?) TariRebisadmi. cxoreba¡ mefeT-mefisa daviTisi,
141-3. magram, am SemTxvevaSi, es TariRi TiTqosda, iribad, arabuli wyaroebiTac
dasturdeba, romelic h. 503 wels (1109/1110) daviT aRmaSeneblis mier selCukebis
winaaRmdeg saomari moqmedebis ganaxlebaze miuTiTebs. goCa jafariZe, saqarTvelo
da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri samyaro XII-XIII s-is pirvel mesamedSi
(Tbilisi, 1995), 27. amgvarad, samSvildis aRebac, etyoba namdvilad 1109 Tu, ufro,
1110 wels moxda.
22 irakli faRava
erT qronologiur reperul wertils am periodis Tbilisis istori-

isaTvis.
swored am cnobis safuZvelze goCa jafariZem CaTvala, rom Turqe-
bi daepatronnen iseT mniSvnelovan qalaqebs, rogoric iyo rusTavi,
dmanisi, samSvilde, Tbilisi; avtoris TqmiT, `TbilisSi gabatonebul
muslimTa simpaTiebi (imisda miuxedavad, Tu rogori forma hqonda qa-
laqis mmarTvelobas), Turqebis mxareze iyo~.58 samSvildis Turq-sel-
CukTa xelSi yofnis Sesaxeb werda giuli alasaniac.59
sapirispirod amisa, SoTa mesxia Tvlida, rom `daviTis istoriko-
sis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom samSvildis aRebamde, e.i. 1110 wlamde `qa-
laqi tfilisi... TurqTa hqondes~, srulebiT ar niSnavs romelime mus-
limi mflobelis batonobas Tbilisze. istorikosi am SemTxvevaSi imaze
miuTiTebs, rom qalaqi jer kidev mefis xelisuflebis gareT iyo, rom
igi saqarTvelos mefes jer kidev ar ekuTvnoda da rom am qalaqSi im-
droindeli mosaxleobis (iqneb muslimuri umetesobis) warmomadgenel-
Ta xelisufleba batonobda~.60 SoTa mesxias mosazreba gaiziara nodar
Sengeliamac. qarTul naratiul wyaroebSi msgavsi cnobis ararsebobis
argumentiT, man daaskvna: ès ar niSnavs, rom Tbilisi selCukTa mflob-
elobaSi yofiliyo. TbilisSi selCukebi saerTod ar Semosulan~.61
piradad Cven, Tbilisis daqvemdebareba selCukebisadmi (magram ara
uSualo inkorporireba maT saxelmwifoSi) ueWvelad migvaCnia. Cveni
argumentebi Semdegnairia:
1) qarTul naratiul wyaroebSi moipoveba amis damadasturebeli
erTi cnoba mainc (romelsac nodar Sengeliac iyenebda62) – swored ze-
moT citirebuli `qalaqi tfilisi ... TurqTa hqondes~; am SemTxvevaSi,
Cveni azriT, mematiane `TurqebSi~, ueWvelia, swored Turqebs, Turq-
selCukebs gulisxmobda, da ara Tbilisis arabizirebul mosaxleobasa
Tu mis zedafenas;
2) viciT, rom samSvilde, matiane qarTlisa-s mixedviT, namdvilad
Turq-selCukebis okupirebuli iyo: `da movida sultani maliq-Sa... da
58
jafariZe, saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri samyaro XII-XIII
s-is pirvel mesamedSi, 9.
59
giuli alasania, `Turq-selCukebTan qarTvelebis urTierTobebis adreuli
gamocdileba~, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, XII (2010), 37-8.
60
mesxia, `saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi~, 249, sq. 19.
61
62
iqve.
waruRo samS¢lde...~63; Tuki matianis CamonaTvalSi – àma Jamadmde qa-

laqi tfilisi, rusTavi, somxiTi, yoveli samS¢lde, agarani TurqTa
hqondes~ – samSvildis Sesaxeb informacias, samSvildis Turq-selCuk-
Ta xelSi moxvedras adasturebs kidev erTi qarTuli naratiuli wyaro,
meti safuZveli gvaqvs vendoT wyaros TbilisTan mimarTebaSic;
3) Turq-selCukebis mier Tbilisis aRebaze miuTiTebs Tavad nodar
Sengelias mier moyvanili anonimi avtoris cnobac (ix. zemoT);
4) goCa jafariZes aqvs gamoyenebuli hamdallah yazvinis cnoba (ro-
melic, marTalia, ar meordeba arab avtorebTan), romlis Tanaxmadac
1104 wels did selCukTa saxelmwifos barqiaruksa da muhamads Soris
gayofis Semdeg am ukanasknelis mflobelobaSi iyo saqarTveloc;64 am
terminis qveS SeiZleba igulisxmebodes rogorc siuzerenuli ufle-
bebi afxazTa da kaxeT-hereTis samefoebze (giorgi II-isa da aRsarTanis
damorCilebis iuridiuli Sedegi65), aseve, Teoriulad mainc, Tbilisi
da misi Semogarenic;
5) Turq-selCukebisadmi Tbilisis daqvemdebarebas adasturebs nu-
mizmatikuri masalac, magram amaze ufro dawvrilebiT qvemoT visau-
brebT; amave sakiTxs eZRvneba winamdebare naSromic.
1119 wlis Semdgom periodSic Tbilisi selCukebs eqvemdebareboda:
sulTan mahmudsa da sanjars Soris omis Semdeg arrani TuRril b. mu-
hammads ergo66 – gadavikiTxoT al-farikis cnobis momdevno fragmen-
ti: `mefe daviTi, mefe abxazTa da qarTvelTa maT Zlier aviwrovebda
da isini gadaSendnen. gaugzavnes kaci sultan ToRrul begs, sultan
muhammadis Zes, ganjisa da arranis maliqs, romelmac gaugzavna maT
Sihna~.67
63
qarTlis cxovreba, I, 316-7.
64
65
savsebiT damajereblad gveCveneba iunis nasiblis argumentacia (miuxedavad
naSromis erGTgvari tendenciurobisa), romlis Tanaxmadac islami ara marto
aRsarTanma, aramed giorgi II-mac miiRo. Юнис Насибли, “Тюркский мир и Грузия
в последней четверти XI века,” istoriani. samecniero krebuli miZRvnili roin
metrevelis dabadebis 70 wlisTavisadmi (Tbilisi, 2009), 207-8. giorgi II-isa
da maliq-Sahis dazavebis pirobebze msjelobisaTvis ix. margiSvili, miTebi da
realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis Sesaxeb - omi seljukTa samyaros winaaRmdeg,
208, Sen. 8.
66
s-is pirvel mesamedSi, 36-7.
67
sixaruliZe, „al-ჶariki saqarTveloSi~, 88. Sesadareblad aseve mogvyavs
24 irakli faRava
Sihnas gamogzavna SeiZleba arc niSnavdes qalaqSi did selCukTa

met-naklebad mravalricxovani garnizonis Cayenebas da ufro sim-
boluri xasiaTis RonisZieba yofiliyo – TuRrilis mier Tavisi Sihnas
gamogzavnis mxolod da mxolod deklaraciul xasiaTs adasturebs is
garemoeba, rom Tbiliselebma, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, vera da ver mi-
iRes nanatri dacva daviT aRmaSeneblisagan. aseTi simboluri xasiaTi
hqonda, sul cota xnis Semdgom, TbilisSi daviT aRmaSeneblis adminis-
traciis warmomadgenlis gamogzavnasac. miuxedavad amisa, al-farikis
cnoba aranair eWvs ar tovebs, rom, nominalurad mainc, Tbilisma did
selCukTa suvereniteti aRiara da am dinastiis warmomadgenelmac qa-
laqi Tavis mfarvelobaSi miiRo. amgvarad, Tbilisi da, safiqrebelia,
misi mimdebare teritoria – uwindeli Tbilisis saamiros narCeni, av-
tonomiis uflebiT, kvlav selCukTa samflobeloebs SeuerTda.
1119 wlis Semdgom, ufro mogvianebiT, rodesac daviT aRmaSenebel-
ma ganaaxla saomari moqmedebebi did selCukTa winaaRmdeg,68 Tbilisi
swored am qarTvel monarqs daeqvemdebara. isev al-farikis mivmar-
ToT (romlis yoveli frazac ki, ukeTesi wyaros ararsebobis piro-
bebSi, udides mniSvnelobas iZens) da teqsti wina citatis bolodan
gavagrZeloT: `magram qarTvelTa mefis mxridan Seviwroebam imZlavra.
ase gagrZelda erTxans. maSin SeTanxmdnen, rom gaugzavnidnen mas
(mefes) yovel wels 10 000 dinars da iqneboda maTTan Sihna 10 mxedriT.
am pirobaze darCnen ramodenime xans~.69
veTanxmebiT mariam lorTqifaniZes,70 rom swored am periods aRniS-
navs daviT aRmaSeneblis mematiane, rodesac wers: `vTqua sxua[¡]ca saqme
al. lekiaSvilis Targmanic: `mefe daviTma, qarTvelTa da afxazTa mefem, Zlier

Seaviwrova [Tbilisi]. maSin maT (Tbiliselebma) mimarTes sulTan toRruls,
romelic iyo ganjasa da aranSi. da man misca maT [Tbiliselebs] nacvali [Sihna].~
mesxia, `saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi~, 245.
68
69
sixaruliZe, „al-ჶariki saqarTveloSi~, 88. Sesadareblad kvlav mogvyavs
al. lekiaSvilis Targmanic: `magram ar wydeboda qarTvelT mefis mxriT maTi
Seviwroeba. maSini isini [mefe da Tbiliselebi] SeTanxmdnen, rom gaugzavnon mas
[mefes] aTi aTasi dinari yovelwliurad da rom maT [Tbiliselebs] eyolebodaT
nacvali [Sihna] mxolod aTi mxedriT. da darCnen am pirobiT karga xans.~ mesxia,
`saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi~, 245.
70
mariam lorTqifaniZe, `TbilisisaTvis brZolis istoriidan~, daviT
aRmaSenebeli. statiebis krebuli (Tbilisi, 1990), 31-3. iqve ix. sakiTxis
istoriografia da misi analizi.
... qalaqi tfilisi iyo, odes jereT ara sruliad Semoyenebul iyo uRel-
sa queSe morCilebisasa, viTarca aw, aramed savse iyo sisxliTa qristea-
neTa[¡]Ta~.71 amgvarad, eWvs ar iwvevs, Tbilisi bagrationi monarqis mox-
arke gaxda da misi administraciis miRebac mouxda. `karga xani~, rom-
lis ganmavlobaSic afxazTa samefosa da muslimTa xelSi myof Tbiliss
Soris amgvari urTierTdamokidebuleba sufevda, SeiZleba sul raRac
2-3 wlis vadas gulisxmobdes, 1119 wlidan Tu 1119 wlis Semdgomi peri-
odidan, vidre daaxloebiT 1121 wlamde.
sul maleve, ukve 1120 wels, Tbiliselebma, romelTac aSkarad ar ak-
mayofilebdaT Seqmnili mdgomareoba, antiqarTuli koaliciis Seqmna
daiwyes.72 koaliciuri laSqrobis iniciatorebs Soris zogierTi wyaro
sxva, saqarTvelos farglebs gareT mdebare Zalasac asaxelebs.73 CvenT-
vis, am SemTxvevaSi, mTavaria Tu ra pozicia ekavaT Tbiliselebs.74 ram-
denime wyaro am iniciativas swored maT miawers: al-farikis mixedviT,
`[Semdeg] gaugzavnes mociquli najm ad-din al-Razis da moixmes igi~;75
sibt ibn al-jauzis mixedviT ki `maT [ymawvilebma] gagzavnes~ TuRril
b. muhammadTan;76 amaze qarTuli wyaroc saubrobs: àmaT eseviTarTa
WirTagan Seiwrebulni Turqmanni da kualad vaWarni ganZel-tfilel-
dmanelni warvides sultnisa winaSe da yovelsa sparseTsa SeeRebnes
71
cxoreba¡ mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, 203.
72
soso margiSvils kargad aqvs naCvenebi, rom mzadeba laSqrobisaTvis, maT
Soris, antiqarTuli koaliciis wevrebs Soris mimowera, jer kidev 1120 wels unda
dawyebuliyo. margiSvili, miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis Sesaxeb -
omi seljukTa samyaros winaaRmdeg, 137, 309, Sen. 4.
73
74
ramdenadac viciT, vasil kopalianma wamoayena sakiTxi, Tu ratom Seicvala
Tbiliselebis sagareopolitikuri orientacia 1220-iani wlebis dasawyisSi 1060-
ian wlebTan SedarebiT, rodesac maTi nawili mainc Tavis qalaqs qarTvel monarqs
gadascemda. am SekiTxvaze damakmayofilebeli pasuxi, Cveni azriT, gacemuli ar
aris. vasil kopaliani, `TbiliselTa orientaciis sakiTxisaTvis 1221-1222 wlebSi~,
Tbilisi 1500 (Tbilisi, 1958), 49-64. vfiqrobT, didi mniSvneloba rogorc religiur
faqtors, aseve muslimur samyarosTan savaWro kavSirebs hqonda (Tumca orive es
faqtori, safiqrebelia, droSi ar Secvlila).
75
sixaruliZe, „al-ჶariki saqarTveloSi~, 88. al. lekiaSvilis Targmani: àmis
Semdeg gaugzavnes maT (Tbiliselebma) najim ad-dins mowveva~. mesxia, `saqalaqo
komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi~, 245-6.
76
oTar cqitiSvili, „sibt ibn al-jauzis cnoba daviT aRmaSeneblis Sesaxeb~,
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, aRmosavleTmcodneobis seria, 118
(1967), 205.
26 irakli faRava
Savad, romelTame pirni, romelTame £elebi, da romel[Ta]me sruliad

da esreT miuTxrnes yovelni Wirni, mowevnulni maT zeda, romliTa aR-
Zres wyalobad T¢sa; da iqmna glova[¡] friadi Soris maTsa~.77 amgvarad,
SeiZleba isic dazustdes, rom, wyaros mixedviT, koaliciis organize-
bis iniciatori ara zogadad Tbilisi, aramed, kerZod, qalaqis savaWro-
oligarqiuli wreebi iyo. es garemoeba miuTiTebs maT Zlierebasa da
mniSvnelobaze qalaqis mmarTvis saqmeSi; aseve, adasturebs Tbilisis
realur avtonomias daviT aRmaSeneblisadmi xarkis micemis periodSic;
Tbilisis (misi zedafenis?) antiqarTul ganwyobilebas; qalaqis TviT-
mmarTvelobis orientacias regionis muslimur politikur Zalebze,
maT Soris – did selCukTa dinastiis warmomadgenlebze.
konfliqti, safiqrebelia, garduvali iyo, vinaidan arsebuli md-
gomareoba qarTul mxaresac ar akmayofilebda – Tbiliselebi ver eS-
vebodnen maTTvis, Cans, mogebis momtan, qristianobisa da qarTuli
interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul saqmianobas, kerZod, qristiani (qa-
rTveli) tyveebiT vaWrobas: daviT aRmaSeneblis mematianis citata
rom bolomde miviyvanoT – `vTqua sxua[¡]ca saqme ... qalaqi tfilisi iyo,
odes jereT ara sruliad Semoyenebul iyo uRelsa queSe morCilebi-
sasa, viTarca aw, aramed savse iyo sisxliTa qristeaneTa[¡]Ta; rameTu
odesme yvian RavRavi da T¢nier mizezisaca mosrnian raodenni povnian
qristeaneni; xolo odesme qaravansa Tana SemoyolilTa TurqmanTa
zeda ganscnian Semomaval-ganmavalni qristeaneni, da tyueobasa da si-
kudilsa miscnian; da esreT isrvoda queyana[¡] mraval Jam, romeli-ese
friad eZ¢neboda sulsa daviTissa~.78 gaZlierebul qarTvel monarqs ki
amasTan Serigeba aRar Wirdeboda, Tavisi samflobeloebis gadidebisa
da selCukTa forpostis mospobis aucileblobaze rom araferi vTq-
vaT. amasTan, Tbilisi, miuxedavad qristianuli garemocvisa, romelmac
ukve absoluturi xasiaTi miiRo, savaWro blokadaSi, Cans, ar iyo; ze-
moT moyvanil pasaJs daviTis mematiane ase agrZelebs: `Semovida odesme
qaravani didi ganZiT da Tana-Semohyves Turqni didni. cna mefeman da
gagzavnna monaTaganni, aTxuTmetni oden kacni rCeulni, ra¡Ta loWin-
iT kerZo mZovani naxiri qalaqisa warmoitacon, nuukue igi Turqni
gamoviden devnad, da moswy¢des amiT RoniTa; xolo T¢T samasiaT oden
m£edriTa daimala havWalisa ReleTagansa erTsa Sina...~ amgvarad gamo-
77
78
iqve, 203.
tyuebuli Turqni saboloo jamSi damarcxdnen.79 rogorc CAans, daviT

aRmaSenebeli uSualod qaravanze Tavdasxmas erideba, mxolod misi
damcveli razmis provocireba-gamotyuebiT kmayofildeba.80 soso mar-
giSvili amas Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSeuxeblobis principis dacviT
xsnis, romelic, sazogadod, am regionsa da epoqaSi miRebuli iyo.81
antiqarTuli koalicia, rogorc viciT, warumatebeli aRmoDCnda –
1121 wels didgoris brZolaSi qarTvelebma gaimarjves.82
es ki, Zveli, muslimuri TbilisisTvis sabediswero movlena aR-
moCnda. 1122 wels, TebervalSi daviT IV aRmaSenebelma qalaqi SturmiT
aiRo.83
axali numizmatikuri monapovrebis zogad-istoriuli Rirebuleba

CamovTvliT bolo ori aTwleulis numizmatikur aRmoCenebs,84 ro-
melic muslimuri Tbilisis warsuls Seexeba – XI saukunidan da vidre
daviT aRmaSeneblis mier qalaqis 1122 wels aRebamde; mokled ganvixi-
lavT maT istoriul Rirebulebas. mogvyavs axali (bolo wlebis) nu-
mizmatikuri monapovrebis sia (emisiis qronologiis mixedviT):
79
iqve, 203-4.
80
margiSvili, miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis Sesaxeb, 268-9, Sen. 9.
81
iqve.
82
83
iqve, 50-2; margiSvili, miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis
Sesaxeb - omi seljukTa samyaros winaaRmdeg, 170-3. da is Zalian did xans, 104
wlis ganmavlobaSi, uciloblad qristianuli xelisuflebis xelSi rCeboda, 1226
wlamde, rodesac qalaqi adgilobrivi muslimuri mosaxleobis daxmarebiT jalal
ad-dinma aiRo. minorski aRniSnavs, rom qarTvelebis mier qalaqis dapyrobis
Semdegac – àdgilobrivi àmirebis~ saxelebi, rogorc Cans, jafarianTa saxlis
warmomadgenlebi, ufro gvianac ixseniebian~ (“the names of local “amirs”, apparently
offspring of the house of Ja‘far, are mentioned even in later times”). Minorsky, “Caucasica in the History
of Mayyāfāriqīn,” 29. Cveni azriT am „amirebis~ kavSiri jafarianebTan absoluturad
dausabuTebelia da metad saeWvoa. Sdr. mariam lorTqifaniZe, `qalaqis moxeleTa
sakiTxisaTvis feodalur saqarTveloSi~, masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis
istoriisaTvis, nakv. 30 (1954), 143-57; valerian gabaSvili, `Tbilisis mmarTveloba
X-XI saukuneebSi~, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, t. 108 (1964), 331-
58; daviT musxeliSvili, `Tbilisis amirTamirobis institutisaTvis~, samecniero
statiebi, werilebi da publikaciebi (Tbilisi, 2014), 316-30; misive, `kidev erTxel
Tbilisis amirTamirobis institutis Sesaxeb~, samecniero statiebi, werilebi da
publikaciebi (Tbilisi, 2014), 331-44.
84
uadgilo ar iqneboda aqve aRgveniSna, rom am dargSi mravali sxva siaxlec elis
gamoqveynebas.
28 irakli faRava
– ‘ali b. ja‘faris (II) 2 axali samoneto tipi;85

– ja‘far III b. ‘alis safase (dREeisTvis cnobilia 3 samoneto tipi);86
– abu al-heija b. ja‘faris (III) safase (dReisTvis cnobilia 1 samon-
eto tipi);87
– mansur b. ja‘faris (III) safase (aqamde cnobili iyo 4 samoneto
tipi);88
– xalifa al-musTazhirisa (1094-1118) da did selCukTa dinastiis
warmomadgenlis saxeliT 1094-1118 wlebSi moWrili, ase vTQqvaT, post-
ja‘farianuli safase; cnobilia ori tipi; xalifas saxelis garda, er-
Tze miTiTebulia anonimuri sulTani uzenaesis tituli (tituli
selCukuria), meoreze ki muhammadis saxeli – Cveni azriT, es unda iyos
muhammad b. maliq-Sahi, arranis mmarTveli 1092 wlidan, didi selCuki
sulTani 1105-18 wlebSi.89
yvela CamoTvlili samoneto tipis detaluri aRwera-ganxilva
miTiTebul SromebSia mocemuli. erTianad, zogad konteqstSi ki amis
gakeTeba scdeba Cveni amJamindeli amocanis farglebs.90 am etapze,
ubralod, aucileblad miviCnevT, Zalian mokled ganvixiloT, ras gv-
matebs zemoT aRniSnuli numizmatikuri aRmoCenebi – epoqisa da, ker-
Zod, Tbilisis istoriis rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve, ufro politi-
kuri aspeqtis TvalsazrisiT.
– ‘ali b. ja‘faris (II) axali samoneto tipebis aRmoCena politi-
85
Irakli Paghava, Severiane Turkia, “A New Early Coin Type of ‘Alī b. Ja’far, Emir of Tiflis, Citing
the Caliph Al-Tā’ī‘ li-llāh,” Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 199 (2009), 7-9; Irakli Paghava,
Kirk Bennett, “New Monetary Material for the Numismatic History of ‘Alī B. Ja‘far, Ja‘farid Emir of
Tiflīs, and its Significance,” Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 213 (2012), 11-2.
86
Severiane Turkia, Irakli Paghava, “The Coinage of Ja‘far III B. ‘Alī, Emir of Tiflis,” Journal of
Oriental Numismatic Society, 197 (2008), 5-11; Irakli Paghava, Severiane Turkia, “A New Coin Type
of the Sayyid Abū al-Faḍl Ja‘far III b. ‘Alī, Ja‘farid Emir of Tiflīs,” Journal of Oriental Numismatic
Society, 206 (2011), 11-3.
87
Irakli Paghava, Severiane Turkia, “A Unique Coin of Abū al-Hayjā, Ja‘farid Emir of Tiflīs,” The
Numismatic Chronicle, 172 (2012), 205-12.
88
Tobias Mayer, Sylloge der Münzen des Kaukasus und Osteuropas (Wiesbaden, 2005), 110-1, #1005-
1006; Пагава, Туркиа, “Монетное наследие Мансура II б. Джа‘фара (III) (к нумизматической
истории Тифлисского амирата),” 347-60, Таб. XI.
89
Irakli Paghava, Severiane Turkia, “Between Ja‘farids and Bagratids: The Last Monetary Issues
of Muslim Tiflis in the Name of al-Mustazhir (1094-1118),” XV International Numismatic Congress.
Taormina, 21-25 September 2015. Congress Book, ed. Maria Caccamo Caltabiano (Messina, 2015), 170.
90
am Temas calke naSroms mivuZRvniT, romelzedac amJamad vmuSaobT da romelic,
sazogadod, muslimuri Tbilisis fulad emisiebs ganixilavs.
kuri istoriisaTvis imdenad mniSvnelovani ar aris, magram adasturebs

rom am periodis saamiroSi samoneto emisiebi kidev ufro xangrZliv
da, safiqrebelia, intensiur xasiaTs atarebda, vidre es g. jafariZis
pirvelad 1991 wels gamoqveynebuli cnobili Sromis91 mixedviT Canda;
– ja‘far III b. ‘alis safasis aRmoCenam am ja‘fariani amiras zeobis
istoriis kidev erTi, aqamde absoluturad ucnobi mxare gamoamzeura;
dadasturda, rom Tbilisi ‘ali b. ja‘faris (II) Semdegac uSvebda sa-
kuTar fuls, Tanac sxvadasxva tipis, rac SedarebiT masobriv an, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, ara sporadul emisiaze unda miuTiTebdes;
– abul-heija b. ja‘faris (III) jer-jerobiT erTaderTi samoneto ti-
pis monetis aRmoCena Zalian Zvirfasi monapovaria Tbilisis saamirosa da
ja‘farianTa dinastiis istoriis dazustebis TvalsazrisiT – axla ukve
ueWvelia, rom miunejim-baSis orad-orjer (Dda meti am istoriuli piris
Sesaxeb arc araferi vicodiT!) moxseniebulma abul-heijam namdvilad Caig-
do xelSi Zalaufleba (TbilisSi), rac samoneto regaliis gamoyenebiTac
aRniSna; rogorc Cans, Tbilisis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba iZleoda samon-
eto emisiis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas, da amis saWiroebac iyo;
– mansur II b. ja‘faris (III) safaseze igives Tqma SeiZleba, rac misi
Zmis fulze vTqviT. davamatebT mxolod, rom aqamdec misi ukve oTxi
samoneto tipi iyo cnobili, rac adasturebs am amiras zeobaSi zarafx-
anis muSaAobis intensiurobas da iribad mansuris zeobis xanGgrZlivoba-
zec miuTiTebs;
– xalifa al-musTazhirisa da did selCukTa dinastiis warmomadgen-
lis saxeliT 1094-1118 wlebSi, ukve ja‘farianTAa gaZeveba-gadaSenebis Sem-
deg TbilisSi moWrili safase ukiduresad mniSvnelovani istoriuli faq-
tia, vinaidan adasturebs (ix. aseve diskusia zemoT) aRniSnul periodSi
Tbilisis daqvemdebarebas didi selCukebisadmi; monetis gamoSveba am Sem-
TxvevaSi ar ukavSirdeba adgilobrivi mmarTvelis mier Tavmoyvareobis
dakmayofilebas samoneto regaliis gamoyenebis gziT – monetebze ar aris
miTiTebuli adgilobrivi mmarTvelis saxeli. vTvliT, rom am emisiebis
ganxorcieleba ekonomikuri saWiroebis Sedegia: Tbilisis ekonomikuri
mniSvneloba karnaxobs qalaqis mmarTvel wreebs, gaagrZelon sakuTari
safasis gamoSveba. am periodSic TbilisSi sakuTari monetis moWram didi
zegavlena moaxdina Semdgomi epoqis qarTul samoneto saqmezedac.92
91
jafariZe, `Tbilisis amiras ‘ali ibn ja‘faris monetebi~, 132-50.
92
Irakli Paghava, “The First Arabic Coinage of Georgian Monarchs: Rediscovering the Specie of
Davit IV the Builder (1089-1125), King of Kings and Sword of Messiah,” 3rd Assemani Symposium on
30 irakli faRava
axlad aRmoCenili egzemplari

Tbilisis numizmatikuri istoria daviT aRmaSeneblis mier qalaqis
aRebamde amowurulad Seswavlili, bunebrivia ar aris. mudmivad gve-
mateba axali samoneto masala, romelic saTanado gaazrebas saWiroebs.
droa, gadavideT erT metad saintereso samoneto tipze, romelic ax-
laxans aRmovaCineT.
pirvel yovlisa, moviyvanT am tipis jerjerobiT unikaluri mone-
tis aRwerilobas (sur. 1): wona 2.76 g, kveTa 14-15 mm, siqebis orientacia
4:00 sT-ze.
Subli: zedwerilis fragmenti, sam striqonad

...bC çÇÆC Ë...
...ÖÆC ØD©Çs...
...vÄÇÕ
Cveni azriT, zeda striqoni aris nawili Cveulebrivi (da ja‘farianTAa
safasisTvis standartuli) religiuri formulisa:
çÆ _énv Ë äjbÜ çÇÆC ËC çÆC Ë

oRond, aris äjbC da ara äjbÜ.
ufro qveviT ki or striqons Soris gadanawilebulia
äDvÄÇÕ ×®²ÖÆC ØD©ÇsÆC
zurgi: monetis zedapiris mniSvnelovani (gansakuTrebiT, zeda)
nawili gacveTilia. miuxedavad amisa ikiTxeba emitentis saxeli, ker-
Zod: lakabi, qunia da nasabi Tu ismi.
...
...¡Ù ÝÙC jêsÆC
...»²X ...
am pirovnebis vinaobaze qvemoT visaubrebT.
paleografiuli TvalsazrisiT, warwerebi gviani, e.w. naxevrad-
yvavilovani qufiT aris Sesrulebuli. am mxriv, samagaliToa grafema
Ä sityvaSi äDvÄÇÕ; aseve grafema X sityvaSi n»²X. aseve sainteresoa,
rom grafemebi Sublze gacilebiT ufro didi zomisaa, vidre zurgze.
ja‘farianTa numizmatikur memkvidreobaSi msgavs movlenas aqamde ar
SevxvedrilvarT.
Islamic Coins, Roma, 23-24 September 2011, Proceedings, eds. Bruno Callegher and Arianna D’Ottone
(Trieste, 2012), 242-5.
moneta SemTxveviT aris napovni Tbilisis SemogarenSi, 2015 wels.

amJamad saqarTveloSi inaxeba, kerZo koleqciaSi.93
miTiTeEbuli istoriuli pirebis vinaoba

monetaze miTiTEebulia vinme `maliq-Sahi~ (äDvÄÇÕ), romelic amas-
Tanave `sulTani uzenaesia~ (×®²ÖÆC ØD©ÇsÆC); darwmunebulni varT, rom
es aris didi selCuki sulTani, alf-arslanis Ze – sulTani maliq-Sahi
(1072-92). amaze miuTiTebs rogorc tituli,94 aseve, Cvens mier am mon-
etis XI saukunisadmi mikuTvneba, rasac adasturebs:
– monetaze aRniSnuli meore saxeli, romelic, Cveni azriT, XI sau-
kunis II naxevris moRvawes aRniSnavs (ix. qvemoT);
– monetis liToni – spilenZi (SesaZloa, Tavis droze movercx-
lili) – rac Seesabameba vercxlis krizisis periods da ukanaskneli
ja‘fariani amirebis samoneto emisiebs; 95
– arabuli warwerebis kaligrafia; zurgis – sadac amiras saxelia
miTiTebuli – legendebis xeli, SeiZleba iTqvas, mansur II b. ja‘faris
sxva samoneto tipebis identuria; es gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans siyva
jêsÆC –is moyvanilobaSi.96
XI saukunisTvis (XI saukunis II naxevrisTvis) kavkasiis (an romelime
mezobel) regionSi monetis SesaZlo emitentebSi sxva maliq-Sahi ar
gveguleba.
monetaze aseve miTiTebulia kidev erTi istoriuli piris saxeli.
vin aris es? samoneto legendis SemorCenili fragmentebi iuwyeba, rom
es adamiani iyo `sa¡idi~ (jêsÆC); qonda qunia, romelic, Cans, iwyeba ro-
gorc ...¡Ù; misi saxelis erT-erTi sxva komponenti, ismi Tu nasabi, iyo
`ja‘far~, e.i. `ja‘far~ (n»²X) an `b. ja‘far~ (n»²X ÛL).
garda amisa, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom aRniSnuli pirovneba
ja‘farianTa gvaris warmomadgeneli iyo, vinaidan:
– moneta napovnia Tbilisis SemogarenSi, am periodis ukve spilen-
93
guliTad madlobas movaxsenebT mflobels publikaciis nebarTvisaTvis.
94
Тиркеш Ходжаниязов, Денежное обращение в государстве Великих Сельджуков (По данным
нумизматики) (Ашхабад, 1977), 111-3.
95
Turkia, Paghava, “The Coinage of Ja‘far III B. ‘Alī, Emir of Tiflis,” 5-11; Paghava, Turkia, “A New
Coin Type of the Sayyid Abū al-Faḍl Ja‘far III b. ‘Alī, Ja‘farid Emir of Tiflīs,” 11-3; Paghava, Turkia, “A
Unique Coin of Abū al-Hayjā, Ja‘farid Emir of Tiflīs,” 205-12; Пагава, Туркиа, “Монетное наследие
Мансура II б. Джа‘фара (III) (к нумизматической истории Тифлисского амирата),” 347-60.
96
Sdr. Пагава, Туркиа, “Монетное наследие Мансура II б. Джа‘фара (III) (к нумизматической
истории Тифлисского амирата),“ таб. XI.
32 irakli faRava
Zad qceuli monetebi ki moWris adgils didad ver scildeboda; Tbiliss

ki 1080-ian wlebamde (al-farikis mixedviT), ja‘farianTa dinastia ga-
nagebda (wyvetilad);
– monetaze miTiTebulia saxeli `ja‘far~, romelic metad damaxasi-
aTebeli iyo ja‘farianTa, magram ara regionis sxva dinastiebisaTvis;
– monetaze, rogorc Cans, miTiTebulia qunia àbu nasr~ (n¡Ù ÝÙC), ro-
melic dafiqsirebulia mansur II b. ja‘farisTvis, Tbilisis erT-erTi
ukanaskneli amirisTvis;97
– monetaze miTiTebulia lakabi `sa¡id~, romelic damaxasiaTebeli
iyo ja‘farianebisTvis, Tumca ki gxvdeba regionis sxva dinastiebis mone-
tebzedac; kerZod, Sadadiani mmarTvelebis, fadl I-isa (985-1031) da ‘ali
al-laSqari II-is (1034-1049) monetebze;98 ase, es lakabi gvxdeba ja‘far III b.
‘alis zogierT da mansur II b. ja‘faris mraval samoneto tipze;99
– paleografiuli kuTxiT, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, am monetis zed-
werilebi mansur II b. ja‘faris zogierTi samoneto tipis identuria;
Cveni azriT, eWvs ar iwvevs, rom am jerjerobiT unikalur samoneto
tipze miTiTebulia ja‘fariani amira mansur II b. ja‘faris (III) saxeli –
swored mas erTaderTs qonda qunia àbu nasr~, nasabi `b. ja‘far~ (n»²X
ÛL) da mraval samoneto tipze atarebda aseve tituls `sa¡id~ (jêsÆC).
mansur II b. ja‘faris Zmis – abul-heija b. ja‘faris Cvenamde moRweul
safaseze tituli `sa¡id~ (jêsÆC) ar iyo miTiTebuli, xolo misi qunia
ki iyo àbul-heija~ (DYêæÆC ÝLC).100 meores mxriv, tituli `sa¡id~ (jêsÆC)
dafiqsirebulia ja‘far III b. ‘alisTvis, magram misi qunia gansxvavebuli
iyo – àl-fadl~ (È¥»ÆC ÝLC)101 da, rac mTavaria, maliq-Sahis (1072 wels
avida taxtze) Tanamedrove ja‘far III ar iyo (gardaicvala 1045 Tu 1046
wels); paleografiuli analizic igiveze miuTiTebs.
97
Mayer, Sylloge der Münzen des Kaukasus und Osteuropas, 110-1, #1005-1006; Пагава, Туркиа,
“Монетное наследие Мансура II б. Джа‘фара (III) (к нумизматической истории Тифлисского
амирата),” 347-60.
98
Валентин Лебедев, Дмитрий Марков, Александр Койфман, Монетное дело и монетное
обращение Ганджийского эмирата Шаддадидов (сер. X – XI вв.) (Москва, 2006), 17-40, 71.
99
Paghava, Turkia, “A New Coin Type of the Sayyid Abū al-Faḍl Ja‘far III b. ‘Alī, Ja‘farid Emir
of Tiflīs,” 11-3; Mayer, Sylloge der Münzen des Kaukasus und Osteuropas, 110-1, #1005-1006;
Пагава, Туркиа, “Монетное наследие Мансура II б. Джа‘фара (III) (к нумизматической истории
Тифлисского амирата),” 347-60.
100
Paghava, Turkia, “A Unique Coin of Abū al-Hayjā, Ja‘farid Emir of Tiflīs,” 205-12.
101
Paghava, Turkia, “A New Coin Type of the Sayyid Abū al-Faḍl Ja‘far III b. ‘Alī, Ja‘farid Emir of
Tiflīs,” 11-3.
samoneto tipis daTariReba

gamoSvebis TariRis (wlis) aRmniSvneli informacia ja‘farianTa sa-
faseze, iseve, rogorc, sazogadod, qufur dirhemebze, yovelTvis Sub-
lis irgvliv legendaSi mieTiTeboda. am SemTxvevaSi irgvlivi legenda
ver moxvda samoneto namzadze.
magram xerxdeba samoneto tipis emisiis miaxloebiT mainc daTari-
Reba miTiTebuli istoriuli pirebis zeobis wlebidan gamomdinare:
– maliq-Sahi did selCukTa sulTani gaxldaT 1072-1092 wlebSi;
xolo
– mansur II b. ja‘faris amirobis zusti qronologiuri CarCoebi uc-
nobia; xelisufleba mas pirvelad 1046-1062 wlebis SualedSi ergo (ix.
zemoT); xolo terminus ante quem, romlisTvisac unda vivaraudoT misi
zeobis dasruleba aris 1080-iani wlebis dasawyisi (al-farikis cnobis-
da mixedviT).
amrigad, saZiebeli qronologiuri monakveTi sakmaod viwrovdeba
da, al-farikis mixedviT, sul daaxloebiT 10 weliwadiT Semoifargle-
ba – gamodis, rom es emisia ganxorcielda 1072-1082 wlebSi.
ufro metic, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT gviandeli anonimi avtoris ze-
moT ganxilul cnobas maliq-Sahisadmi Tbilisis h. 468 (1075/6) wels
daqvemdebarebis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba isic ki vivaraudoT, rom emisia, sa-
varaudod, ganxorcielda 1075-1082 wlebSi.
samoneto tipis atribucia

amrigad, Cvens winaSea ja‘fariani amira mansur II b. ja‘faris mo-
neta, romelzedac aseve didi selCukis – sulTan maliq-Sahis saxeli-
caa miTiTebuli. es garemoeba miuTiTebs imaze, rom maliq-Sahi mansur
II-is suzerenia – es ukanaskneli siqas saSualebiT cnobs maliq-Sahis
uzenaesobas: rom araferi vTqvaT maliq-Sahisa da ja‘fariani amiras
Seudarebel politikur `wonaze~, amas Tavad numizmatikuri analizic
adasturebs – maliq-Sahis saxeli miTiTebulia monetis yvelaze sapa-
tio adgilas, sadac Cveulebriv ‘abasiani xalifas saxels aRniSnavd-
nen – Sahadas sawyisi nawilis qvemoT.102 amrigad, Cvens winaSea mansur II
b. ja‘faris samoneto emisia maliq-Sahis uzenaesobis cnobiT.
102
Michael Bates, “Who Was Named on Abbasid Coins? What Did It Mean?” [https://www.academia.
edu/760319/Who_Was_Named_on_Abbasid_Coins_What_Did_It_Mean]; Yere Bacharach, Islamic
History through Coins. An Analysis and Catalogue of Tenth-Century Ikhshidid Coinage (Cairo, 2006),
19.
34 irakli faRava
ar gvaqvs aranairi safuZveli vamtkicoT, rom es samoneto tipi man-

sur II b. ja‘fars Tbilisis garda sadme sxvagan SeeZlo gamoeSva. vTv-
liT, rom es Tbilisis saamiros safasea.
aRvniSnavT, rom CvenTvis cnobilia mansur II b. ja‘faris kidev 4
samoneto tipi, magram maliq-Sahis saxeli maTze miTiTebuli, rogorc
Cans, ar aris.103
samoneto tipis rekonstruqcia

SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom XI saukunis ja‘farianTa safase
dReisTvis ukve sakmarisad kargad aris Seswavlili.104 Cvens uni-
kalur monetaze SemorCenili zedwerilebis narCenebisa da, sazoga-
dod, ja‘fariani amirebis met-naklebad standartizirebuli samo-
neto protokolis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba legendebis aRdgena
vcadoT.
ja‘farianTa monetebze Sublis mxares (dawyebuli ukve ‘ali b.
ja‘faridan (II) tradiciulad ori komponenti ikavebda:
1. religiuri formula (oRond muhammadi mociqulia alahisa zurg-
ze gadadioda xolme);
çÆ _énv Ë äjbÜ çÇÆC ËC çÆC Ë
igives (yovel SemTxvevaSi, formulis fragments) vxedavT am mon-
etazedac;
2. ‘abasiani xalifas saxeli; mansuris am unikalur monetaze mas
ver vxedavT – SesaZloa, is ar moxvda samoneto namzadze, romelic am
unikaluri monetis SemTxvevaSi zomiT mniSvnelovnad CaamorCeboda
siqebis samuSAao zedapiris farTs; amrigad, aRibeWda legendebis mx-
olod nawili. 1072-81 wlebisTvis, rodesac vvaraudobT aRniSnuli
samoneto tipis gamoSvebas, cnobilia ‘abasianTa ori xalifa: maliq-Sa-
hisa da mansur II b. ja‘faris Tanamedroveebi iyvnen
103
Пагава, Туркиа, “Монетное наследие Мансура II б. Джа‘фара (III) (к нумизматической
истории Тифлисского амирата),” 348-51.
104
jafariZe, `Tbilisis amiras ‘ali ibn ja‘faris monetebi~, 132-50; Irakli Paghava,
Severiane Turkia, “A New Early Coin Type of ‘Alī b. Ja’far, Emir of Tiflis, Citing the Caliph Al-Tā’ī‘
li-llāh,” 7-9; Paghava, Bennett, “New Monetary Material for the Numismatic History of ‘Alī B. Ja‘far,
Ja‘farid Emir of Tiflīs, and its Significance,” 11-2; Turkia, Paghava, “The Coinage of Ja‘far III B. ‘Alī,
Emir of Tiflis,” 5-11; Paghava, Turkia, “A New Coin Type of the Sayyid Abū al-Faḍl Ja‘far III b. ‘Alī,
Ja‘farid Emir of Tiflīs,” 11-3; Paghava, Turkia, “A Unique Coin of Abū al-Hayjā, Ja‘farid Emir of Tiflīs,”
205-12; Пагава, Туркиа, “Монетное наследие Мансура II б. Джа‘фара (III) (к нумизматической
a. al-kaimi (çÇÆC nÕDL ×éD¿ÆC) h. 467 (1075) wlamde da mas Semdgom,

b. al-mukTadi (çÇÆC nÕDL ìjQ¿ÖÆC);
am monetaze swored erT-erTis saxelis arseboba unda vivaraudoT;
3. am samoneto tipze pirvelad ja‘farianTa istoriaSi gaCnda axali
komponenti – miuTiTes ucxo politikuri moRvawis (ara ‘abasiani xali-
fas!) – maliq-Sahis saxeli
äDvÄÇÕ ×®²ÖÆC ØD©ÇsÆC
zurgis mxare ki tradiciulad iwyeboda (zevidan qvemoT Camovuyve-
biT) religiuri formulis dasasruliT:
1. muhammadi mociqulia alahisa
çÇÆC ÅÝrm jÖcÕ
2. romelsac mosdevda ja‘farianTa amiras aRniSvna; safiqrebelia,
Semdegi protokoliT:
n»²X ÛL mÝ¡ÚÕ n¡Ù ÝÙC jêsÆC nêÕËC
ar aris gamoricxuli, rom amiras monetaze raime titulic etarebina
(n»®ÖÆC an mÝ¡ÚÖÆC)
monetis dasaxeleba (nominali)

mansur II b. ja‘faris safasis ganxilvisas, adrindel SromaSi ukve
aRniSnuli gvqonda, rom es spilenZis (romelic, SesaZloa, ivercxlebo-
da) monetebi warmoadgens qufuri vercxlis dirhemis ori TaobiT adre,
‘ali b. ja‘faris (II) zeobaSi dawyebuli degradaciis erT-erT (ukanask-
nel) stadias.105 ‘ali b. ja‘fari (II) TAavdapirvelad jer kidev met-nak-
lebad klasikur dirhems uSvebda, magram misi bolo monetebi ukve uwe-
so Wedvisaa (araTanabari da metad variabeluri forma-wonis).106 aqedan
gamomdinare, ja‘farianTa gviandeli periodis monetebsac, vfiqrobT,
dirhemi ewodeboda. es unikaluri monetac, romelsac Cveni naSromi eZ-
Rvneba – dirhemia.
ukve dasabuTebuli gvqonda, rom qarTuli drama (dirhemis qarTu-
li analogi) swored qarTveli monarqebis uweso Wedvis spilenZis safa-
ses aRniSnavda.107
105
истории Тифлисского амирата),” 357.
106
jafariZe, `Tbilisis amiras ‘ali ibn ja‘faris monetebi~, 132-50.
107
irakli faRava, `javaxT uflis monetebi – kompleqsuri analizi~, saistorio
krebuli, 1 (2011), 323-8.
36 irakli faRava
numizmatikuri aRmoCenis srulfasovani analizis mizniT, aucile-

belia misi konteqstSi Casma – vecdebiT, gavaanalizoT zemoT aRwerili
numizatikuri aRmoCenis zogad-istoriuli mniSvneloba.
qarTuli safasis tipologiuri rigi

Tavidanve aRvniSnavT, rom zemoT aRwerili da ganxiluli monetis
saxiT Cvens winaSe kidev erTi, sruliad axali samoneto tipia, romelic
qarTveli eris numizmatikuri warsulis nawils warmoadgens. aRmoCe-
nas viwro numizmatikuri kuTxiTac rom mivudgeT, cxadi gaxdeba, rom
es moneta iZleva saSualebas – ganvavrcoT qarTuli safasis tipolo-
giuri rigi; SevavsoT Cveni eris materialuri kulturis istoria.
mansur II b. ja‘faris samoneto emisiebi

sayuradReboa, rom aRniSnuli axali samoneto tipi warmoadgens
XI saukuneSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli erT-erTi politi-
kuri erTeulis – Tbilisis saamiros mmarTvelis – mansur II b. ja‘faris
emisias. CvenTvis aqamde cnobili iyo (da Seswavlili gvqonda, Tanaav-
torobaSi) am dinastis oTxi samoneto tipi.108 es, Sesabamisad, mexuTea.
aRniSnuli garemoeba ramdenime sayuradRebo daskvnis gamotanis Sesa-
Zleblobas gvaZlevs:
– tipebis SedarebiT xSiri monacvleoba, safiqrebelia, Tundac
iribad, zeobis xangrZlivobaze miuTiTEebs; vfiqrobT, rom tipebis mo-
nacvleoba swored aman gamoiwvia, da ara iseTma movlenam, rogorc, da-
vuSvaT, fiskaluri miznebiT, renovatio monetae.109
108
109
samwuxarod, ja‘farianTa monetebis Semcveli ganZebi SedarebiT iSviaTia;
aqamde mxolod ori ganZi iyo cnobili – TbilisSi, mizgiTis ganadgurebis adgilas
napovni, da qvaxvrelis. Давид Капанадзе, “Клад монет начала XI в. тбилисского эмира
Али ибн Джафара,” Эпиграфика Востока, т. XIV (1961), 71-8; meri anTaZe, `qvaxvrelis
ganZi~, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, t. XXXVIII-B (1986), 121-5. arada,
ganZebis meSveobiT ufro zustad moxerxdeboda am sakiTxis garkveva. Cven piradad
vagrZelebT muSaobas am mimarTulebiT – TanaavtorebTan erTad vamuSavebT da
gamosaqveyneblad vamzadebT ja‘farianTa monetebis kidev or ganZs. sainteresoa,
rom, magaliTad, ‘ali b. ja‘faris daaxloebiT 32-wlianma zeobam dagvitova 8
samoneto tipi mainc; ja‘far III-is daaxloebiT 18-wliani mmarTvelobidan vicnobT 3
samoneto tips; amrigad, TiTQqosda ise gamodis, rom yoveli axali samoneto tipi 4-5
weliwadSi erTxel Cndeba. xom ar SeiZleba, vivaraudoT rom, raki 5 samoneto tipi
gamouSva – mansur II b. ja‘faris zeoba jamSi daaxloebiT 20-30 wels grZeldeboda?
– ramdenime samoneto tipis gamoSveba am ja‘fariani amiras daqvem-

debarebaSi myof saxelmwifoSi aqtiur ekonomikur cxovrebaze unda
miuTiTebdes; yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tbilisis saamiroSi iseTi ekonomi-
kuri saqmianobis intensiurobaze, rogorc safasis gamoSvebaa.
mansur II b. ja‘faris zeobis qronologia

kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, rom moneta iZleva SesaZleblobas ar-
sebiTaAd davazustoT mansur II b. ja‘faris zeobis qronologia da, Sei-
Zleba ase iTqvas, Tavgadasavali, masTan erTad ki – Tbilisis saamiros
istoria. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, es amira naratiul wyaroebSi (ufro
swored, erTaderT wyaroSi) mxolod orjer figurirebs – 1062 da 1068
wlebis movlenebTan kavSirSi. aqamde cnobaSi moyvanili oTxive samon-
eto tipis monetebze TariRi ar ikiTxeboda.110
garkveul qronologiur miniSnebas iZleoda mxolod erTi samo-
neto tipi, warmodgenili unikaluri, samwuxarod, metad gacveTili
monetiT; am ukanasknelze, TiTqosda, ikiTxeboda xalifa al-mukTadis
(1075-1094) saxeli, ramac mogvca safuZveli, es moneta, garkveuli si-
frTxiliT, 1075-82 wlebiT dagveTariRebina – ase CavTvaleT, rom man-
sur II b. ja‘fari Zalauflebas am wlebSic inarCunebda.111
moviyvanT am monetis (sur. 2) mokle aRwerilobasac:
Subli: ormagi dartymisa da cveTis gamo praqtikulad ar ikiTxeba;
(?) ìjQ¿ÖÆC
(?) çÇÆCnÕDL
zurgi:
jêsÆC nêÕËC
mÝ¡ÚÕ n¡Ù ÝÙC
axla ki ukve aranair eWvs ar iwvevs, rom mansur II b. ja‘faris amiro-

bis periodi nawilobriv mainc emTxveoda didi selCuki sulTnis, maliq-
Sahis zeobas – e.i. mansur II b. ja‘fari kvlavindeburad Tbilisis amira
iyo 1072-82 wlebs Soris SualedSi, raRac drois ganmavlobaSi mainc.
Tuki 1045/6 wels, mamis gardacvalebis droisTvis mansuri (da misi
Zma) jer kidev arasrulwlovani iyo, davuSvaT, Tundac 13-15 wlis, da am
110
111
iqve, 349-50. mansur II b. ja‘faris samoneto tipebis Tanmimdevroba, aMmJamad,
bunebrivia, sul sxvanairad gvesaxeba.
38 irakli faRava
mizeziT ver daeufla mamis (gvaris) memkvidreobas, maSin, gamodis, rom

1070-ian wlebSi ukve gaamirebuli mansur II jer kidev daaxloebiT 40-50
wlis mamakaci unda yofiliyo, anu, arcTu Zalian moxucebuli, epoqis
realiebis gaTvaliswinebiTac.
axali monacemebi iZleva saSualebas davazustoT sazogadod,
ja‘farianTa dinastiis qronologiac, aseve XI saukunis Tbilisis
amirebis zeobis miaxloebiTi wlebi (dawyebuli ja‘far III b. ‘alidan):
– ja‘far III b. ‘ali – 1045 Tu 1046 wlamde;
– mansur II b. ja‘far (III); da misi Zma - abul-heija b. ja‘far (III) – 1049-
62 wlebSi? SesaZloa aseve 1062 Tu ufro 1064-68 wlebSi;
– fadl II b. Savur Sadadiani / mis mier dayenebuli amira – 1068 an
1069 wels;
– `siTlaraba~ – `memamuled“ moyvanili (sadiskusioa: 1. ekuTvnoda
Tu ara is ja‘farianTa dinastias? 2. Tuki ekuTvnoda, mansur II an abul-
heija xom ar imaleba am metsaxelis, da ara saxelis qveS?) –1069 wlis
Semdeg, ucnobia, ra drois ganmavlobaSi;
– mansur II b. ja‘far (III) – xelaxla, SesaZloa, 1075 wlidan, safiqre-
belia, 1082 wlamde.
Tbilisi, qvemo qarTli da didi selCukebi

axali samoneto tipi, romelsac es statia eZRvneba, metad sayuradRe-
bo istoriuli mowmobaa, romelic gvexmareba gaverkvioT rogorc Tbili-
sis, aseve ja‘farianTa dinastiis damokidebulebaSi kavkasiaSi gamoCenil
iseT politikur-samxedro ZalasTan, rogorc iyo didi selCukebi.
aqamde mogvepoveboda mxolod naratiuli wyaroebis mier Semonax-
uli cnobebi – isic araerTazrovani (sarwmunoobis mxriv) da, nawi-
lobriv, diskusiis sagnad qceuli;112 aMmJamad, am axali numizmatikuri
aRmoCenis saxiT, ukve gvaqvs savsebiT obieqturi, Tanadrouli epi-
grafikuli mowmoba imisa, rom ja‘fariani amira da e.i. Tbilisic, ufro
swored, Tbilisis saamiro, erTxanobas mainc, namdvilad daeqvemdebara
did selCukebs, kerZod, maliq-Sahs. am ukanasknelis saxeli, rogorc
davinaxeT, miTiTeEbulia mansur II b. ja‘faris samoneto tipze, rac didi
selCuki sulTnisadmi Tbilisis amiras daqvemdebarebis utyuari nu-
mizmatikuri mowmobaa (siqas ufleba).
112
am cnobebis sarwmunoobas amjerad ar vexebiT, ix. zemoT, epoqis istoriogra-
fiuli mimoxilva.
ufro metic, numizmatikuri masala, Tundac iribad, magram mainc,

adasturebs naratiuli wyaroebis mowmobebsac.
mokled SevajamoT da SevajeroT Cven xelT arsebuli cnobebi – nu-
mizmatikuri da naratiuli – Tbilisisa da didi selCukebis urTier-
Tobaze:
– 1037/8 wels (h. 429 w.) alyaSemortymuli Tbilisis zedafena, Sesa-
Zloa, daukavSirda selCukebs (Tu Sadadianebs?) samxedro mxardaWEeris
TxovniT;
– 1064 wels alf-arslanma dalaSqra samxreT saqarTvelo; ucnobia,
aiRo (daimorCila) man am dros Tbilisi Tu ara (ufro safiqrebelia,
rom ara);
– 1068 an 1069 wels alf-arslanma namdvilad daimorCila Tbilisi,
magram gadasca is samarTavad Tavis vasals, Sadadian dinasts, fadl II b.
Savurs;
– 1075/6 wels (h. 468 w.) Tbiliss maliq-Sahi ikavebs; ucnobia, ra ze-
gavlena moaxdina am faqtma ja‘fariani amiras bedze;
– 1072-1082 Tu 1075/6-1082 wlebSi TbilisSi maliq-Sahis saxeliT
monetas uSvebs ja‘fariani amira mansur II b. ja‘fari (III);
– 1092 wlidan arrans ganagebs muhammad b. maliq-Sahi; ver gamovricx-
avT, rom misi xelisufleba, nominalurad mainc, am droidan Tbilisze-
dac vrceldeba;
– 1094-1118 wlebSi TbilisSi iWreba moneta xalifa al-musTazhirisa
da anonimuri uzenaesi sulTnis saxeliT;
– 1094-1118 wlebSi TbilisSi iWreba moneta xalifa al-musTazhirisa
da muhammad b. maliq-Sahis saxeliT;
– 1104 wels did selCukTa saxelmwifos dayofisas muhammad b.
maliq-Sahs sxva samflobeloebTan erTad `saqarTveloc~ ergeba;
– 1110 wlamde Tbilisi (iseve, rogorc qvemo qarTlis sxva qalaqebi)
`Turqebs~ epyraT;
– 1119 wlisTvis / 1119 wlis Semdgom periodSi Tbilisi eqvemdebare-
ba did selCuks TuRril b. muhammads, magram es ukanaskneli ver icavs
qalaqs, romelic iZulebulia daviT aRmaSeneblis uzenaesoba cnos;
– 1121 wels, didgoris brZolis win, Tbiliselebi regionis sxva msx-
vili urbanuli centrebis vaWrebTan erTad daxmarebas isev selCukTa
dinastiis warmomadgenels sTxoven (erT-erTi versiis mixedviT mainc).
axla ukve eWvs ar iwvevs da damtkicebulad unda CaaiTvalos is faq-
ti, rom Tbilisi, Tavisi istoriis muslimuri periodis bolosken did
40 irakli faRava
selCukebs daemorCila an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, maTi gavlenis sferoSi

moeqca. pirveli kontaqtebi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, SesaZloa1030-
iani wlebis dasasruliT TariRdeba, magram Tbilisi selCukebs, arse-
buli monacemebiT, pirvelad 1060-iani wlebis bolosTvis daeqvemde-
bara; did selCukTa Zalaufleba ufro myari gaxda 1070-ian wlebSi; anu,
jer kidev maSin, rodesac Tbiliss (bolo?) ja‘fariani amira mansur II b.
ja‘fari (III) ganagebda. damokidebuleba did selCukebze ar Sewyvetila
ja‘farianTa dinastiis gadaSenebisa Tu gaZevebis Semdegac, rodesac
Tbiliss, politikur arenaze, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba (savaW-
ro xasiaTis oligarqiuli wreebi?) warmoadgenda. didi selCukebi-
sadmi Tbilisis daqvemdebareba gagrZelda praqtikulad 1122 wlamde,
rodesac Tbilisi qarTvelebma daibrunes an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, 1119
wlamde, rodesac muslimuri Tbilisi vasalobisa da xarkis gadaxdis
pirobiT daviT aRmaSenebels daeqvemdebara.
Tbilisi, iseve, rogorc, sazogadod, arrani, maliq-Sahis gardacva-
lebis Semdgom mis STamomavlobas ergo – maliq-Sahis vaJiSvils, muham-
mad b. maliq-Sahs da SviliSvils, TuRril b. muhammads.
did selCukTa mbrZanebloba TbilisSi uwyveti ar iyo: SegviZlia
davasaxeloT, yvelaze cota, 2 wyveta – 1060-iani wlebis bolo (1070-
iani wlebis dasawyisic?), rodesac alf-arslanis mier dakavebuli (da
Sadadiani vasalisTvis gadacemuli) Tbilisi qarTvelebis xelSi gada-
vida, Tundac mcire droiT (ucnobia, qarTuli matianis `siTlaraba~
ramdenad damoukidebeli mmarTveli iyo); da, gacilebiT ufro gvian
– 1119 wlis Semdgom, rodesac Tbilisi isev afxazTa mefes daeqvemde-
bara – xarkis gadaxdisa da qarTveli monarqis Sihnas (minimaluri, samx-
edro mniSvnelobis armqone amalis TanxlebiT) miRebis pirobiT; Tum-
ca ki, Semdeg Tbiliselebma daxmarebisTvis isev selCukebs, an, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, muslim mmarTvelebs mimarTes. iqamde ki, SualedSi, `didi
Turqobis~ periodSi, did selCukTa batonoba TbilisSi, safiqrebelia,
sakmaod stabilur xasiaTs atarebda.
sagangebo ganxilvis Rirsia, Tu ra formiT vrceldeboda did sel-
CukTa xelisufleba Tbilisze. iyo es qalaqi, Tavisi SemogareniT (yo-
fili, Tu jer kidev arsebuli Tbilisis saamiro), srulad damorCile-
buli da uSualod inkorporirebuli did selCukTa saxelmwifoSi – es
ki TbilisSi did selCukTa met-naklebad mniSvnelovani samxedro gar-
nizonis ganTavsebas gulisxmobda; Tu Tbilisi raRac pirobebiT dae-
qvemdebara did selCukebs, magram metwilad SeinarCuna sakuTari av-
tonomia? imasac ver gamovricxavT, rom did selCukTa xelisuflebis

aRiareba nominaluri yofiliyo. al-farikTan amis Sesaxeb araferi
moepoveba. rogorc Cans, 1060-iani wlebidan vidre 1122 wlamde gasul,
daaxloebiT 55-wlian SualedSi, did selCukTa batonobis xasiaTi, ro-
gorc es Cans wyaroebiT, icvleboda. dasawyisSi didi selCuki sulTne-
bi Tbiliss (Tbilisis saamiros) vasalobis pirobiT ama Tu im dinasts
gadascemdnen (ikTa‘-s statusiT?). ase, 1060-iani wlebis bolos, alf-
arslanma Tbilisi Sadadians, fadl II b. Savurs Caabara; 1070-ian wlebSi
(1082 wlamde?) maliq-Sahma kmayofildeboda TbilisSi dabrunebuli
ja‘fariani amira mansur II b. ja‘faris (III) morCilebiT (ucnobia, Tu ra
formas iRebda es ukanaskneli, maliq-Sahis saxelze monetis moWris
garda). mas Semdeg, veRar vxedavT romelime dinasts, romelic Tbiliss
ganagebs; qarTul Tu arabul wyaroebSi moqmedebs `Tbilisis xalxi~,113
Tbiliseli `ymawvilebi~114 an `vaWarni... tfilel-dmanelni~;115 ufro ad-
reuli periodisTvis ki dafiqsirebulia `tfileli berni~.116 oTxive
SemTxvevaSi, isini damoukideblad gamodian sagareo-politikuri Tu
samxedro iniciativebiT; Cans, rom Tbilisi inarCunebs mniSvnelovan
Sinagan avtonomias da mas savaWro-oligarqiuli wreebi marTaven; amas-
Tan, Tbilisi did selCukTa mfarvelobaSia, maTi politikuri zegav-
lenis orbitaSia; qalaqis mesveurebi aucileblad miiCneven an, ar aris
gamoricxuli, iZulebulni arian, monetaze miuTiTon didi selCukis –
muhammad b. maliq-Sahis saxeli an, ubralod, anonimuri sulTani uzen-
aesi; Tumca ki, am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, swored es anonimuroba, Cveni
azriT, miuTiTEebs Tbilisis selCukebze damokidebulebis erTgvar
zedapirulobaze; anda, Tbilisis mesveurTa diplomatiaze – selCuke-
bs Soris amtydari Sinaomebis periodSi anonimurobis dacva keTil-
gonieri neitralitetis gamoxatulebad unda CaiTvalos. SemdgomSi
did selCukTa Zalaufleba Sesustda; al-farikis mixedviT, toRrul b.
muhammadma daakmayofila qarTvelebis mier Sewuxebuli Tbiliselebis
Txovna da TbilisSi Tavisi Sihna gamoagzavna. anu, rogorc Cans, uSu-
alod winmdev periodSi qalaqSi did selCukebs sakuTari warmomad-
genelic ki ar hyavdaT. TuRril b. muhammadis Carevac ar aRmoCnda
gamowvevis adekvaturi – Tbiliselebi iZulebulni gaxdnen gaZliereb-
113
sixaruliZe, „al-ჶariki saqarTveloSi~, 87-8.
114
cqitiSvili, „sibt ibn al-jauzis cnoba daviT aRmaSeneblis Sesaxeb~, 205.
115
116
42 irakli faRava
uli daviT aRmaSeneblis uzenaesoba ecnoT da mis sasargeblod xarkic

ekisraT. amgvarad, did selCukTa Sihnas Camosvla, savaraudod, daviT
aRmAaSeneblis Sihnas Semosvlas unda SevadaroT – arcerTi ar niSnavda
qalaqSi sakuTari administraciis realur SemoRebas. Sihnas simbol-
uri (?) figuris daniSvna – Tbilisis did selCukTa mier administri-
rebis kidev erTi modelia. Tavisi arsebobis bolo Tu boloswina wels
Tbilisis muslimebma isev did selCuk sulTans mimarTes, sxva cnobiT
– nejm ad-din il-Razis, arTukianTa (Turqmenuli) dinastiis warmo-
madgenels.117 saxezea Tbilisis muslimuri TviTmmarTvelobis sagareo-
politikuri orientacia did selCukebze, maTi dasustebis Semdeg ki –
paralelurad, aseve, regionis sxva, mZlavr sunit liderebze.
ramdenad arastabiluric ar unda yofiliyo Tbilisis daqvemde-
bareba didi selCukebisadmi, eWvs ar iwvevs, rom es Zvirfasi SenaZeni
iyo am muslimuri saxelmwifosaTvis. garda ubralod teritoriis ga-
farToebisa, Tbilisis damorCilebas unda qonoda orgvari, samxedro
da ekonomikuri mniSvneloba:
– Tbilisi iqca selCukebis myar forpostad aRmosavleT saqarT-
veloSi, sayrdenad rogorc momavali laSqrobebisaTvis, aseve mimdin-
are mcire omisTvis – `Turqobis~ farglebSi mimdinare mZarcveluri
samxedro operaciebisaTvis;118
– Tbilisi, Turqmeni momTabareebisaTvis, romelTac didi selCuke-
bi patronobdnen,119 ueWvelia, naZarcvi qonebisa da ayvanili tyveebis
gasaRebis mosaxerxebel bazrad iqca – daviT aRmaSeneblis mematiane
memTabareebis yofas Semdegnairad aRwers: `T¢sTa qalaqTa vaWrobdi-
an, xolo CvenTa napirTa arbevdian“120 – ar gvgonia, rom momTabareebi
savaWro operaciebSi Tavad iyvnen CarTulebi; am saqmianobas Suamavali
sovdagrebi eweodnen, romlebic, Cveni varaudiT, Soridan Camosule-
bi ar unda yofiliyvnen; `T¢sTa qalaqTa~ Soris swored Tbilisi unda
117
goCa jafariZe, `najm ad-din il-Razi~, Ziebani, t. 1 (Tbilisi, 2012), 135-55.
118
aseTive sayrdeni Turqi-selCukebisaTvis iyo maT mier aREebuli samSvildec.
alasania, `Turq-selCukebTan qarTvelebis urTierTobebis adreuli gamocdileba~,
37-38.
119
did selCukebsa da Turqman momTabareebs Soris urTierTobis analizisTvis
ix. nodar Sengelias naSromi: Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, 129-
31, 160-3, 352. ix. aseve margiSvili, miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis
Sesaxeb, 19-20, 208-10, Sen. 10, 220, Sen. 2.
129-131
120
vigulisxmoT, aseve rusTavi, dmanisi, samSvilde; daviTis istorikoss

amis Taobaze pirdapiri miTiTebaca aqvs: `xolo odesme qaravansa Tana
SemoyolilTa TurqmanTa zeda ganscnian Semomaval-ganmavalni qriste-
aneni, da tyueobasa da sikudilsa miscnian~;121
– ufro metic, ver gamovricxavT, rom Tbiliss (Tavisi terito-
riebiT) did selCukTa xazinaSi arsebiTi gadasaxadic Semohqonda – ro-
gorc davinaxeT, aRmaSeneblis sasargeblod Tbilisi mzad iyo daviT
yovelwliurad 10 aTasi dinari (oqro) ekisra.122
vfiqrobT, ar iqneba gadameteba, muslimuri Tbilisis istoriis
ukanasknel periods Turq-selCukuric rom ewodos.123
samxreT kavkasiis qalaqebis antiqarTuli koalicia

albaT, upriani iqneba, aqve SevexoT qvemo qarTlSi mdebare qa-
laqebis statuss, romelATac, Cveni azriT, muslimuri mosaxleobis Se-
darebiT maRali xvedriTi wili qondaT.
rogorc davinaxavT, ja‘farianTa da korikianTa124 dasustebis, qa-
121
iqve, 203.
122
Tbilisis ekonomikuri potencialis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa
matiane qarTlisa-s mier ufro adrindeli periodisTvis Semonaxuli cnoba,
romlis Tanaxmadac, bagrat IV-m Tbiliss (marTalia, erTjeradi) kontribuciis
saxiT 44 aTasi drahkanis (anu, oqros dinaris) gadaxda daakisra. qarTlis cxovreba,
I, 312. vasil kopalianTan miTiTebulia 50 aTasi, rogorc yovelwliuri gadasaxadi
(sic). kopaliani, `TbiliselTa orientaciis sakiTxisaTvis 1221-1222 wlebSi~, 56.
sainteresoa, rom erT-erT nusxaSi sityvebs òrmocdaoTxi aTasi~ moyveba `maradis
rva asi~. qarTlis cxovreba, I, 312. xom ar igulismeba, rom erTjeradad 44,000
drahkanis garda, siTlarabs yovelwliurad damatebiT kidev 800 unda gadaexada?
Tu es kontribucia da yovelwliuri xarki SadadianTa saxelmwifos daekisra? wyaro
amgvari interpretaciis saSualebasac iZleva, vinaidan Txroba kontribuciidan
maSinve gadadis fadlisgan CamorTmeul mZevlebze – `da ormocdaoTxi aTasi
drahkani, da mZevalni misi, Ze manuCasi, da samTa TavadTa ganZisaTa~. iqve. amasTan,
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tanxa, rasakvirvelia, minimaluria, rac ucnauria. xom ar
aris es adgili damaxinjebuli gadamweris mier?
123
erT-erT naSromSi SemoTavazebuli gvqonda saqarTveloSi arabTa batonobis
periodizaciis axali sqema; am sqemis mixedviT bolo, V periods vuwodeT `Tbilisis
TviTmmarTvelobis (did seljukTa uzenaesobis cnobiT) periodi~. irakli faRava,
`saqarTveloSi arabTa batonobis periodizacia (numizmatikuri monacemebis
gaTvaliswinebiT)~, axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo, VIII (2014), 250-57, 342.
124
aq da SemdgomSi, lore-taSiris mmarTveli somxuri dinastiis (somexi
bagratunebis ganStoebas) aRsaniSnavad viyenebT termins `korikianebi~, da ara
`kvirikianebi~ (qarTul istoriografiaSi ukanaskneli variantia miRebuli). Cveni
azriT, es termini ufro axloa dinastiis saxelis somxur JReradobasTan, da, rac
44 irakli faRava
rTvel bagratovanTa da, gansakuTrebiT, did selCukTa agresiis, oRuz-

TurqmenTa momTabareoba-Semosevebis pirobebSi Zveli politikuri
sazRvrebi da ierarqia moiSala, Tbilisis siaxloves mdebare125 eko-
nomikurad dawinaurebulma rusTavma, samSvildem da, gansakuTrebiT,
dmanisma gacilebiT meti mniSvneloba SeiZina. mokled SemovxazavT am
qalaqebis (ZiriTadad, politikur) istorias.
rusTavi. qalaqi rusTavi arabebs ukve VII saukuneSi daemorCila,126
magram SemdgomSi (ucnobia, rodis?) es qalaqi isev qristianTa xelSi
moxvda, da ìstoriuli kuxeTis sazRvrebSia moqceuli, daqvemde-
barebiT ki kaxeTis mefes emorCileba~127 – kaxeT-hereTis gamaerTiane-
belma, gaZlierebulma mefe kvirike III didma (1014-1037 wlebis Su-
aledSi?) rusTavi erT-erTi saerisTavos centradac ki gaxada: àman
kvirikem daipyra kaxeTi da hereTica da iwoda mefed kaxTa: garna Tu
isxnen erTisTavni hereTs. aramed aman kvirike mefe-man ufro ganamt-
kicna da dasxna sami kaxeTs da oTxi hereTs da kaxeTisa erTi rusTavs,
da misca srulian kuxeTi, romel ars nagebi, yaraia, Cadivar-samgori,
ujarma, lilo, martyofi, grdani, xerki da TianeTi, aragvis kerZo
Jinvanamde~.128
ucnobia, Tu rodis dakarga kaxeT-hereTis samefom rusTavi. ar-
qeologiuri monacemebis safuZvelze levan WilaSvili Tvlida, rom
rusTavi 1060-ian wlebSi aoxrda (safiqrebelia, alf-arslanis Semos-
evebis dros);129 ar viciT, Tu vis ekuTvnoda qalaqi am dros.
Tuki es mosazreba qalaqis gaCanagebis Sesaxeb marTalia, unda
vaRiaroT, rom rusTavi Zalian swrafad aRsdga da adgilobrivi mniSvn-
elobis, magram mainc angariSgasawev politikur faqtorad iqca; yovel
SemTxvevaSi, matiane qarTlisa-s mixedviT, 1068 wlis Semosevis peri-
odSi rusTavs, iseve rogorc Tbiliss, sakuTari amira hyavda130 – àra-
mTavaria, Tavidan gvacilebs arasaWiro da mcdar asociaciebs am epoqis kaxeTis

mmarTvel kvirikeebTan (I-III), romlebic arevmanelebi iyvnen.
125
lore SedarebiT ufro samxreTiT mdebareobda.
126
levan WilaSvili, qalaqi rusTavi (Tbilisi, 1958), 59-60.
127
iqve, 61.
128
129
WilaSvili, qalaqebi feodalur saqarTveloSi, II, 116. gaurkvevelia, ris
safuZvelze, magram avtori Tvlida, rom Tbilisic aoxrda: `yvelaze metad
Tbilisma da rusTavma ganicades selCukebis aoxreba~. iqve, 116-7. argumentacia
moyvanili ar aris da am mosazrebis gaziareba gviWirs.
130
WilaSvili, qalaqi rusTavi, 178-9.
Tu mefeTa CuenTa mterobisaT¢is oden amoswy¢da tfilisi da rusTavi

amas samefosa, arca amisT¢s qmna, Tumca igi amirani orgulad dadgomil
iyvnes karsa missa zeda~.131 ar aris gamoricxuli, rom alf-arslanis Se-
mosevamde rusTavis amirac, Tbilisis amiras msgavsad, afxazTa mefis
uzenaesobas aRiarebda; amas, TiTqosda, gulisxmobs fraza àmoswy¢da
tfilisi da rusTavi amas samefosa~.132 Tuki es marTalia, gamodis rom
rusTavi kvirike III-sa Tu mis memkvidreebs bagrat IV-m waarTva. aRsaniS-
navia, rom mematiane rusTavs TiQTQqosda Tbilisis tolfasi mniSvnelo-
bis punqtad warmogvidgens. alf-arslanis meore laSqrobis momdevno
wlebSi bagrat IV-m daikava rusTavi – TbilisSi dmaniseli siTlarabis
dasmis Semdeg `Tavisad aRixuna cixeni rusTavni, farcxisi, agarani,
grigol-wmidani, qavazini~.133
rogorc Cans, mamisgan memkvidreobiT miREebuli rusTavi giorgi II-m
kaxeT-hereTis samefos dauTmo; amasTan rusTavi samSvildisa da Tmog-
vis sadari mniSvnelobis punqti gamodis: `xolo giorgi mefeman sZlo
sikeTiTa, sibrZniTa, da Z¢r-u£senebel iqmna: uboZa ivanes samS¢lde; da
Zesa ivanessa liparits misca lowobanni nacvlad rusTavisa, romeli
mieca kaxTa; da nianias Tmog¢~.134
SemdgomSi, kaxeT-hereTis samefos rusTavi selCukebma waarTves;
asea daviT aRmaSEeneblis istorikosis mixedviT, romelic aseve ax-
senebs rusTavs, Tanac, iseTi mniSvnelovani qalaqebis gverdiT, ro-
gorc Tbilisi da samSvilde; Tumca ki, CamonaTvalSi provinciac aris
miTiTebuli – somxiTi, da cixe-simagrec – agarani: àma Jamadmde qa-
laqi tfilisi, rusTavi, somxiTi, yoveli samS¢lde, agarani TurqTa
hqondes~.135
1115 wels136 ki qalaqi ukve daviT-AaRmaSenebelma daimorCila. im
droisTvis qalaqma, safiqrebelia, daibruna Zveli mniSvneloba da met-
ic SeiZina – raki mematianem is sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsad CaTvala.
mokled SevajamebT, rogor gvesaxeba rusTAavis xelidan xelSi gadasv-
131
132
iqve, 310.
133
iqve, 312.
134
iqve, 316.
135
136
sxva wyaros ararsebobis pirobebSi, veyrdnobiT DdaviT aRmaSeneblis
cxovrebaSi miTiTebul TariRs: `wariRo Wyondidelman rusTavica, mefisa muxnars
yofasa. qronikoni iyo samas ocda TxuTmeti~. qarTlis cxovreba, I, 333.
46 irakli faRava
lis Tanmimdevroba: 1) rusTavs imorCileben da ipyroben arabebi – ukve VII

saukuneSi; 2) XI saukunis pirvel mesamedSi is gadadis kvirike III-is xelSi;
3) 1060-ian wlebSi qalaqi rusTavi, rogorc Cans, aoxrda; kaxeT-hereTis
samefo kargavs rusTavs – iq warmoiqmneba arabuli xasiaTis politikuri
erTeuli, romlis saTaveSic amiraa; 4) es ukanaskneli, SesaZloa, bagrat
IV-is vasali xdeba; 5) alf-arslanis meore Semosevis periodSi es amira
selCukebis mxaresaa; rusTavi Turq-selCukebis xelSi gadadis; 6) alf-
arslanis meore laSqrobis momdevno periodSi rusTavi isev bagrat IV-em
daimorCila; 7) giorgi II memkvidreobiT miRebul rusTavs kaxeT-hereTis
samefos gadascems; 8) kaxeT-hereTis samefos rusTavs selCukebi arT-
meven; 9) 1115 wels rusTavi Turq-selCukebs daviT aRmaSenebelma waarTva.
veTanmxebiT levan WilaSvils, rom warsulSi rusTavis amira Tbili-
sis saamiros Cveulebrivi (Tumca ki, safiqrebelia, dawinaurebuli) mox-
ele Tu iqneboda, SemdgomSi ki `Tbilisis saamiros dasustebis Semdeg,
yovel SemTxvevaSi alfarslanis dros mainc, rusTavSi mjdar moxeles
unda gaxsnoda xelebi da SesaZlebelia, rusTavs masze damokidebul
soflebianad erTgvari damoukideblobac mieRo, rac rusTavis mox-
elis gaamirebaSi unda gamoxatuliyo.~137 oRond, rTuli saQTqmelia, ro-
dis moxda Tbilisis saamiros amgvari dasusteba – XI saukunis I Tu II nax-
evarSi; Tavad avtori ufro XI saukunis meore naxevrisken ixreboda: `XI
saukuneSi rusTavis amiras mixedviT ver vityviT, rom rusTavSi iseTive
saamiro iyo, rogorc TbilisSi.~138 garda amisa, vTvliT, rom, rusTavi,
marTalia Tbilisisgan damoukidebeli gamxdara, magram sazogadod da-
moukidebloba ver moipova (Tu ver SeinarCuna?) da xan afxazTa mefeze,
xanac Turq-selCukebze damokidebul SedarebiT sust politikur er-
Teulad, erTgvar naxevrad-damoukidebel polisad iqca.
rusTavSi amiras gaCenis gaTvaliswinebiT, gakvirvebas iwvevs, rom
Tbilisis saamiros SemadgenlobaSi esoden didi drois ganmavlobaSi
Semavali rusTavi, imave levan WilaSvilma Semdegnairad daaxasiaTa
(arqeologiur monacemebze dayrdnobiT): `gansxvavebiT Tbilisisagan
an dmanisisagan, romelic muslimanur-qristianuli qalaqia ... rusTavi
sufTa qarTuli qalaqia, qarTulive mosaxleobiT~.139
ase YTu ise, eWvs ar iwvevs, rom XI saukunis bolosken – XII saukunis
dasawyisisTvis qalaq rusTavis statusi amaRlda, is aRar warmoadgens
137
WilaSvili, qalaqi rusTavi, 179.
138
iqve.
139
WilaSvili, qalaqebi feodalur saqarTveloSi, II, 117.
Tbilisis saamiros rigiT urbanul dasaxlebas, aramed mniSvnelobiT

ukve meorea Tbilisis Semdeg – sagulisxmoa, rom gviandeli periodis,
dakninebul Tbilisis saamiroSi am oris garda sxva qalaqi arc ki moix-
senieba.
rusTavis ekonomikur rols xazs usvams im epoqis monetebis aR-
moCenis faqtebic140, Tumca ki, unda iTqvas, rom maTi ricxvi SedarebiT
mcirea, yovel SemTxvevaSi, dmanisTan SedarebiT. qalaqis ekonomikuri
mniSvneloba, sazogadod, mainc didi iyo.141
magram, antiqarTul koaliciaSi monawileobis miReba rusTavma
veRar moaswro, im martivi mizeziT, rom jer kidev 1115 wels is ukve
daipyro daviT aRmaSenebelma.
samSvilde. imave mizeziT koaliciaSi ar Sevida samSvildec. es qa-
laqi, safiqrebelia, aseve arabebis dapyrobili iyo. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
viciT, rom 853 wels Tbilisis amira sahaki swored samSvildis mimar-
TulebiT apirebda buRa Turqisgan gaqcevas.142
magram saamirom maleve dakarga es teritoria, gugareTi, samSvildes-
Tan erTad, aSot I bagratunim daikava, daaxloebiT 855 wels.143 samSvilde
samarTavad gnTunTa gvaris warmomadgenlebs – aSotsa da vasaks gadae-
caT.144 maT, mogvianebiT, gandgoma gadawyvites, da aSot II-s maTi damor-
Cileba dAasWirda; sainteresoa, rom gnTunTa gvaris warmomadgenels
Tbilisis amira uWerda mxars.145 SemdgomSi samSvildis dakaveba qarTvelma
gurgen IV-mac scada, vasak gnTunTan SeTanxmebis gziT, magram damarcxda;
samSvilde isev somxebs darCa.146 SemdgomSi samSvilde daviT umiwawylos,
qvemo qarTlSi gamagrebuli somexi korikiani mefis dedaqalaqi gaxda.147
safiqrebelia, 1066 wels, alf-arslanis pirveli laSqrobis Semdeg,
saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis dauRalavma mebrZolma bagrat IV-m
140
irina jalaRania, `rusTavis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier mopovebuli
numizmatikuri masala~, feodaluri saqarTvelos arqeologiuri Zeglebi, III (1978),
55-6.
141
WilaSvili, qalaqebi feodalur saqarTveloSi, II, 114-7; manana gabaSvili,
saqarTvelos qalaqebi XI-XII saukuneebSi (Tbilisi, 1981), 105-6.
142
qeTevan quTaTelaZe, qvemo qarTli. politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi (taSir-
Zoragetis samefo; orbelTa gvaris istoria) (Tbilisi, 2001), 67-8, 82, 106-7.
143
iqve, 63, 66-8, 82,
144
iqve, 67.
145
iqve, 77.
146
iqve, 78-80.
147
iqve, 102.
48 irakli faRava
es qalaqi korike II-s waarTva.148 vvaraudobT, rom alf-arslanis meore

laSqrobis miuxedavad, samSvilde afxazTa mefis xelSi darCa. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, 1073 Tu 1074 wels giorgi II-m meamboxe feodalis dasaSoS-
mineblad samSvilde liparit ivane baRvaSs gadasca.149 am ukanasknelma,
Semdgomi urCobis miuxedavad, moaxerxa samSvildis SenarCuneba, magram,
maliq-SahTan TamaSobis miuxedavad, an swored amis gamo, samSvilde da-
karga – qalaqi 1075 wels selCukebma daikaves (ix. zemoT).150 Turq-sel-
Cukebs ki 1109 Tu 1110 wels daviT IV-is saxiT qalaqi isev bagrationebma
waarTves.
samSvilde arqeologiurad, rogorc Cans, SedarebiT naklebad aris
Seswavlili, magram is ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac gamorCeuli qa-
laqi unda yofiliyo.151
dmanisi. es qalaqi CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa – mus-
limTa antiqarTuli koaliciis Sekrebis iniciatorebad xom `vaWarni
ganZel-tfilel-dmanelni~ gamovidnen; anu, iseTi cnobili da mZlavri
qalaqebis gverdiT, rogoric iyo ganZa da Tbilisi, sawyisi koaliciis
tolfas monawiled gamodis dmanisic.
Tavdapirvelad, dmanisi, ueWvelia, arabebis xelSi imyofeboda –
cnobilia, rom buRa Turqs iq darialiT osebis `saxli asi~ gadmouyva-
nia da isini dmaniss dausaxlebia.152
magram, Semdeg periodSi, Cans Tbilisis amirasTvis warTmeuli qa-
laqi – ukve somex korikians, daviT umiwawylos hqonda dakavebuli153.
rodesac bagrat IV-m daviTs samSvilde waarTva, ukanasknelma,
safiqrebelia, dmanisic dakarga.
magram, Turq-selCukTa 1060-iani wlebis Semosevebis procesSi es qa-
laqi, safiqrebelia, CamoSorda korikianTa saxelmwifos.154 yovel SemTx-
148
149
qarTlis cxovreba, I, 316; Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, 304.
150
qarTlis cxovreba, I, 316-7; Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, 304-
5. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia winare epoqaSi qvemo qarTlSi somxebis eqspansiis SeCerebis
saqmeSi baRvaSTa gvaris damsaxureba. quTaTelaZe, qvemo qarTli. politikuri
istoriis sakiTxebi (taSir-Zoragetis samefo; orbelTa gvaris istoria), 107-11.
151
WilaSvili, qalaqebi feodalur saqarTveloSi, II, 117-24.
152
iqve, 111.
153
javaxiSvili, „qarTveli eris istoriis II wigni~, 131; WilaSvili, qalaqebi
feodalur saqarTveloSi, II, 121.
154
vevaSi, viciT, rom dmanisSi, vinme amiras erTpirovnuli xelisufleba dam-

yarda; ucnobia, ra dinastias ekuTvnoda is,155 damoukideblad marTavda,
Tu, ufro safiqrebelia, did-selCukTa vasalitetis pirobiT? Cveni az-
riT, dmanisis amiras gaCena alf-arslanis laSqrobebs unda davukavSiroT.
1060-iani wlebis bolos bagrat IV-m dmanisidan gadmoiyvana vinme `siTlara-
bi~ Tbilisis amirad – `memamuled~; niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom dmanisis saT-
aveSic ja‘farianTa gvari aRmoCnda?156 ja‘far III-is erT-erTi Zis saxiT? ase
Tu ise – dmanisis amira Cans 1175 wels, rodesac is farcxisis brZolaSi sav-
Teginis mokavSire iyo giorgi II-is winaaRmdeg157 – `Sekrba sarangi yovliTa
laSqriTa misiTa da ganZisaTa, dvinisa da dmanisisa amiraTa TanadgomiTa,
da momarTa giorgi mefesa~.158 am amiraze meti araferi viciT.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, 1121 wlisTvis dmanisis amira (igive piri, Tu
ukve misi memkvidre) aRar Cans; rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, antiqarTuli
koaliciis Sekvraze zrunaven ukve dmaneli vaWrebi. dmanisis mimarT
ar gagvaCnia iseTi calsaxa Cveneba, rogoric TbilisTan mimarTebaSi
al-farikim datova; miuxedavad amisa, mainc, vfiqrobT, rom dmanisSic,
Tbilisis msgavsad, adgilobrivi (savaWro?) oligarqia gabatonda.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, eWvs ar iwvevs, rom dmanisi aseve did selCuke-
155
manana gabaSvils gamoTQqmuli aqvs Semdegi mosazreba: ùaRresad sayuradReboa
dmaneli amiras warwera finezauris xeobidan, saidanac cxadad irkveva, Tu ramdenad
Sors iyo wasuli arabuli warmoSobis politikur erTeulebSi gaqarTulebis
procesi. niSandoblivia is, rom dmaneli amiras warwera qarTulad aris
Sesrulebuli~. gabaSvili, saqarTvelos qalaqebi XI-XII saukuneebSi, 31-2. aq aSkara
gaugebrobaa – avtori eyrdnoba devi berZeniSvilisa da v. jafariZis Sromebs,
magram oriveSi aRniSnuli warwera calsaxad da erTxmad XIII saukunis pirveli
meoTxediT TariRdeba. devi berZeniSvili, `dmaneli amiras warwera finezauris
xeobidan~, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. XXXIII, ##3 (1964),
745-52; vaxtang jafariZe, `Suasaukuneebis erTi istoriul-arqeologiuri Zegli
naqalaqar dmanisis gareubanSi (saydrisqedis eklesia)~, feodaluri saqarTvelos
arqeologiuri Zeglebi, II (1974), 161. amrigad, masSi naxsenebi iob mixrikis Ze
veranairad ver iqneboda XI saukunis met-naklebad damoukidebeli, àrabuli
warmoSobis politikuri erTeulis~ – dmanisis, amira. is ubralod gaerTianebuli
saqarTvelos samefos erT-erTi moxele amiraa. amrigad, es faqti verc am
èrTeulebSi~ mimdinare qarTvelizaciis procesis mowmobad gamodgeba.
156
manana gabaSvili aRniSnavs: `qarTuli wyaroebidan vgebulobT, rom XI s-is
60-ian wlebSi jafarianTa erT-erTi ganStoebis warmomadgeneli dmanisSi amirad
ijda~. gabaSvili, saqarTvelos qalaqebi XI-XII saukuneebSi, 31. es, Cveni azriT,
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, magram damtkicebul faqtad ver CavTvliT.
157
158
50 irakli faRava
bze iyo orientirebuli, saqarTveloSi maT sayrdens warmoadgenda.159

davamatebT, rom dmanisis ekonomikuri mniSvneloba Zalian didi
iyo.160 amas adasturebs iq Zalian didi raodenobiT aRmoCenili Tanad-
rouli monetebi – bizantiuri, da bizantiuri muslimuri warmoSobis
damRebiT.161
Tbilisisa da qvemo qarTlis sxva qalaqebis istoriis kanonzom-
ierebebi VII-XII saukunis dasawyisSi. Tavdapirvelad oTxive ZiriTadi
qalaqi – Tbilisi, rusTavi, samSvilde, dmanisi – arabebis mier iyo da-
kavebuli da maTi wyobis pirobebSi viTardeboda.
SemdgomSi oTxive qristianuli rekonkistis obieqti gaxda. samSvil-
de da dmanisi somexma korikianebma daikaves, rusTavi – xan bagrationebs,
xan ki kaxeTis arevmanel-korikianebs ergeboda, Tbilisi ki ramdenjerme
xelSi bagrat IV bagrationma Caigdo, magram ver SeinarCuna. bagrationTa
momZlavrebam Secvala qvemo qarTlSi ZalTa Tanafardoba – samSvilde,
korikianebis dedaqalaqi, bagrat IV-is xelSi gadavida. samSvildis da-
kargvis Semdeg, korike II dmanissac dakargavda. ar aris gamoricxuli
rom isic ama Tu im formiT bagrationebs daeqvemdebara. rusTavi xel-
idan xelSi gadadis – mas monacvleobiT, sxvadasxva dros bagrat IV da
giorgi II, kaxeT-hereTis samefo, muslimebi akontroleben.
Turq-selCukebis gamoCenam Zireulad Secvala qvemo qarTlSi ar-
sebuli politikuri mdgomareoba. bagrationebma dakarges samSvilde,
dmanisi, Tbilisic, arevmanel-korikianebma – xelaxla mopovebuli
rusTavi. rusTavsa da dmanisSi aRsdga Tu gamyarda muslimTa batono-
ba; iq amirebi gaCndnen. qalaqebSi selCukuri garnizonebi ganTavsda.
qalaqebi aqtiurad monawileoben kavkasiur da, safiqrebelia, transka-
vkasiur vaWrobaSi. vaWrobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan obieqts ayvanili
qristiani tyveebi da oRuzi momTabareebis naZarcvi warmoadgenda.
Turq-selCukebis dasustebisa da afxazTa samefos gaZlierebis
Semdeg mdgomareoba sapirispiro mimarTulebiT Seicvala – daviT IV-m
159
160
WilaSvili, qalaqebi feodalur saqarTveloSi, II, 111-4; gabaSvili, saqarTvelos
qalaqebi XI-XII saukuneebSi, 106-8.
161
irina jalaRania, `dmanisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis numizmatikuri
monapovari~, feodaluri saqarTvelos arqeologiuri Zeglebi, V (1987), 21-
4. maTi ricxvi Tbilisis aRmoCenebsac ki aRebameteba. Sdr. irina jalaRania,
`Tbilisis arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis dros mopovebuli numizmatikuri masala~,
feodaluri saqarTvelos arqeologiuri Zeglebi, II (1974), 114.
daikava qvemo qarTli mTlianad da aRniSnuli qalaqebi qristianuli

qarTuli samefos SemadgenlobaSi moaqcia. Tavdapirvelad es xve-
dri rusTavsa da samSvildes ergo. Tbilisisa da dmanisis mesveurebma
scades gamosavali epovaT, risTvisac antiqarTuli, afxazTa samefos
sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli koalicia Sekres.
koalicia. Tu qarTveli mematianis cnobas daveyrdnobiT, dagvrCe-
ba STabeWdileba, rom 1120-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ganZam, Tbilisma
da dmanisma, romelTac saerTo interesi amoZravebda – safiqrebe-
lia, Tavisufali vaWroba (tyveebiTac!) tradiciul, muslimuri oi-
kumenes paradigmaSi – erTgvari, Tundac imwuTieri koalicia Sekres.
es ukanaskneli, marTalia, warumatebeli da dRemokle aRmoCnda – did-
goris brZolaSi muslimebi damarcxdnen, Semdeg qarTvelebma Tbilisi
1122 wels aiRes, dmanisi ki – 1124 wels.162 miuxedavad amisa, samxreT
kavkasiis savaWro qalaqebis, romelTagan ori saqarTvelos terito-
riaze mdebareobda, amgvari kavSiri maT politikur mniSvnelobasa da
sagareo-politikur aqtivobaze miuTiTebs; mdgomareoba TiTqosda
XII saukunis lombardiul ligas an gviandel hanzas mogvagonebs (da
mniSvnelovnad aswrebs droSi); ramdenadac viciT, qalaqebis kavSiris
fenomens kavkasiis regionSi ar qonda precedenti da epoqis metad sain-
tereso movlenad unda CaiTvalos.
regionuli numizmatikur-istoriuli konteqsti

saintereso iqneboda, Cveni aRmoCenis mniSvneloba ufro zogad nu-
mizmatikur-istoriul konteqstSi gangvexila, regionis masStabiT mainc.
am mxriv da amisTvis, vfiqrobT, aucilebelia Semdegi:
1. sazogadod, ja‘farianTa mier siqas uflebis gamoyenebis isto-
riis mokle daxasiaTeba;
2. numizmatikur monacemebTan SejerebiT da maT safuZvelze re-
gionSi selCukebis gamoCenis Semdeg mimdinare politikuri procesebis
analizi – vgulisxmobT did selCukTa eqspansiis msvlelobas da regio-
nis sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi mis numizmatikur gamovlinebebs;
3. sazogadod, siqas uflebis – rogorc islamur saxelmwifoSi politi-
kuri daqvemdebarebis sajarod aRiarebis niSnis – utyuarobis Sefaseba.163
162
163
‘abasianTa periodSi siqas uflebis gaCenisa da arsis Sesaxeb, aseve am cnebis Tanamedrove
warmoSobis Sesaxeb ix. Bates, “Who Was Named on Abbasid Coins? What Did It Mean?” (Typescript).
52 irakli faRava
daviwyebT ja‘farianTa numizmatikuri istoriiT: sainteresoa,

rom, Cvens mier ganxilulis garda, ja‘fariani amirebis arcerT sxva
samoneto tipze ar aris miTiTebuli arc didi selCuki sulTani da arc
sxva vinme ucxo siuzereni, romlis ja‘farianTa safaseze aRniSvnac
misdami ja‘farianTa da ja‘farianebTan erTad Tbilisis (Tbilisis saa-
miros) daqvemdebarebis, vasaluri damokidebulebis maniSnebeli iqne-
boda – Tu ar CavTvliT ‘abasiani xalifas saxels.
tradiciulad, iTvleboda, rom ja‘fariani amiras sakuTari saxe-
lis miTiTebis dawyebis Semdeg, ‘abasiani xalifas saxelis miTiTeba ve-
Rar CaiTvleboda am ukanasknelze ja‘farianTa politikuri damokide-
bulebis niSnad; mansur I b. ja‘far (I)-is monetebze ja‘fariani amiris
saxelis pirvelad gamoCena (‘abasiani xalifis saxelis kvlavindeburad
aRniSvnis gagrZelebis paralalurad) miCneuli iyo ja‘farianTa dinas-
tiis mier Tbilisis saamirosTvis mopovebuli suverenitetis utyuar
niSnad.164 amasTan, arsebobs mosazreba, rom, Teoriulad mainc, safa-
seze adgilobrivi mmarTvelis saxelis moTavseba SeiZleba sulac ar
niSnavda konfrontacias centralur xelisuflebasTan Tu suvereni-
tets; moviyvanT citatas maiql beiTsis naSromidan (Targmani Cvenia):
`rogorc yvelam viciT, garda im saxelebisa, romelic yvela monetaze
mieTiTeboda, zogierTi provinciis mmarTveli damatebiT aseve mx-
olod sakuTari provinciis monetebze iyo dasaxelebuli – magaliTad,
iseTi cnobili mmarTvelebi, rogorc Tulunianebi da samanianebi, is-
eve rogorc SedarebiT miviwyebuli pirebi, rogorc Dhu’l-Sayfayn da
Muflih al-Yusufi. rogorc Cans, arcerT Suasaukunovan teqstSi ar arse-
bobs amis Sesaxeb aranairi informacia, da, ar viciT, saxelebs monete-
bze centraluri mTavrobis nebarTviT aTavsebdnen, Tu adgilobrivi
mmarTvelebi amas calmxrivad akeTebdnen; imasac ver vityviT, provin-
ciis mmarTvelis saxelis moxsenieba damoukideblobaze pretenziis ga-
nacxadad ganixileboda, Tu ubralod gansakuTrebiT Zlevamosili mxe-
darTmTavrisTvis miniWebul pativs warmoadgenda. sanam metis Tqmas
SevZlebdeT, saWiroa Catardes yvela im istoriul garemoebaTa siste-
muri kvleva, romlis farglebSic es mmarTvelebi monetebze Tavisi Ta-
vis dasaxelebas iwyebdnen~.165 amgvarad, ‘abasianebisagan ja‘farianebis
164
Евгений Пахомов, Монеты Грузии (Тбилиси, 1970), 46.
165
moviyvanT originalur teqstsac: “As we all know, in addition to the names that appeared
on all coins, certain provincial governors also were named on coins of their province only: famous
ones like the Tulunids and Samanids, and less remembered figures like Dhu’l-Sayfayn and Muflih al-
damoukideblobis xarisxi, X saukuneSi mainc, SeiZleba gadasinjvasac

ki saWiroebdes.
ase Tu ise, ‘abasiani xalifas saxelis miTiTeba, bunebrivia, sagange-
bo SemTxvevaa. sul sxvaa ara-Teokratiuli lideris, romelime muslim-
uri politikuri figuris saxelis xseneba.
am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis ukiduresad mniSvnelovania, rom
ja‘farianTa (cnobaSi moyvanil) monetebze ar gvxdeba alf-arslanis,
maliq-Sahis mamisa da winamorbedis saxeli – is ar aris miTiTebuli
abul-heijas Cvenamde moRweul erTaderT, da arc mansur II-is rome-
lime sxva samoneto tipze. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom abu al-heija da mansur
II (es ukanaskneli Tavisi zeobis dasawyisSi) alf-arslanisgan (da didi
selCukebisgan) damoukideblad marTaven? xolo Tuki damokidebulni
iyvnen, sulTans ratom ar moixseniebdnen?
SedarebiTi analizis farglebSi, mizanSewonilia Tvali gadavav-
loT ja‘farianebTan gamezoblebuli dinastiebis samoneto saqmes, maT
numizmatikur damokidebulebas did selCukebze.
daviwyoT erovnuli qarTuli dinastiebiT. Zalian sainteresoa, ma-
gram arcerTi selCuki sulTnis saxeli ar aris aRniSnuli bagrationTa
bizantiuri yaidis monetebze.166 es ucnauria ukve bagrat IV-s SemTxveva-
Sic, romelmac, nominalurad mainc, rogorc Cans, aRiara alf-arslanis
uzenaesoba (Tumca ki xarks ar ixdida, 1068 wlidan mainc);167 magram bagra-
tis memkvidres, giorgi II-s ki mouwia – alf-arslanis memkvidresTan,
maliq-SahTan qedi moexara da zavis gacilebiT ufro mZime pirobebs
daTanxmeboda. miuxedavad amisa, arc giorgi II-sa da arc misi memkvid-
ris, daviT IV aRmaSeneblis (mefed pirveli kurTxeva 1085, meore ki – 1089
wels) zeobis pirvel naxevarSi gamoSvebul verclis monetebze (vlaqer-
Yusufi. There seems to be absolutely no information in any medieval text about this, we do not know if
the names were put on the coins with the permission of the central government, or unilaterally by the
governors; nor can we say whether the naming of a provincial governor was regarded as an assertion of
independence or merely as an honor for an especially powerful warlord. Before we can say more, it is
necessary to undertake a systematic study of the historical circumstances in which each of the governors
begin to be named.” Bates, “Who Was Named on Abbasid Coins? What Did It Mean?” (Typescript).
166
Евгений Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 57-73; Давид Капанадзе, “Новый тип монеты Давида
Строителя,” Византийский временник, VIII (1956), 338-43; valeri silogava, samegrelo-
afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika (Tbilisi, 2006), 223-52.
167
alasania, `Turq-selCukebTan qarTvelebis urTierTobebis adreuli
gamocdileba~, 33-40. orive 1072 wels gardaicvala: `da verRara cnes bagrat da
sultanman erTmanerTisa sikudili~. qarTlis cxovreba, I, 314.
54 irakli faRava
nis RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebiT) qarTveli monarqis meti aravinaa mox-

seniebuli.168
kaxeT-hereTis mmarTveli arevmanelebi da Semdeg, gagikidan dawye-
buli, arevmanel-korikianebi, 1060-iani wlebisTvis (gagikis gardacva-
lebis Semdeg) sakuTar safases,169 rogorc Cans, aRar uSveben, an yovel
SemTxvevaSi, amgvari jerjerobiT aRmoCenili ar aris.
gansxvavebiT qarTuli Tu saqarTveloSi moRvawe dinastiebisagan,
ufro samxreTiT – did selCukTa saxelmwifos birTvidan nakleb per-
iferiulad mdebare SirvanSahebidan, CvenTvis, rogorc Cans, ucnobia
fariburz b. salaris (1063-94?) monetebi alf-arslanis saxeliT (Tum-
ca ki viciT, rom fariburz b. salari alf-arslans xarks uxdida),170
magram cnobaSi moyvanilia fariburzis samoneto tipebi maliq-Sahis
saxeliT.171 afridun b. fariburzis (1094-96?) monetebi CvenTvis ucno-
bia, xolo momdevno SirvanSAahis, manuCihr II b. fariburzis (1096-1116?)
monetaze miTiTebulia selCuki sulTnis – muhammadis saxeli.172 manuCi-
hr III-is (1116-64) monetebidan didi selCukebis saxelebi ukve qreba.173
ganZis Sadadianebi ki Tavis safaseze rogorc alf-arslanis, aseve, Sem-
dgomSi, maliq-Sahis saxels miuTiTebdnen.174
zemoT moyvanili monacemebis gaazrebas TiTQqosda mivyavarT daskv-
namde, rom e.w. siqas ufleba, anu, vasalisa da siuzerenis urTierTdamokide-
bulebis gancxadeba safasis mEeSveobiT, sayovelTaod miRebuli rodi iyo;
168
silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika, 237-52.
169
irakli faRava, `saqarTvelos gaerTianeba da numizmatikuri evoluciis
veqtorebi (X s. dasasruli – XII s. dasawyisi)~, axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo
(ibeWdeba). sazogadod, VIII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi numizatikuri
evoluciisaTvis ix. irakli faRavas sadisertacio naSromi: irakli faRava,
`Suasaukunovan saqarTveloSi numizmatikuri evoluciis analizi (VIII-XIII ss.)~
(ilias saxelmwifo universiteti, sadisertacio naSromi, 2015).
170
ar varT darwmunebulni, rom aRwerili monetebi alf-arslanis saxeliT
namdvilad fariburzis gamoSvebulia. Dickran Kouymjian, “A Numismatic History of
Southeastern Caucasia and Adharbayjān Based on the Islamic Coinage of the 5th/11th to the 7th/13th
Centuries” (Columbia University, Ph.D. Thesis, 1969), 142-6.
171
Мухаммад Сейфеддини, Монетное дело и денежное обращение в Азербайджане XII-XV вв.,
I (Баку, 1978), 109-13; Kouymjian, “A Numismatic History of Southeastern Caucasia and Adharbayjān
Based on the Islamic Coinage of the 5th/11th to the 7th/13th Centuries,” 148-51.
172
Сейфеддини, Монетное дело и денежное обращение в Азербайджане XII-XV вв., 114.
173
iqve, 115.
174
Лебедев, Марков, Койфман, Монетное дело и монетное обращение Ганджийского эмирата
Шаддадидов (сер. X – XI вв.), 60.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, qristiani mmarTvelis qristianuli tipis samoneto ti-

pebze siuzerenis saxelis miTiTeba aucilebeli, rogorc Cans, ar iyo.
mokled SevajamebT Cvens mosazrebebs.

dawvrilebiT gvaqvs gaanalizebuli SemorCenili monacemebi
Tbilisisa da DTbiliselebis, iseve rogorc mmarTveli dinastiis –
ja‘farianTa istoriaze, 1037/8 wlidan da vidre saqarTvelos amJamin-
deli dedaqalaqis daviT aRmaSeneblis mier aRebamde. gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba davuTmeT Tbilisis politikur istorias, urTierTqmede-
bas regionis hegemonebTan – afxazTa samefosTan bagratovanTa dinas-
tiiT saTaveSi da didi selCukebis saxelmwifosTan. istoriuli anal-
izis farglebSi veyrdnobodiT numizmatikur monapovrebsac, romelic
uaRresad mniSvnelovania am periodis sxvadasxva sakiTxis gasarkvevad.
gamovaqveyneT axali, aqamde absoluturad ucnobi samoneto tipi, jer-
jerobiT unikaluri egzemplaris saxiT warmodgenili (wona 2.76 g, kveTa 14-
15 mm, siqebis orientacia 4:00 sT-ze); davasabuTeT, rom is moWrilia Tbili-
sis ja‘fariani amiras, mansur II b. ja‘faris (III) mier, magram didi selCuki
sulTnis – maliq-Sahis saxeliT. monetaze TariRi ar ikiTxeba, magram samo-
neto tipi 1072-1082 wlebSi unda iyos gamoSvebuli. vcadeT samoneto tipze
warmodgenili legendebis rekonstruqciac. Cveni azriT, es aris vercxlis
krizisis Sesabamisad dakninebuli dirhemi. aRniSnuli samoneto tipi uni-
kaluria ja‘farianTa numizmatikur istoriaSi – is erTaderTia, romelze-
dac did selCukTa dinastiis warmomadgenlis saxeli gvxdeba.
vcadeT, gagveazrebina am numizatikuri aRmoCenis zogad-istori-
uli mniSvneloba.
pirvel rigSi, aRvniSnavT, rom es samoneto tipi avsebs qarTuli sa-
fasis tipologiur rigs, kerZod, axali informaciis wyaroa mansur II b.
ja‘faris samoneto emisiebzedac.
magram misi mniSvneloba amiT ar Semoifargleba. am monetis daxmare-
biT, xerxdeba rogorc uSualod mansur II b. ja‘faris, aseve, sazogadod,
ja‘farianTa dinastiis qronologiis dazusteba. irkveva, rom aRniSnu-
li ja‘fariani amira Tbiliss 1072-1082 wlebSic ki ganagebda. Sesabam-
isad gadavaxalisEeT Tbilisis mmarTveli amirebis rigic.
istoriuli da numizmatikuri, rogorc axalmopovebuli, aseve ukve
cnobili monacemebis Sejereba-analizis safuZvelze davasabuTeT, rom
Tbilisis mmarTvelma fenam, selCukebTan kontaqti, SesaZloa, ukve
1037/8 wlis uSualod momdevno periodSi daamyara; 1060 wlebis meore
56 irakli faRava
naxevarSi, alf-arslanis laSqrobebis Sedegad, Tbilisi Sevida did sel-

CukTa gavlenisa da, yovel SemTxvevaSi, interesebis sferoSi. 1070-iani
wlebidan dawyebuli ki Tbilisi, rogorc Cans, uSualod aris inkorpori-
rebuli maliq-Sahis saxelmwifoSi, Tumca ki, adgilobrivi avtonomiis
pirobiT – qalaqs kvlavindeburad ja‘farianTa dinastia ganagebs, misi
ukanaskneli warmomadgenlis, mansur II b. ja‘faris (III) saxiT; SemdgomSi
ki Tbilisis uSualo administrireba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
xelSia. Tbilisi selCukTa saxelmwifos farglebSi rCeba maliq-Sahis
gardacvalebis Semdegac – iq iWreba moneta anonimuri uzenaesi sulT-
nisa da, aseve, muhammad b. maliq-Sahis saxeliT. Turq-selCukebis Zalau-
fleba sustdeba XII saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT mis II aTwleulSi, rac, er-
Tis mxriv, SinaomebiT, meores mxriv ki, afxazTa samefos gaZlierebiTa da
kontrSetevaze gadasvliT aixsneba. miuxedavad amisa, saxezea Tbilisis
muslimuri TviTmmarTvelobis (romelic ar kargavs Tavis poziciebs)
sagareopolitikuri orientacia did selCukebze, maTi dasustebis gaT-
valiswinebiT ki – paralelurad, aseve, regionis sxva, mZlavr sunit li-
derebze. davaskvniT, rom muslimuri Tbilisis istoriis ukanasknel pe-
riods Turq-selCukuric SeiZleba ewodos.
ganvixileT am epoqaSi qalaq Tbilisis administrirebis Sesaxeb
Semonaxuli monacemebi. mivediT daskvnamde, rom Tbilisi inarCunebda
mniSvnelovan Sinagan avtonomias, da mas savaWro-oligarqiuli wreebi
marTavdnen; amasTan, Tbilisi did selCukTa mfarvelobaSi iyo, maTi
politikuri zegavlenis orbitaSi imyofeboda.
SevafaseT Tbilisis mniSvneloba didi selCukebisa da Turqmani
momTabareebisaTvis (samxedro forposti; savaWro centri – maT Soris
naZarcvisa da natyvenavis gasasaReblad; Semosavlis wyaro).
Tbilisis garda, aseve mokled ganvixileT VIII-XII saukuneebSi qvemo
qarTlis iseTi qalaqebis (upiretesad) politikuri istoria, rogorc
rusTavi, samSvilde, dmanisi; sadac, vfiqrobT, muslimuri mosaxleoba
arsebiT rols TamaSobda. mokled SemovxazeT am qalaqebis (ZiriTadad,
politikuri) istoria; gamovyaviT kanonzomierebebi: Tavdapirvelad
oTxive qalaqi – Tbilisi, rusTavi, samSvilde, dmanisi – arabebis mier iyo
dapyrobili da muslimuri oikumenes paradigmis farglebSi viTardebo-
da. SemdgomSi es qalaqebi qristianuli rekonkistis obieqti gaxda; maT
erTmaneTs bagratovanTa afxazTa samefo, arevmanelTa da arevmanel-
korikianTa kaxeT-hereTis samefo, da somex korikianTa lore-taSiris
samefo ecileboda. Turq-selCukebis gamoCenisTanave ZalTa balansi
muslimuri samyaros sasargeblod gadaixara. magram, Turq-selCukebis

dasustebisa da afxazTa samefos gaZlierebis Semdeg mdgomareoba isev
Seicvala – qvemo qarTli sabolood daviT IV aRmaSenebelma daipyro.
garkveuli yuradReba davuTmeT samxreT kavkasiis iseTi msxvili
qalaqebis koalicias, rogoric iyo ganZa, Tbilisi da dmanisi. Cveni az-
riT, am qalaqebis mmarTveli fenebis antiqarTul pozicias ganapiro-
bebda ara marto religiuri faqtori, aramed savaWro interesebic. am qa-
laqebis mmarTveli Tu, ubralod, gavleniani savaWro wreebis erTobliv
sagareo-politikur gamosvlas da kavSirs, faqtiurad, koalicias, am re-
gionSi precedenti ar qonia; Cvens winaSe ukiduresad saintereso feno-
menia, romelic evropuli qalaqebis iseT kavSirebs mogvagonebs, rogor-
ic iyo XII saukunis lombardiuli liga an gviandeli baltiuri hanza.
ganvixileT aseve regionis politikuri erTeulebis (bagratovnebi,
arevmanelebi da arevmanel-korikianebi, Sadadianebi, SirvanSahebi) nu-
mizmatikur istoriaze didi selCukebis faqtoris anareklic. gagviC-
nda eWvi, rom vasalisa da siuzerenis urTierTdamokidebuleba yov-
elTvis rodi povebda numizmatikur asaxvas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, qris-
tianuli saxelmwifoebis safaseze.
XI-XII saukuneebis Tbilisis, iseve, rogorc sazogadod, regionis,

numizmatikuri istoriis kvlevas dasrulebulad nadvilad ar miviC-
nevT (sxva Tu araferi, piradad Cven kidev didZali masala gvaqvs dag-
rovili, romelic gamoqveynebas elodeba da aseve Zvirfas informacias
mogvawvdis epoqis Sesaxeb). miuxedavad amisa, imeds vitovebT, rom ze-
more naSromis daxmarebiT xerxdeba am periodis Tbilisis, qvemo qar-
Tlisa da, sazogadod, regionis, iseve rogorc did selCukTa dinastiis
istoriis zogierTi sakiTxis dazusteba da garkveva.
58 irakli faRava
Monetary Emission of Mansur II, the Ja‘farid in the Name

of Malik-Shah: Tiflis and Lower Kartli Between Georgian
Bagratids and Great Seljuks
Irakli Paghava
Summary
By means of this article we have made an attempt to analyze the history of Tiflis in
the 11th - early 12th centuries, based on both primary narrative sources and numismatic
data, and focusing on the antagonism between the Georgian Bagratids and Great Seljuks,
the major regional powers.
We have analyzed the available data on the history of Tiflis and its ruling family of
Ja‘farids, since 1037/8 and through the conquest of the current capital of Georgia by Da-
vit IV the Builder in 1122. A particular attention was paid to the political history of Tiflis
and its relations with neighbours.
A new, previously unknown coin type has been published (unique specimen, weight
2.76 g, dimensions 14-15 mm, die axis 4 o’clock); we have proved that it had been minted
by Mansur II b. Ja‘far (III), Ja‘farid emir of Tiflis, but in the name of Malik-Shah, the
Great Seljuk sultan. The date on the coin was illegible, but we have deduced that the
coin type had been issued in 1072-1082. We have also attempted to reconstruct the coin
legends. In our opinion, this coin had constituted a dirham, reduced to a copper (once
silver-washed?) coin due to the silver crisis. This is the only coin (type) out of all Ja‘farid
issues, bearing the name of some foreign overlord (disregarding the names of the ‘Ab-
basid caliphs).
We have also analyzed the general historical significance of this coin type.
Firstly, it is noteworthy, that this coin type complements the available data on the
typological diversity of Georgian coin series, and particularly so with regard to the nu-
mismatic legacy of Mansur II b. Ja‘far (III).
However, its significance certainly expands beyond that. This coin enables us to as-
certain the chronology of both Mansur II b. Ja‘far (III) and, generally, the Ja‘farid dynas-
ty. It has become clear, that this Ja‘farid emir ruled in Tiflis even in 1072-1082. We have
revised the list of Tiflis emirs accordingly, also taking into consideration the other data.
The analysis of the available historical and numismatic data (including the recent
discoveries) indicates, that the ruling elite of Tiflis possibly contacted the Seljuks already
by the end of 1030s. Tiflis entered the Seljuk sphere of influence, or, interests, for the
least, immediately in the 2nd half of the 1060s, following the invasions of Alp-Arslan.
Tiflis was apparently directly incorporated into the Great Seljuk realm of Malik-Shah in
the 1070s, albeit on the assumption of preserving the local autonomy: the city continued
to be ruled by the Ja‘farid dynasty, by its last representative, Mansur II b. Ja‘far (III); later
on, the immediate authority passed to the representatives of the local self-governance.
Tiflis remained within the Seljuk state after the demise of Malik-Shah, as attested to by
the coins: local mint was issuing money in the name of the anonymous sultan supreme
as well as Muhammad b. Malik-Shah. The Seljuk authority abated in the 12th century,
particularly its 2nd decade, as a result of the internecine strife, on one part, and counter-
offensive by the expanding West-Georgian Kingdom, on another.
Nevertheless, it is evident, that the Muslim self-governance (of Tiflis), was still rely-
ing in terms of foreign policy upon the Great Seljuks, and also (in view of their debilita-
tion) upon the other, Sunnite regional leaders. We would conclude, that the last period of
the Muslim Tiflis can be considered to be a Seljuk one.
We studied the surviving data on the administration of the city of Tiflis in this epoch,
and concluded that Tiflis retained much of the internal autonomy, and was governed by
the mercantile oligarchy.
Significance of this city for the Great Seljuks and Turkoman nomades who settled
in the region was quite considerable (military outpost; commercial center, including the
marketing of the loot and slaves; source of tax income).
Beside Tiflis, we have also reviewed the 8th-12th century (predominantly) political
history of the other cities of Kvemo (Lower) Kartli, like Rustavi, Samsvhilde, Dma-
nisi, where we consider Muslim population to constitute a considerable percentage of
the population. Certain patterns could be determined: initially, all four cities (including
Tiflis) were conquered by Arabs and were developing within the paradigm of the Muslim
oecumene. Later on, they all became the subject of the Christian reconquista; the West-
Georgian Kingdom of Georgian Bagratids, the Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti, ruled first by
Arevmanelis and later by Arevmaneli-Kiurikians, as well as the Kingdom of Lore-Tashi-
ri, ruled by the Kiurikians (branch of Armenian Bagratids), they all competed for these
urban centers. The balance of power shifted in favour of the Muslims when the Great
Seljuks appeared. However, the situation altered once again following the debilitation of
the latter and rise of the West-Georgian Kingdom; eventually, all of the Lower Kartli was
conquered by Davit IV the Builder.
Some attention was paid by the author to the coalition of the prominent South Cau-
casian cities of Gandza, Tiflis and Dmanisi. In our opinion, the militant anti-Georgian
stance of the ruling elite of these urban centers was predetermined not only by religious
sentiments, but rather by its commercial interests. The proactive foreign policy of the
60 irakli faRava
ruling, or at least influential merchant stratum leading to their alliance and, actually, co-
alition of these cities, had been unprecedented. This is an extremely interesting phe-
nomenon, resembling, but preceeding chronologically the Lombard League of the 12th
century, and the Hanseatic League of the later period.
We have also reviewed how the Great Seljuk factor affected the numismatic his-
tory of the local Caucasian dynasties (Georgian Bagratids, Arevmanelis and Arevmaneli-
Kiurikians, Shaddadids, Shirvanshahs). We conjectured, that the relations between the
sovereign and vassal were not always faithfully reflected by the coinage; particularly in
case of Christian polities.
sur. 1 mansur II b. ja‘faris (III) moneta didi selCuki sulTnis, maliq-Sahis saxeliT
sur. 2 mansur II b. ja‘faris (III) moneta ‘abasiani xalifa al-mukTadis (?) saxeliT
II
kidev erTi ucnobi aRmosavluri wyaro

SavbatknianTa mbrZaneblis
jahan Sahis saqarTveloSi Semosvlis Sesaxeb
mirian maxaraZe
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb ucxoenovani wyaroebis Targmna-gamokvleva

Zalzed mniSvnelovania Cveni qveynis istoriis Sesavsebad da axleburad
gasaanalizeblad. gansakuTrebiT aRniSvnis Rirsia XIV-XV saukuneebi,
radganac saqarTvelos istoriis aRniSnuli periodi erTgvari qro-
nologiuri amovardnebiTa Tu uzustobebiT xasiaTdeba. amis umTavre-
si mizezi ara marto qarTul wyaroTa naklebobaa, aramed is umarTavi
situaciac, romelsac adgili hqonda saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan. ilx-
anTa iranis daSlidan XVI saukunis dasawyisamde saqarTvelos xelisu-
flebas urTierToba uxdeboda mis axlos aRmocenebul sxvadasxva mus-
limur konfederaciul Tu dinastiur saxelmwifoebTan. aRsaniSnavia,
rom amgvari moklevadiani saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebSi (Tu ar CavTvliT
ramodenime gamonakliss), ar iyvnen JamTaaRmwerlebi da maT Sesaxeb cno-
bebis Zieba gvixdeba sxva saxelwifoTa qronikebsa Tu JamTaaRwerelTa
SromebSi. aRniSnuli wyaroc, romlis Sesaxebac winamdebare naSromSi
gveqneba msjeloba, ekuTvnis TemurianTa istorias da jahan Sahis moR-
vaweobas fragmentulad gadmogvcems, isic imitom, rom SavbatknianTa
mbrZanebels avtori Sahruxis erTgul qveSevrdomad miiCnevs.
winamdebare statiis mizania jafer-i muhamed el-huseinis, jahan
Sahis saqarTveloSi laSqrobis mokle cnobis gacnoba qarTuli isto-
riografiisaTvis da am cnobis safuZvelze kidev erTxel Savbatknian-
Ta mbrZaneblis saqarTveloSi laSqrobis gaanalizeba.
`yara iusufis Svilis emir jahan Sahis saqarTvelos mxarisaken

wamosvla da am qveynis dapyrobis gadmocema
amave wels (1440) emir jahan Sahi kargad SeiaraRebuli jariT azer-
baijanidan saqarTvelosaken gamoemarTa. yarsis SemogarenSi 2-3 dRe
kidev erTi ucnobi aRmosavluri wyaro 63
dabanakebis Semdeg saqarTvelos miaRwia da yovel mxares Seesia. sam-

locveloebi daangria da kertinis cixe xelSi Caigdo. Tbilisis Semog-
arenSi movida da Tbilisis mosaxleobas jizia dauwesa. qarTveli urw-
munoebidan Zalian bevri xmliT gangmira, miwaze dayrilebi jojoxeTis
ukidegano ufskrulSi gaagzavna. auarebeli ganZi xelSi Caigdo, saqa-
rTvelos qveynidan daaxloebiT 30 000-mde (kaci) daatyveves da azer-
baijanSi dabrundnen~.1
aRniSnuli wyaro peterburgis biblioTekaSi inaxeba da katalogi-

dan cnobilia, rogorc Tevârîh-i Enbiyâ ve Mülûk.2 igi Tanadroulia Sah-
roxis sulTnobisa, amitom ufro sandod migvaCnia, vidre am faqtis
aRmniSvneli sxva wyaroebi.
avtors pirvelad yuradReba gamoCenilma rusma mecnierma vasili
bartoldma miaqcia. man gamoaqveyna statia `TemurianTAa istoriis ax-
ali wyaro~.3 statiaSi aRniSnulia, rom nawarMoebi Sedgeboda eqvsi gan-
yofilebisagan. CvenTvis saintereso meeqvse ganyofileba iwodeba Sem-
degnairad `Temuri da mis Semdgom ganviTarebuli movlenebi am wignis
daweridan dRemde~.4 rogorc avRniSneT, nawarmoebi dasaTaurebuli
iyo Tevârîh-i Enbiyâ ve Mülûk (mociqulTa da mefeTa matiane), romelic
dasaTaurebuli iyo ara teqstidan, aramed TeTr furcelze Canaweri-
dan, romelic SesaZloa gaakeTa erT-erTma misma mflobelma.5 bar-
toldisaTvis ucnobi iyo xelnaweris avtoris saxeli. avtoris saxeli
da nawarmoebis saTauri daadgina ireji avSarma. avtoris saxelia ja-
far b. muhammed b. hasan jafari al husein iezdi,6 xolo nawarmoebis –
`Tarixi qabir~.7
pirvelad aRniSnuli wyaros fragmenti sparsul enaze gamoaqveyna
1
Ca’ferî b. Muhammed el-Hüseynî, Târîh-i Kebîr (Tevârîh-i Enbiyâ ve Mülûk), Farsçadan Çeviren
İsmail Aka (Ankara, 2011), 124
2
Ca’ferî b. Muhammed el-Hüseynî, Târîh-i Kebîr, XV
3
В. Бартольд, “Новый Источник по Истории Тимуридов,” Сочинения, т. VIII (Москва, 1973).
546-74.
4
iqve.
5
iqve.
6
Turqi mecnieri ismail aka, romlis TargmaniTac Cven vsargeblobT, avtors
SemoklebiT asaxelebs – jaferi b. muhammed el-huseini, amitomac statiaSi amgvarad
davamkvidrebT.
7
Бартольд, “Новый Источник по Истории Тимуридов,” 546, пр. 1; Ca’ferî b. Muhammed el-
Hüseynî, Târîh-i Kebîr, XV-XVII; Ca’fer b. Muhammed-i el-Hüseynî Ca’ferî, Târîhî yezd, yay. İrec-i Afşar
(Tahran 1338), 2.
64 mirian maxaraZe
bartoldma da moicavda 330a – 338b gverdebs.8 aRsaniSnavia, rom swored

330a gverdze gadmodis jahan Sahis saqarTveloSi Semosvlis ambebi,
TumcaRa gamoCenil rus istorikoss teqstis gamoqveyneba momdevno
qveTavidan dauwyia. amitomac aRniSnuli wyaro qarTvel mkvlevarTaT-
vis ucnobi darCa.
jahan Sahis saqarTveloSi Semosevebze umeteswilad qarTuli,

somxuri da sparsulenovani wyaroebi gadmogvcemen.
vaxuSti batoniSvili saqarTveloSi SavbatknianTa Semosvlas Sem-
degnairad gadmogvcems: `xolo sparseTs mokuda Saxrux da dajda mis
wilad jaanSah q~sa C~um, qarTulisa r~kÀ. ese jaan-Sa mcdelobda da-
pyrobasa sruliad sparseTisasa da garemoTa yovelTa. warmoemarTa da
ugrZneulod movida samcxes, mou£da axalcixesa da brZoda Zlierad
q~sa C~umd, qarTulisa r~lb. amisman msmenelman mefeman vaxtang mos-
wrafed Semoikriba spani imer-amerTa, her-kaxTa, somxiTarTa da mivida
samcxes da mun moerTnen mesxni srulad. ewyo jaan-Sas da iqmna brZola
Zlieri diliT mwuxradmde da moswydnen mravalni orgniTve, garna um-
ravlesni jaan-Sasni, aramed swori Zleva iqmna da verca erTman sZlo da
siRamiT ukudgnen brZolisagan da xvalisad ornive memuqareni. aramed
masve Ramesa aRiyara jaan-Sa yeeni spiTa T¢isTa idumal, romeli veravin
ugrZna da warvida ficxelad. xolo dilas ixila ra mefeman, ineba dev-
na misi, garna didebulni arRara auflebdnen metyuelni: àw jer-ars
madloba RuTisa, vina¡Tgan ara ra¡ waraqus Cueni, aramed T¢sisaca dam-
tevebeli ivltis~. usmina mefeman da moiqcnen gamarjuebulni~.9 jahan
Sahis axalcixeSi Semosvla gadmocemulia axali qarTlis cxovrebis
meore teqstSic, TumcaRa vaxuStisagan gansxvavebiT araa aRwerili
qarTvelebTan dapirispireba da gadmocemulia mxolod faqti: àmave
qoronikonsa janSa yaeni axalcixes mou£da~.10
rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli wyaroebi Cvens mier zemoTmoyvanil wy-
aros ar Seesabameba da cxadia sxvadasxva movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. el-
huseinis cnobas ufro esadageba Toma mewofecis da abdalaZis mier Se-
grovebuli somxuri anderZ minawerebi.
8
Бартольд, “Новый Источник по Истории Тимуридов,” 561-78.
9
vaxuSti batoniSvili, àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, qarTlis cxovreba,
teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV
(Tbilisi, 1973), 282.
10
àxali qarTlis cxovreba, meore teqsti~, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959), 475.
Toma mewofeci Semdegnairad gadmogvcems: `Semdgomad (1440) Semo-

qmedi RmerTi kvlav gauwyra Cvens xalxs, borot mefesa (aleqsandre I
bagrationi – m.m.) da mis qveyanas, rameTu Tavrizis mefem da mtarvalma
ganmgebelma, saxelad jahan-Sahma, Sehyara jari, razmebad daawyo igi,
Tan waiyvana ardebilis boroti winamZRvari, yvela yadi, mudarisi da
gailaSqra qarTvelTa qveyanaze. man bevrjer gaugzavna despanebi [mefe
aleqsandres], romelTaganac morCilebas da dadgenili xarkis gadax-
das [moiTxovda], magram man es ar isurva da sastik uars eubneboda mas.
didi aRdgomis dRes ganrisxebuli [jahan-Sahi] uTvalavi da au-
racxeli jariT moulodnelad da uecrad Tavs daesxa mas. vinc xelT
CauvardaT, tyved aqcies, xolo didebulebi amowyvites. maT xsari
gamarTes, mTeli qalaqi samSvilde alyaSi moaqcies da pentekostas anu-
suli wmindis mofenis dRis winadRes samSvilde motyuebiTa da muqa-
riT aiRes, qalaqis karTan 1664 kacis Tavisgan minareTi aages da imaT
garda, vinc tyeebSi da tevrSi Seipyres, sxva 9400 kacic daatyveves.
xolo samoci kaci da wmida suli, mRvdlebis, RvTismsaxurebis, berebi-
sa da iSxanebis rangisa qalaqis karTan cxvrebiviT dakles...~11 Savbatyn-
ianTa daundobeli xocva-Jletvis gadmocemis Semdeg Tovma mewofeci
Tbilisis aRebasac gadmogvcems: `Semdeg isini (jahan-Sahis molaSqreni)
iqidan daiZrnen da Tbilisze, qalaq faitarakanze gailaSqres da yvela
eklesia, Zvelic da axalic, romelic agebuli iyo maTi uwindeli mefee-
bis mier, balavaridan moTxares da jvari uflisa miwaze daamxes, Semdeg
TavianTi xmlebi iSiSvles da sazareli RrialiTa da saSineli yviriliT
eklesiebs ekveTnen. …maTi SiSisgan da muqarisgan TrToda da caxcaxebda
yvela, mTielica da baris mcxovrebi. [TviTon isinic ki], visac xelT
maxvili epyra, mamacnic, mxdalnic da razmis meTaurnic, tyeebSi mRvi-
meebsa da kldeTa napralSi imalebodnen. [jahan-Sahis meomrebma] maTi
col-Svili iqidan ayares, daatyveves da mravali dRis manZilze [aR-
mosavleTisaken] erekebodnen~.12
ivane javaxiSvili, romelsac saqarTveloSi jahan-Sahis Semosvlis
Sesaxeb mxolod vaxuStisa da Tovma mewofecis cnobebi hqonda, aRniS-
navda: `qarTul Zvel wyaroebSi jehan-Sahis am Semosevis Sesaxeb cno-
bebi jerjerobiT mainc aRmoCenili ar aris. batoniSvils vaxuSts ki
11
Tovma mewofeci, istoria Temur-lengisa da misi STamomavlebisa, Zveli
somxuridan Targmna, Sesavali da komentarebi daurTo karlo kuciam (Tbilisi,
1987), 76.
12
iqve, 77.
66 mirian maxaraZe
jehan-Sahis Semoseva 1444 w. aqvs aRniSnuli da es ambavi sul sxvadasx-

vanairad aqvs aRwerili. magram ara Cans Tu ra wyaroebzea misi cnoba
damyarebuli. amitom simarTlis gamorkveva Znelia~.13
ucxoenovani wyaroebis gacnobam TandaTan ufro naTeli gaxada
jahan Sahis saqarTveloSi laSqobis utyuaroba. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia
aleqsandre abdalaZis,14 karlo kucias,15 leri TavaZis16 mier moZiebuli
cnobebi.
winamdebare statiaSi jahan Sahis saqarTveloSi laSqrobis Ses-
axeb wyaroebis srul moyvanas ar SeudgebiT, miTumetes rom, es amoca-
na ukve saTanadod Seasrula axalgazrda mkvlevarma leri TavaZem da
Tavis gamokvlevaSi `jahan Sahis 1440 wlis laSqroba saqarTveloSi~,17
gadmogvca ara marto dRemde CvenTvis cnobili, aramed aqamde qarTu-
lad gamouqveynebeli sparsulenovani wyaroebi. yovelive amis gaTval-
iswinebiT statiis miznad davisaxeT ramdenime kiTxvisaTvis gagveca
pasuxi. kerZod:
1. ra movlenebi ganviTarda Savbatknianebsa da qarTvelebs Soris
XV saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi?
2. ratom Semovida SavbatknianTa mbrZanebeli saqarTveloSi?
3. Cven mier moZiebuli wyaros mixedviT jahan Sahis saqarTveloSi
laSqrobis gaanalizeba.
aRniSnuli wyaro yvelaze axlos aris hasan rumlus gadmocemas-

Tan: ` am wels (1440) fadiSahi jehan-Sahi azerbaijanidan saqarTvelo-
saken daiZra, sami dRe yarsis velze gaCerda, (Semdeg) Saqi da Tbilisi
dalaSqra da ocdaaTi aTasi tyve saqarTvelodan gamoiyvana da azer-
baijanisaken wavida~.18 rogorc vxedavT, hasan rumlus da el huseinis
cnoba Zalian waagavs erTmaneTs (SesaZlebelia sefianTa istorikosma
swored el huseinis cnoba gamoiyena Tavisi Sromis dasawerad), Tum-
caRa, msgavsebasTan erTad aris garkveuli gansxvavebebic. rogorc el
13
ivane javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. IV (Tbilisi, 1967), 88.
14
somxur xelnawerTa anderZebis (hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb
(XIV-XV ss.), Zveli somxuridan Targmna, Sesavali, komentarebi da SeniSvnebi daurTo
aleqsandre abdalaZem (Tbilisi, 1978), 60-9.
15
karlo kucia, àhsan aT-Tavarixis cnobebi XV saukunis saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~,
saqarTvelos istoriis aRmosavluri masalebi, w. II (Tbilisi, 1979), 80.
16
leri TavaZe, `jahan Sahis 1440 wlis laSqroba saqarTveloSi~, saistorio
krebuli, 3 (2013), 22-58
17
iqve.
18
kucia, àhsan aT-Tavarixis cnobebi XV saukunis saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~, 80.
huseini, aseve hasan rumlu gadmogvcems, rom SavbatknianTa mbrZanebeli

azerbaijanidan saqarTvelosaken gamoemarTa, sami dRe yarsSi gaCerda,
saidanac Tbilisisaken daiZra da qalaqi aiRo. orive avtori tyveebis
raodenobas 30 000 kaciT gansazRvravs. gansxvavebis mxriv unda aRin-
iSnos, rom el-huseinis cnoba ufro moculobiTia da met informacias
gadmogvcems. ase magaliTad, hasan rumlusgan gansxvavebiT, el huseini
gadmogvcems saqarTveloSi eklesiebis da samlocveloebis dangrevas,
kertinis cixis aRebas, qarTvelebze jiziis dawesebas, amave dros, hasan
rumlu Tbilisis garda Saqis dapyrobasac gadmogvcems.
ra movlenebi ganviTarda Savbatknianebsa da qarTvelebs Soris

XV saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi?
Savbatkniani Turqmanebis dasavleTisaken wamosvlis Sesaxeb ori
gadmocema arsebobs. pirvelis mixedviT, arRun xanis dros TeTrbat-
knianebi da Savbatknianebi TurqmeneTidan azerbaijanSi gadmosaxld-
nen, saidanac pirvelebi diarbaqirSi, xolo meoreni erjizan-sivasis
Soris mdebare teritoriaze dasaxldnen. meore gadmocemis mixedviT,
jer kidev Cingis xanis jarSi monawileobas iRebda 30 000 SavbatknianTa
ojaxi, romelTac vinme Ture begi xelmZRvanelobda, romelmac Tavi-
si tomi anatoliaSi moiyvana.19 Tu XIII saukuneSi SavbatknianTa Sesaxeb
cnobebi erTgvar gadmocemiT xasiaTs atarebs, XIV saukunis 30-iani
wlebidan istoriul wyaroebSi sul ufro xSirad vxvdebiT am tomis
Sesaxeb cnobebs. 1333-34 wlebSi erzrumSi ori Turqmanuli tomis da-
pirispirebas gadmogvcems ibn-batuta.20 XIV saukunis 40-ian wlebSi ana-
toliaSi SavbatknianTa Sesaxeb gadmogvcems miqael panaretosi21 da abu
beqr Tihrani.22
Savbatknianebis anatoliidan gandevna iTava msoflio dampyrob-
elma Temur lengma. maTi mbrZanebeli yara iusufi iZulebuli gaxda
jer osmaleTis sulTan baiazeT I-s Sefareboda, xolo Semdeg egvipteSi
19
F. Sümer, Kara Koyunlar (Başlangıçtan Cihan-Şah’a Kadar), I cilt (Ankara 1992), 34-5.
20
Нематулла Ибрагимов, Ибн Баттута и его путешествия по Средней Азии (Москва, 1988), 48
21
miqael panaretosi, trapizonis qronika, berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmniT,
Sesavali weriliT, SeniSvnebiTa da saZiebliT gamosca al. gamyreliZem (Tbilisi,
1961), 22.
22
abu beqr Tihranis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb, sparsuli
teqsti qarTulad Targmna da teqstis kritikuli analizi daurTo Tea janaSiam,
istoriuli xasiaTis SeniSvnebi da damatebani daurTo mirian maxaraZem (Tbilisi,
2010), 83-9.
68 mirian maxaraZe
gaqceuliyo, sadac is daapatimres. misi ganTavisufleba da samSoblo-

Si dabruneba SesaZlebeli gaxda Temur lengis gardacvalebis Semdeg.
yara iusufma ahmed jalairTan erTad daamarcxa Temur lengis Svili
miranSahi. Tumca, mokavSireebs Soris male uTanxmoeba Camovarda da
gamarjveba swored Savbatknianebs darCaT. SavbatknianebTan brZolas
Seewira ori qarTveli mefe giorgi VII23 da konstantine I. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Savbatknianebma daamarcxes Temurianebi, maT Soris brZola
pirvelobisaTvis ar Sewyvetila. gansakuTrebiT es dapirispireba gam-
wvavda TemurianTa mbrZanebel Sahroxsa da SavbatknianTa mbrZanebel
isqanders Soris.24 swored am periods emTxveva saqarTveloSi aleqsan-
dre I didis gamefeba da politikur asparezze jahan Sahis gamosvla.
aleqsandre I gamefebisTanave Seudga qveynis aRmSeneblobas da gare
mtrisagan mis dacvas. malis amokveTis sigelSi igi aRniSnavs: `viwye br-
Zolad usjuloTa da ganvsxen zRvarTagan CuenTa da qristianeni friad
mSuidobisa da myudroebasa miecnes~.25 aleqsandre I-s kargad esmoda,
rom am periodSi saqarTvelosaTvis yvelaze saSiSi mteri Savbatknianebi
iyvnen. amitomac, rodesac TemurianTa mbrZanebelma Sahroxma daamarcxa
Savbatknianebi (1420), saqarTvelos samefo xelisuflebam elCebi gaagza-
vna masTan.26 aRsaniSnavia, rom am etapze qarTvelebisaTvis CaRaTaelebi
ufro misaRebi aRmoCndnen, vidre Savbatknianebi, romlebic uSualod
safrTxes uqmnidnen saqarTvelos. faqti erTia, yara iusufis droidan
Savbatknianebi pretenzias acxadeben qarTul teritoriebze, rasac yve-
la xerxiT win aRudga saqarTvelos xelisufleba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
lores mxare am or dapirispirebul Zalas Soris sadavo teritoriad ga-
daiqca. swored Sahroxis mier isqanderis damarcxebis Semdeg aleqsan-
dre lores ibrunebs27 da 1430-31 wlebamde aRniSnuli teritoria saqa-
23
l. TavaZe varaudobs, rom giorgi VII ar daRupula SavbatknianebTan brZolis
dros. leri TavaZe, `giorgi VII gardacvalebis mizezis Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos Sua
saukuneebis istoriis sakiTxebi, IX (2008), 40-6.
24
Kazım Paydaş, Ak-Koyunlu ve Kara Koyunlu Türkmenlerinin Gürcistan’a Yaptıkları Seferler, Tarih
incelemeleri Dergisi, c. XXI (İzmir, 2006), 181; İsmail Aka, Mirza Şahruh ve Zamanı (Ankara, 1994), 142.
25
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi
daurTo i doliZem, t. II (Tbilisi, 1965), 126; d. niniZe, `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi XV s-is I naxevarSi, aleqsandre I didis (1412-1442)
diplomatia~, qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi, t. II (Tbilisi, 1998), 8-9.
26
И. Петрушевский, Государства Азербаиджана в XV в., Сборник статей по истории Азербаиджана,
вып. I (Баку, 1949), 154; О.А. Эфендиев, “Всеобщая История Хафиз-и Абру как источник по истории
Закавказья первой четверти XV в., ” Источниковедческие разыскания, 1979 (Тбилиси 1984), 227.
27
a. abdalaZe, `XV saukunis I naxevris saqarTvelos istoriidan~, macne, istoriis,
arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 3 (1976), 77-9.
rTvelos SemadgenlobaSia. a. abdalaZe aRniSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia 20-

iani wlebis dasawyisSi aleqsandre I-s Tavisi damokidebuleba Seecvala
Sahroxis mimarT da urTierToba daemyarebina isqanderTan.28 d. niniZis
varaudiTac, am arguments amyarebs 1423 wlis aleqsandre mefis yarabaR-
Si laSqrobac.29 TumcaRa, amgvari varaudi naklebad SesaZlebelia. ufro
mizanSewonilia, rom qarTvelTa mefem isargebla Sahroxis gamarjvebi-
Ta da iskanderis gaqceviT da yarabaRSi laSqroba gadawyvita.30 saqarT-
velos xelisuflebas rom aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs isqanderTan, mowmobs
hasan rumlus cnobac, romlis mixedviTac 1426 wels isqanderi mzadaa
saqarTvelosaken gailaSqros.31 imave avtoris Tanaxmad, 1431 wels isqa-
nderma saqarTveloze gamoilaSqra da saSinlad aaoxra.32 agreTve ver
daveTanxmebiT d. niniZis azrs, rom 1428 wlamde aleqsandre I xarks uxdi-
da isqanders,33 radganac imave wyaroSi, romelsac mkvlevari eyrdnoba,
amis Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami.34 jahan Sahsa da isqanders Soris dapir-
ispirebis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems hasan rumlu: àm wels mirza isqanderma
laSqari dasZra saqarTvelosken. misi Zma jehan Sah fadiSahi TavrizSi Se-
vida da rodesac mirza isqanderma es ambavi Seityo, sisxlis damanTxeve-
li laSqriT Tavrizisaken gaemarTa. fadiSah jehan-Sahs winaaRmdegobis
Zala ar hqonda, reiSi wavida da fadiSah SahroxTan elCebi gagzavna. mis-
ma udidebulesobam mas ulufa uwyaloba~.35 am faqtTan dakavSirebiT d.
niniZe varaudobs, rom jahanSahi ukve am periodidan Sahroxis mxares iyo
da misi davalebiT Seesia lores,36 TumcaRa aRsaniSnavia, rom selmanis
28
(XIV-XV ss.), 147.
29
niniZe, `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi XV s-is I
naxevarSi~,12.
30
saqarTvelos mosazRvre teritoriebi saqarTvelod ganixileboda. ase
magaliTad, 1428 wlis somxuri nasyidobis sigeli gvamcnobs, rom: ùCqilisa
sofeli kabris nahieSi, romelic eqvemdebareba azerbaijabis vilaieTs Corux-
saads saqarTvelos raionidan. Персидские документы Матенадарана, Купчие, выпуск I
(XIV-XVI вв.), перевод с армянского И.А. Антонян, составил А.Д. Папазян (Ереван, 1968), 256.
31
hasan rumlus cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, sparsuli teqsti qarTuli
TargmaniTa da SesavliT gamosca vladimer fuTuriZem, SeniSvnebi daurTo revaz
kiknaZem (Tbilisi, 1966), 79
32
iqve.
33
niniZe, `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi XV s-is I
naxevarSi~, 13.
34
(XIV-XV ss.), 46.
35
hasan rumlus cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 79.
36
niniZe, `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi XV s-is I naxevarSi~, 14.
70 mirian maxaraZe
brZolamde TavianTi dedis SuamavlobiT Zmebi Serigdnen, ufro metic,

aRniSnul brZolaSi jahan Sahi isqanderis jaris marcxena frTas meTau-
robs.37 misi erTgulebis safasurad isqanderi mas qalaq vans gadascems.38
Sahroxma Savbatknianebze gamarjvebis Semdeg Tavis warmomadgenlad
isqanderis umcrosi Zma abu saidi daniSna, TumcaRa, 1431 wels isqander-
ma daamarcxa is, sikvdiliT dasaja da kvlav SavbatknianTa mbrZanebeli
gaxda.
aleqsandre I yovelTvis cdilobda esargebla gare mtrebis urT-
ierTqiSpiT. 1435 wels, rodesac CaRaTaelebi da Savbatknianebi erTma-
neTs daupirispirdnen, man siuniqi daipyro. Sahroxis gamarjvebam isqa-
nderze iZulebuli gaxada aleqsandre CaRaTaelTa mbrZanebels damor-
Cileboda da masTan mosalaparakeblad Tavisi Svili dimitri gaeSva.
vaxuSti batoniSvili Semdegnairad gadmogvcems am faqts: `xolo aqa-
momde vina¡Tgan sparseTi iyo umefo da mravlad ganyofili, aramed
welsa q~sa C~ul qarTulisa r~iÀ gamoCnda kaci Sarux da aman daipyrna
romelnime sparseTisani. movida da daipyra adribeJanica da Semovida
somxiTs. maSin amisT¢is ganizraxa mefeman aleqsandre SemokrebulTa
didebulTa T¢sTa Tana ra¡ hyon: brZola anu zavi. aramed daamtkices
pirvel zavi da ukeTu ara inebos, mere vbrZoT SewevniTa RuTisaTa.
amisT¢s aRiRo mefeman ZRueni didi da Ze T¢si dimitri waravlina q~sa
C~ule, qarTulisa r~kg da moiTxova mS¢doba. xolo Sarux sixaruliT
Seiwynara da pativ-sca Zisaebr dimitris. Semdgomad aniWa niWni did-
didni da warmouvlina mamasve mS¢dobiT zavisa myofelman da T¢T Sarux
ukun-iqca da warvida~.39 yovelive aqedan naTeli xdeba, rom garkveuli
ZRvenis sanacvlod mSvidoba Camovardnila qarTvelebsa da CaRaTae-
lebs Soris. ufro met informacias am molaparakebebis Sesaxeb vigebT
hasan rumlusa da al-xavafidan, romlis mixedviTac demetre Sahrox-
Tan sapatio tyveobaSi darCenila, aleqsandresTan ki muslimi tyvee-
bis gamosaxsnelad hamza fazlulahi gamougzavnia da mxolod am misiis
warmatebiT damTavrebis Semdeg didi pativiT daubrunebia dimitri
Tavis qveyanaSi.40 SesaZlebelia gamoiTqvas varaudi, rom gamoxsnilebi
37
Sümer, Kara Koyunlar, 128-31.
38
aRniSnuli cixis mflobeli iyo isqanderis Svili iar ali, romelic
SavbatknianTa mbrZanebels aujanyda da 2 000 mxedriT SirvanSahs Seafara Tavi. С.А.
Мамедов, Азербайджан по источникам XV – первой половины XVIII вв. (Баку, 1993), 80
39
vaxuSti batoniSvili, àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, 280-1.
40
al-xavafis gadmocemiT: `mavlanana Muhammad daSTi, romelic adre udidebulesi
xakanis brZanebiT gaemgzavra aleqsandresTan, Tan wamoiyvana misi ufrosi vaJi
swored is muslimi tyveebia, romelic aleqsandres loresa da siunuqis

dapyrobis dros Cauvarda xelSi.
1435 wels Savbatknianebisa da CaRaTaelebis dapirispirebaSi gamar-
jveba am ukanasknelT darCaT. aRsaniSnavia, rom jer kidev brZolis
dawyebamde Sahroxma jahan Sahs vanSi elCoba gaugzavna da mis mxareze
gadasvla SesTavaza. warmatebuli molaparakebis Semdeg jahan Sahma Ta-
visi Zalebi SahroxTan gaaerTiana da Tavis Zmas isqanders daupirisp-
irda. damarcxebulma isqanderma osmaleTs Seafara Tavi, xolo Sahrox-
ma Tavis warmomadgenlad isqanderis sabrZanebelSi jahan Sahi daniSna.
1438 wels isqanderis mokvlis Semdeg jahan Sahma am ukanasknelis ad-
gili daikava.
ratom Semovida SavbatknianTa mbrZanebeli saqarTveloSi?

Toma mewofeci Tavis TxzulebaSi jahan Sahis Semosevis mizezad
qarTvelebis mier xarkis gadauxdelobas asaxelebs: `man (jahan Sahma-
m.m) bervjer gaugzavna despanebi [mefe aleqsandres], romelTaganac
morCilebas da dadgenili xarkis gadaxdas [moiTxovda], magram man es
ar isurva da sastik uars eubneboda mas~.41 igive mizezs gadmogvcems
haRbatis monasterSi Seqmnili hiSatakarani: `(jahan Sahi – m.m) daiZra
didZali laSqriT, mahmadianTa uricxvi mxedrobiT da movida saqarT-
veloSi, radgan qarTvelTa naTesavi ar emorCileboda Tavrizis xans~.42
1458 wlis hohenesis mier gadawerili svinqsaric igives gvamcnobs: `mas
jahan Sahs gulSi javri hqonda qarTvelTa mefis aleqsianosis mimarT,
radgan ar movida mis winaSe mowiwebisa da mSvidobis niSnad, arc dawe-
sebuli samefo xarki gadauxada. amis gamo gacofda bilwi da qris-
tianTa moZule viTarca sisxlmowyurebuli mxeci, Sekriba laSqari da
daawyo razmebad; antiqristes winamorbedma jahanSam, yvela usjulos
winamZRolma Seagrova ìr~ (20000) sulze meti, waiyvana isini da wavida
dimiri da dabrunda feSqaSiTa da nisariT. hamza muhammed fazlalahi gaemgzavra

rejebis Tvis 28 ricxvSi (1436 wlis 16 Tebervali), raTa wamoeyvana muslimebi,
romlebic qarTvelebs CauvardaT tyved. mxolod amis Semdeg misces dimitris
da mis Tanmxleb pirebs ukan dabrunebis ufleba~. Фасих Ахмад ибн Джалал ад-
Дин Мухаммад ал-Хавафи, Фасихов свод, перевод, предисловие и примечания Д.Ю.
Юсуповой (Ташкент, 1980), 214; hasan rumlus cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 79.
41
Tovma mewofeci, istoria Temur-lengisa da misi STamomavlebisa, 76.
42
(XIV-XV ss.), 61
72 mirian maxaraZe
saqarTveloSi~.43 wyaroebidan naTlad Cans, rom jahan Sahis Semosevis

mizezi xarkis gadauxdelobaa, romelic SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos xe-
lisuflebas dakisrebuli hqonda SahroxTan molaparakebis Semdeg da
SavbatknianTa mbrZanebeli swored am xarks iTxovda. amasve emTxveva
1440 wels aleqsandre mefis sigeli `saTaTro malis gauqmebis Sesaxeb:
àman mefeTa da anu dedofalTa da anu sxuisa guarisa kacman, adamis
naTesa{v}m{a}n saqarTvelos mali iTxo{o}s, mokrifos da wauRos, ew-
ien R(mer)To, ulxinebeli risxva... romel Cueni a{R}Tqmuli srulyoT
dResiTgan waRma malisa Reba aravin ineboT~.44
xarkis gadauxdeloba marTlac erT-erTi mTavari mizezia jahan Sa-
his saqarTveloSi Semosvlis, TumcaRa arsebobs sxva mizezebi, romlis
mixedviTac jahan Sahis samxedro eqspedicia mimarTulia rogorc qar-
Tuli samefo xelisuflebis, aseve gamoqceuli somxuri mosaxleobis
dasasjelad.
jahan Sahisa da qarTuli samefo karis uTanxmoeba jer kidev 1430-31
wlebSi daiwyo, rodesac orive mxare erTmaneTs loreSi daupirispirda.
Semdgom wlebSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebam daipyro is mxareebi, rom-
lebsac Savbatknianebi Tavis samflobelod Tvlidnen. yovelive amis
gamo jahan Sahs aRniSnul teritoriaze gavlenis mosapoveblad mTavar
amocanad aleqsandre I-s damarcxeba miaCnda. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia,
rom am periodSi saqarTvelos mefe mZimed iyo daavadebuli da Savbat-
knianTa jars saqarTvelos teritoriebis dapyroba gauadvildeboda.
rogorc avRniSneT, aleqsandre I mudam iyenebda sagareo areulo-
bas Tavisi poziciebis gasamtkiceblad. igi ar Semofarglula mxolod
lores damorCilebiT da Tavisi poziciebis ganmtkiceba qveynis saz-
Rvrebs gareTac ganagrZo. Sahroxis mesame sadamsjelo eqspedicias
daemTxva aleqsandres laSqroba yarabaRSi. faqtia, rom erTi periodi,
SahroxTan zavis dadebamde, am teritorias inarCunebs. igi ifarebs si-
unuqidan gadmosaxlebul somex mosaxleobas. beSqen orbelians lores
mxares uwyalobebs, xolo Sahroxis heraTSi gamgzavrebis Semdeg kvlav
laSqrobs somxur teritoriebze. xelmeore laSqrobis xelsayreli
dro isqandersa da jahan Sahis dapirispirebis dros aarCia. yovelive
aqedan naTeli xdeba, rom xarkis gadauxdelobis garda, jahan Sahis
43
(XIV-XV ss.), 161-2.
44
`sigeli aleqsandre mefisa malis amokveTis Sesaxeb~, qarTuli istoriuli
sabuTebis korpusi, t. II (Tbilisi, 2013), 220.
saqarTveloSi laSqrobis mizezi is ciloba iyo, romelic am xelisuf-

lebs Soris arsebobda regionSi gasabatoneblad.
Cveni azriT, arsebobda jahan Sahis saqarTveloSi Semosvlis meore
mizezic, kerZod gamoqceuli somxebis samagaliTod dasja. movlena-
Ta ganviTarebam SesaZloa daamtkicos Cveni varaudi. ra gvaZlevs amis
safuZvels?
jer kidev isqanderi Tavisi zeobis periodSi siunuqis somxebs Ta-
vis qveSevrdomebad Tvlida. man Sah armenis titulic miiRo da beSqen
orbelianis Svils amira rustems didveziroba da mTavari mrCevlis
tituli uboZa. igive politikis gamtarebeli iyo misi Zma jahan Sahi.
magaliTisTvis, man tetevis monasteri gaaTavisufla malis da xara-
jis gadasaxadisgan;45 jahan Sahis TanxmobiT Catarda somex didebulTa
kreba, sadac Sekrebilebs Savbatknianebma didi maspinZloba gauwies.46
am faqtebidan naTeli xdeba, rom jahan Sahi somxur mosaxleobas Tavis
qveSevrdomad da saxelmwifos Semadgenel nawilad miiCnevs. amitom igi
ulmobelia im somexi mosaxleobis mimarT, romelic mas ar daemorCi-
la da beSqen orbelianTan da rustemTan erTad saqarTvelos Sesafara
Tavi.
yovelive aqedan naTeli xdeba, rom jahan Sahs saqarTvelosken
gamolaSqrebis ramodenime mizezi hqonda.
romeli teritoriebi da ra cixeebi aiRo jahan Sahma?

jahan Sahis yarsidan saqarTvelosken wamosvlis Sesaxeb mxolod
el-huseini da hasan rumlu gadmogvcems.47 el-huseini SavbatknianTa
mbrZaneblis pirdapir saqarTvelosken wamosvlas, xolo hasan rumlu
jer Saqze da mere saqarTveloze laSqrobas gadmogvcems. wyaroebis
urTierTSejereba ar gvaZlevs saSualebas vimsjeloT, ilaSqra Tu ara
jahan Sahma SaqSi.
el-huseinis mixedviT, jahan Sahma xelSi Caigdo kertinis cixe.
aRniSnuli cixis etimologia cnobili ar aris. mematianeTa cnobiT,
jahan Sahma laSqrobisas mxolod samSvildis cixe aiRo. ismis kiTxva,
SesaZlebelia Tu ara kertinisa da samSvildes gaigiveba? saerTod aR-
saniSnavia, rom aRmosavleli avtorebi gansxvavebul saxelebs uwode-
45
Мамедов, Азербайджан по источникам XV – первой половины XVIII вв., 81.
46
TavaZe, `jahan Sahis 1440 wlis laSqroba saqarTveloSi~, 54.
47
Ca’ferî b. Muhammed el-Hüseynî, Târîh-i Kebîr, 124; hasan rumlus cnobebi saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb, 80.
74 mirian maxaraZe
ben ara marto cixes, aramed dasaxlebul punqtebsac. ase, rom savsebiT
SesaZlebelia samSvildesa da kertinis gaigiveba. cixis saxelis Sesaxeb
SesaZlebelia gamoiTqvas mosazrebac, xom ar aris es `qarT~ anu qarT-
velTa cixe?
aiRo Tu ara jahanSahma Tbilisi?

el-huseini gadmogvcems, rom jahan Sahi Tbilisis SemogarenSi
movida da Tbilisis mosaxleobas jizia dauwesa; Tbilisis aRebas gad-
mogvcems hasan rumluc. sparsul da somxur wyaroebze dayrdnobiT
saintereso mosazreba SemogvTavaza l. TavaZem. misi varaudiT, jahan
Sahs Tbilisi ar auRia da saubari SeiZleba iyos ara qalaqze, aramed
Tbilisis vilaieTze anu Tbilisis mxareze.48
somxuri wyaroebis umravlesoba, romlebic abdalaZis mier gamo-
qveynebul somxur hiSatakaranebSia, gadmogvcems jahan Sahis saqarT-
veloze laSqrobas da samSvildis dacemas. mxolod Toma mewofecis ìs-
toria Temur lengisa da misi STamomavlebisa~ da 1458 wels gadawerili
svinaqsari gvamcnobs SavbatknianTa mier Tbilisis aRebas.49 Tu kargad
CavukvirdebiT, davinaxavT rom yuradReba gamaxvilebulia somxuri mo-
saxleobis darbevaze da samSvilde mxolod imitomaa naxsenebi, rom iq
cxovrobda ltolvili somxuri mosaxleoba. is wyaroebi, sadac Tbili-
sis aReba araa moxseniebuli, samSvildis garda aranairi sxva dasaxle-
buli punqtis darbevas ar gadmogvcems. orive somxuri wyaro, romelSic
Tbilisis dacemaa aRwerili, samSvildis ubedurebas qarTul samefo
kars abralebs. jahan Sahis mier Tbilisis aRebas adasturebs 1452 wlis 20
dekembris Sewirulobis wigni nanita yifianisa qvaTaxevis monastrisad-
mi: `mas Jamsa, rod(e)s qalaqi TaTarTa hqonda, moardave ese kavTis£evi
warity{u}enes da tuars[a]Su[i]l{i}s jalabi datyue[v]da. merme movi-
da, amisi zena{a}rni da aj{a} iTxova, rome aris urjul{o}Ta £eliTa
amovwydiTa, davtyuevd{i}Ta~.50 aqedan naTeli xdeba, rom jahan Sahs ara
marto Tbilisi, aramed qalaqis mimdebare teritoriebic daurbevia.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba gamoiTqvas varaudi, rom jahan Sahis saqa-
48
TavaZe, `jahan Sahis 1440 wlis laSqroba saqarTveloSi~, 54.
49
Tovma mewofeci, istoria Temur-lengisa da misi STamomavlebisa, 77; somxur
xelnawerTa anderZebis (hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (XIV-XV ss.),
162.
50
qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi XV saukunis meore naxevari, gamosacemad
moamzada mzia surgulaZem (Tbilisi 2014), 61. aRniSnuli sabuTi mogvawoda Temo
jojuam. misive ganmartebiT `qalaqSi~ Tbilisi igulisxmeba.
rTveloSi laSqrobis mizezi ara marto xarkis akrefa, aramed regionSi

pirvelobis mopoveba da gamoqceuli somexi mosaxleobis dasjaa. aq is-
mis kiTxva, ratom daxvda ase moumzadebeli qarTuli samefo kari momx-
durebs, miT umetes rom, samSvildis aRebas Savbatknianebma arc Tu ise
cota dro moandomes da qarTvel xelisufalT SeeZloT gadamwyveti
brZolisTvis saTanadod momzadebuliyvnen. samSvildis Semdeg Tbili-
sis aRebas gadmogvcems Toma mewofeci,51 xolo hovanesi piriqiT, jer
Tbilisis aRebas da Semdeg samSvildeze galaSqrebas gadmogvcems52. Tu
meore cnoba ufro marTebulia, movlenebi SeiZleba amgvarad davin-
axoT:
SavbatknianTa mbrZanebeli moulodnelad daesxa Tbiliss, gzad maT
erT-erTi cixe aiRes. qarTuli samefo kari mefis avadmyofobis gamo
moumzadebeli daxvda jahan Sahis Semosevas da dasavleT saqarTvelos
Seafares Tavi, SesaZloa, jaris Sesagrovebladac. Tbilisis aRebis
Semdeg SavbatknianTa mbrZanebeli Tbilisis SemogarenSi TareSobs, qa-
rTuli sabuTis mixedviT kavTisxevamdec ki Cadis; Semdeg is Tavis sa-
brZanebelSi brundeba da samSvildeSi Sefarebul somxur mosaxleobas
awiokebs.
51
Tovma mewofeci, istoria Temur-lengisa da misi STamomavlebisa, 76-7.
52
(XIV-XV ss.), 162.
76 mirian maxaraZe
One More Unknown Oriental Source about Intervention of

Jahan Shah, the Ruler of Black Sheep Turkomans (Qara
Qoyunlu) to Georgia
Mirian Makharadze
Summary
Goal of this article is to present brief information of Jafer-I Muhammad el Hussein

about campaign of Jahan Shah in Georgia and analyze once more the campaign of ruler
of the Qara Qoynly in Georgia.
The source content is as follows:
“Story of March of Emir Jahan Shah, Son of Kara Yusuf to Georgian Land and Con-
quering of this Country”
In the same year (1440), Emir Jahan Shah, with well armed forces, started for Geor-
gia from Azerbaijan. After 2-3 days stay in the outskirts of Kars they reached Georgia and
attacked from all sides. He ruined the churches and took over Kertini Fortress. He came
to Tbilisi outskirts and imposed jizie over Tbilisi population. He killed many of Georgian
unfaithful with his sword and sent them thrown on the land to the boundless deep of the
hell. He gained lots of treasures.”
It should be noted that Hassan Rumlu has used this source.
The following can be concluded:
1. The source agrees with the data preserved in Armenian Hishatakarans and inter-
vention of Qara Qoyunly has taken place in 1440.
2. Propositions that Jahan Shah has not conquered Tbilisi are not reasonable and this
is further confirmed by Georgian postscripts.
3. Kertin Fortress mentioned in the source, based on Persian stem “kart” means
Georgian fortress without name and it may mean Samshvilde, mentioned in Armenian
sources.
III
sefianTa iranisa da did moRolTa urTierTobebi

XVIII s. dasawyisSi da giorgi XI: yandaaris problema
kaxa kvaSilava
Sua saukuneebis miwuruls Sua aRmosavleTSi1 ori didi imperiis

– sefianTa iranisa da did moRolTa2 saxelmwifoebis – daarseba, faq-
tobrivad, Tanadrouli movlena iyo. Tuki pirveli politikur rukaze
XVI saukunis dasawyisSi (1501 w.) dafiqsirda, meore imave saukunis 20-
iani wlebis meore naxevarSi (1526 w.) warmoiqmna. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
oriveni erTmaneTs awonasworebdnen regionSi, iseve, rogorc arn. to-
inbis SefasebiT, osmalTa da habsburgTa monarqiebi evropaSi.3
ZiriTadi dava sefianebsa da did moRolebs Soris Tanamedrove
avRaneTis teritoriaze viTardeboda, romelsac didi strategiuli
mniSvneloba hqonda maTTvis. gansakuTrebuli interesi ukavSirdeboda
yandaars, romelsac Jan Sardenis cnobiT, sparselebi `saimedo TavSesa-
1
regionis definicia dRemde sakamaToa rogorc geografebSi, aseve – geopoliti-
kis eqspertebSi, magram, rogorc r. gaCeCilaZe SeniSnavs, aq xSirad iransa da avRa-
neTs moiazreben. revaz gaCeCilaZe, …axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce, xalxi da politika,
meore Sevsebuli da Sesworebuli gamocema (Tbilisi, 2008), 17. vfiqrobT, am Camona-
Tvals SeiZleba daematos pakistanic, romelsac zemoT xsenebul saxelmwifoebTan
bevri saerTo aqvs kulturuli, geografiuli da istoriuli TvalsazrisiT.
2
miuxedavad imisa, rom sefianebi da moRolebi regionSi metoqe saxelmwifoebad
Camoyalibdnen, indoeTSi samefo karis enad sparsuli iTvleboda da yoveli ganaT-
lebuli indoeli Tavs valdebulad Tvlida es ena scodnoda. T. WiWinaZe, ucxoeli
avtorebi saqarTvelosa da saqarTvelo-iranis urTierTobis Sesaxeb, XVIIs. ukanas-
kneli meoTxedi – XVIIIs. I meoTxedi (Tbilisi, 1983), 18; Muzaffar Alam, The Languages of
Political Islam. India 1200-1800 (London, 2004), 129. msgavsi viTareba SeiniSneboda iran-
osmaleTis SemTxvevaSic. magali Todua, `dedoflis instituti sefianTa iranis
samefo karze~, axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo, red. oTar cqitiSvili (Tbili-
si, 1991), 297-308; kaxa kvaSilava, `XVII saukunis II naxevris yandaaris beglarbegebis
identifikaciis sakiTxisaTvis~, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, huma-
nitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, 11 (2013-2014), 309, sq. 2.
3
Арнольд Джозеф Тойнби, Постижение истории, избранное, перевод с английского Е.Д.
Жаркова, под редакцией В.И. Уколовой и Д. Э. Харитоновича (Москва, 2010), 156.
78 kaxa kvaSilava
fars~ uwodebdnen.4 am dasaxlebuli punqtisaTvis brZola moRolebsa

da iranelebs erTnairad uRirdaT, vinaidan aq gadioda mniSvnelovani
savaWro-saqaravno marSrutebi, rasac didi ekonomikuri sargebeli mo-
hqonda.5 aRsaniSnavia, rom did moRolTa saxelmwifos damaarsebelma
babur didma6 swored 1522 wels yandaaris sabolood Semomtkicebis Sem-
deg gadawyvita indoeTze galaSqreba.7 yovelwliurad indoeTidan iran-
Si, am cixe-qalaqis gavliT, sxvasxva saqonliT datvirTuli 14 000-mde
aqlemisagan Semdgari qaravani gadioda.8 erTi wyaros cnobiT, yandaars
`soflis meurneobisaTvis Sesaferisi da cxvris saZovrebad gamosadegi
umSvenieresi midamoebi axlavs~.9 yandaaris ekonomikuri mniSvneloba Sah
babursac Zalian kargad hqonda gaTviTcnobierebuli.10
amasTanave, yandaars didi strategiuli mniSvnelobac hqonda orive
mxarisaTvis: sparselebs dasavleT indoeTis kontrolis saSualebas
aZlevda da, aseve, uzrunvelyofda sakuTriv iranis aRmosavleT misad-
gomebis usafrTxoebas rogorc adgilobrivi tomebis, aseve – indoelTa
Tavdasxmebisagan. didi moRolebisaTvis ki, am miwebze gadioda gza maT
istoriul samSoblosTan da erTmorwmune sunit Turqmanul xalxebTan
dasakavSireblad. amitom qabulis, peSavaris, yandaarisa da Raznis kon-
4
Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi (cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb), frangulidan Targmna, gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTo
mzia mgalobliSvilma (Tbilisi, 1975), 338.
5
The History of the Late Revolutions of Persia: Taken from the Memoirs of Father Krusinski, Procu-
rator of the Jesuists at Ispahan, done Into English, from the Original, just published with the Royal
License at Paris by Father Du Cerceau, in two volumes, vol. 1, the second edition (London, 1733), 145.
ix. aseve: Марианна Р. Арунова, “Афганистан и афганцы в XVI – середине XVIIIвв.,” История
Востока, т. 3, Восток на рубеже средневековья и нового времени XVI-XVIII вв. (Москва, 2000),
131.
6
zahir ad-din muhamedi, romelsac metsaxelad `baburs~ (vefxvi) uwodebdnen.
Джон Кей, История Индии, перевод с английского И. Летберга (Москва, 2010), 379; Стенли
Уолперт, Индия: История, культура, философия, перевод с английского А. Глушаковой (Москва,
2013), 63.
7
Вадим М. Массон, Вадим А. Ромодин, История Афганистана, т. 2, Афганистан в новое время
(Москва, 1965), 10.
8
Нарендра Кришна Синха, Анил Чандра Баренджи, История Индии, перевод с английского
Л.В. Степанова, И.П. Ястребовой и Л.А. Княжинской, редакция и предисловие К.А. Антоновой
(Москва, 1954), 227-8.
9
`#№8. 1724 wels Sedgenili angariSi~, ilia tabaRua, masalebi XVIII saukunis pirve-
li meoTxedis saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis (Tbilisi, 1982), 179.
10
Игорь М. Рейснер, Развитие феодализма и образование государства у афганцев (Москва,
1954), 67.
sefianTa iranisa da did moRolTa urTierTobebi 79
troli maTTvis metad mniSvnelovani iyo.11 baburis mematianec SeniSnav-

da, rom qabuli da yandaari indostanis ormagi karibWe iyo, romelTagan
erTi miemarTeboda TurqestanSi, meore ki – sparseTSi.12 amitomac es
cixe xSirad gadadioda xelidan xelSi.13
wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom yandaari sakmaod kargad gamagrebuli
cixe yofila sparseTSi.14 misi daproeqteba did moRol imperators
Sah jehans (1627-1658) evropeli inJinrebisaTvis daukisria, romelTac
brwyinvaled gaarTves am saqmes Tavi.15
am qalaqisaTvis brZolebSi, aseve, aqtiurad monawileobdnen puS-
tunuri tomebi Rilzaebi16 da abdalebi.17 sakuTari intersebidan gamom-
dinare, isini xan sparselebs emxrobodnen, xanac – did moRolebs. mx-
aris es rTuli geopolitika, maT Zalian umZimebda arsebobas. rogorc
XVIII s. I meoTxedSi sparseTSi moRvawe iezuiti beri ian TadeuS kruSin-
ski aRniSnavs, yandaaris mmarTvelebi iZulebuli iyvnen gaeTvaliswine-
binaT maTi mezobeli ori didi imperiis interesebi.18
erTi franguli wyarodan Cans, rom Rilzaebi mniSvnelovan Zalas
warmoadgendnen da XVII s. I meoTxedSi maTi raodenoba 50 000 ojaxs
Seadgenda.19 amitom savsebiT bunebrivia, rom sparselebi cdilobdnen
loialuri damokidebuleba hqonodaT maT imperiaSi mosaxle mebrZoli
avRanuri tomebisadmi.20 Tumca, sparseTi cdilobda abdal-Rilzaebis
dapirispireba misTvis sasikeTod gamoeyenebina.
11
The New Cambridge History of India, vol. 1, part 5: The Mughal Empire, By John F. Richards
(Cambridge, 1993), 110.
12
Рейснер, Развитие феодализма и образование государства у афганцев, 67.
13
David Marshall Lang, “Georgia and the Fall of Safavi Dynasty”, Bulletin of Shool of Oriental and
Africa Studies, University of London, vol. 14, №3, studies Presented to Vladimir Minorsky by His Col-
leguaes and Friends (1952), 527.
14
sexnia CxeiZe, `saqarTvelos cxovreba~, qarTlis cxovreba, dasabamiTgan me-
aTcxramete saukunemdis, nawili II, axali moTxroba, 1469 wlidgan, vidre 1800
wlamde, gamocemuli m. Cubinovisagan (sanqt-peterburRi, 1854), 321; The History of the
Late Revolutions of Persia, 144.
15
The History of the Late Revolutions of Persia, 144.
16
kvaSilava, `XVII saukunis II naxevris yandaaris beglarbegebis identifikaciis
sakiTxisaTvis~, 309, sq. 8.
17
iqve, 309, sq. 9.
18
19
`#№1. ioseb qarTvelis `samaxsovro baraTi sparseTSi ukanaskneli samoqalaqo
omis Sesaxeb. 1723 wlis 31 ianvari~ (Targmani frangulidan)~, tabaRua, masalebi XVIII
saukunis pirveli meoTxedis saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis, 88.
20
Арунова, “Афганистан и афганцы в XVI – середине XVIIIвв.,” 132.
80 kaxa kvaSilava
XVIII saukunis dasawyisi sparseTisaTvis metad rTuli aRmoCnda. Sah

abas I (1587-1629) didis mecadineobiT gaZlierebulma sefianTa imperiam
mis gardacvalebasTan erTad dasusteba-dacema daiwyo. qveyana mZime
ekonomikur da politikur kriziss ganicdida da amitom sparseTis Sem-
dgomi SahebisaTvis imperiis erTianobis SenarCuneba advili saqme ar
iyo.
bunebrivia, sefianTa imperiaSi separatizmisa da secesiis proce-
sebi, rac, arsebiTad, sparselTa mier dapyrobil xalxTa erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas warmoadgenda, gansakuTrebiT qveynis
ganapira raionebSi gaaqtiurda. am mxareebSi, ZiriTadad, qarTvelebi,
somxebi, daRestnelebi, qurTebi, avRanelebi da Turqmanebi cxov-
robdnen, romlebic sparselTagan ormagi saxis Cagvras ganicdidnen:
religiursa21 (rac Sua saukuneebSi, imavdroulad, eTnikurobasac gu-
lisxmobda) da ekonomikurs.
aRmosavleT sparseTSi rTuli mdgomareoba Seiqmna. es gansa-
kuTrebiT avRanelebiT dasaxlebul regionebs exeboda, sadac anti-
sparsulma ajanyebam axali ZaliT ifeTqa. Sah soltan-hoseinis (1694-
1722) uzomo xarjebis uzrunvelsayofad gazrdili gadasaxadebi
mZime tvirTad awva avRanelebs. 1698-1701 ww. arsebuli gadasaxadebi
2-3-jer gaizarda da arsebuls kidev axlebic daemata. amasTan er-
Tad momTabareebsac gaezardaT gadasaxadebi da am aspeqtSi is bi-
nadari glexi-raiaTebis mdgomareobas miuaxlovda, rac kidev ufro
amZimebda nomadTa cxovrebas.22 aqedan gamomdinare, Tuki XVII sau-
kunis dasawyisSi yandaaris regioni ekonomikurad moRonierebuli
iyo, XVIII s. dasawyisisaTvis, am mxriv, viTareba radikalurad Seicv-
ala: indoeTidan evropisaken savaWro marSruti,23 ZiriTadad, sazR-
vao gaxda, ris gamoc sparseTis es tranzituli funqcia erTgvarad
21
niSandoblivia, rom XVIII s. 20-ian wlebSi, roca avRanelebma daamxes sefianTa
dinastia da sparseTSi Zalaufleba moipoves, saxelmwifos eTnikuri umravleso-
ba – sparselebi – sazogadoebis yvelaze naklebi uflebis mqone nawilad aqcies da
ukve Tavad Cagravdnen religiurad. luiza Sengelia, àSraf avRanis saSinao da sa-
gareo politika iranSi~, qarTuli diplomatia, 12 (2005), 232.
22
daviT kacitaZe, iranis istoria, III-XVIII ss. (Tbilisi, 2009), 463; imave xanebSi,
damZimda momTabare qurTebis mdgomareobac. maT xeli mohkides iaraRs da ajanye-
ba wamoiwyes centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. Походы Надир-шаха в Герат,
Кандагар, Индию и событии в Персии после его смерти, составил генерал-лейтенант С.О.
Кишмишев (Тифлис, 1889), 2-3.
23
es marSruti paralizebuli iyo aseve, maraTxebisa da siqhebis antimoRoluri
ajanyebebis gamo. Рейснер, Развитие феодализма и образование государства у афганцев, 306.
minelda, ramac, Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovnad daamZima am mxaris eko-

nomikuri viTareba.24
am xanebSi yandaaris beglarbegad aslamaz yaflaniSvili (orbeliS-
vili/orbeliani) ijda. misi movaleoba avRaneTSi wesrigis SenarCuneba
da Siizmis gavrceleba iyo.25 rogorc Cans, misi qmedebebi Zalian mkacri
da Seuwynarebeli aRmoCnda, ramac kidev ufro gaamwvava avRanelebTan
sparselebis urTierTobebi: ès iyo xarbi kaci. Tu igi avRanebs daunax-
avda cxens, jors, aqlems, romelic mas moewoneboda, maSinve waarTmevda,
saZovris uflebisaTvis da meaTedisaTvis igi bevrad mets axdevinebda,
vidre sxva gubernatori. rac ki maT gaaCndaT, ZaliT arTmevda. man iqa-
mde miiyvana Tavisi mtarvaloba, rom ubiZga avRanebs ganTavisufleba-
ze efiqraT...~26
ajanyebuli avRanelebis samxedro mxardaWeras belujebi uzrunve-
lyofdnen, romelTac yalaTis27 xani mir28 samandari29 (1698-1714) Tavka-
cobda30: `yandaaris xans aRudgnen beluWni da ufro mirsamandar da
aoÃrebdian yandaaris garemoTa~.31 belujTa winamZRols sparselebi
sakmaod kargad icnobdnen da misgan seriozuli marcxic ki iwvnies.32
qarTvelTa samxedro xelovneba da qarTvel mebrZolTa vaJkacoba
odiTganve sayovelTaod cnobili iyo. XIII saukunis franciskaneli beri
benediqt poloneli, romelic plano karpinisTan erTad monRolTa im-
24
Арунова, “Афганистан и афганцы в XVI – середине XVIIIвв.,” 115.
25
Stephen Tanner, Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War Against the
Taliban, revised edition (Boston, 2009), 114.
26
`#№5. Turquli samaxsovro baraTis Targmani frangulad sparseTSi momxdari
revoluciis warmoSobis Sesaxeb~, tabaRua, masalebi XVIII saukunis pirveli meoTxe-
dis saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis, 153.
27
naxevrad damoukidebeli belujuri saxano. arsebobda 1666-1955 wlebSi. amJa-
mad pakistanis islamuri respublikis SemadgenlobaSia. ix. agreTve: Vahe Boyajian,
“On Baluchi Separatism,” Iran and the Caucasus, Research Papers from the Caucasian Centre for Ira-
nian Studies, edited by G. Asatrian, vol. 3-4 (Yerevan-Tehran, 1999-2000), 389.
28
arab. àmiras~ saxecvlili formaa; àmira~ – gamgebeli, mmarTveli, ufliswuli
– warmodgeba sityvisgan àl amr~ – Zalaufleba, brZaneba, gankarguleba. Харлампий
К. Баранов, Большой арабско-русский словарь, 11-е издание, т. 1 (Москва, 2006), 44.
29
mirsamani – samefo karis mcveli.
30
Naseer Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan. A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of
the Baloch State (Bloomington, 2012), 65.
31
teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT simon yauxCiSvilis mier,
t. IV (Tbilisi, 1973), 478.
32
Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan, 165.
82 kaxa kvaSilava
periis dedaqalaq yarayorumSi Cavida, werda, rom monRolebi didad

afasebdnen qarTvelebs, rogorc mamac da mebrZol xalxs.33 frangi mema-
tiane, kardinali Jak de vitri (daaxl. 1180-1240) qarTvelebs axasiaTebda
rogorc mebrZol qristianebs, romlebic ierusalimSi, yovelgvari ga-
dasaxadebis gareSe, zeaRmarTuli droSebiT Sediodnen, vinaidan mus-
limebs, qarTvelTa sabrZolo SesaZleblobebis didi SiSi hqondaT.34 ro-
gorc XVI s. dasawyisSi angulemis franciskanelTa monastris mcveli Jan
Teno werda, qarTvelebs `SeuZliaT daamarcxon yvela, vinc undaT~.35
amdenad, qarTvelTa sabrZolo xelovneba ganTqmuli iyo da amis
Sesaxeb kargad uwyodnen iseT Soreul mxareSic, rogoric imJamindeli
aRmosavleTi sparseTi iyo. amitomac beluj-avRanelebi qarTvelebTan
Setakebas Zalian ufrTxodnen.
amboxebulTa dasaSoSmineblad gaigzavna yandaaris mmarTvelis
biZa – sardali Tamazi (adreve gamuslimanebulebi Tamazi da misi Ze ka-
cia iranSi gawvevis Semdeg yandaarSive miavlines36), romelic qarTlis
mefis giorgi XI-is biZa (dedis – rodamis – Zma37) iyo.
33
beJan javaxia, `cnobebi saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis Sesaxeb Sua saukuneebis
dasavleTevropel mogzaurTa wignebSi (benediqt poloneli, Jan de mandevile)~,
saistorio krebuli, 1 (2011), 175.
34
beJan javaxia, `cnobebi saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis Sesaxeb……~, 180.
35
goCa jafariZe, `beena ColoyaSvili wminda miwaze 1512-1514 wlebSi (brZola
wminda adgilebisaTvis)~, saistorio krebuli, 1 (2011), 114.
36
makar xubua, `qarTul-iranuli urTierTobidan~, akademikoss ivane javaxiS-
vils samecniero moRvaweobis 40 wlisTavze (1899-1939), akad. n. maris saxelobis
enis, istoriisa da materialuri kulturis institutis moambe, #5-6 (1940), 241. ro-
gorc Cans, m. xubuas s. CxeiZis matianis gansxvavebuli versia hqonda (romelsac
Cven, samwuxarod, ver mivakvlieT), sadac Tamazisa da kacias yandaarSi mivlineba-
zea saubari: `Tamaz sardali da misi Svili kacia yandahars gaatanes. yandaharis xani
amisav gvarisa iyo, yaflaniSvili, amisTvis gamoiTxova da Tan waiyvana mamuka, amis-
ive Svili qarTlSi gaistumres. darCnen mefis giorgisTan es gaTaTrebulni da sx-
vani Tavadni orasioden kacni~. igive cnoba g. CubinaSvilis gamocemaSi amgvaradaa
warmodgenili: `...winaT TaTari iyo Tamaz sardali da misi Svili kacia, yandaaris
xanic amisav gvarisa iyo yaflani-Svili. amisTvis gamoiTxova da Tan-waiyvana mamu-
ka, amisive Svili qarTlSi, gaistumres. da darCnen mefes giorgis-Tan es gaTaTreb-
ulni da sxvani Tavadni orasi-oden kacni...~ sexnia CxeiZe, `saqarTvelos cxovreba~,
313. n. nakaSiZemac sexnias Txzulebis rusul Targmani am ukanasknelis mixedviT
Seasrula: “...сардал Тамаз и его сын Кация еще до того были мусульманами – кандаарский
хан был из его рода – Капланишвили. Поэтому выпросил [Тамаз] своего же сына, Мамуку, и
отправил в Картли. И остались с царем Гиорги эти омусульманившиеся и другие князья до
двухсот человек…” Сехния Чхеидзе, История Грузии (Жизнь царей), перевод Н.Т. Накашидзе
(Тбилиси, 1976; eleqtr. versia: http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus3/Tcheidze/text.phtml?id=1812).
37
vaxuSti batoniSvili, àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, 461; `vaxtang V (Sahna-
Tamaz yaflaniSvili (orbeliSvili/orbeliani) somxiT-sabaraTianos,

mewinave sadroSos, pirveli sardali iyo. man es Tanamdeboba vaxtang V-is
(Sah-navaz I) mefobaSi miiRo da 1696 wlamde eWira, roca nazarali-xanma
(erekle I) mas es saxelo waarTva da sparseTSi gagzavna.38 rogorc g. jam-
buria SeniSnavs, yaflaniSvilTa saxli, ZiriTadad, iranis taxtisadmi
erTgulebiT gamoirCeoda, radgan amas moiTxovda saTavados SenarCu-
nebis kerZo interesebi.39 amitom, roca giorgi XI qarTlSi antisparsul am-
boxebas awyobda, Tamazmac uorgula mis gvirgvinosan disSvils. vaxuStis
Txzulebis erT xelnaweris (R) aSiaze miwerilia: òrguleba yaflanisS-
vilis Tamaz spaspetisa giorgi mefesa zeda~.40 Tumca, rogorc f. gorgi-
janiZe miuTiTebs, manamde mefe biZas mudam mfarvelobda.41 miuxedavad
aseTi viwro feodaluri damokidebulebisa, yaflaniSvil-orbelianTa
sagvareulo, rogorc g. jamburiac savsebiT samarTlianad miuTiTebs,
samSoblos erTgul da misi damoukidebloba-erTianobisaTvis mebrZol
Svilebs aZlevda.42 nazarali-xani ar endoboda qarTlel Tavadebs. amitom,
Tamazisa da misi urTierToba Zalian male gafuWda. sparseTSi gaxiznulma
feodalma iq `dawinaurebul~ disSvilTan Serigeba moaxerxa.
qarTvelma sardalma Tavdapirvelad sZlia amboxebulebs, magram,
sabolood, beluj-avRanelTa 30 aTasianma laSqarma mainc SeZlo Tama-
zis jaris damarcxeba mastungSi qad quCas maxloblad (Tanamedrove
pakistanSi)43 da 1701 wels44 sardalic mokles: `Semdgomad daesxa mirsa-
mandar, mokla Tamaz da moswyKÂidna spani misni...~45 mdgomareoba uki-
duresad daiZaba, radgan yandaari, faqtobrivad, alyaSi moeqca, `ra-
meTu verRara gamovidis xani cixidam~.46
vazi)~, pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, XI-XVII ss., qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis

mixedviT, gamosacemad moamzades d. kldiaSvilma, m. surgulaZem, e. cagareiSvilma,
g. jandierma, t. I (Tbilisi, 1991), 296.
38
givi jamburia, `somxiT-sabaraTianos saTavadoebis istoriisaTvis (XV-XVIIIss.)~,
istoriul mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodge-
nili sadisertacio naSromi (Tbilisi, 1950), 240.
39
jamburia, `somxiT-sabaraTianos saTavadoebis istoriisaTvis~, 263.
40
vaxuSti batoniSvili, àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, 461.
41
s. kakabaZe, `farsadan giorgijaniZis istoria~, amonabeWdi saistorio moambi-
dan, wigni II, 1925 w. (tfilisi, 1926), 72-3.
42
jamburia,`somxiT-sabaraTianos saTavadoebis istoriisaTvis~, 264.
43
Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan, 165.
44
jamburia, `somxiT-sabaraTianos saTavadoebis istoriisaTvis~, 240.
45
46
iqve, 479.
84 kaxa kvaSilava
sakmaod Zlieri mowinaaRmdegis SesaCereblad saswrafo zomebi iyo

misaRebi. amitom, bunebrivia, rom oficialurma ispahanma daxmareba qir-
manis beglarbegad `dawinaurebul~ qarTlis mefedyofil da Sah-navaz
II-d wodebul giorgi XI-s sTxova. Sahs axsovda, rom qirmanSi mivline-
bamde qarTlis yofil valis misi sagamgeblo qveynis xelaxla dabrune-
bas Sehpirda. giorgic amas eloda, radgan qirmanic daawynara da miT
ufro, rom misi ojaxis wevrebi soltan-hoseinma mniSvnelovnad daawin-
aura saimperatoro karze. kerZod, giorgis Zma – levani, romelsac Sah-
yulixan uwodes, iranis divanbegad daawinaures,47 xolo am ukanaskne-
lis Svili qaixosro ki ispahanis taruRa48 gaxda.49 amdenad, sparseTSi
mama-Svilma mniSvnelovani politikuri Tanamdebobebi daiWira,50 rac,
TavisTavad cxadia, Sahis karze qarTvelTa gavlenis Semdgom zrdaze
mianiSnebda.
Sahis karze ki jer samSobloSi Sah-navaz II-is dabruneba ar eCqa-
rebodaT. piriqiT, arc surdaT da rogorc frangi mogzauri Jan ote
SeniSnavs, yandaarSi giorgi imitom gaigzavra, rom is saqarTvelodan
Sors yofiliyo.51
amasTan viTarebas isic amZimebda, rom iranis aRmosavleTSi gar-
Tulebuli viTarebiT isev didma moRolebma gadawyvites sargebloba
da aurangzebma (1658-1717) Tavis sparsel vizavisTan, Sah soltan-
hoseinTan, elCobac gaamwesa. indoel diplomatebs daevalaT sparse-
47
sexnia CxeiZe, `saqarTvelos cxovreba~, 319.
48
rogorc v. gabaSvili SeniSnavs, ispahanis taruRa sparseTis mdivanbegis
xelqveiTad iTvleboda. valerian gabaSvili, `sparsuli dasturlamali~, Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XXXVb (1949), 210.
49
50
divanbegi, gavleniTa da kompetenciiT, faqtobrivad, mxolod did vezirs uT-
mobda pirvelobas. is umaRlesi mejlisis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. `divanbegs
umaRles sadrTan (sasuliero mosamarTlesTan) erTad gamohqonda msjavri poli-
tikuri danaSaulis gamo (Sahis winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba, saxelmwifos Ralati da
sxv.); mis kompetenciaSi Sedioda agreTve gasamarTleba oTxi kategoriis sisxlis
samarTlis danaSaulis gamo: mkvleloba, gaupatiureba, sxeulis dazianeba da dabr-
maveba. garda amisa, divan-begi kviraSi orjer arCevda saqmeebs urfis (adaTobrivi
samarTlis) safuZvelze. divan-begi agreTve akontrolebda muslimuri sasuliero
sasamarTloebis (SariaTi) ganaCens (rac Seexeboda samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarT-
lis danaSauls) da aramuslimTa (qristiani episkoposebis da ebraelTa rabinebis)
sasuliero sasamarTloebis ganaCens. dabolos, divan-begi iyo umaRlesi saapela-
cio instancia~. kacitaZe,iranis istoria, 448-9. damatebiT, agreTve, ix. Roger M. Sa-
vory, “Dīvānbegī,” http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/divanbegi-#pt2.
51
tabaRua, masalebi XVIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis saqarTvelos istoriisaT-
vis, 22.
Tis xelisuflebisagan yandaaris ukan gamoTxova, romelic adre did

moRolTa samflobelos Seadgenda.52
iranSi am mniSvnelovani punqtis daTmobas ar apirebdnen, Tumca
aSkara uaris Tqmac uWirdaT, radgan delisTan viTarebis gamwvaveba ar
surdaT im dros, roca sparseTis aRmosavleT regionebSi (indoeTis
sazRvarTan) stabiluroba ar iyo.53 ispahanSi indoelebTan axali omis
safrTxe SeigrZnes da amitom, am problemis mogvareba giorgis daavales,
radgan àravin iyo [imxanad sparseTSi] sxva, romelsac SeeZlo saz-
Rvrebis usafrTxoebis dacva moRolTa qmedebebisagan~.54 amasTan Sahis
karze isev mniSvnelovani da Sorsmimavali gaTvla gaakeTes.55 rogorc
i. kruSinski SeniSnavs: ès gamocdili mxedarTmTavari [giorgi XI – k.k.]
unda gamxdariyo sparseTis imperiis uSiSroebis garantia da moacila ra
imperias Tavis mxridan saSiSroeba [igulisxmeba giorgi XI-s qarTlidan
gamowveva – k.k.], Tavisi Zlieri avtoritetiT axla unda SeeCerebina didi
moRoli, raTa [didi moRoli – k.k.] sparseTis winaaRmdeg ar wasuliyo~.56
sxvagan iezuiti beri kidev ufro dawvrilebiT ganmartavs oficialuri
ispahanis miznebs: `misi gagzavna yandaarSi miznad ar isaxavda omis wamow-
yebas [did moRolebTan – k.k.], aramed moRolTa pretenziisa da survi-
lis mospobas masze [yandaarze – k.k.], mas [aseve – k.k.] unda ezruna, erTis
mxriv, provinciis gulSi kargi mmarTvelobis damyarebaze, raTa moRo-
lebs aranairi imedi ar hqonodaT mis [yandaaris – k.k.] warTmevaze; meore
mxriv ki, dauookebeli avRanelebi misi [giorgi XI – k.k.] mbrZaneblobis
qveS yofiliyvnen provinciis sazRvrebSi da xeli SeeSala maTTvis mou-
lodneli Tavdasxmebis organizebaSi moRolTa samflobeloebis winaaR-
mdeg, rasac [moRolTa – k.k.] mmarTveli gamoiyenebda [yandaaris – k.k.]
provinciis winaaRmdeg laSqrobis mowyobis provocirebisaTvis~.57
aRsaniSnavia, rom, Tavis droze, oficialur ispahans qarTlis
mefedyofilis qirmanSi gamgzavrebaze Tanxmobis miReba gauWirda
da axla axal `dawinaurebaze~ dayolieba, Zveli pirobis Seusrule-
blobis gareSe, bunebrivia, kidev ufro garTuldeboda. amitom
52
53
WiWinaZe, ucxoeli avtorebi saqarTvelosa da saqarTvelo-iranis urTierTo-
bis Sesaxeb, 46.
54
55
iqve,151.
56
WiWinaZe, ucxoeli avtorebi saqarTvelosa da saqarTvelo-iranis urTierTo-
bis Sesaxeb, 48.
57
86 kaxa kvaSilava
sultan-hoseinis karze mzakvruli gadawyvetileba miiRes, romelic

Sahma giorgis divanbeg levanis piriT acnoba, rom mas eboZa `...qar-
Tli da eranis spasalaroba, yandaaris beglarbegoba, giriSki58~.59
ioseb qarTvelis60 cnobiT, `sefianTa kanonis mixedviT giorgis sar-
Cod eboZa Tavrizi da amasTan erTad yandaharic...~61 rogorc Cans, am
cnobaSi Tavrizis moxseniebiT ioseb qarTvels zusti informacia
ar hqonda Sah-navaz II-is axali sagamgeblo mxareebis Sesaxeb, radgan
am qalaqis Taobaze sexnia CxeiZe arafers ambobs. Tavrizi giorgis
ki ara, rogorc amas iosebi ityobineba, aramed 1709 wels qaixosros
eboZa.62
amdenad, cbierma soltan-hoseinma erTdroulad ori kurdReli
58
giriSki mniSvnelovani strategiuli cixe iyo, romelic yandaaridan hera-
Tisaken mimaval gzaze mdebareobs md. hilmendis napirebze da, amasTan, sakuTriv
yandaarsac icavda. Ангус Гамильтон, Афганистан, перевод с английского С.П. Голубинова
(Санкт-Петербург, 1908), 31-2; Василий В. Бартольд, Работы по исторической географии и
истории Ирана, подготовили к изданию Е.В. Зеймель и В.А. Лившиц (Москва, 2003), 91.
59
sexnia CxeiZe, `saqarTvelos cxovreba~, 319-20; vaxuStic TiTqmis igives gvamc-
nobs, magram giriSkize arafers saubrobs: `...miiRos giorgi mefeman kualad qarTli
da spasalaroba eranisa da ganagos saqme yandaarisa~. vaxuSti batoniSvili, àRwera
samefosa saqarTvelosa~, 479.
60
ioseb qarTvelis pirovnebis, misi eTnikuri warmoSobisa da politikuri orien-
taciis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa qarTul istoriografiaSi. dawvr. ix. valeri-
angabaSvili, ìoseb qarTveli – XVIII saukunis diplomati da istorikosi~, masalebi
saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 32 (Tbilisi, 1955); valerian gabaS-
vili, ìoseb qarTvelis vinaobis Sesaxeb~, Tsu Sromebi, 116 (1965); Tamaz natroSvi-
li, `masalebi ioseb qarTvelis biografiisaTvis~, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa
akademiis macne, istoriis seria, 5 (1965); valerian gabaSvili, vaxuSti bagrationi
(Tbilisi, 1969), 10-2; Tamaz natroSvili, `qarTuli feodaluri sazogadoeba da
ioseb qarTveli~, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis macne, 5 (1970); m. gobe-
jiSvili, `s. CxeiZis `cxovreba mefeTa~, rogorc wyaro sefianTa saxelmwifos is-
toriisaTvis~, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, IV (1973), 78-107; ilia tabaRua, ìoseb
qarTvelis moRvaweobis istoriidan~, tabaRua, masalebi XVIII saukunis pirveli
meoTxedis saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis, 42-87; valerian gabaSvili, ìlia tabaRua,
masalebi XVIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis, Tbilisi,
1982. recenzia~, macne, istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis isto-
riis seria, #3 (1983), 182-7; Tamaz natroSvili, maSriyiT maRribamde, xelaxali gamo-
cema (Tbilisi, 1991), 502-3.
61
`#№11. ioseb qarTvelis àngariSi Turqulad, wardgenili osmaleTis imperiis
didi vezirisadmi~, tabaRua, masalebi XVIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis saqarT-
velos istoriisaTvis, 212.
62
lovard tuxaSvili, `politikuri viTareba XVIII s. pirvel oceulSi~, saqarTvelos
istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, saqarTvelo XVI saukunis dasawyisidan XIX saukunis 30-ian
wlebamde, red. mamia dumbaZe (Tbilisi, 1973), 402.
daiWira: `Seasrula~ piroba da Sah-navaz II-s qarTli daubruna, magram

amjerad qirmanidan yandaaris gzasac gauyena.
es aqti mainc didi warmateba iyo bagrationTa qarTlis StosaT-
vis. n. berZeniSvilis SefasebiT, `giorgisa da misi saxlisadmi qarT-
lis mmarTvelobis dabruneba Sahis mxriv daTmoba iyo ... amave dros
`qarTvelobisadmic~, romlis raindad giorgi mefe samarTlianad
iTvleboda~.63
gasagebia, rom qarTlSi dabrunebis momlodine giorgisaTvis es
sasixarulo da nanatri ambavi ar unda yofiliyo. amitomac, bunebriv-
ia, yandaarSi gamgzavrebas ar apirebda. yuradRebas imsaxurebs isic,
rom Sahi, cdilobda ra giorgis gamoyenebas iranis sasargeblod, ama-
vdroulad, mis Rirsebasac laxavda. kerZod, saqme imaSia, rom iranis
spasalaroba (`sifahsalari-i yuli-i iran~64) anu jarebis mTavarsard-
loba maRali saxelmwifo da samxedro Tanamdeboba ki iyo, magram is,
gansxvavebiT divanbegisa, mejlisis mudmiv wevrad ar iTvleboda.
spasalars mTavrobis sxdomaze mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ibarebdnen,
roca iq jaris, sazRvrebis dacvisa da mosalodneli omis sakiTxe-
bi ganixileboda.65 amdenad, ufrosma da Tanac gvirgvinosanma Zmam –
giorgim SedarebiT dabali Tanadeboba miiRo, vidre misma umcrosma
Zmam – levanma. amitom, Cans, rom ispahanSi Zmebs Soris dapirispire-
basac gegmavdnen. Tumca, Sahis karze, rogorc Cans, qarTvel Zmebs ar
icnobdnen da am mzakvrulma Canafiqrma Sedegi ar gamoiRo: giorgisa
da levanis urTierTobebze mas sparselTaTvis sasurveli gavlena ar
mouxdenia.
marto Sah-navaz II ar iyo dadardianebuli. arc mis amalaSi myof qa-
rTvelebs gauxardaT iranis Sahis axali ùSurveli wyalobis~ mosmena:
`Segveqmna sixaruli qarTlis Sovnisa-Tvis, magram yandaars wasÂlis
mowyena~.66 giorgis garemocvaSi TaTbiri gaimarTa momavali moqmede-
bebis gansaxilvelad, miT ufro, rom mefe winaaRmdegi iyo am brZanebis
Sesrulebisa. rogorc sexnia wers, yvela grZnobda, rom Sahis gankar-
guleba Sesasrulebeli iyo, `ra gaewyoboda~-o.67 amitom maT mefes kidev
63
niko berZeniSvili, `brZola qarTl-kaxeTis damoukideblobisaTvis~, saqarTve-
los istoriis sakiTxebi, w. VI (Tbilisi, 1973), 282.
64
kacitaZe,iranis istoria, 448.
65
iqve, 448.
66
sexnia CxeiZe,`saqarTvelos cxovreba~, 320.
67
iqve, 320.
88 kaxa kvaSilava
erTxel sTxoves daTanxmeboda am `wyalobas~: `...aramed aiZulebdnen

misTana myofni qarTvelni amis yofad~.68
giorgic daTanxmda mis gayandaarebas, Tumca, isev sexniasi ar iyos,
`ra gaewyoboda~. magram misi es Tanxmoba Sahis mxridan garkveuli axali
pirobis Sesrulebas gulisxmobda. giorgi ki gaxda qarTlis mefe da,
aseve, `sruliad eranis spasalarisa, yandaarisa da qirmanis beglarbe-
gisa, giriSkisa da haialaTis mWiravi~,69 marTalia jer mxolod sityvi-
erad, da misi ZmisSvili vaxtangic dabrunda mamulSi, magram iq muxran-
batonTa poziciebi mainc susti iyo nazarali-xanis mefobis pirobeb-
Si. amitom, rogorc Cans, giorgim sparseTisagan moiTxova qarTlidan
erekle I-s gawveva: `...misces awve gamgeoba qarTlisa vaxtangs da merme
waravlinos levan qarTls, raTa man ganagos saqmeni daSlilni mandaur-
ni da warugzavnos spani qarTlisani [giorgis – k.k.]~.70 es sakmaod serio-
zuli da Tan, garkveulwilad, antisparsuli moTxovnac ki iyo, gansa-
kuTrebiT fraza `ganagos saqmeni daSlilni mandaurni~, radgan levans
da Semdgom ki vaxtangs nazarali-xanis mier sparsul yaidaze gardaqm-
nili qarTlis marTva-gamgeoba isev qarTulze unda gadmoeyvana.71 yur-
adRebas iqcevs sxva winadadebac `warugzavnos spani qarTlisani~. amiT
giorgi, TiTqos, Sahs aniSnebs, rom is emzadeba yandaarze gasalaSqre-
blad, magram, meore mxriv, cdilobs ganimtkicos sakuTari mdgomareo-
ba garkveuli Zalis SeqmniT.
giorgi sakmaod gonieri da Zlieri pirovnebaa. ioseb qarTvelis
TqmiT, gurgin xani (asec moixsenebdnen Sah-navaz II-d qceul giorgi XI-
s), mamaci jariskaci da niWieri mxedarTmTavari iyo.72 sxva wyaroSi mis
Sesaxeb naTqvamia, rom gurgin xani – sparseTis erT-erTi yvelaze uke-
Tesi sardari – `bunebiT metad gulwrfel adamianad iyo dabadebuli~.73
68
69
dok. №177, `ymisa da mamulis wyalobis wigni, micemuli vaxtang VI mier qalaqis
mouravis avTandilisadmi~, qarTul-sparsuli istoriuli sabuTebi, teqsti daad-
gina, Targmani da SeniSvnebi daurTo vladimer fuTuriZem (Tbilisi, 1955), 424.
70
71
tuxaSvili, `politikuri viTareba XVIII s. pirvel oceulSi~, 399; mixeil samsona-
Ze, `saqarTvelo XVIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi~, saqarTvelos istoria oTx tomad
(uZvelesi droidan XX saukunidan), tomi III, saqarTvelo XIII saukunidan XIX saukunemde,
red. prof. m. samsonaZe (Tbilisi, 2012), 287.
72
# `#№1. ioseb qarTvelis `samaxsovro baraTi~, 90.
73
`#№4. moxsenebiTi baraTi sparseTSi ukanaskneli revoluciis Sesaxeb dawyebidan
1724 wlis bolomde, gagzavnili konstantinopolidan parizSi~, tabaRua, masalebi
XVIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis, 125.
XIX saukunis frangi mkvlevari Jozef p. ferie mas swored asec afasebs:
`Wkviani da energiuli adamiani~ (“a clever and energetic man”).74 qarTlis
mefem kargad icis, rom Sahis brZanebas unda damorCildes (`ra gaewyo-
boda~), magram, amasTanave, isic esmis, rom sefian monarqs qarTlis vali
Zlier mterTan sabrZolvelad sWirdeba da amitomac, rogorc vxedavT,
giorgi maincdamainc moridebuli araa Tavis moTxovnebSi.
ispaanSi kargad iTavisebdnen, rom yandaaris dakargva irans ufro
did safrTxes uqmnida, vidre qarTlSi bagration-muxranbatonTa Stos
poziciebis ganmtkiceba da prosparsi nazarali-xanis gawirva. amitom
Sahi iZulebuli gaxda es pirobac mieRo: èse yoveli aRusrula gior-
gi mefesa da moswera nazar-alixans: `mivec qarTli giorgi mefesave,
xolo Senda mominiWebies kaxeTi da yularaRasoba, awve wamoved winaSe
Cemsa~~.75
amdenad, Sahma saqarTveloSi wlebis manZilze prosparsuli poli-
tikis erTgul gamtarebel erekle I-s prestiJi mainc SeunarCuna, gaiT-
valiswina ra misi damsaxurebebi ispahanis winaSe da mas yularaRasoba
uboZa. es saxelo ki, gansxvavebiT, spasalarobisagan, ùmaRlesi mejli-
sis~ mudmiv wevrobas gulisxmobda, Tumca, ierarqiaSi divanbegs mainc
CamorCeboda.76 amgvarad, Sahis karma garkveuli balansi SeinarCuna
bagrationTa or Stos Soris. sparseTSi gawveuli nazarali-xani misma
Svilma daviTma (imam-yuli xanma) Secvala.77
74
Joseph Pierre Ferrier, History of the Afghans, translated from the original unpublished manuscript
by Captain William Jesse (London, 1858), 24.
75
76
kacitaZe, iranis istoria, 448; yulis laSqari (RolamTa korpusi) Sah abas I-ma
Seqmna da is, ZiriTadad, gamuslimebuli qarTveli da, zogadad, kavkasieli Wabuke-
biT kompleqtdeboda (kacitaZe, iranis istoria, 407), xolo maTi sardali – yular-
aRasi ki, miRebuli wesis Tanaxmad, yovelTvis aucileblad qarTveli undayofi-
liyo. karlo kucia, `kavkasiuri elementi sefianTa iranis politikur sarbielze~,
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriis sakiTxebi (Tbilisi, 1963), 58; ix. agreTve: Lang,
“Georgia and the Fall of Safavi Dynasty”, 525. v. gabaSvilis mosazrebiT, yularaRasebis
(miT ufro, qarTvelebiT dakompleqtebulis) gaZlierebas TurqmanTa gavlenis
qveS arsebuli yorCibaSis saxelos sawinaaRmdegod, Sah abas didma Seuwyo xeli.
gabaSvili, `sparsuli dasturlamali~, 212. i. kruSinski wers, rom Sah abasis pozi-
ciebi samefoSi mas Semdeg kidev ufro gaZlierda, rac man sakuTar karsa da Seia-
raRebul ZalebSi qarTvelTa raodenoba gazarda. avtoris TqmiT, amis mizezi is
iyo, rom qristiani qarTvelebi bunebrivad iqnebodnen sparseTis samefo karisa da
sparseTis mowinaaRmdegeTa mtrebi. The History of the Late Revolutions of Persia, 40.
77
levan menabde, `vaxtang VI~, didi qarTvelebi, programis xelmZRvaneli da mTa-
vari redaqtori zaza abzianiZe, t. VI (Tbilisi, 2011), 30.
90 kaxa kvaSilava
1703 wels, Sah soltan-hoseinma, giorgis moTxovnisamebr, iranis

divanbegs saqarTvelos naibobac (janiSininoba) daakisra, xolo divan-
begis movaleobis Sesruleba anu naiboba ispahanis taruRa qaixosros
daevala.78
aqedan gamomdinare, yovelive es, bunebrivia, qarTlSi muxran-
baton bagrationTa xelaxal aRzevebasa da maTi poziciebis kidev
ufro metad ganmtkicebas niSnavda. amitom savsebiT samarTliania T.
natroSvili, roca aRniSnavs, rom `qirmanis udabnoSi daRvril `mc-
ire sisxls~ aranaklebi sargebloba moaqvs samSoblosaTvis, vidre
im sisxlis mdinareebs, zogierT sastik omSi rom waulekavT saqarT-
velos vel-mindvrebi~.79
didi xnis ganSorebis Semdeg, 1703 wlis 15 ivliss80 samSobloSi
dabrunebuli levani Seudga erekles mier moSlili saqmeebis mowes-
rigebas: `garigeba qarTlisa, rogorca TviT pirvelad yofil-iyo~.81
samSobloSi darCena didxans ar mouwia (erTi wlis Semdeg is Sahma isev
ispahanSi gaiwvia82) mSobliur miwas monatrebul mamuliSvils, magram
mainc moaswro garkveuli saqmeebis gakeTeba: `ganagna yovelni saqmeni
qarTlisani~.83 qarTlidan 1703 wlis 10 seqtembers levanma giorgis
qarTvelTa rCeuli laSqari gaugzavna vaxuSti yaflanis-Svilis (or-
beliani; sulxan-sabas Zma)84 winamZRolobiT. mebrZolTa raodenobaze
sexnia da vaxuSti sxvadasxva cnobebs gvawvdian: aTasamde85 da 200086.
maTi meSveobiT Sah-navaz II-m sparsul laSqarSi qarTuli Semadgeneli
78
79
natroSvili,maSriyiT maRribamde, 439.
80
saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi, XVII-XIX ss. teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada,
gamokvlevebi, SeniSvnebi da ganmartebebi daurTo avTandil ioselianma (Tbilisi,
1980), 45.
81
sexnia CxeiZe, `saqarTvelos cxovreba~, 320; ix. agreTve: `dok.# №60~, eqvTime Ta-
yaiSvili, saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. I (tfilisi, 1899), 81.
82
sexnia CxeiZe, `saqarTvelos cxovreba~, 321. m. qavTarias azriT, sexnias es cnoba
unda gavigoT ise, rom levani zustad erTi wlisTavze xelaxla gaiwvies sparseTSi,
anu janiSinad is ijda 1703 wlis ivlisidan 1704 wlis ivlisamde. mkvlevari saTana-
do sabuTebis moSveliebiT, levanis mier qarTlis marTva-gamgeobis qronologias
1704 wlis oqtombramde agrZelebs. mixeil qavTaria, `levani – qarTlis janiSini~,
saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. 25, № # 4 (1960, oqtomberi), 511.
83
84
sexnia CxeiZe, `saqarTvelos cxovreba~, 320; saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi,
45.
85
86
gaaZliera: `moageba (Camosul qarTvelebs – k.k.) mefe-m giorgi-m vinc

vin qarTveli darComiliyo~.87
vaxuSti wers, rom rogorc ki damatebiTi laSqari qirmans Cavida,
giorgi maSinve gaudga yandaaris gzas.88 magram sexniasTan gansxvavebul
suraTs vxdebiT: Sah-navaz II avRaneTSi mxolod 1704 wlis 2 maiss gaemg-
zavra mas Semdeg, rac qirmanSi Cavida levanisagan gamogzavnili sexnia
CxeiZe, romelmac ìcoda ambavi mis qveyanisa~.89 rogorc Cans, giorgi
sagangebod icdida amdeni xani, rom mieRo dawvrilebiTi informacia
mis samefoSi mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb da Tan sexnias, rogorc
maTi ojaxis axlobels (`Tavad levanis gazrdili iyo da merme qaixos-
ros Tan-Sezdili~90), savaraudod, levanisagan garkveuli konfiden-
cialuri cnobebic eqneboda Sah-navazisaTvis gadasacemad. damxmare
laSqris Camosvlidan amdeni xnis dayovneba da sexnias dalodeba, Cans,
SahTan miRweul SeTanxmebaSi Sedioda, raTa giorgi darwmunebuliyo,
rom sparseTi asrulebda pirobas da qarTlis xelisuflebaSi mis ojaxs
abrunebda.
yandaarSi Casvlamde giorgim heraTisaken aiRo gezi. am punqtisaken
laSqroba misTvis advili ar iqneboda, iq xom misi mZevlad myofi Svi-
li – bagrati – gardaicvala. am eqspediciis dros sparsel-qarTvelTa
laSqarma cixesimagre yalai-iqTiirudini91 daikava.92
qirmanidan gasulma giorgim gaiara sistani,93 giriSki da 24 ivniss94
yandaarSi Cavida.95 `moegeba jari yandaarisa da masulxan, SeeqmnaT
sixaruli didi amis-Tvis. rogorc qirmanis qveyana moarCinao mterTa
xelTagano, RÂTiT ise Cven gviSveliso~,96 – ase aRwers adgilobrivTa
87
88
89
sexnia CxeiZe, `saqarTvelos cxovreba~, 320-1.
90
iqve, 312.
91
Qal’a-i Ikhtiyar al-Din (sxva transkrifciiT: Ghale-e Ekhtiaraddin). cixesimagris nan-
grevebi dRemde SemorCenilia. 1976-1979 wlebSi igi iuneskom aRadgina. 089. Herat:
Qal’a-i Ikhtiyar al-Din (Citadel), http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh05-089.html.
92
tabaRua, saqarTvelo-sparseTis urTierToba, 22.
93
wyaroebSi cnobilia, aseve, sakistanisa da sejestanis saxelwodebiTac. Бартольд,
Работы по исторической географии и истории Ирана, 261.
94
95
vaxuSti batoniSvili, àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, 480. Jozef ferie gior-
gis yandaarSi Casvlas 1702 wliT aTariRebs, rac wyaroebiT ar dasturdeba. Ferrier,
History of the Afghans, 24.
96
92 kaxa kvaSilava
migebebas axali qarTveli beglarbegisadmi sexnia. Tumca, vaxuStisa

da ioseb qarTvelTan igive scena gansxvavebuladaa mocemuli: `marto
xmebma misi Casvlis Sesaxeb gafanta meamboxeebi~97 da avRanelebi sax-
elovani mxedarTmTavris winaSe upirobo morCilebas gamoxataven.98
yandaarSi giorgi 24 aTasiani jariT Cavida, saidanac 20 000
sparseli da 4 000 ki qarTveli iyo.99 Tumca manamde, erTi TviT adre,
iq sistanis xani da sardal Tamazis Svili kacia gaagzavna.100 ajanye-
buli avRanelebisaTvis giorgi mefis saxeli imdenad SiSis damcemi
iyo, rom sistanis xanisa da kacia yaflanisSvilis (orbelianis) raz-
mis misvlac sakmarisi aRmoCnda, rom avRanelebi mSvidobisaken mi-
brunebodnen: àmaT mislvasa zeda smodaT avRanTa da azaraTa mis-
lvaca mefisa, amisTvis damorCilebodnen da arRara iyo rbeva maT
mier~.101
yandaarSi CasvlisTanave, giorgim gaamagra cixe sparsuli gar-
nizoniT (Camoyvanili sparselebis nawili ukan gaabruna), 4 000 qa-
rTvelisagan ki `moZravi banaki~ Seqmna.102 rogorc Cans, es misi piradi
dacvac da misi laSqris umTavresi birTvic iyo, radgan sparselebi
didi simamaciT da TavdadebiT ar gamoirCeodnen ajanyebuli avRan-
belujebis winaaRmdeg.
simSvidis damyareba gurgin xans ar gaWirvebia. avRanelebisaT-
vis saamisod mxolod misi saxelic ki sakmarisi aRmoCnda. giorgim
ajanyebulebs danebeba-damorCileba SesTavaza. amis sanacvlod ki
maT patiebas dahpirda: `yovelni morCilni brZanebisani movidnen wi-
naSe Cemsa da mivaniWo Rirsni pativni maTni; ukeTu ara inebon, mosrne
maxKÂiliTa uwyalod~.103 Tumca, aman represiebis gareSec ver Caiara
da gansakuTrebiT urCni giorgim mkacrad dasaja.104 axali qarTveli
97
`#№4. moxsenebiTi baraTi sparseTSi ukanaskneli revoluciis Sesaxeb dawyebidan
1724 wlis bolomde, gagzavnili konstantinopolidan parizSi~, 125.
98
avRanelebma àm pirovnebis mxolod didi simamace da simkacre icodnen, arc ki
ufiqriaT samefoSi misi SemosvlisaTvis winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT da gauxsnen maSinve
dedaqalaqis – yandaharis karebi~. #`#№1. ioseb qarTvelis `samaxsovro baraTi~, 90;
`mislvasa mefisas daecaT SiSi da Zrwola yovelTa da moerTunen sruliad yovel-
ni~. vaxuSti batoniSvili, àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, 480.
99
#`№ # 1. ioseb qarTvelis `samaxsovro baraTi~, 90.
100
101
iqve, 480.
102
103
vaxuSti batoniSvili, àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~,480.
104
gamgeblis am RonisZiebebis Sedegad `SeSinda yandaaris qveyana da

Seiqna uSenTa Seneba~.105
yandaarSi viTarebis mowesrigebam xelsayrelad imoqmeda ekonomi-
kur mdgomareobazec. i. kruSinskis cnobiT, sefianTa xazinaSi marto
yandaaris sabaJo mosakreblebidan yoveldRe Zalian didi Tanxa – 12
girvanqa oqro Sedioda.106 SeiZleba es monacemebi odnav gazviadebuli-
caa, magram is, albaT, mainc asaxavs im mniSvnelovan ekonomikur sargeb-
els, rac Sahis xazinas yandaaridan hqonda.
Seqmnil viTarebas mir samandarma maleve alRo auRo da winaaRmde-
gobis gawevazec uari Tqva: `radgan RmerTs Sen-Tvis Zleva moucia da sax-
elovani xelmwife am qveyanas gamoCenil-xar, miyav wyaloba da naxva Seni
maRirse, rac oden Senacodvari mag qveyanas miqnia, Semindev, mogarTva
xarji, rac odeni damklebia~.107 giorgim belujTa lideri masTan miiwvia,
romelic yandaarSi Zmiswul qalaxanTan da laSqarTan erTad Cavida.108
did moRolTa proteJes – mir samandaris marcxma indoelebs
safiqrali gauCina. indoeTSi ki am dros marTlac Zalian garTule-
buli viTareba iyo. aurangzebis (1658-1707) mmarTvelobis dros
qveyana Zalian gaizarda da misi marTva ukve arc ise advili iyo. amas
daerTo maraTxebis separatizmi, romelsac moRolebi XVII s. Suaxani-
dan (1660 w.) ebrZodnen, Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom es omi aurangzebis
sasaxelod ar mimdinareobda. yandaarSi giorgis gamoCenis drois-
aTvis, maraTxebi warmatebebs aRwevdnen da Sahis laSqari marcxs
marcxze ganicdida.109 aurangzebis karze miiCnies, rom saxelovani
sardlis Camosvla yandaarSi mxolod avRanTa dasamorCileblad ar
dasWirdeboda ispahans da misi mTavari mizani indoeTSi SeWra iqne-
boda. did moRolTa imperiasTan sazRvari ki yandaaridan Zalian ax-
los iwyeboda. qalaqi qabulic,110 mimdebare mxariT, indoeTis erT-
erT subas (provincias)111 warmoadgenda, romlis navab-subadari XVIII
105
106
Рейснер, Развитие феодализма и образование государства у афганцев, 68.
107
108
sexnia CxeiZe, `saqarTvelos cxovreba~, 322; vaxuSti batoniSvili, àRwera same-
fosa saqarTvelosa~, 480.
109
Синха, Баренджи, История Индии, 265;Леонид Б. Алаев, Средневековая Индия (Санкт-
Петербург, 2003), 189-92.
110
vaxuSti mas `qobuli~-s saxeliT icnobs. vaxuSti batoniSvili, àRwera samefo-
sa saqarTvelosa~, 480.
111
Алаев, Средневековая Индия, 165.
94 kaxa kvaSilava
s. dasawyisSi moRolTa taxtis memkvidre, aurangzebis ufrosi Ze

muazami112 iyo.113 did moRolTa imperia, romelsac avRanelebTan erT-
morwmuneoba akavSirebdaT,114 seriozul finansur xarjebs iRebda
adgilobrivi didebulebis mosasyidad da maTi loialobis Sesanar-
Cuneblad.115
mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavardnilma indoeTis xelisuflebam
gadawyvita giorgisTan molaparakeba daewyo da amiT aecilebina spar-
seTTan omi. gamoricxuli araa, rom yandaaris beglarbegis mosyidvac
ganezraxaT, miT ufro rom ukve hqondaT mozafar-husein mirzasa da
ali mardan-xanis Sesabamisi precedentebi.116 muazamma giorgisTan el-
Coba miavlina `ZRuniTa didiTa mSÂdobis mTxovelsa~.117
es mniSvnelovani diplomatiuri warmateba iyo, romelic sparseTs
karga xania indoeTTan aRar miuRwevia. amitom yandaaris beglarbegma
indoelTa ZRveni soltan-hoseins gadaugzavna da weriliT Seqmnili
mdgomareobac gaacno. Sahi kmayofili darCa am viTarebiT, radgan
sparselTa es warmateba, sul mcire, ajanyebuli avRanelebisaTvis
zurgis moSlas mainc niSnavda. soltan-hoseinma giorgi am warmatebi-
saTvis daajildova da, amasTan erTad, qabulSi misi despanis gagzavna
daavala.118
samwuxarod giorgis am diplomatiuri warmatebis zusti daTari-
112
moRolTa taxtze avida saxeliT fadiSah-i-mumaliq abul-fais quTb ad-din mu-
hamad azam Sah-i-ali jah Razi. Tumca mefoba didxans ar mouwia: 1707 wlis 14 mar-
tidan 19 ivnisamde.
113
Синха, Баренджи, История Индии, 275.
114
did moRolTa dinastia, romelic induisturi aRmsareblobis umravlesobas
marTavda indoeTSi, sunituri islamis aRmsarebeli iyo.
115
George Passman Tate, The Kingdom of Afghanistan, first published, Bombay, 1911 (AES Reprint:
New Delhi, 2001), 40.
116
kerZod, 1595 wels didma moRolma aqbar didma (1556-1605) SeZlo yandaaris
sparseli beglarbegis mozafar-husein mirzas mosyidva. mogvianebiT, mozafar-
huseini aqbar didis mZaxalic ki gaxda, roca qaliSvili momaval imperators – ja-
hangirs (1605-1627) – miaTxova. Rudi Matthee and Hiroyuki Mashita “Kandahar, IV. From The
Mongol Invasion Through the Safavid Era”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. XV (New York, 2011), 478-84.
1637 wels ki aqbar didis SviliSvilma Sahma jehanma (1628-1658) babuis gamocdile-
bas mibaZa da gadaibira yandaaris iraneli gamgebeli ali mardan-xani, romelic misi
suverenis mimarT mwyralad iyo. sefianebma cixis dabruneba mxolod 1649 wels Se-
Zles. sxvaTa Soris, ali mardan-xani indoeTSi erT-erTi umdidresi feodali gaxda.
“Shah Jahan. 1628-1658,” The New Cambridge History of India, 144.
117
118
iqve, 480.
Reba ver xerxdeba. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli wyaroebSi daculi

cnobebis qronologia mematianeebsa Tu TviTmxilvelebs mocemuli ar
aqvT, magram am faqtis sxva movlenebTan mimarTebiT Sepirispirebisas
SesaZlebelia miaxloebiTi periodis dadgena. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT,
gurgin xani yandaarSi 1704 wlis ivnisis miwuruls Cavida. moRolebTan
urTierTobis mowesrigeba ki win uZRvis yandaaris gamgeblis mier yan-
daaris qalanTaris mir veisis dapatimrebasa da ispahanSi gagzavnas, ra-
sac adgili 1706 wels hqonda.119 amdenad, es movlena, savaraudod, 1705-
1706 wlebiT unda daTariRdes.
amdenad, giorgis Casvlas yandaarSi adgilobrivi viTarebis nor-
malizacia120 da moRolTa imperiasTan warmatebuli diplomatiuri
urTierTobebis damyarebac mohyva.121
119
Массон, Ромодин, История Афганистана, т. 2, Афганистан в новое время, 70-1.
120
mefem `gaariga yandaaris mamuli, vinc urCni iyvnen daimona da erT-guls wya-
loba uyvis~. sexnia CxeiZe, `saqarTvelos cxovreba~, 321. marTalia, mokle xanSi
iq viTareba isev garTuldeba, rasac giorgi XI-s da mis Tanmxlebi qarTvelebis
umravlesobis sicocxlec Seewireba, magram es Sah soltan-hoseinis uniaTobis mi-
zeziT moxdeba.
121
Sah-navazis am warmatebam bunebrivia, sparseTis Sahis qarTlis valisadmi ndo-
ba gazarda, Tumca sakuTriv giorgis ki mtrebi gauCina: `... da amisTÂs misandobel
iqmna friad yeenisa mefe da Surobdnen amas yizilbaSni~, iuwyeba mematiane. vaxuSti
batoniSvili, àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, 480.
96 kaxa kvaSilava
Relations Between Safavid Iran and Great Moghuls

at the Beginning of 18th Century and Giorgi XI: Problem
of Qandahar
Kakha Kvashilava
Summary
In presented article based on Georgian and foreign historical sources, on contempo-

rary dates of Georgian and foreign historiography we studied Giorgi XI’s role in relations
between Safavids and Great Moghuls at the beginning of 18th century.
Two great empires – states of Safavids and Great Moghuls – were established in
the Middle East to the end of Middle Ages. They had been maintained equilibrium each
other in the region. Their main wrangle developed on the territory of modern Afghani-
stan, especially in Qandahar, that had great strategic importance for them. The territory
of modern Afghanistan practically was divided by Iran and India.
By the beginning of 18th century situation there become complicated by resistance of
Afghan tribes against Iranian conquerors. The rebellion had a religious character formally
because Afghans as a Sunni Muslims wage war with Iranians that are Shiite Muslims. Core-
ligionist Sunnite Great Mughals supported the rebels undoubtedly. Delhi wanted to get its
political and military aims in that conflict and spred its control over Qandahar region.
For normalisation this hardest problem on its North-West frontier, Isfahan was
obliged to sent Giorgi XI (Shah Navaz II, Gurgin Khan – by these names Giorgi XI is
known amongst the Muslim population of Middle East and contemporary Europians)
Beylerbeyi of Kerman and former King of Kartli there. But before, Shah Soltan had
granted a new title – Beylerbeyi of Qandahar – and also returned the throne of Kartli to
him but this last position, in fact, was only formally.
The only name of new beylerbeyi – Gurgin Khan –had well known by Afghan tribes
and rulers of India. Moreover, Giorgi vigorously begun acted for stabilization this hard
situation in his new territory of ruling. By that reason, Moghuls decided to begin nego-
tiation with Giorgi and did not support of Afghans. Dating of this event is very difficult
by reason of historical sources and documents did not give concrete chronology. But we
suppose that it could happen in 1705-1706 years because after that event Gurgin Khan
arrested Mīr Vais Khan, Kalāntar of Qandahar in 1706.
We could say that it was importance diplomatic victory, which after of many years
Safavids had got with Mughals. Therefore, it was merit of Giorgi XI – King of Kartli.
IV
Savi Wiris epidemia saqarTveloSi 1802-1804 wlebSi

(general sergei tuCkovis cnobebis mixedviT)
jaba samuSia
qarTuli medicinis istoriis mkvlevarT Seswavlili aqvT Savi

Wiris calkeuli SemTxvevebi,1 Tumca monografiuli gamokvleva,
sadac aRnusxuli iqneba am epidemiis yvela SemTxveva da misi zegavlena
qveynis sxvadasxva sferoze, jer kidev ar arsebobs. Cveni mizanic
swored es aris, rom qarTveli kacis yoveldRiurobis naklebad
cnobil furclebs aexados farda. es werili nawilia Cveni vrceli
gamokvlevisa – `Jamianoba saqarTveloSi~.
kacobriobisTvis avadmyofobis winaaRmdeg brZola uZvelesi
droidan erT-erT yvelaze did problemas warmoadgenda. Cvens epoqaSi
arsebuli naklebad saSiSi daavadebebi saukuneebis win masobrivi
sikvdilianobis gamomwvevi gaxldaT. amis naTeli magaliTia 1918-1919
wlebSi gavrcelebuli gripis pandemia, romelic cnobilia „ispankis“
saxeliT da romelmac msoflio mosaxleobis TiTqmis 3 procenti
imsxverpla, anu daaxloebiT 50-70 milioni adamiani (zogierTi
statistikuri cnobiT, gardacvlilTa ricxvi kidev ufro didi iyo).2
bunebaSi Tu adamianis organizmSi arsebuli mikrobebi milionobiT
adamianis sikvdils iwvevda. piradi higienis daucveloba, cudi kvebis
racioni, mkurnalobaSi magiuri saSualebebis dominireba sicocxlis
saSualo xangrZlivobas sagrZnoblad amcirebda.
1
m. Sengelia, àleqsandre orbeliani da misi mogonebebi qolerisa da Savi Wiris
epidemiebze~, Ziebani qarTuli medicinis istoriidan (Tbilisi, 1981), 231-6; m.
saakaSvili, a. gelaSvili, saqarTvelos medicinis istoria (Tbilisi, 1956), 373-4.
2
zogierT gamokvlevaSi sxvadasxva ricxvia miTiTebuli: Ann H. Reid, Thomas G.
Fanning, Johan V. Hultin, Jeffery K. Taubenberger, “Microbiology Origin and Evolution of the 1918
“Spanish” Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Gene,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
USA, vol. 96 (February 1999), 1651-6; Niall P. A. S. Johnson, Juergen Mueller, “Updating the Accounts:
Global Mortality of the 1918-1920, “Spanish” Influenza Pandemic,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine
(2002), 76, 105-15.
98 jaba samuSia
Cvens naSromSi, cnobili rusi samxedro moRvawis, saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo gubernatoris sergei aleqseis Ze tuCkovis cnobebze
dayrdnobiT, Seswavlilia 1802-1804 wlebSi samxreT da aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi mZvinvare Savi Wiris epidemiis istoria. es cnobebi
qarTul istoriografiaSi jer kidev ar aris srulyofilad
gaTvaliswinebuli, arada, avtors bevri iseTi detali aqvs moxmobili,
romlebic arc erTi sxva wyaroTi ar dasturdeba.3
generali tuCkovi da misi `Canawerebi~

sergei tuCkovis `Canawerebi~ mniSvnelovani wyaroa XVIII-XIX
saukuneebis mijnis saqarTvelosa da, zogadad, kavkasiis istoriisTvis.4
sergei tuCkovi daibada 1767 wels moskovSi, cnobili inJinris, general
aleqsei vasilis Ze tuCkovis ojaxSi. deda aseve cnobili ojaxis –
nariSkinebis sagvareulos warmomadgeneli iyo. maT oTxi vaJi SeeZinaT
– nikolozi, sergei, pavle da aleqsandre. oTxive Zma samxedro karieras
gahyva da generlis Cinamde miaRwia. sergei tuCkovma sakmaod kargi
ganaTleba miiRo. man samxedro kariera daiwyo 1773 wels serJantis CiniT
da daasrula 1834 wels general-leitenantis wodebiT.5 gardaicvala
1839 wels moskovSi, dakrZalulia novodeviCis monasterSi. tuCkovis
`Canawerebi~sakmaoddidperiodsmoicavs(1766-1808),sadacmisibiografiis
kavkasiur periods soliduri adgili uWiravs.6 tuCkovis monaTxrobis
Sedareba sxva wyaroebTan gvarwmunebs, rom igi keTilsindisieri
mTxrobelia, detalebis doneze cdilobs daicvas sizuste. miuxedavad
amisa, `Canawerebi~ ar aris dazRveuli subieqturobisgan, gadaWarbebuli
Sefasebebisgan. es bunebrivicaa, vinaidan Cvens xelTaa erTi adamianis
mogonebebi da ara oficialuri dokumenti an mSrali qronika.
3
s. tuCkovis cnobebis Sesaxeb ix. jaba samuSia, `sergei tuCkovis cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~, II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi `qarTuli xelnaweri~, 25-30
ivnisi, 2013, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, 186-8; amJamad simpoziumis masalebSi ibeWdeba
aRniSnuli naSromis vrceli varianti.
4
Записки Сергея Алексеевича Тучкова, 1766-1808, под ред. и со вступит. ст. К. А. Военского
(Санкт-Петербург, 1908).
5
Г. Н. Александрова, “Черты из жизни С.А. Тучкова,” Русский архив, I (5) (Москва, 1874),
1134-47.
6
am nawarmoebis garda tuCkovs ekuTvnis kidev erTi saintereso Sroma: “Записки,
касающиеся до земель между Чёрным и Каспийским морем находящихся, и особенно о Грузии,”
romelic Sevida misi Txzulebebis 1817 wlis gamocemaSi – “Сочинения и переводы” (IV
nawili).
Savi Wiris epidemia saqarTveloSi 1802-1804 wlebSi 99
1800 wlis zafxulSi general-maior tuCkovs daevala grenaderTa

polkTan erTad saqarTvelosken daZruliyo, magram es 1801 wlis
dasawyisamde ver moxerxda. generali eswreboda rusuli mmarTvelobis
gamocxadebas. uSualod monawileobda ufliswulebis vaxtangisa
da bagratis, aseve dedofal mariamis (giorgi XII-is meuRle)
saqarTvelodan gasaxlebaSi. am kuTxiT misi `Canawerebi~ unikalur
informacias Seicavs.
1802 wels generali tuCkovi dainiSna saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
gubernatorad. mas am Tanamdebobaze didxans ar mouwia yofnam, Tumca
sakmaod didi Znelbedobis periodi daemTxva mis mmarTvelobas.
tuCkovma saqarTvelo datova 1804 wels.
cota ram Savi Wiris Sesaxeb

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze saSineli daavadebis – Savi
Wiris – gamomwvevi baqteria Yersinia pestis-i 1894 wels damoukideblad
aRmoaCines frangma baqteriologma al. iersinma da iaponelma eqimma da
baqteriologma kitasato sibasaburom. baqterias rTuli struqtura
aqvs, igi kvercxis formis Cxiria. misi sigrZe udris 1-2 mikr. sigane –
0.3-0.7 mikr.7
Savi Wiris baqteria cudad itans maRal temperaturas, sinaTlesa da
gaSrobas. samagierod, kargad egueba sinotivesa da dabal temperaturas.
100 gradusze ramdenime wamSi iSleba. baqteria Cveulebriv arsebobaSi
didxans inarCunebs sicocxlis unars. swored es iyo erT-erTi mTavari
mizezi Savi Wiris pandemiisa. sakveb produqtebSi, wyalsa da moxmarebis
sagnebSi Yersinia pestis-i sam Tvemde Zlebs, bubonis CirqSi – 40 dRe,
gvamebSi – 6 Tvidan 1 wlamde.8 siciveSi Savi Wiris baqteria yinvasac ki
uZlebs. amitom iyo, rom gamozafxulebisTanave Wiri kvlav axali ZaliT
vrceldeboda da musrs avlebda mosaxleobas.
baqteria Yersinia pestis-i bunebaSi daxuruli keris saxiT arsebobs.
amitomacaa, rom mecnierebi ganarCeven bunebriv anu pirvandel kerebs
da sinanTropul anu meorad (`qalaqur“) kerebs.9 bunebaSi arsebobs
7
В.А. Постовит, Инфекционные болезни (Санкт-Петербург, 1997), 412.
8
e. bocvaZe, infeqciuri daavadebebi (Tbilisi, 2000), 164.
9
borcvaZe, infeqciuri daavadebebi, 165. ix. aseve: J. Mann, “Plague pneumonia,” The
New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 300 (1979), 1276-7; Д.А. Пахомов, “Территориальные
особенности эпидемических проявления чумы в природных очагах различного типа,” Автореферат
(Москва, 2006); М.А. Айкимбаев, С.А. Аубакиров, А.С. Бурделов, Л.Н. Классовский, О.С.
100 jaba samuSia
infeqciis ZiriTadi rezervuarebi mRrnelebis saxiT. aseTi kerebi

saqarTveloSicaa. es baqteria saSiSia maSin, roca xdeba transmisia,
infeqciis gadacema ZiriTadi rezervuaridan iseT matarebelze,
romlis sabinadroc mkacrad gansazRvruli teritoriiT ar
Semoifargleba. aseTia ruxi, Savi da wiTeli virTagvebi, 100-ze meti
saxis rwyili, sxvadasxva cxoveli. maTi meSveobiT baqteria xvdeba
adamianis organizmSi.10 virTagvebis gadasvla erTi adgilidan meoreze
Cveulebrivi movlena iyo Sua saukuneebSi. Amas gansakuTrebiT uwyobda
xels sazRvao vaWrobis ganviTareba. gemis sawyobebi virTagvebis
TavSesafars warmoadgenda. ase `mogzaurobdnen~ mRrnelebi gemebTan
erTad, xolo daavadebisas yvelaze saSineli senis gadamtanebi
xdebodnen. am SemTxvevaSi virTagvebi baqteriis moZrav rezervuars
warmoadgendnen. isini daavadebulni romc yofiliyvnen, am gziT
baqteria ar gadaecemoda adamians, Tu mas virTagvebTan pirdapiri
Sexeba ar eqneboda. maprovocirebeli am `kontaqtis~ anu adaminisa da
daavadebul cxovelebs – mRrnelebs Soris iyo rwyili. maTi wyalobiT
daavadebuli sisxli xvdeboda adamianis organizmSi. virTagvis
samxreTuli rwyili (Xenopsylla cheopis) warmoadgens Savi Wiris
gadamtans. garda amisa, am rwyilis meSveobiT gadadis tularemia,
partaxtiani endemuri tifi, yviTeli cxeleba da sxv.11 rogorc iTqva,
Savi Wiris bunebriv rezervuars warmoadgenen mRrnelebi, rogoricaa
Tria, wiTelkuda, meqviSia, virTagva, zazuna. Savi WiriT daavadebuli
cxovelebi ixocebian, am dros ki rwyili gadadioda an amave an sxva
saxeobis individze da aavadebda mas. SesaZlebelia, swored am momentSi
rwyils pirdapir adamianis garemoSi daedo bina. Savi Wiris gamomwvevi
baqteria, faqtobrivad, mravldeba rwyilis kuWSi, warmoqmnis sacobs
Сержанов, Среднеазиатский пустынный природный очаг чумы (Алма-Ата, 1987); М.П. Козлов,
Чума (природная очаговость, эпизоотология, эпидемические проявления) (Москва, 1979); Н.И.
Калабухов, “Структура и динамика природных очагов чумы,” Журнал гигиены, микробиологии,
эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии, IX (1965), 132-43.
10
borcvaZe, infeqciuri daavadebebi, 165.
11
b. yuraSvili, parazitologiis mokle kursi (Tbilisi, 1996), 157. ix. aseve: T.
Butler, Plague and other Yersinia infections (New York, 1983); Л.П. Базанова, Т.И. Иннокентьева,
М.П. Маевский, “Особенности взаимоотношений блох Xenopsylla cheopis с чумным микробом
атайского подвида, его L– формами и ревертантом,” Медицинская паразитология и паразитарные
болезни, 1 (2011), 43-7; А.П. Бейер, А.К. Акиев, А.Е. Суворова, “Морфология вирулентного
чумного микроба в организме блох Xenopsylla cheopis,” Проблемы особо опасных инфекций,
Вып.6 (40) (1974), 60-3.
anu `Savi Wiris bloks“. miuxedavad sacobisa, rwyili mainc esxmoda

Tbilsisxlianebs da wovda sisxls. sacobi xels uSlis sisxlis kuWSi
gadasvlas, rac aRizianebs receptorebs da iwvevs Rebinebas. am
dros ucxo sxeulSi xvdeboda rwyilis kuWSi arsebuli Savi Wiris
baqteria.12 amgvarad, mRrnelebi da rwyilebi iyvnen msoflioSi yvelaze
momakvdinebeli daavadebis – Savi Wiris gadamtanebi.
Tanamedrove medicinis mier sagangebodaa Seswavlili Savi
Wiris klinikuri formebi. daavadebul adamians mTel sxeulze
uCndeba Cirqovani bubonebi, amitomac xSirad eqimebi mas `bubonur
Wirsac“ uwodeben. daavadeba iwyeba SemcivnebiT da maRali sicxiT
(39-40-mde), avadmyofs ewyeba Zlieri sisuste, Tavisa da kunTebis
tkivili, gulisreva, uZiloba. gamoxatulia aSkara intoqsikaciis
niSnebi, romelic TandaTan ufro Zlierdeba da viTardeba cianozi.
inficirebulis saxe tanjvas, SiSs, uimedobas gamoxatavs (Facies
pestica), kani muqdeba da moSavo-alublisferi xdeba. swored amitomac
damkvidrda am daavadebis saxelad `Savi Wiri~ an kidev `Savi sikvdili~.13
avadmyofs uviTardeba taqikardia, ariTmia, qoSini, cianozi,
gulis sazRvrebis gadideba, enasa da piris RruSi naxeTqebi, nadebebi,
wylulebi. ewyeba fsiqomotoruli agzneba. medicinaSi ganirCeva Savi
Wiris ramdenime forma: 1. lokaluri: kanis, bubonuri, kanbubonuri; 2.
generalizebuli: pirveladi sefsisuri, meoradi sefsisuri, filtvis
pirveladi da filtvis meoradi.14 XIX saukunis miwurulamde Savi Wiris
epidemia moaswavebda gardauval sikvdils, daavadebulTa gadarCena,
faqtobrivad, gamoricxuli iyo. xsnad iTvleboda epidemiis arealidan
gaqceva. amitomac Savi Wiris mZvinvarebisas Sida migracia yvelaze
didi iyo, rasac Tavisi uaryofiTi gamovlenac hqonda. am SemTxvevaSi
baqteriis gadamtani Tavad adamiani xdeboda.
Savi Wiris epidemiis winaaRmdeg efeqtiani mkurnalobis meTodi
medicinaSi XX saukunis I naxevarSi damkvidrda, magram adreuli Sua
saukuneebidan ukve cdilobdnen sxvadasxva xerxiT pandemiis SeCerebas.
erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma iyo administraciuli meTodis
gamoyeneba, e.w karantinis daweseba. pirveli karantini moewyo veneciaSi
1348 wels, kunZul lazareTze, qalaqidan 4 kilometris moSorebiT.
Savi WiriT daavadebulebs nebiT Tu ZaliT gare samyarosgan wyvetdnen
12
n. maWavariani, c. gigineiSvili, samedicino parazitologia (Tbilisi, 1997), 271.
13
bocvaZe, infeqciuri daavadebebi, 167.
14
bocvaZe, infeqciuri daavadebebi, 166-9; bunini, infeqciuri daavadebebi, 358-60.
102 jaba samuSia
da, faqtobrivad, minimumamde dadioda epidemiis gavrcelebis

safrTxe. es meTodi XIX saukunis CaTvliT miiCneoda yvelaze efeqtian
saSualebad. amitomac, CvenTvis saintereso periodSic, mmarTveli
elita Tu samedicino personali am gziT cdilobda Savi Wiris
aRkveTas. pandemiis SemTxvevaSi pirveli, rac ewyoboda, iyo qalaqis
SesasvlelebSi karantinebi, xolo daavadebuli mosaxleobisTvis –
sagangebod daculi adgilebi.
Savi Wiris pandemiebi msoflioSi

Savi Wiris epidemia cnobili iyo Zveli Sumerul-babilonuri
samyarosaTvis. Suamdinaruli miTologiis mixedviT, RvTaeba era iyo Savi
Wirisa da epidemuri sneulebaTa gamomwvevi uzenaesi RmerTi.15 zogierTi
mkvlevris azriT, gilgameSis eposSi moxseniebuli mosaxleobis
masobrivi sikvdilianobis faqti swored Savi Wiris epidemiiT unda
yofiliyo gamowveuli, Tumca amis gadaWriT mtkiceba gaWirdeba.16
bibliaSi gacilebiT mravladaa daculi cnobebi Jamianobis Taobaze.
sruliad samarTlianad miiCneva, rom samuelis dros filistimelebs
ufalma sasjelad Savi Wiri mouvlina: `damZimda uflis xeli
aSdodelebze. anadgurebda da gvemda maT bugrebiT, mTels aSdods da mis
sanaxebs (1 mefeTa, 5-6)~. `meore rjulSi~ uflis risxvadaa miCneuli Jami.
Zvel qarTul TargmanSi am daavadebis sinonimad naxmaria – `mosrvaÁ~:
`da moavlinos ufalman Sen zeda sikudili da mosrvaÁ, vidremdis
mogasrulos Sen queyanisa misgan, romelsa-ege Sexual damkÂdrebad
mun~ (meore rjuli, 28. 21).17 bibliaSi didi epidemiebis CamonaTvalSi
miTiTebulia Savi Wiric: `maSin mousmine cidan da miuteve Secodeba
Sens morCilT da Sens ers, israels, rom daayeno sasikeTo gzaze, sadac
siaruli marTebT. awvimo wvima miwaze, romelic samkvidreblad migicia
Seni erisTvis. SimSiloba iqneba qveyanaze, Savi Wiri, mwveli xorSaki,
15
z. kiknaZe, Suamdinaruli miTologiis leqsikoni (Tbilisi, 1984), 28.
16
М. Даниэл, Тайные тропы носителей смерти, перевод с чешского В А. Егорова (Москва,
1990), 100-2.
17
Tanamedrove qarTul TargmanSi es monakveTi asea gadmocemuli: `mogivlens
ufali Sav Wirs, vidre ar moispobi Seni qveynidan, romlis dasamkvidrebladac
midixar (meore rjuli, 28. 21)~. rusul TargmanSia: “Пошлет Господь на тебя моровую
язву, доколе не истребит Он тебя с земли, в которую ты идешь, чтобы владеть ею.” Tanamedrove
inglisur TargmanSia: “The LORD will plague you with diseases until he has destroyed you from
the land you are entering to possess.” frangul TargmanSia: “L’Eternel attachera à toi la peste,
jusqu’à ce qu’elle te consume dans le pays dont tu vas entrer en possession.”
siyviTle, kalia Tu matli, an Tu mteri Semoadgeba qveyanaSi mis

karibWeebs, ubedurmoxdeba rame Tu sneuleba~ (mesame mefeTa, 8. 36-37).
430 wels aTenSi gavrcelebulma Savi Wiris epidemiam mosaxleobis
masobrivi sikvdilianoba gamoiwvia. aTenis samxedro SenaerTebma
didi zarali ganicada. 40 dRis ganmavlobaSi potideasTan mdgar 4000
meomridan 1500 daiRupa. 2700 hoplitisgan Savma Wirma 400 imsxverpla.18
aTenSi datrialebuli tragedia aRwerilia Zvel berZen istorikosTan
TukididesTan, Tumca, zustad am monaTxrobze dayrdnobiT zogierTi
mecnieri gamoTqvams varauds, rom aTenis epidemia ar iyo Savi Wiri.19
Savi Wiris pirveli yvelaze didi pandemia dafiqsirda bizantiaSi VI
saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi, imperator iustiniane I-is dros.20 dasawyisSi,
541 wels, Jamma moicva eTiopia da egvipte, saidanac igi moedo imperiis
aRmosavleT provinciebs, Semdeg ki evropisa da aziis siRrmeSic SeaRwia.21
konstantinopolSi Savi WiriT gardacvalebis faqti 542 wlis maisiT
TariRdeba. prokopi kesarielis Tanaxmad, seni Tavs daatyda dedamiwis
ara erT romelime nawils an sazogadoebis erT an ramdenime fenas, aramed
igi Seexo yvelas – gansxvavebuli socialuri wris warmomadgenlebs,
qveynis politikur centrsa da provinciebs. igi ar indobda arc qalsa
da mamakacs, arc axalgazrdasa da moxucs. konstantinopolSi `seni 4
Tves gagrZelda, Tumca gansakuTrebiT boboqrobda 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi.
Tavidan Cveulebrivze meti xalxi iRupeboda, Semdgom ki sikvdilianobam
imata da imata. gardacvlilTa ricxvi dReSi 5 aTas aRwevda, Semdeg – 10
aTass da metsac~.22 SesaZlebelia prokopi kesarielis mier motanili
18
al. wereTeli, Zveli saberZneTi, t. I (Tbilisi, 1958), 348.
19
Robert J. Littman, “The Plague of Athens, Epidemiology and Paleopathology,” The Mount Sinai
Journal of Medicine, 76 (2009), 456-67; Burke A. Cunha, “The cause of the plague of Athens: plague,
typhoid, typhus, smallpox, or measles?” Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 18 (1) (2004),
29-43.
20
bizantiaSi da evropaSi VI–VIII saukuneebSi mZvinvare Savi Wiris pandemiis Sesaxeb
statiebis krebuli ix. Plague and the End of Antiquity, The Pandemic of 541-750, ed. by Lester
K. Little (Cambridge, 2007); gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia am krebulSi Sesuli Semdegi
gamokvlevebi: Lester K. Little, “Life and Afterlife of the First Plague Pandemic”; Jo N. Hays,
“Historians and Epidemics: Simple Questions, Complex Answers”; Hugh N. Kennedy, “Justinianic
Plague in Syria and the Archaeological Evidence”; Peter Sarris, “Bubonic Plague in Byzantium: The
Evidence of Non-Literary Sources”; Michael Kulikowski, “Plague in Spanish Late Antiquity”; John
Maddicot, “Plague in Seventh-Century England.”
21
Tapio Seger, “The Plague of Justinian and Other Scourges: An analysis of the Anomalies in the
Development of the Iron Age population in Finland,” Fornvännen, 77 (1982), 184-97.
22
Прокопий Кесарийский, Война с персами, Война с вандалами, Тайная история, перевод
104 jaba samuSia
ricxvebi gadaWarbebulia, magram bizantiaSi mZvinvare epidemiis

masStabebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, albaT, konstantinopolSic msxverpli
sakmaod didi unda yofiliyo. bizantieli mematiane agaTia aRwers ra Savi
Wiris epidemias, dasZens rom is ànadgurebda ganurCevlad yvela asakis
adamians, gansakuTrebiT gafurCqvnis asakSi myofT da axalgazrdebs,
maT Soris yvelaze meti mamakacebi iyvnen~.23
gansakuTrebiT didi masStabebi Savi Wiris pandemiam dasavleT
evropaSi miiRo XIV-XVI saukuneebSi, rodesac 1347-1534 wlebis
ganmavlobaSi misi masobrivi gavrcelebis 17 SemTxveva dafiqsirda.
mkvlevarTa azriT, ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi Savi sikvdiliT
gardaicvala ramdenime milioni adamiani.24 zogierTi mecnieris
mosazrebiT, marto inglisSi mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari imsxverpla
am epidemiam. yvelaferi ki daiwyo 1347 wlis oqtomberSi, rodesac
yirimis naxevarkunZulidan genuelTa 12 gemi siciliis qalaq mesinas
navsadgurSi Cavida da Savi WiriT daavadebuli mezRvaurebi Caiyvana.
ramdenime TveSi epidemiis kerebi gaCnda genuaSi, veneciasa da
marselSi.25 1348 wels Savi Wiri mZvinvarebs espaneTSi, safrangeTSi,
saidanac man SeaRwia inglisSi.26 Savi Wiris pandemias erTi ram
axasiaTebda, is drodadro Cawynardeboda, Semdeg evropis romelime
regionSi kvlav ifeTqebda. evropelTa mexsierebaSi samudamod darCa
saSineli mogoneba „Sav sikvdilze“. XIV saukunis 40-ian wlebSi evropaSi
gavrcelebulma Savma Wirma Sua saukuneebis samedicino praqtika
mniSvnelovnad ganaviTara. gansakuTrebiT didi yuradReba daeTmo
higienas da am kuTxiT, pirvelad, eqimebsa da xelisuflebas Soris
mWidro kavSiri damyarda.
с греческого, вступительная статья, комментарий А.А.Чекаловой (Санкт-Петербург, 2001), 123.

23
Агафий, О царствовании Юстиниана, перевод, статья и примечания М. В. Левченко
(Москва-Ленинград, 1953), 147.
24
msxverplis Sesaxeb ix. Joseph P. Byrne, “Demographic Effects of Plague: Europe 1347-1400,”
Encyclopedia of the Black Death (Santa Barbara, 2012), 108-9.
25
John Aberth, The Black Death, The Great Mortality of 1348-1350: A Brief History with Documents
(London, 2005), 29; Kristy Wilson Bowers, “Black Death (1347-1352),” Encyclopedia of Pestilence,
Pandemics, and Plagues, volume 1, A–M, ed. by Joseph P. Byrne, 56-63. aRniSnul gamocemaSi
Tavmoyrilia `Savi sikvdilis~ Sesaxeb yvela pirvelwyaro. zogadad XIV saukunis
Sua periodSi evropaSi mZvinvare Savis Wiris Sesaxeb aTasobiT wigni da samecniero
statiaa Seqmnili. ZiriTadi naSromebis bibliografia ix. Byrne, Encyclopedia of the
Black Death.
26
Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present, ed. by George C. Kohn
(New York, 2008), 31-3.
XIV saukunis Sua periodis `didi pandemiis“ Semdeg Savi

Wiri drodadro kidev Seaxsenebda Tavs bizantiasa Tu evropis
saxelmwifoebs.27 XV saukunis dasawyisSi Jami mZvinvarebs
konstantinopolSi da imperiis sxvadasxva qalaqSi. sxvaTa Soris, am
senma 1409-1410 wlebSi imsxverpla imperator manuel II paleologosis
ori Svili – ufliswuli mixeili da dimitri.28 1417 wels am senisgan
gardaicvala ioane VIII-s meuRle, moskovis didi mTavris vasili I-is
asuli anna.29 1417 wels am senisgan gardaicvala ioane VIII-s meuRle,
moskovis didi mTavris vasili I-is asuli anna. XV saukunis 10-30-ian
wlebSi Jamianobas, ra Tqma unda, ukve is masStabebi ar hqonda, rac wina
saukuneebSi, Tumca misi calkeuli kera kvlav fiqsirdeboda. 1438 wlis
dasawyisSi Savi Wiris epidemia gavrcelda qalaq feraraSi (italia),
swored im dros, rodesac iq didi saeklesio kreba mimdinareobda
(1438 wlis aprilidan). mosalodneli safrTxis gamo wminda krebulma
qalaq florenciaSi gadainacvla da iq ganagrZo muSaoba.30 bizantieli
istorikosis giorgi sfranZesis cnobiT, Savi Wiri bizantiaSi XV
saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi mZvinvarebda. 1448 wels am senma imsxverpla
despoti kir Teodore, xolo 1455 wels Jamisgan gardaicvala giorgi
sfranZesis 14 wlis qaliSvili Tamari.31
27
winamdebare statiis mizani ar aris msoflioSi dafiqsirebuli Savi Wiris yvela
SemTxvevis ganxilva. albaT aseTi saxis mokle mimoxilva gveqneba Cvens vrcel
naSromSi, aq mxolod davsZenT, rom istoriaSi dafiqsirebulia Jamis 100 meti
masStaburi epidemia (maT Soris ramdenime pandemia). ix. George C. Kohn, Encyclopedia of
Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present, 475-89. bolo SemTxveva Savi Wiris
gavrcelebisa dadasturda 1992 wels zairSi da 1994 wels indoeTSi.
28
manuel II Svilebis Sesaxeb ix. P. Schreiner, “Chronologische Untersuchungen zur Familie
Kaiser Manuels II,” Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 63 (1970), 290-3.
29
John Julius Norwich, Byzantium: The Decline and Fall, v. 3 (London 1995), 381.
30
1439 w. 6 ianvars romis papma evgeni IV oficialurad gamoacxada krebis feraridan
florenciaSi gadatana. marTalia am dros Savi Wiris mxolod erTeuli SemTxvevebi
iyo dadasturebuli, magram gazafxulis dadgomasTan erTad SesaZloa epidemia
mTel qalaqs mosdeboda. berZnebma mxari dauWires am winadadebas. florenciam
sakmaod didi saxsrebi gamoyo krebaze damswreTa feraridan florenciaSi
Casayvanad. romis paps mxardaWera aRmouCina lorenco mediCim (ufrosi), romelmac
berZnuli delegaciis mgzavrobisa da Senaxvis xarjebisaTvis 1840 florini
gamoyo. J. Gill, The Council of Florence (Cambridge, 1959), 178-9; Наталья Вавилина, “Священные
представления и Ферраро-Флорентийский собор,” Искусствознание, 3 (2013), 356.
31
Георгий Сфрандзи, Хроника, http://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Istorija_Tserkvi/hronika.
106 jaba samuSia
Savi Wiri msoflio literaturaSi

Savi Wiris epidemia XXI saukunis sazogadoebisTvis ukve aRar
warmoadens saSiSroebas, Tumca is mainc darCa kacobriobis istoriis
erT-erT yvelaze Semzarav daavadebad. SeuZlebelia Savi Wiris senze
saubrisas, mkiTxvels ar gaaxsendes alber kamius cnobili nawarmoebi
`Savi Wiri (le peste)~, romelSic es epidemia nacizmisa da faSizmis alegoriaa.
am qveteqstebis miuxedavad, kamium SeZlo Tavad daavadebis evoluciis
realisturi suraTis daxatva. romani iwyeba Savi Wiris baciliT
daavadebuli virTagvebis daxocvis aRweriT. avtors mkiTxveli TandaTan
Sehyavs im samyaroSi, sadac sikvdili sufevs. patara qalaq oranSi
Jamianobis pirveli msxveplic male gamoCnda. daavadebulTa raodenoba
TandaTan izrdeboda. alber kamiu gasaocari sizustiT aRwers Savi
WiriT SepyrobilTa ukanasknel gancdebs: àvadmyofi sawolidan naxevrad
gadmokidebuli daxvda, cali xeli mucelze waevlo, meore ki yelze da
vardisfer balRams anTxevda narCenebis vedroSi. xangrZlivi wvalebis
Semdeg dauZlurebuli miesvena loginze. sicxem ocdacxrametsa da xuT
gradusamde auwia. kidurebi da kisris ZarRvebi kidev ufro dausivda,
ferdebze ori Savi laqa gauCnda. axla muclis SigniT tkivils uCioda.
– mewvis, – ambobda igi, – mwvavs es satiale.
CaSavebuli tuCebiT Zlivs RerRavda sityvebs da eqims Sescqeroda
gadmokarkluli TvalebiT, romlebic Tavis tkivilisgan cremliT
hqonda savse~.32 odnav qvemoT avtori erT-erT gmirs aTqmevinebs:
`virTxebi Savma Wirma gaJlita... maT aTasobiT rwyili gafantes
qalaqSi. es rwyilebi geometriuli progresiiT gaavrceleben
infeqcias~.33 mxatvrul sityvas udidesi Zala aqvs. Sua saukuneebis
wyaroebi, ZiriTadad, mSral qronikebs iZleva, sadac ar Cans adamianis
gancdebi, emociebi. amitomac, alber kamius aRwerili pasaJi SeiZleba
Soreul saukuneebSic gadavitanoT da konstantinopolis, londonis,
Tbilisisa da marselis mkvidrTa tkivili ufro metad SevigrZnoT.
Savi Wiris pandemia es ar iyo mxolod momakvdinebeli senis gavrceleba.
mas mosaxleobis sayovelTao fsiqozi sdevda Tan, fasi ekargeboda
yovelgvar Rirebuls. adamianebi eCveodnen sikvdils. cxadSi xdeboda
is, rac yvelaze koSmarul fiqrSic ki SeuZlebelia Cveulebriv
mokvdavs warmoedgina.
32
alber kamiu, Savi Wiri, frangulidan Targmnes gaston buaCiZem, kote
javriSvilma da nestan iordaniSvilma (Tbilisi, 2012), 29.
33
kamiu, Savi Wiri, 79.
mwerlebi uZvelesi droidan cdilobdnen im adamianTa tragedia

gadmoecaT, romlebic momakvdinebeli seniT Sepyrobilni, sikvdilis
molodinSi bolo wuTebs iTvlidnen. es ar iyo sikvdil-sicocxlis
maradiuli Temis aRweris mcdeloba. gacilebiT ufro gulisSemZvreli
iyo imaTi bediT daintereseba, romlebmac zustad icodnen, ramden
xanSi da rogori tkiviliT datovebdnen wuTisofels.
430 wels aTenSi gavrcelebuli Savi Wiris aRwera mocemulia Zveli
berZeni istorikosis Tukidides nawarmoebSi: `Wirma aTenSi ukanonoba
warmoSva. rasac adre malulad Tu Caidenda kaci, axla amas aSkarad da
utifrad kadrulobda. uceb Seicvala yvelaferi: mdidari kvdeboda
da uqoneli eufleboda mis qonebas. radgan sicocxle da simdidre
gardamaval Rirebulebad iqca, yvela wuTier siamovnebas eswrafoda.
amaRlebuli miznisTvis Tavis gawirva aRaravis surda, radgan ar
icoda, moeswreboda Tu ara nanatr momavals. gancxroma upirveles
da umSvenieres saqmed iqca. aRar akavebda kacs borotebisgan aRarc
RmerTebis da aRarc kanonis SiSi, radgan yvela erTnairad ixoceboda
da aravin icoda, icocxlebda Tu ara kanonier sasjelamde. ufro mZime
ganaCeni xom ukve gamotanili iyo da mis aRsrulebamde yvelas undoda
sicocxliT damtkbariyo~.34 amave movlenis Sesaxeb saubrobs sofokle
Tavis tragediaSi òidipos mefe“:
`TeslSive kvdeba Tavisi miwis nayofiT Tebe,
xaris jogebSic iRupeba da Tebes qalTa
CanasaxSive kvdeba igi; cecxlismpyrobi da
mrisxane RmerTi – Savi Wiri tanjavs Cvens qalaqs.
acarielebs Savi Wiri kadmosis miwas,
xolo Savbneli hadesi ki kvnesiT mdidrdeba~.35
bizantiur mwerlobaSi Savi Wiris pandemiis saintereso aRwera
ekuTvnis prokopi kesariels. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi, rogorc
istorikosi, cdilobda mokled, lakoniurad eTqva Tavisi saTqmeli,
mis mier daxatuli suraTi tragizmiTa gamsWvaluli: `maTac ki, vinc
uwin samarcxvino vnebebs eZleoda, kanonsawinaaRmdego cxovrebis
wesze uari Tqves da bejiTad iwyes RvTismosaoba ara imitom, rom
uceb sibrZnes eziarnen anda saTnoni gaxdnen (rameTu is, rac adamians
bunebiT eboZa, anda rasac didxans swavlobda, ase iolad ar moikveTeba,
34
Tukidide, istoria, wigni II (Tbilisi, 2013), 81-2.
35
sofokle, Tebes tragediebi, Targmna giorgi xomerikma (Tbilisi, 2013), 10; Н.Б.
Мында, “Образ чумы в мировой литературе,” Вестник МГЛУ, Выпуск 21 (681) (2013), 88-99.
108 jaba samuSia
Tuki RvTis madli ar ewyaloba), aramed imitom, rom maSin yvelam,

SeZrwunebulma momxdariT da imis fiqrSi, rom sadacaa Tavadac
daiRupeba, mwvave aucileblobis Sedegad, rogorc mosalodnelicaa,
droebiT Tviniereba Seimecna. Tumca, rodesac daavadebisgan
gaTavisufldnen, gadarCnen da mixvdnen, rom ukve usafrTxod arian,
rakiRa borotebam sxvebze gadainacvla, kvlavac mkveTrad Seicvales
azrTa mdinareba, uwindelze uaresi gaxdnen, gamoavlines Tavisi
Cvevebis mTeli sibinZure da, SeiZleba iTqvas, sakuTar Tavsac ki
gadaaWarbes uzneobasa da yovelgvar ukanonobaSi... imxanad Znelad
Tu ixilavdi vinmes moedanze moseirnes. yvela saxlSi ijda, Tuki
jerac janmrTeli iyo da avadmyofebs uvlida anda gardacvlilebs
dastiroda. gareT vinmes kidec rom waswydomodi, gardacvlilis neSti
mihqonda... yovelgvari vaWroba Sewyda, xelosnebma sakuTar xelobas
Tavi mianebes. amgvarad, qalaqSi, sadac Cveulebriv msoflios yvela
simdidre uxvad iyrida Tavs, mxolod SimSili mZvinvarebda~.36
evropaSi Savi Wiris epidemiis gavrcelebis Semdeg Seqmnili
realobaa gadmocemuli jovani bokaCos, `dekameronis“ SesavalSi. es
nawarmoebi 1350-1353 wlebSi iwereboda, swored maSin, roca italiasa
da, zogadad, evropaSi mZvinvarebda `Savi sikvdili“. bokaCos gmirebi
florenciidan garbian Savi Wiris gamo da qalaqgareT vilaSi emalebian
momakvdinebel sens. swored aq yvebian isini im ambebs, romelic
`dekameronSia“ gadmocemuli. jovani bokaCos monaTxrobi, rogorc
TviTmxilvelisa, SeiZleba pirvelwyaroTac ki gamoviyenoT. avtoris
TqmiT: `Wiri... jer aRmosavleT qveynebSi gaCnda da iq auarebeli xalxi
imsxverpla, mere SeuCerebliv gadadioda erTi adgilidan meoreze,
bolos dasavleTamdec moaRwia da aq saSinlad moedo yvelgan. amis
winaaRmdeg ver gasWra veraviTarma sibrZnem da naxmarma saSualebam;
qalaqs sibinZurisgan awmendinebdnen sagangebod amisTvis miCenil
xalxs, yvela sneuls qalaqSi Semosvla akrZaluli hqonda; gamosces
mravali darigeba sisufTavis dasacvelad; aRara Sveloda arca
mxurvale locva-vedreba, romelsac mravalgzis aRavlendnen zecad
litaniobisa Tu sxva saxiT keTilmsaxurni adamianni; xsenebuli wlis
gazafxulis damdegidanve senma musri gaavlo xalxs da Tan ucnauris
niSnebiTa Cndeboda... senis dasawyisSive mamakacebs da msgavsadve
qalebs, sazardulTan an iRliis qveS simsivne ram gamouvidodaT;
36
Прокопий Кесарийский, Война с персами, Война с вандалами, Тайная история, 124.
zogi simsivne Cveulebrivi vaSlisodena iyo, zogic kvercxisa, zogi

ufro didi da zogic naklebi; xalxi Wiris simsivnes eZaxda. adamians
jer am or alagas gamoaCndeboda, mere ki es momakvdinebeli simsivne
sxva adgilebzedac iCenda Tavs da izrdeboda; mere es niSandoblivi
saxe xsenebuli senisa icvleboda da gadaiqceoda Sav an mewamul
laqad, daayrida xelebze, barZayebsa da sxeulis sxva nawilebze,
zogs msxvilad da Txlad, zogs kidev wvrilad da xSirad. da rogorc
simsivne iyo ueWveli niSani sikvdilisa, ise es laqebic, visac daayrida,
ueWvelad sikvdils umzadebda. aSkara iyo, rom am sens arc eqimis rCeva-
darigeba Sveloda da arca wamals rasme hqonda Zala, kaci ver ityoda,
TviT senis brali iyo esa, Tu imaTi, vinc am senisgan xalxs arCendnen...
da Cveni qalaqis aseTi saSineli ubedurebis dros TiTqmis daeca
yovelgvari pativiscema da krZalva rogorc RvTiuri, ise kacobriuli
kanonebisa, radgan am kanonebis mcvelni da aRmasrulebelni, sxvaTa
msgavsad, an daxociliyvnen, an avad gamxdariyvnen, anda uxelqveiTod
darCeniliyvnen. ase rom, aRar SeeZloT raime Tanamdeboba
aResrulebinaT; amitom yvelas SeeZlo is eqna, rac moegunebeboda“.37
Savi Wiris pandemia upirvelesad arRvevda, fundamenturad cvlida
cxovrebiseul faseulobebs. erTTaTvis iwyeboda sulieri krizisi,
xolo meoreTaTvis, piriqiT, eklesia navsayudeli iyo, xsnis gzas
warmoadgenda. Tukidides, prokofi kesarielis, bokaCos aRwerilobebi
es aris TviTmxilvelTa mier danaxuli realoba, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs Signidan warmovidginoT is samyaro, sadac gamanadgurebeli
seni mZvinvarebda.
am aRwerilobebidan TiTqos Cven Tvalwin cocxldeba saxeebi
cxovrebaze gabrazebuli, xelCaqneuli adamianebisa, romelTa
fsiqologiuri gancdebi absoluturad gasagebia. maTTvis arsebobis
mizanma, cxovrebis azrma fasi dakarga. maTTvis `RmerTi“ mokvda. rogorc
erix fromi aRniSnavs, krizisebis Jams adamianTa erT nawilSi yovelive
RvTaebrivi ufasurdeba. `mamaSi RmerTs aRar xedavs da amiT misi saxiT
mSoblis mxardaWeras kargavs. imavdroulad misTvis arsebobas wyvets
yvela didi religiuri postulatebis WeSmaritebac~.38 aseT sulier
ganwyobaTa Jams, religiur ritualebsa da sulis gadarCenaze fiqrs
anacvlebda xorcieli siamovnebebi, garToba-Rreoba. Sua saukuneebis
37
jovani bokaCo, dekameroni, t. I, italiuridan Targmna Tedo saxokiam (Tbilisi,
2012), 14-5.
38
e. fromi, Zen-budizmi da fsiqoanalizmi (Tbilisi, 2013), 19-20.
110 jaba samuSia
religiur sazogadoebaSi es urTulesi sulieri transformaciis

procesi iqneboda. maradiulobaze zrunvis magier adamiani cxoveluri
instinqtebis tyveobaSi eqceoda, rasac mohyveboda zneobrivi dacema,
Zaladoba da sxv.
sazogadoebis meore nawilSi momakvdinebelma senma piriqiT
gazarda religiuri grZnobebi. amas xels uwyobda Tavad oficialuri
eklesiis pozicia. 1348 wels romis papma klementi VI-m Savi Wiri
`RmerTis samarTlad~ gamoacxada da ganacxada, rom ufalma es risxva
kacobriobas mouvlina Tavisi codvebis gamo.39 am sityvebs bibliuri
safuZvlebi aqvs. ufali morCilebisTvis mouwodebs adamianebs: `Tu
ar gamigonebT da ar aRasrulebT yvela am mcnebebs, da Tu Cems wesebs
SeizizRebT, Tu Cems samarTals SeiZulebT, raTa ar aRasruloT Cemi
yoveli mcneba, Cemi aRTqmis darRveviT, mec aseve mogeqceviT Tqven:
movavlen Tqvenze saSinelebas...~ (levianebi; 14-16). gansakuTrebiT
sayuradRebo cneba daculia `meore rjulSi“, sadac saubaria swored
Sav Wirze: `da Tu ar gaigoneb uflis, Seni RmerTis, xmas, raTa daicva
da Seasrulo yoveli misi mcneba da misi wesebi, romelsac me gibrZaneb
dRes, gadmova Senze yvela es wyevla da geweva Sen. da wyeulimc iyav
qalaqSi da wyeulimc iyav mindorSi... mogivlens ufali Sav Wirs, vidre
ar moispobi Seni qveynidan, romlis dasamkvidrebladac midixar~ (meore
rjuli, 28. 15-16; 21).
RvTis risxva, bibliis mixedviT, uflis adamianTagan ganSorebiT
gamoixateba. am dros adamianis modgmas satana epatroneba da swored is
aris am ubedurebaTa sawyisi: `da uTxra ufalma satanas: àha, Sens xelT
iyos, mxolod mis sicocxles gaufrTxildi“. da gavida satana uflisagan
da Sehyara iobs saSineli qeci fexis terfidan Txemamde~ (iobi, 6-7).
aseTi religiuri suliskveTebiT aRznebuli xalxi maoxrebeli senis
mZvinvarebis Jams upirveles xsnas locvasa da eklesiaSi xedavdnen, maT
wmindanebis imedi hqondaT, didi saswaulis molodinSi iyvnen.40
Cveni azriT, pandemiis dros msgavsi sazogadoebrivi ganwyobebi ar
Seexeba mxolod erT konkretul periods an regions. misi ganzogadeba
Tavisuflad SeiZleba saqarTvelozec. Tukidide, prokofi kesarieli
Tu bokaCo sxvadasxva epoqisa da geografiuli garemos mkvidrni iyvnen,
39
Clement VI (1342–1352), Lettres, closes patenteset curiales se rapportant a la France, par
Eugène Déprez et Guillaume Mollat, Jean Glénisson, t. II, fasc. 3 (Paris, 1958), 492.
40
Найтхард Бульст, “Социальные и религиозные последствия эпидемии чумы в позднее
средневековье,” Одиссей. Человек в истории. 2000 (Москва, 2000), 152-85.
Tumca, ratomRac momakvdinebeli senis mZvinvarebis aRwerisas TiTqos

imeorebdnen adamianTa mier msgavs garemoSi gamovlenil xasiaTebs.
rogorc Cans, aseT kritikul viTarebaSi sazogadoebis fsiqologiur
qmedebaSi drosa da sivrces naklebi zemoqmedeba aqvs.
Savi Wiris epidemiebi saqarTveloSi

saqarTveloSi Savi Wiris epidemias da misgan gamowveul safrTxeebs
uZvelesi droidan icnobdnen. werilobiT wyaroebSi am daavadebis
pirveli aRweriloba mocemulia XI saukunis qarTuli samedicino
ZeglSi – ùsworo karabadinSi~, sadac is ixsenieba àvi Jamis“ anu
`tyaaRunis~ saxelwodebiT.41 ùsworo karabadinSi“ dawvrilebiTaa
aRwerili daavadebis klinikuri niSnebi, miTiTebulia misi epidemiuri
xasiaTi: èse Jamisa niSani aris, ese mjdomi aris, an gamova yuris Zirs,
anu enisa Zirsa, anu ZuZusa Zirsa, an Rliasa, anu sazardulsa; ese mjdomi
nametnavad iqnebis da sauri SeiSlebis da avi Jami Seiqnebis, qalaqebSiga
gamoCndebis, da mwoved ewvebodes. is adgilisa feri wauRos da gulisa
Zgera gamouCndes, bneda gamouCndes; niSani misi, rome mjdomi gamovides,
Tu yuris Zirsa an yursa ukaniT, an ZuZusa, an Rliasa gamovides, avi aris
da mkuleli; da feri Tu moSaod daecemodes, avi aris; Tu wiTeli iyos
da moyviTalod scemdes feri, isi ufro wynari aris~.42 iqve mocemulia
`mkurnalobis~ meTodic: `wamali misi: gulsa Zali unda misce grialiTa
SarbaTebiTa, rogoraca Turinjisa da limosa SarbaTi; broweuli,
vaSli da komSi aWame da karg sulTagan asunebine, rogoraca sandali,
vardisa wyali da qafuri, ninofari da amaTi msgavsi. da saWmelad ospi
da kakabi, gloni, ÃoÃobi da duraji da Tikani, marge aris. da grilsa
saxlSiga wola da yinuli, da wnoris furceli, ia da vardi da qafuri,
yinuliTa gacivebuli, gulzeda Semosdev, marge aris~.43
XI saukunis qarTul samedicino praqtikaSi Savi Wiris swrafi
gavrcelebis mizezi ar aris miTiTebuli, Tumca aqcentis gakeTeba
imaze, rom avadmyofs aucilebelia `karg sulTagan~ asunebino,
miuTiTebs, rom am Zeglis Semqmnelebic, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebis
eqimebi, Tvlidnen, rom Savi Wiris gadamdebi iyo `gafuWebuli~ haeri.
igive azria gatarebuli XVI saukunis ZeglSi ìadigar daudSic~. aqac
41
usworo karabadini, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada d. kuxianiZem (Tbilisi, 1997),
520.
42
usworo karabadini, 520.
43
iqve, 520.
112 jaba samuSia
Jamis mizezad àvi havaa~ miCneuli.44 aqve aRvniSnavT, rom XIV saukuneSi
dasavleT evropaSi Savi Wiris pandemiis dros, 1348 wels safrangeTis
mefe filipe VI-is davalebiT parizis universitetis samedicino
fakultetma Seadgina erTgvari `daskvna~ Savi Wiris epidemiis
Sesaxeb, romelSic senis swrafad gavrcelebis mizezad daavadebuli
haeri dasaxelda, e.w. miazma. amdenad, gasakviri ar aris, rom XI
saukunis qarTveli eqimebic daaxloebiT imave poziciaze idgnen, ra
mosazrebac ase dominirebda im xanebSi samedicino praqtikaSi. ZeglSi
sagangebodaa xazgasmuli, rom Savi Wiri gansakuTrebiT mWidrod
dasaxlebul adgilebSi vrceldeboda swrafad: àvi Jami... qalaqebSiga
gamoCndebiso~.45
Savi Wiris avadmyofobis saintereso aRwerilobaa mocemuli XIII
saukunis samedicino traqtatSi `wigni saaqimoSi~, sadac Jamis saxelad
arabuli sityva `tauni~ ixmareba. `tauni simsivnesa hqvian, romel
Rliasa queSeT gamoCndes, anu barklisa Rliasa queSeT, da viTarebaÁ
misi sazafroÁsa gasarevelisa ficxelisagan iqnebis, anu sisxlisa
zafraÁ reulisagan. niSani taunisaÁ: igi ars, romel mankisa adgili
wiTeli iyos anu siSavisa kerZoÁT iyos, da simsivne dia xurvides
da midamo misi lurji anu Savi iyos, da arwyevdes, da gulisa feTqaÁ
iyos da hbndebodes sneuli~. samedicino traqtatSi aseve naCvenebia
am daavadebis mkurnalobis meTodi, Tumca boloSi avtori mainc
afrTxilebs eqimebs, rom: èse manki dia sakrZalavi da saSiSoÁ ars~.46
XVI saukunis samedicino wignSi ìadigar daudSi“, romelic ekuTvnis
qarTlis mefes daviT XI-s (dauT-xans), sagangebodaa aRniSnuli: àma
avisa Jamisa Seyra da mizezi avisa havisagan, avisa sulisagan, da xmelisa
da avis saWmlisagan Seeqnebis ese seni. da ese avi Jami mxurvali da cxeli
varami aris, da varami mjdomsa hquian. da ese korZi ufro zafxulis
da sicxeSig gamova. da misi niSani da alamaTi es aris, rome kacsa
mwoved garjis da mwoved gaacxelebs, guli revas dauwyebs da xSirad
arwyevs, guli dausustdebis, mwoved moswyurdebis, Zneli da avi suli
amoedinebis, da kaci mwoved Sewuxdebis, mwoved qSinvas daiwyebs. sicxe
da simxurvale gareT cota eqnebis da SigniT bevri da cecxlsaviTa
44
daviT bagrationi, iadigar daudi, gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva da
leqsikoni daurTes i. qurCiSvilma da b. qurCiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1992), 585.
45
usworo karabadini, 520.
46
wigni saaqimoi, medicina Zvel saqarTveloSi, XIII saukune, red. l. kotetiSvili
(Tbilisi, 1936), 275.
daswvavs, da ese avi Jami kacsa ufrosierTi an yuris ukana, an iRliaSiga,

da an sazardulzeda gamouva, da ama avis Jamis gareSemo an mwvane, an Savi
da an yirmizi iqnebis~.47 iqve daud-xani dasZens: àwe ese icodiT rome,
srulad yovlsa avad yofobaSiga amis uZnelesi, da amis uaresi avad
yofa ar aris, da ama avis Jamisa saqmesa yovelni aqimni gakuirvebulan,
Tu bevri kaci rome mwoved Znelad iqnebis, da raca avi da sasikudilo
niSnebi viciT, is yuela eWirvebis, da aRara evnebis ra da morCebis, da
bevri kaci advilad iqnebis da anazdad mokudebiso~.48 Zvel qarTul
samedicino literaturaSi Savi Wiris mkurnalobis is meTodebia
gadmocemuli, romelic saerTod cnobili iyo Sua saukuneebis
mkurnalTaTvis. ra Tqma unda, amas ver vuwodebT mkurnalobas, magram
erTi ram, rac saerTo iyo aRmosavleTisa Tu dasavleTis saeqimo
praqtikisTvis, aris is empiriuli codna, romelic epidemiebis dros
dagrovda da romelmac uCvena, rom higienuri pirobebis dacviT senis
gavrcelebis SeCereba SesaZlebeli iyo.
Jamianobis gamowvevebad saqarTvelos mTaSi patara arsebebi
miaCndaT: `Jamni pawawina adamianebis msgavsni yofilan, sami feris
isrebi hqondaT: TeTri, wiTeli da Savi. visac Savs dahkravdnen,
is maSinve mokvdeboda, wiTel isardakruli SedarebiT didxans
icocxlebda, xolo TeTrisardakruli ki rCeboda, ar iRupeboda. im
adgilas, sadac JamTa isari xvdeboda, cvari (wyliani muwuki) rCeboda
da avadmyofobac am momentidan iwyeboda.49 xalxuri gadmocemiT,
Jams veravin daemaleboda. isini yovelTvis xedavdnen da ojax-ojax,
sofel-sofel dadiodnen. mxolod sicives ar epuebodnen.50 rogorc
Cans, daavadebis klinikur niSnebze dakvirvebam erTgvari asaxva pova
xalxur medicinaSi. sami feris muwukis gaCena dakavSirebuli unda
iyos gansazRvrul simptomebTan.51 RvTisgan movlinebuli sasjelis
morCenas, RvTisadmi aRvlenili locviT cdilobdnen. amiTomac gaCnda
„locva avi Wirisa“, „Wiris locva~.52
47
iadigar daudi, medicina Zvel saqarTveloSi, XVI saukune, red. l. kotetiSvili
(Tbilisi, 1938), 527; d. bagrationi, iadigar daudi, 585 (am ukanasknel gamocemaSi
teqstis gansxvavebuli wakiTxvaa mocemuli).
48
iadigar daudi, 527; daviT bagrationi, iadigar daudi, 585.
49
T. oCiauri, xevsurebi da xevsureTi (Tbilisi, 1977), 103-4; n. mindaZe, qarTuli
xalxuri medicina (Tbilisi, 1981), 76.
50
oCiauri, xevsurebi da xevsureTi, 107; mindaZe, qarTuli xalxuri medicina, 77.
51
mindaZe, qarTuli xalxuri medicina, 77; oCiauri, xevsurebi da xevsureTi, 107.
52
ilia gagulaSvili, qarTuli magiuri poezia (Tbilisi, 1986), 66; karabadini (XIX),
114 jaba samuSia
Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi drodadro Tavs iCenda Savi Wiris

epidemiis lokaluri kerebi, romelic konkretul regions moicavda,
Tumca maleve Cawynardeboda, miiRebda ra xarkad ramdenime aTasi
adamianis sicocxles. amasTan, cnobilia pandemiis SemTxvevebic. qarTul
istoriografiaSi arsebuli mosazrebiT, XIV saukunis Sua xanebSi aziasa
da evropaSi Savi Wiris gavrcelebis arealSi saqarTveloc iyo moqceuli.
ra gzebiT Semovida àvi Jami“, dRes amis Tqma Wirs, Tumca varaudis saxiT
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kavkasionze gamavali savaWro magistralebi iqneboda
mTavari arteria am avadmyofobis Semosvlisa. yovel SemTxvevaSi, 1346
wels baiburTSi gadaweril somxuri saxarebis minaweri adasturebs, rom am
dros `qarTvelTa qveyanaSi“ raRac saSineleba mZvinvarebs. `gaudaburda
aRmosavleTi, e.i. qarTvelTa qveyana, sadac bevri amowyda, sxvebi
SimSilisagan daixoca~.53 am miniSnebas sruliad samarTlianad ukavSirebs
Savi Wiris epidemias somxur xelnawerTa anderZ-minawerebis gamomcemeli
al. abdalaZe.54 es mosazreba rom marTalia, mtkicdeba imiTac, rom
qarTuli wyaroebiT am periodSi saqarTveloSi ar dasturdeba arc mtris
Semoseva, arc raime saxis politikuri Tu ekonomikuri krizisi, romelsac
aseTi masStabis tragedia gamoewvia qveyanaSi. aSkaraa, am didi ubedurebis
mizezi sxva ram unda yofiliyo. aseTi ki SeiZleba oqros urdosa da
yirimSi mZvinvare Jamianoba miviCnioT. amis Sesaxeb cnoba daculia aseve
rusul matianeSic, 1346 wlis movlenebis moTxrobisas: “Бысть мор силен
под восточною страною: на Орначи, и на Азсторокани, и на Сараи, и на Бездежи и на
прочих градех стран тех, на крестианех, и на Арменех, и на Фрязех, и на Черкасех, и на
Татарех, и на Обязех,55 и яко не бысть кому погребати их.”56 am cnobebidan naTlad
(S 2958). qarTuli xelnawerTa aRweriloba, yovel qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis

gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba (S) koleqcia, t. IV (Tbilisi, 1965), 232; krebuli
locvebisa. 1892. (H 2638a). saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis qarTul xelnawerTa
aRweriloba, saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis yofili
muzeumis xelnawerebi (H koleqcia), t. VI (Tbilisi, 1952), 91.
53
somxur xelnawerTa XIV–XV saukuneebis anderZebis (hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Zveli somxuridan Targmna, Sesavali, komentarebi da
SeniSvnebi daurTo aleqsandre abdalaZem (Tbilisi, 1978), 24.
54
somxur xelnawerTa XIV–XV saukuneebis anderZebis (hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 118-9.
55
rusul wyaroebSi saqarTvelos aRmniSvnelad ixmareba termini “Обез” da “Обяз”. ix.
Г.Г. Пайчадзе, Название Грузии в русских письменных исторических источниках (Тбилиси, 1989), 11-31;
З.В. Папаскири, У истоков грузино-русских политических взаимоотношений (Тбилиси, 1982), 102-20.
56
Полное собрание русских летописей, Т. 10, Патриаршая или Никоновская летопись (Москва,
1965), 217.
Cans, rom saqarTveloSi Savi Wiri ukve 1346 wels yofila gavrcelebuli.
albaT aqedan Sevida es daavadeba trapizonis imperiaSi, sadac epidemiis
gavrceleba 1347 wlis seqtembriT TariRdeba.
samwuxarod, CvenTvis cnobili ar aris, ra qmediTi zomebi miiRo
xelisuflebam. qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom
1346 wels giorgi V brwyinvalis gardacvaleba xom ar iyo dakavSirebuli
Savi Wiris epidemiasTan.57 ra Tqma unda, amis gadaWriT mtkiceba Wirs,
Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom evropasa Tu aziaSi araerTi cnobili
politikuri moRvawe gaxda am periodSi `Savi sikvdilis~ msxverpli.
wyaroebidan aseve mtkicdeba, rom Jamianoba ramdenime weliwads
gagrZelebula saqarTveloSi. ufro marTebuli iqneba Tu vityviT,
rom is periodulad iCenda Tavs XIV saukunis 40-60-ian wlebSi. 1348-
1365 wlebSi avgaroz bandaisZis mier gadawerili paraklitonis 310-e
furcelze Semonaxulia saintereso minaweri: `saxelisa RvTisaiTa da
TanaSewevniTa wmidis Tevdore largvsisaiTa RirsT viqmen araRirsi
mwerali avgaroz bandaisZe aRwerad wmidisa amis wignisa... Ãelvyav
da viwye werad didsa siglaxakesa da etratisa siZvresa da SfoTsa
ucalobasa Sina welsa mas, romelsa iyo didi sikuidiloba. qoronikoni
iyo lv (1348)... odes viwye werad, yrma viyav da aqa mimxcovnebulman
srulvyav qoronikonsa mig (1365)~.58 am anderZidan kargad Cans, rom
1346 wels saqarTveloSi dawyebuli Savi Wiris pandemia 1348 welsac
mZvinvarebda, romelic Semdeg Cawynarebula. yovel SemTxvevaSi, wignis
gadaweris dasrulebisas am epidemiis masStabebi ukve mniSvnelovnad
iyo Semcirebuli. is rom, `Savi sikvdilis“ senis gavrceleba sabolood
daZleuli ar iyo, Cans meore faqtidan – 1366 wlis axlo periodSi
Jamianoba isev moedo saqarTvelos. am senma samefo karzec SeaRwia.
vaxuSti batoniSvilis TqmiT, Sav Wirs emsxvrepla bagrat V-is meuRle
elene: `garna mSvidobasa amas Sina iqmna momsrveli Jami, srva da
sikvdili Zlieri da moispnen sulni uricxuni da mokuda coli mefisa
bagratisa dedofali elene~.59 marTalia, dedofali 1366 wels miicvala,
magram es rodi niSnavs imas, rom Savi Wiris epidemia am wels ewvia
57
v. kiknaZe, saqarTvelo XIV saukuneSi (Tbilisi, 1989), 115.
58
`Zegli erisTavTa~, S. mesxias gamocema, masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis
istoriisaTvis, nakv. 30 (Tbilisi, 1954), 319.
59
vaxuSti bagrationi, àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, qarTlis cxovreba,
teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV
(Tbilisi, 1973), 262.
116 jaba samuSia
saqarTvelos. rogorc Cans, pandemiis es etapic dakavSirebuli unda

iyos oqros urdoSi 1364 wels dawyebuli Savi Wiris gavrcelebasTan.
volgispireTidan seni moedo erTi mxriv ruseTis qalaqebs, xolo
meore mxriv, savaWro magistralebiT saqarTvelos da samxreT
kavkasias. ramden xans mZvinvarebda Savi Wiri saqarTveloSi, wyaroebSi
miTiTebuli ar aris. arc msxverplis raodenobis Sesaxebaa cnobebi,
magram gamonaTqvamebi `bevri amowyda~, `didi sikvdilianoba~, `sikvdili
Zlieri~, metyveleben Savi Wiris pandemiis masStabebze. es bunebrivicaa,
radganac saqarTvelo iseve iyo moqceuli momakvdinebeli senis
gavrcelebis arealSi, rogorc bizantia, trapizonis imperia, evropuli
saxelmwifoebi da, Sesabamisad, msxverpli CvenSic didi iqneboda. Tu
warmovidgenT saerTo suraTs, SeiZleba varaudis saxiT davuSvaT,
rom XIV saukuneSi Savi Wiris pandemiis sxvadasxva etaps SeiZleba
emsxverpla sul mcire mosaxleobis 10-20%-mde. ar gamovricxavT,
rom gardacvlilTa raodenoba meti yofiliyo. saqme isaa, rom es seni
TiTqmis erT Taobas daatyda. 1346-1348 da 1365-1366 wlebSi yvelaze
masStaburi epidemiologiuri viTareba sufevda qveyanaSi, Tumca maT
SualedSic araerTxel dafiqsirdeboda lokaluri kerebi. am ocwlian
periodSi Jami musrs avlebda mosaxleobas. es ki, ZiriTadad, iyo XIV
saukunis 10-30-ian wlebSi dabadebuli Taoba. realurad, XIV saukunis
Sua periodSi (1346-1366 ww.) saqarTvelos demografiuli suraTi
kardinalurad unda Secvliliyo. iqneb amanac ganapiroba, rom Temur-
lengis Semosevebis Jams qveyanas ar gaaCnda saTanado adamianuri
resursi, raTa ufro qmediTi winaaRmdegoba gaewia mtrisTvis.
gvian Sua saaukuneebSic drodadro Tavs iCenda Jamianoba. 1566 wels
`didi Jami Seiqmna“, romelic dasavleT saqarTveloSic gavrcelebula
1568 wlisTvis.60 1684 wels `kidev Jami gaCnda“, romelic Semdeg periodSic
dafiqsirda.61 1694 wels Jamianobam kidev erTxel Seaxsena Tavi
saqarTvelos mosaxleobas.62 XVIII saukuneSic ramdenjerme dafiqsirda
Savi Wiris gavrcelebis SemTxveva. ruseTTan SeerTebis winac, 1798
wlisTvis, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Jamianobam mosaxleobaSi didi
panika gamoiwvia, Tumca, maleve moxerxda epidemiis Caqroba.
60
mcire qronikebi (kinklosebis istoriuli minawerebi), teqstebi gamosca,
Sesavali werili da komentarebi daurTo j. odiSelma (Tbilisi, 1968), 30, 33, 48, 56.
61
mcire qronikebi, 35. am gamonaTqvamidan Cans, rom es gamanadgurebeli seni mcire
xnis winaT mZvinvarebda.
62
mcire qronikebi, 64.
XIX saukuneSic Savi Wiris senma ramdenjerme iCina Tavi

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, Tumca samedicino zedamxedvelobis
wyalobiT mas didi masStabebi ar miuRia. XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi
Wiris gamomwvevi mikrobis aRmoCenisTanave es cnoba mTel msoflios
moedo. es movlena qarTuli presis yuradRebis miRma ar darCenila.
yvela wamyvani gazeTi werda Savi Wiris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi miRweul
warmatebaze. tardeboda sajaro leqciebi. XIX saukunis miwurulis
presaSi problemis Taobaze aqtiurad werda eqimi giorgi badriZe,
romelmac araerTi statia gamoaqveyna am sakiTxze. masve ekuTvnis 1897
gamocemuli calke broSura `Savi Wiri (Jami)“. aqve unda iTqvas, rom
XIX saukunis miwuruls gamoqveynebuli werilebi sainteresoa imiT,
rom am masalebSi saubaria Savi Wiris winaaRmdeg brZolis rogorc
Zvel wesebze, aseve im siaxleebze, romelic 1894 wlidan damkvidrda
medicinaSi. gazeTi „meurne“ 1897 wlis Tebervlis nomerSi werda: `1894
da 1895 wlebSi hokongoSi Cinelni scxovreben uwmindurT da jgufaT.
xolo evropelTa ubnebSi, saca farTooba, xalvaToba da sifaqizea, Wiri
ar mihkarebia. exlac bombeaSi im saxlebSi, saca evropelni dganan, Wiri
aravis Sehyria, Tumca Wirisagan daxocili Tagvebic ki upoviaT imave
saxlSi... sakmaoa, rom saeWvo naxmari Tu naqonebi didxans vamyofoT
reomuris 60 gradusian sicxeSi, an cota xnobiT 100 gradusianSio. amis
Semdeg maTi xmareba saSiSi aRar ariso. sxva raRac Seboleba da sxureba
wamlebisa haeris gasawmendad sul uqmia da amitom sjobs amaebze imedi
ar iqonion~.63 qarTuli presa Tvals adevnebda ruseTsa da evropaSi
arsebul samedicino gamocemebs da Savi Wiris Taobaze saintereso
statiis gamoqveynebisTanave mis mokle referats acnobda mkiTxvels.
1911 wlis ianvris dasawyisSi Savi Wiris SemTxveva dafiqsirda
baTumSi. im periodis presa werda: `saSinelma senma kvlav iCina Tavi
baTumSi. am dReebSi iq avad gaxda ori kaci. erTi maTgani ardaganis
polkis jaris kaci. avadmyofebi qalaqis gadamdeb seniT avadmyofTa
saavadmyofoSi waiyvanes~.64 es iyo am daavadebis erT-erTi ukanaskneli
gamovlena saqarTveloSi. SemdegSi, calkeuli SemTxvevebis garda, Savi
Wiris masobrivi gamovlenis faqti aRar dafiqsirebula.
63
`Savi Wiri~, meurne, 4 (2 Tebervali 1897), 5-7.
64
salamuri, 3 (16 ianvari 1911), 10.
118 jaba samuSia
Savi Wiri qarTl-kaxeTSi (1802-1804 ww.)

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi Savma Wirma kidev erTxel Seaxsena Tavi
saqarTvelos mcxovrebT. 1802-1812 wlebSi periodulad Jamianoba
Tavs iCenda mesxeTSi, qarTl-kaxeTSi, TbilisSi, imereTSi. ramdenime
aTasi adamiani Seewira am dros Savi Wiris epidemias. amjerad, Cven
visaubrebT 1802-1804 wlebSi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul
àvi Jamis“ Taobaze da im RonisZiebebze, romelic ganaxorciela axalma
xelisuflebam mis SesaCereblad.
1802 wels generali sergei tuCkovi dainiSna saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo gubernatorad. am Tanamdebobaze didxans ar mouwia yofnam,
Tumca Znelbedobis sakmao periodi daemTxva mis mmarTvelobas. 1802
wlis miwuruls saqarTveloSi Savi Wiris epidemiam ifeTqa. pirveli
SemTxveva gamovlinda 1802 wlis dekemberSi javaxeTSi da mis mimdebare
teritoriaze mcxovrebTa Soris. Semdeg senma, rogorc Cans, qvemo
qarTlis mimarTulebiT gadmoinacvla. tuCkovis monaTxrobidan
Cans, rom Savi Wiri mZvinvarebda `qalaq tfilissa da mis SemogarenSi~.
samwuxarod, generlis `CanawerebSi~ ar aris dakonkretebuli qarTl-
kaxeTis sxvadasxva sofelSi ra viTareba sufevda, mTeli aqcenti
gadatanilia Tbilisze, rac migvaniSnebs imaze, rom Savi Wiris epicentri
saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi unda yofiliyo. 1802 wlis 20 dekembers
generali lazarevi atyobinebs cicianovs, rom general tuCkovis cnobiT
javaxeTsa da qarTl-kaxeTis zogierT sofelSi gamoCnda Savi Wiris
epidemia.65 Tbilisis siaxloves pirveli daavadebulebi dafiqsirda 1802
wlis 23 dekembers sofel kodaSi dabanakebul `tfilisis muSketerTa
polkSi~,66 aqedan ki is gavrcelelda rogorc TbilisSi, aseve samxreT-
aRmosavleTiT, alaverdis mimarTulebiT. tuCkovi wers: `xmebi
saqarTveloSi gadamdebi senis gamoCenasTan dakavSirebiT Cemamdec
modioda da Tavad cicianovamdec, magram mas arasgziT ar surda es
daejerebina. am saqmis gamosarkvevad gagzavnili samedicino Cinovnikebi
(personali), misi gulis mosagebad, orazrovan patakebs agzavnidnen.
erT dRes, saRamos, rodesac Cems banakSi vimyofebodi, misgan sagangebo
miTiTeba miviRe... dauyovnebliv wavsuliyavi tfilisSi... imave wuTs
gavemgzavre da iq viyavi RamiT, roca ukve yvelas eZina. morige oficeri
gamocxadda da gamagebina, rom qalaqSi aRmoCnda Savi Wiri, da rom,
65
Акты, собранные Кавказскою археографическою комиссиею, т. II, издан. под ред. председ.
комиссии Ад. Берже (Тифлис, 1868), 255.
66
Акты, т. II, 255.
Tavadma cicianovma brZana, WiSkari daeketaT da aravin gaeSvaT~.67

rusi generlis es miniSneba absolutur simarTles Seefereba. Tavidan
cicianovi TiTqos cdilobda gadamwyveti zomebi mieRo gadamdebi
senis aRmosafxvrelad. 1803 wlis 15 ianvars igi peterburgs atyobinebs
Sesabamisi samedicino personalisa da medikamentebis uqonlobaze da
daxmarebas iTxovs. misi werilidan Cans, rom mTavarmarTebelTan calke
samedicino sammarTvelo jer kidev ar iyo Camoyalibebuli `yazanidan
amisaTvis daniSnuli inspeqtoris doqtor renzingis Camousvlelobis
gamo~.68 iqve cicianovi wers, rom am daavadebis aRsakveTad yvela
saWiro zoma miRebuli iyo. Savi Wiris gavrcelebis sawyis etapze
(dekember-ianvarSi) daaxloebiT 13 adamiani gardaicvala. SesaZlebelia
cicianovi `daamSvida~ aseTma mcire msxverplma, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
sxvagvarad ver avxsniT mis pozicias, rom saqme hqonda ara Savi Wiris
epidemiasTan, aramed saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul ciebasTan. 1803 wlis
13 ivliss peterburgSi gagzavnil werilSic mTavarmarTebeli Savi Wiris
gavrcelebas Wors uwodebs.69 iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom cicianovi
Tvals xuWavda arsebul realobaze. saocaria, magram faqtia, rom 1803
wlis 14 agvistos cicianovi peterburgs atyobinebs, rom àvadmyofoba,
romelic mZvinvarebs TbilisSi, danamdvilebiT aris Savi Wiri~.70
epidemiis gavrcelebis kuTxiT yvelaze mZime iyo 1803 wlis agvisto.
bolos da bolos, mTavarmarTebeli darwmunda, rom saqme danamdvilebiT
Sav WirTan hqondaT, magram ukve gviani iyo. sikvdilianobam Tbilissa
da regionebSi imata. marto TbilisSi 1-8 agvistos gardaicvala 44, 8-14
agvistos – 38, xolo 14-31 agvistos 42 kaci.71 Savi Wiris epidemia ufro da
ufro Zlierdeboda. Cvenamde moRweul oficialur masalebSi ZiriTadad
saubaria jarSi arsebul viTarebaze, Tumca, es cnobac metyvelebs, rom
epidemiis gavrcelebis areali upiratesad qvemo qarTli da Tbilisi
iyo. TandaTan seni sxva qalaqebsac moedo. magaliTad, duSeTSi 1803 wlis
agvistos dasawyisSi dafiqsirebula Savi WiriT daavadebis SemTxveva da
cicianovis brZanebiT dawesda karantini.72
67
Записки Сергея Алексеевича Тучкова, 211.
68
69
70
71
72
120 jaba samuSia
Savi Wiri TbilisSi

sergei tuCkovs dawvrilebiT aqvs aRwerili yvela is RonisZieba,
romelic man Jamianobis dros gaatara TbilisSi. ratomRac cicianovi
ukrZalavda mosaxleobas qalaqis datovebas da aRniSnuli tuCkovsac
aqvs miTiTebuli, Tumca es ukanaskneli azustebs, rom es SezRudva
cicianovis garemocvas ar Sexebia: `Tavisi naTesavebisa da nacnobebis
TxovniT komendants neba darTo ramdenime saidumlod gaeparebina.
xalxma es gaigo da daiwyo drtvinva, quCebSi xalxi iyrida Tavs~.73
mosaxleoba mZvinvarebda da iTxovda Tbilisidan gasvlas, raTa Tavi
Seefarebina SedarebiT usafrTxo adgilebisTvis. mTavarmarTeblis
am gadawyvetilebas tuCkovi xsnis imiT, rom cicianovs eSinoda
epidemia mTel saqarTvelos ar mosdeboda. igi erT aseT faqts ixsenebs
– mTavarmarTebelTan audienciisas Tavisi gegma SeuTavazebia,
romelic mosaxleobis qalaqidan gasvlas iTvaliswinebda: `Zlivs
movaswari meTqva, unda gavuSvaT mcxovreblebi-Tqo, rom man daiyvira:
`ras akeTebT? isini Sav Wirs mTel saqarTveloSi gaavrceleben~.74
marTalia tuCkovis gegma mogvianebiT ganxorcielda, magram manamde
Tbiliselebma umZimesi dReebi gadaitanes. tuCkovis monaTxrobiT,
Savi Wiris gavrcelebisTanave mTavarmarTebelma SemoiRo is wesebi,
romelSic dawvrilebiT iyo miTiTebuli, rogor unda emoqmedaT
epidemiis SemTxvevaSi. generlis TqmiT, es iyo ekaterine II-is
manifesti, pavle I-isa da aleqsandre I-is mier damowmebuli.75 rogorc
Cans, 1803 wels Tbilissa da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi amoqmedda
XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi ruseTSi miRebuli Savi Wiris winaaRmdeg
brZolis wesebi. 1771 wlis 9 ianvars imperatrica ekaterine II-m gamosca
brZaneba, romliTac xelmZRvanelobdnen 1770-1772 wlebSi moskovSi
gavrcelebuli Jamis aRmosafxvrelad.76 dokumenti mogvianebiT
sxvadasxva brZanebiT Seivso, magram, Cveni azriT, tuCkovi aq unda
gulisxmobdes im mTavar sakanonmdeblo aqts, romelic damtkicda
1775 wlis 7 noembers da aregulirebda guberniebis saqmianobas. masSi
73
74
iqve, 212.
75
iqve; А.С. Сироткин, “Чума в Москве в 1770-1772 гг. и санитарные меры правительства и
московских властей,” Вестник РГГУ, 17 (2014), 130-41. Э.Р. Исхаков, “Законодательные основы
деятельности полиции за соблюдением надлежащих санитарно-гигиенических условий в период
правления Екатерины II,” Вестник Пермского университета, Выпуск 1(19) (2013), 47-8.
76
Исхаков, “Законодательные основы деятельности полиции за соблюдением надлежащих
санитарно-гигиенических условий в период правления Екатерины II,” 48-9.
saubari iyo samedicino saqmis organizebis sakiTxzec, kerZod, mux. 238,

239, 240 eZRvneboda swored gadamdeb daavadebebs, maT Soris Savi Wiris
winaaRmdeg gasatarebel profilaqtikur RonisZiebebs.77
moqalaqeTa Soris didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia patriarq anton II-
is mcdelobam, daetovebina Tbilisi. generali tuCkovi mogviTxrobs:
àm dros antonma, saqarTvelos patriarqma, gardacvlili mefis,
giorgi XIII-is Zmam, sTxova mas qalaqidan gasvlis neba daerTo. miiRo ra
Tanxmoba, is im pativiscemis imediT, romelic xalxs mis mimarT hqonda,
Ria lineikiT gaemgzavra qalaqgareT. brbo ukan gahyva. rodesac is
WiSkarTan mivida da misi gaReba daiwyes, maSin xalxi miawyda, ukuagdo
darajebi, daketa WiSkari da patriarqis ekipaJi ukuaqcia yviriliT:
`Sen ar gyavs coli, arc Svilebi da ar ginda CvenTan, ojaxebiT
damZimebulebTan erTad sikvdili~. Tavadma es aSkara ajanyebad
CaTvala, brZana, yvela quCaze daeyenebinaT karteCis qvemexebi
da gaeormagebinaT darajebi. xalxis meTaurebi mividnen masTan
TxovniT, magram man ubrZana, maTTvis xundebi daedoT78 da dacvis qveS
hyolodaT~.79 qalaqSi kritikuli situacia Seiqmna. xalxi ajanyebiT
imuqreboda. tuCkovi yveba: cicianovTan Sexvedridan `dabrunebulma
vnaxe, rom yvela moedani xalxiT iyo savse, romlebic yvirodnen da Zalis
gamoyenebiT imuqrebodnen. maT mivuaxlovdi da vuTxari, rom amoerCiaT
ori an sami warmomadgeneli da gamoegzavnaT CemTan. me maT Txovnas
movusmen da aucileblad vecdebi maTi survilis dakmayofilebas.
am sityvebma gaWra. xalxi daiSala, warmomadgenlebi gamocxaddnen
da gadmomces xalxis Txovna, romelic mxolod imaSi mdgomareobda,
rom gagveSva isini qalaqidan~.80 bolos da bolos, tuCkovma SeZlo
daeyoliebina cicianovi, mieRoT Sesabamisi zomebi. generalma
77
iqve, 50.
78
Записки Сергея Алексеевича Тучкова, 211. moqalaqeTa Tavkacebis dapatimrebaze
cicianovi Tavis moxsenebaSic saubrobs. misi TqmiT, `komendats vubrZane
daepatimrebina zemoxsenebuli moqalaqeni, Caesva isini gauptvaxtSi da iq
emyofebina erTi dRe-Rame wyalsa da purze~. Акты, т. II, 257.
79
Записки Сергея Алексеевича Тучкова, 211. cicianovis mier gacemuli brZanebisa da
kaTolikos–patriarq anton II-is qalaqidan wasvlis mcdelobis Sesaxeb ix. Акты, т.
II, 256. sxvaTa Soris, am moxsenebaSi aRniSnulia, rom sasuliero pirebi ar aZleven
xalxs karg magaliTs da rom isini `toveben eklesiebs, ketaven da Cumad iparebian
qalaqidan~. am werilSi aseve kargad Cans is atmosfero, rac TbilisSi iyo 1803 wlis
ivlisSi. Акты, т. II, 256.
80
122 jaba samuSia
mTavarmarTebels moaxsena, rom: àmis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi me

ukve gaTvaliswinebuli maqvs. mdinare mtkvari, romelic miedineba
tfilisSi, qalaqgareT qmnis did kunZuls, romelsac orTaWala hqvia.
TqvenTvis cnobilia, rom mcxovrebTa umravlesobas iq aqvT baRebi...
mosaxleobis produqtiT momarageba SeiZleba movawyoT navebiT
karantinis wesebis dacviT. magram rac Seexeba maT gaSvebas, qalaqis
WiSkridan kunZulze gadasasvlelamde ganvalageb kazakTa polkebs,
raTa veravin ver SeZlos gaqceva. maTi gaSveba moxdeba bileTebiT
erTi karibWidan, sadac iqnebian samedicino Cinovnikebi (personali)...
janmrTelebi wavlen kunZulze, mxolod isini, viszec odnavi eWvi iqneba,
darCebian qalaqSi. samedicino personali drodadro moinaxulebs
orTaWalis kunZuls. da Tu vinmes amis Semdeg aRmoaCndeba am senis
niSnebi, gadaiyvanen~. tuCkovma Tbilisis yvela mcxovrebs dauriga
bileTi, romlis mixedviT unda gasuliyvnen isini qalaqidan. sami dRe
moandomes am process. orTaWalis baRebisken mosaxleobis gayvanis
dawyebas generali ukve veRar daeswro, igi loginad Cavarda. eqimebis
mtkicebiT, masac Sexvda Savi Wiris seni, Tumca gadarCa. tuCkovis
TqmiT, Jamianobis garda sxva avadmyofobac mZvinvarebda TbilisSi da
zogadad, saqarTveloSi. tuCkovma TbilisSi moawyo `saeWvoTa saxli~,
sadac avadmyofobis niSnebis gamomJRavnebisTanave daavadebulebi
gasasinjad mihyavdaT. rusi generali erTgan dasZens: `da ase
gavamgzavreT ra yvela janmrTeli adamiani, me davrCi avadmyofebTan,
Savi WiriT daavadebulebTan, policiasTan da samedicino CinovnikebTan
erTad qalaqSi. maTma didma nawilma sicocxle gawira Tavis movaleobis
Sesrulebisas. Cemi mosamsaxureebidan sam TveSi mxolod 2 adamiani
mokvda, qalaqSi ki kvdeboda 10-dan 40 adamianamde yoveldRe~.81 ra
Tqma unda, es ricxvi aRebulia daavadebis gavrcelebis kritikuli
periodidan, magram, miuxedavad amisa, saxezea didi tragedia. 1803
wlis SemodgomisTvis epidemiam TandaTan daiwyo Cawynareba, adamianTa
gardacvalebis faqtebmac iklo. miRebuli zomebis miuxedavad,
mainc gaWirda daavadebis drouli aRmofxvra. amas xels uwyobda is
faqtic, rom miuxedavad gafrTxilebisa, Tbilisis Raribi mosaxleoba
daavadebulTa nivTebs iparavda da yidda. tuCkovis TqmiT, qalaqi yvelas
ar dautovebia da swored am mcire nawilidan gamoCndnen marodiorebi,
romlebic Zarcvavdnen mitovebul saxlebs, maT Soris im ojaxebs, sadac
81
Savi WiriT daavadebulni aRmoCndnen. xelisuflebis zomebi sakmaod

mkacri iyo. cicianovis brZanebiT saCvenebeli dasjac ki moawyves
qalaqSi. sxvaTa Soris, TbilisSi darCenilTa ambebis gadmocemisas
generali tuCkovi erT saintereso faqtsac ixsenebs: ùnda vTqva,
rom tfilisidan, avadmyofebis garda, yvela ar gasula. darCa kidev
raRac nawili Raribi mosaxleobisa, romelTac TviTon ar undodaT
qalaqis datoveba. erT Rames, Semovlis dros Cemma grenaderma ipova
migdebuli axalSobili gogona. es iyo Cemi saxlis siaxloves. me bavSvi
gamosakvebad miveci Cemi polkis erT qal jariskacs,82 romlis qmaric
zeinkali iyo da Savi Wiris gaCenidan saxlSi TiTqmis ar imyofeboda,
radgan Tavis saxelosnoSi muSaobda saxelmwifo SekveTebze. misi
coli, romelic ZuZuTi kvebavda am bavSvs, ramdenime kviris Semdeg
Savi WiriT gardaicvala. da radgan is marto cxovrobda, amis Sesaxeb
Seityves mxolod maSin, roca policielTa Semovlis dros, mis qoxTan
gavlisas, maT karze daakakunes da pasuxi rom aravin gasca, Sevidnen mis
oTaxSi. naxes ra igi gardacvlili da ukiduresad gaocebulni iyvnen,
roca ixiles bavSvi, romelic mis ZuZus kvlav wovda. maT frTxilad
gamoitanes gvami, aiyvanes bavSvi, ZmriT dabanes, SeuxColes da CemTan
moiyvanes. am sacodavma gogonam ramdenime dRe gaatara Cems karze,
sadac erTi moxuci jariskaci aWmevda sawovaraTi. is janmrTeli iyo,
gaizarda, gaTxovda, axlac cocxalia da bevri Svili hyavs~.83
1802-1804 wlebSi Jamianoba Seexo mTel aRmosavleT saqarTvelos da
mZvinvarebda erT weliwadze metxans. Tavad cicianovisadmi gagzavnil
1804 wlis 12 agvistos patakSi komendantebi da kapitan-ispravnikebi
sagangebod uTiTebdnen, rom 1804 wlis 1 ivnisidan TbilisSi ar
dafiqsirebula Savi WiriT gardacvalebis arc erTi SemTxveva, 1803
wlis 22 dekembridan TelavSi, mis SemogarenSi 25 dekembridan, gorSi
1803 wlis 20 noembridan, mis mimdebare soflebSi ki 1804 wlis 1
maisidan, ananurSi da mis midamoebSi 1804 wlis 15 aprilidan. 1804 wlis
12 agvistos moxsenebis mixedviT, 1803 wlis 15 ivnisidan 1804 wlis 1
82
ruseTis armiaSi qalis miReba petre I-is reformas ukavSirdeba. 1716 wlis
gadawyvetilebiT qalebs ufleba eZleodaT emsaxuraT samxedro hospitalSi,
mogvianebiT ki qalebs iRebdnen sxvadasxva sameurneo saqmianobis Sesasruleblad.
ekaterine II-is periodSi general potiomkinis brZanebiT Camoyalibda àmorZalebis
aseuli~, romelsac ufro simboluri datvirTva hqonda. Л.Г. Батракова, Г.Н. Краснова,
“Женщины на военной службе в России: исторический аспект,” Ярославский педагогический
вестник, 3 (I) (2013), 46-7.
83
Записки Сергея Алексеевича Тучкова, 214-5.
124 jaba samuSia
ivnisamde TbilisSi gardacvlila 368 adamiani. mTel saqarTveloSi

1570 kaci.84 Znelia iTqvas, ramdenad zustia es monacemebi. Cveni azriT,
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi samxreT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Savi
WiriT gardacvlilTa zusti statistikis warmoeba erTob Zneli
iqneboda. amitomac ar gamovricxavT, rom oficialur monacemebSi
JamiT sikvdilianobis yvela faqti ar iyos aRricxuli da, Sesabamisad,
cdomilebac dasaSvebia. Tundac im ricxvebidan gamomdinare Tu
vimsjelebT, rasac xelisufleba avrcelebda, msxverpli sakmaod didi
yofila.
84
òrive sqesis ramdeni adamiani gardaicvala saqarTveloSi gadamdebi
daavadebis arsebobis manZilze: tiflisSi gadamdebi daavadebis gaCenidan, sanam
mas aRiarebdnen Sav Wirad, gardaicvala 50 adamiani. amave qalaqSi gasuli 1803
wlis 15 ivlisidan mimdinare wlis 1 ivnisamde samxedro wodebis – 146, piradi
Semadgenlobis razmis jariskaci – 18, mTiani razmis ostati – 1, mosamsaxure – 11,
sxvadasxva wodebis, orive sqesis qarTvelebi, somxebi da rusebi – 141, eqimi – 1, sul
– 368 adamiani.
saqarTvelos lores mazraSi TaTrebi da somxebi – 382 adamiani;
TelavSi – komendanti colTan da qaliSvilTan erTad – 3, samxedro wodebis –
35 adamiani, saStato razmis jariskaci – 6, orive sqesis mcxovrebi – 45, sul – 89
adamiani. Telavis mazraSi mcxovrebi – 75 adamiani;
gorSi mcxovrebi orive sqesis – 49 adamiani, goris mazraSi mcxovrebi – 249
adamiani;
duSeTSi myofi samxedro Ciniani 18 adamiani, saStato razmis jariskaci – 7,
sxvadasxva wodebis – 77. sul – 102 adamiani; ananurSi mcxovrebi – 5 adamiani, ananuris
mazraSi mcxovrebi – 247; efremovis donis kazakTa me–3 polkSi – 4 adamiani, sul –
256;
da sul yvela – 1 570 adamiani.
xolo am seniT sxva samxedro wodebis gardacvlilebze Telavis, ananuris, goris
da lores mazrebSi es eqspedicia informacias ar flobs~. ix. Акты, т. II, 262.
The Plague Epidemic in Georgia in 1802-1804

(Based on information provided by General S. Tuchkov)
Jaba Samushia
Summary
“Notes” by Sergey Alekseevich Tuchkov is a significant source for the history of

Georgia and the Caucasus at the turn-over of the 18th-19th centuries. In the summer
of 1800 Major-General Tuchkov was assigned to move towards Georgia together with
the regiment of grenadiers; however, they could not manage that until early 1801. The
general attended the establishment of the Russian rule. He took an immediate part in
deporting from Georgia of the Princes Vakhtang and Bagrat and Queen Mariam (wife of
Giorgi XII). With respect to this, his “Notes” contain unique information.
In 1802 General Tuchkov was appointed a civil governor of Georgia. He did not hold
this position for long; however, his governance coincided with the period of hardships. In
the end of 1802, the plague epidemic erupted in Georgia. The first case was discovered
in December 1802 among the inhabitants of Javakheti and its surroundings; later, the
disease seems to have spread towards Lower Kartli. Tuchkov’s narrative shows that the
plague raged “in the city of Tiflis and its surroundings.” Unfortunately, the general’s
“Notes” does not specify what the situation was in various villages of Kartli and Kakheti;
the emphasis was laid upon Tbilisi, this indicating to the fact that the plague epicentre
should have been the capital of Georgia. Tuchkov provides a detailed description of all
the activities he carried out during the epidemic. Tsitsianov forbade the population to
leave the city, and Tuchkov notes about that; however, he specifies that the restriction
did not relate to Tsitsianov’s surroundings. Citizens were particularly unhappy with
the attempt of Patriarch Anton II to leave Tbilisi. There was a critical situation in the
city. People threatened to organize a rebellion. Tuchkov gave each inhabitant of Tbilisi
a ticket in accordance with which they were to leave the city. The process took three
days. The General was unable to attend the beginning of how people were taken to
Ortachala Gardens; he fell ill. According to doctors, he too suffered by the plague disease
but survived. According to Tuchkov, alongside with the plague, another disease raged in
Tbilisi and in Georgia, at large. In Tbilisi, Tuchkov organized a “House of the Allegedly
Infected,” where patients were taken for examination as soon as symptoms revealed. In
1802-1804, the plague epidemic spread all over Eastern Georgia and raged more than a
year. According to the report of August 12, 1804, there were 368 casualties in Tbilisi and
1570 all over Georgia between June 15, 1803 and June 1, 1804.
V
lazur-bizantiuri falanga mdinare

cxeniswyalTan brZolaSi (550 w.)
nika xoferia
mdinare hipisTan anu cxeniswyalTan1 brZola lazikis omis erT-

erTi yvelaze masStaburi da mniSvnelovani samxedro dapirispireba iyo,
romelmac xeli SeuSala sasanuri sparseTis Sahs xosro I-s, daxmareboda
alyaSemortymul petras2 garnizons damatebiTi SenaerTebiT da aseve
droebiT ganamtkica bizantielTa poziciebi lazikaSi. brZola, romlis
Sesaxebac cnobebs movlenebis Tanamedrove bizantieli istorikosi
prokopi kesarieli gvawvdis, sainteresoa gvianantikuri xanis samxedro
istoriis SeswavlisTvis da kargad gviCvenebs am periodis qveiTi da
cxenosani jaris moqmedebasa da brZolis meTodebs.
viTareba lazikaSi hipisis brZolis win

549 wels, mas Semdeg rac bizantielma mxedarTmTavarma dagisTem
lazebTan erTad gaanadgura sparseli fabrizis 5 aTasi meomrisagan
Semdgari razmi,3 romelic xosro I-is gamocdilma mxedarTmTavarma
mermeroem persarmeniaSi wasvlamde datova lazikaSi, sparselTa
poziciebi Sesustda da faqtobrivad maT erTaderT dasayrdenad
bizantielTagan alyaSi moqceuli petras cixe darCa. swored amitom,
sparseTma gadawyvita iZulebuli gaexada bizantielebi moexsnaT
1
Hippo – berZnulad cxens niSnavs.
2
petra, romlis lokalizebas axdenen cixisZirTan, iyo bizantielTa mniS-
vnelovani cixesimagre lazikaSi, romelic Semdeg sparselebma daipyres da TavianT
sayrden punqtad aqcies.
3
maT Tan hqondaT petras garnizonisTvis misawodeblad gamzadebuli sur-
saTi, romelic iberiidan Semoitanes. yvelaferi es bizantielebma da lazebma
gaanadgures da kolxeTSi Semavali gzebi da uReltexilebi garnizonebiT gaa-
magres. J. B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire: from the death of Theodosius I to the death
of Justinian, vol. II (New York, 2011), 114. garnizonebad maT didi raodenobiT lazi meom-
rebi datoves. Procopius, History of the Wars, volume I: books I-II (Persian War), trans. by H. B.
Dewing (Cambridge, 1914), 541-3.
lazur-bizantiuri falanga 127
alya petrasTvis da daetovebinaT lazika. `xorianem da midTa

(sparselTa) jarma mdinare hipisis maxloblad daibanakes. rodesac es
gaiges gubazma4, kolxTa mefem da dagisTem,5 romelic romaelTa jars
winamZRolobda, maT saerTOo gegma Seadgines da gadawyvites waeyvanaT
romaelTa da lazTa jari mtris winaaRmdeg~.6 isini mdinaris meore
mxares dabanakdnen da iTaTbires imis Sesaxeb, SeetiaT Tu TavdacviTi
taqtikiT aerCiaT. sabolood gadawyda, rom mowinaaRmdegeze ieriSi
mietanaT, rasac, rogorc Cans, gansakuTrebiT lazebi iTxovdnen.
prokopi aRniSnavs, Tu rogor gadawyvites maT sparselTa winaaRmdeg
marto wamoewyoT Seteva da pirvelebi dasxmodnen mters Tavs, Semdeg ki
bizantielebic mihyvebodnen. am gadawyvetilebas lazebi imiT xsnidnen,
rom bizantielebi TavianT miwaze ar ibrZodnen da nakleb mondomebas
gamoiCendnen,7 pirveli ieriSi ki Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo da Tu
warmatebas miaRwevdnen, Semdgomi moqmedebebis ganviTarebaze es did
gavlenas moaxdenda. amas garda, mteri lazikis miwaze iyo dabanakebuli,
rac did zians miayenebda lazTa qveyanas da maTi ganadgureba
gubaz II-s ufro eCqareboda, vidre dagisTes, Tumca am ukanasknels
prokopi kesarieli metad ficx da Semtevi xasiaTis mxedarTmTavrad
4
gubaz II – lazikis mefe 541-555 wlebSi. Tavisi mefobis dasawyisSi, rodesac
xosro I anuSirvanis sparsuli jari lazikaSi SeiWra, gubazma maT mxari dauWira,
radgan lazebi ukmayofiloni iyvnen bizantiuri mmarTvelobiT (amave periodSi
gubazi exmareboda sparselebs petras cixis aRebaSi, romelic bizantielma ioane
cibem aRmarTa da lazikisTvis damRupveli bizantiuri ekonomikuri monopoliis
centrad aqcia). magram SemdgomSi, rodesac gamJRavnda sparselTagan gegma, rom-
lis mixedviTac gubazi unda moeklaT, is kvlav bizantielebs miemxro da impera-
tor iustinianes samxedro daxmareba sTxova. iustinianem Tavisi sardali dagisTe
gamogzavna lazikaSi, visTan erTadac gubazi sparselTa winaaRmdeg ibrZoda pe-
tras alyisas da mdinare hipisTan brZolaSi.
5
dagisTe (VI s.) – germanuli, savaraudod goTuri warmomavlobis bizantieli
mxedarTmTavari, romelic meTaurobda bizantiis jars lazikis omSi 549 wlidan.
man alya Semoartya petras, Tumca misi aReba ver SeZlo da Secdoma dauSva maSinac,
roca ar daujera gubaz II-is rCevas, daecva viwrobebi, romliTac sparselebs lazi-
kaSi SemoWra SeeZloT. sparselTa sardal mermeroesTan Setakeba man ver gabeda,
Tumca SemdgomSi gubaz II-Tan erTad mermeroes datovili 5 aTasiani samxedro
nawili gaanadgura da monawileoba miiRo mdinare hipisTan brZolaSi. sabolood,
dagisTem ver SeZlo petras aReba da iustinianem is besaTi Caanacvla. rogorc pro-
kopi aRniSnavs, dagisTe iyo axalgazrda da SedarebiT gamoucdeli sardali ficxi
xasiaTiT da Sesabamisad bevr Secdomas uSvebda, Tumca SemdgomSi narses sardlo-
biT sakmaod warmatebiT moqmedebda italiaSi.
6
georgika, teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo
simon yauxCiSvilma, t. II (Tbilisi, 1965), 146-7.
7
iqve, 2-5.
128 nika xoferia
warmogvidgens, amitom SesaZloa Setevis gegma misTvis Tavidanve

misaRebi yofiliyo. am ieriSis wamosawyebad gubazi Tavisi meomrebis
sabrZolo suliskveTebamac waaqeza.8
mowinaaRmdegeTa samxedro Zalebi da maTi ganlageba

mefe sityviTY gamovida jaris winaSe, ris Semdegac man da dagisTem
jari saomrad ganalaga. prokopi kesarielis mixedviT maTi wyoba
Semdegnairi iyo: pirveli rigi Seqmnes lazma mxedrebma, maT Semdeg,
sakmaod moSorebiT, ganlagda bizantielTa kavaleria gepidi
filegagesa9 da somexi ioane guzis10 meTaurobiT, bolos ki – gubazi da
dagisTe TavTavianTi qveiTi jariT, im angariSiT, rom `Tu vinicobaa
cxenosnebi ukuiqceodnen, advilad moexerxebinaT maTi gadarCena~.11
bizantielTa da lazTa mxedrobis aRweras prokopi ar gvTavazobs,
magram savaraudod es ar iyo mZime kavaleria, radgan verc lazebma da
verc bizantielebma ver gauZles sparsuli katafraqtebis ieriSs da
gadasarCenad ukan daxeva mouxdaT. dabejiTebiT verc imas vityviT,
rom es mtris ricxobrivi upiratesobis gamo moxda, radgan xorianes
mZime kavaleriis aTaseuli ramdenadme win uZRoda jars da rogorc
prokopi aRniSnavs, erTgvarad dazvervis funqciasac asrulebda,
bizantielebi da lazebi ki ricxobrivi simciris SemTxvevaSi maTze
Setevas ar wamoiwyebdnen. prokopis mixedviT qveiTi jari farebiTa da
SubebiT iyo SeiaraRebuli12 da SeeZlo falangis tipis samxedro wyobis
Seqmna, rasac codna, gamocdileba da saTanado SeiaraRebac sWirdeba.
aseve Cans, rom mSvildosnebi hyavdaT lazebsa da bizantielebsac.13
lazebisa da bizantielebis gaerTianebuli jaris raodenoba
8
Procopius, History of the Wars, vol. V (Gothic war), trans. by H. B. Dewing (Cambridge, 1962),
119-21.
9
filegage (VI s.) – bizantiis jaris warmoSobiT gepidi sardali, romelic monaw-
ileobda lazikis omSi, konkretulad ki mdinare hipisTan brZolaSi. hipisis br-
ZOolis Semdgom prokopi kesarieli mis Sesaxeb cnobebs aRar gvawvdis.
10
ioane Tomas Ze (metsaxelad `guze~) – somxuri warmoSobis romaeli sardali.
monawileobda lazikis omSi 548-551 wlebSi. prokopis mixedviT igi kargi meomari
iyo da xSirad piradad monawileobda xelCarTul SetakebaSi (petras cixesTan, mdi-
nare hipisTan). 550 wels 1000 meomariT daexmara gubaz II-s apsilebis damorCile-
baSi. sabolood, 551 wlis aprilSi, petraze ieriSisas daiRupa. John Robert Martindale,
The prosopography of the later Roman empire, vol. III, A.D. 527-641 (Cambridge, 1992), 651-2.
11
georgika, II, 149-50.
12
Procopius, History of the Wars, vol. V, 127.
13
iqve, 129.
fabrizTan brZolaSi 14 aTass aRwevda.14 maT didi danakargebi ar unda

mieRoT fabrizis 5 aTasi kacis ganadgurebisas, radgan es Rameuli,
moulodneli TavdasxmiT moaxerxes. prokopi aRniSnavs, rom gubazma da
dagisTem Caketes iberia-lazikis gadasasvlelebi da bevri lazi meomari
datoves dasacavad,15 raTa iqidan kvlav ar SemoezidaT sparselebs
sursaTi an samxedro Tavdasxma ar moewyoT. radgan es gadasasvlelebi
umTavresad viwro da rTulad gasavleli iyo, mis dasacavad didi jari
ar iqneboda saWiro da droebiT maTi nawilebis gamoZaxeba da ZiriTad
ZalebTan SeerTeba xorianes laSqrobis Sesaxeb cnobebis miRebisTanave
SeiZleboda. sabolood, SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom bizantielTa da
lazTa samxedro Zalebi daaxloebiT igive raodenobis unda yofiliyo
xorianesTan dapirispirebisasac anu 13-14 aTas meomramde.
xorianem win aTasi mZimed aRWurvili meomari gagzavna mtris
`dasazverad~, TviTon ukan mihyva danarCeni ZalebiT, mcire nawili ki
banakis dasacavad datova.16 xorianes mxedroba katafraqtebisgan unda
yofiliyo Semdgari, radgan maT aRWurvilobas prokopi kesarieli
Semdegnairad aRwers: `SeWurvili abjriT da sxva ramiTac saukeTesod
SeiaraRebuli~,17 amas garda dasazverad mZimed aRWurvil qveiT jars
arasdros gzavnidnen da sparselebs isedac naklebad hyavdaT am tipis
SenaerTebi, radgan maTi jari ZiriTadad msubuqad aRWurvili qveiTebisa
da mZime kavaleriisgan Sedgeboda, romelic mTavari damrtymeli Zala
iyo, qveiTebs ki brZolaSi meorexarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWebodaT.
sasanianTa mZime kavaleriis SeiaraReba da javSan-saWurveli im
droisTvis saukeTesod iTvleboda. maT aRWurvilobaSi Sedioda jaWvis
perangi, zogjer damatebiTi firfitovani abjris feniT, romelic
muxlebamde Camodioda, Cafxuti, Subi, xmali, gurzi da mSvild-isaric;
amas garda, cxensac damcavi abjari hqonda. sparselTa danarCeni jaris
aRweras prokopi kesarieli ar gvaZlevs, magram Semdgom epizodebSi
Cans, rom maTgan TiTqmis yvela mSvild-isriT iyo SeiaraRebuli –
`yvelam mixeda mSvilds da aRinTo imediT, rom isrebis simravliT male
aotebdnen mters~.18
14
Procopius, History of the Wars, vol. I, 553.
15
iqve, 555.
16
georgika, II, 150.
17
iqve.
18
iqve, 153.
130 nika xoferia
sparselTa mokavSireebad gvevlinebian alanebi.19 alanTa nawilebi

sparsul jarSi xosro I-is mmarTvelobis (531-579) droidan iyvnen
rogorc msubuqi kavaleriis, ise katafraqtebis saxiT. mTeli rigi
mizezebis gamo, sasanuri armia mravalnacionaluri iyo, rac sparsuli
jarebisaTvis ZvelTaganve iyo damaxasiaTebeli. aRsaniSnavia, rom am
droidan sasanur armiaSi alanTa monawileoba faqtobrivad mudmiv
movlenas warmoadgenda da ara calkeul SemTxvevas. alanebi rogorc
bizantiis, ise sparseTis mxares ibrZodnen imis mixedviT, Tu vin ufro
mets SesTavazebda maT samxedro daxmarebisaTvis.20 prokopi kesarieli
aRniSnavs: ès tomi – Tavisufalia, maTi didi nawili sparseTis
mokavSirea da monawileobs laSqrobebSi romaelTa da maTi sxva
mtrebis winaaRmdeg~.21 alanebi iyenebdnen rogorc mZime kavalerias,
ise cxenosan-moisrebsac. gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen gaWenebuli
cxenidan isris srolis xelovnebiT, rac momTabare xalxTa taqtikis
umniSvnelovanesi nawili iyo da evropul armiebs did Tavsatexs uCenda,
radgan rTuli gaxldaT aseT mobilur, swraf da Zlier SenaerTebTan
brZola. prokopis Txzulebebis mixedviT SegviZlia davadginoT, rom
alanTa garda sasanianTa jarSi msaxurobdnen hefTaliTebi, somxebi,
kadisianebi (kadusiebi), sabiri hunebi, dailamelebi,22 Tumca ucnobia
hipisTan brZolaSi monawileobdnen Tu ara sparselebisa da alanebis
garda sxva maTi mokavSireebi.
sparselTa raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom
xoriane ufro mravalricxovani laSqriT unda SeWriliyo lazikaSi,
vidre fabrizs hyavda (romlis 5 aTasiani laSqari sastikad daamarcxes
gubazma da dagisTem banakze Rameuli TavdasxmiT). sparselebs unda
gaeTvaliswinebinaT es SemTxveva da amave dros mowinaaRmdegis Zalebis
raodenoba, rac rogorc zemoT iTqva, daaxloebiT 13-14 aTas meomars
19
iqve, 118-9.
20
`Sah-names~ mixedviT, xosro I-ma didi laSqroba moawyo alanebze, Tumca isini
ubrZolvelad gamocxaddnen masTan saCuqrebiTa da mSvidobis damyarebis TxovniT,
ris Semdegac misi mokavSireebi gaxdnen. Владимир Дмитриев, “Аланы на Военной Службе
у Сасанидского Ирана,” Вестник Северо-Осетинского ГосударственногоУниверситета, 4
(2011), 30-1. alanebisa da sparselebis samxedro kavSiris damadastureblad dmit-
rievs mohyavs swored mdinare hipisis brZolis epizodi. Дмитриев, “Аланы на Военной
Службе у Сасанидского Ирана,” 32.
21
22
Владимир Дмитриев, “Состав и организация персидской армии по данным Прокопия
Кесарийского,” Вестник Псковского Государственного Педагогического Университета, Серия
“Социально-Гуманитарные И Психолого-Педагогические Науки,” 5 (2008), 26.
Seadgenda. xorianesTan brZolaSic aSkarad Cans, rom brZola Tanabrad

mimdinareobs da mis beds moulodneli SemTxveva ufro wyvets,
vidre brZolis velze romelime mxaris didi upiratesoba samxedro
ZaliT. xorianes hyavs mokavSire alanTa laSqaric, romelic Semdgom
SeuerTda mas. didi ricxobrivi upiratesobis mqone mtris winaaRmdeg
bizantielebi da lazebi sxvagvarad imoqmedebdnen da savaraudod,
aseTi tipis savele brZolas ar SesTavazebdnen, daikavebdnen Zlier
TavdacviT poziciebs da ar miscemdnen mters saSualebas alyaSi
moeqcia isini. am cnobebidan logikurad gamomdinareobs xorianes
laSqris daaxloebiTi ricxovnoba – 15 aTasamde an odnav meti meomari.
sparselTa mxridan aRsaniSnavia, rom tradiciulad isini yovelTvis
eridebodnen generaluri brZolebis gamarTvas Tu maTTvis situacia
maqsimalurad xelsayreli ar iyo an mterze ricxobrivi upiratesoba
mainc ar hqondaT. am SemTxvevaSi Cans, rom isini mterTan SedarebiT
mravalricxovan an, sul mcire, Tanabari ricxovnobis jars mainc
floben.
brZola
prokopi kesarielis mixedviT pirvelebi erTmaneTs lazuri da
sparsuli cxenosani jarebi daupirispirdnen da am brZolaSi lazebma
warumatebloba ganicades – `rodesac isini mtris wina razmebs Sexvdnen,
maT danaxvasac ki ver gauZles, maSinve cxenebi moabrunes, umwyobrod
gamobrundnen ukan da miaSures romaelebTan SesaerTeblad; ar
iTakiles imaTTan Tavis Sefareba, visTanac winaT erTad darazmvas
ayovnebdnen~.23 rogorc Cans, lazebma uazrod CaTvales mtris
saukeTesod aRWurvil katafraqtebTan Setakeba da bizantielebTan
gaaerTianes Zalebi, radgan maTTan erTad ufro meti Sansi hqondaT
sparselebTan brZolaSi, vidre damoukideblad. Semdeg orive
mxare erTmaneTis pirispir ganlagda, magram brZolas ar iwyebdnen:
`TiToeuli maTgani xan ukan ixevda, rodesac mowinaaRmdegeebs ieriSi
mohqondaT, xan Tavad Seutevda xolme, Tu isini ukan ixevdnen, da
am daxevasa da kvlav SetevaSi da xSir-xSir cvlilebebSi maT karga
didi dro daxarjes~.24 amas mohyva mcire Setakeba – bizantielTa
jaris erT-erTma gamorCeuli mebrZolma, persarmenielma artabanma,
romelic manamde sparselebis mxares ibrZoda, SubiT cxenidan
23
georgika, II, 150.
24
iqve.
132 nika xoferia
Camoagdo da mokla sparselTa erT-erTi saukeTeso mxedari – `kaci

TvalsaCino rogorc sulieri sivaJkaciT, ise sxeulis simtkiciT~.
TviTon artabani TavSi msubuqad daiWra, magram misi mowinaaRmdege
maSinve gangmira bizantielTa samsaxurSi myofma goTma mxedarma da
amiT Setakeba dasrulda, radgan sparselebma ukan daixies ZiriTadi
Zalebisaken.25 Cven ar gvaqvs cnobebi, Tu rogori wyobiT moZraobdnen
cxenosnebi da ra taqtikas iyenebdnen mtris winaaRmdeg. zogadad,
gvianantikuri xanis bizantiuri kavaleriisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo
4 rigiani wyoba, romelic VI saukunis bizantiur samxedro traqtatSi
`strategikonSia~26 aRwerili. amaze ufro Rrma mwyobri faqtobrivad
gamousadegari xdeboda,27 gansxvavebiT qveiTebisgan, romlebic Rrma
mwyobrs qmnidnen.
amis Semdeg daiwyo brZola ZiriTad Zalebs Soris. filegagem
da ioanem miiCnies, rom sparselTa katafraqtebis Semotevas ver
gauZlebdnen da gadawyvites kavaleriis sawinaaRmdegod Seqmnil
qveiTTa falangas SeerTebodnen, romelsac mefe gubazi da dagisTe
meTaurobdnen. maT SeuerTdnen lazebic da erTad Seqmnes sabrZolo
mwyobri – falanga.28 `Rrma falangiT darazmuli qveiTTa jarebi mtris
pirispir dadgnen da daumiznes maT horolebi~.29 rodesac qveiTebi
mowesrigebul, mWidro rigebad moZraobdnen, cxenosnebs ar SeeZloT
maTi ganadgureba, xolo Tu daifantebodnen, maT susti kavaleriac
amarcxebda.30
gviandeli romis imperiis periodSi qveiTTa yvelaze gavrcelebuli
sabrZolo wyoba falanga iyo, romelsac mowinaaRmdegis Setevis
mosagerieblad iyenebdnen.31 zogadad, gviandeli imperiis periodSi
qveiTi jari TavdacviTi brZolisTvis iyo gankuTvnili, cxenosani ki
25
iqve, 150-2.
26
`strategikoni~ miewereba imperator mavrikioss, romelic 582-602 wlebSi mar-
Tavda bizantiis imperias.
27
Маврикий, Тактика и Стратегия (Санкт-Петербург, 1903), книга II, глава V.
28
29
georgika, II, 152.
30
Ганс Дельбрюк, История Военного Искусства в Рамках Политической Истории, т. II (Санкт-
Петербург, 1999), 294-6.
31
falangisTvis mTavari iyo mtris Setevis Sekaveba farebisa da Subebis Seuvali
kedlis aRmarTviT. bizantiuri falanga hgavda ZvelberZnuls, magram bizanti-
elebs bevrad mokle – 2 metriani Subebi hqondaT; siRrmec 16 rigs ar aRemateboda.
Grant Harward, “A Defensive Offense: Infantry Tactics of the Early Byzantine Army,” Studia Antiqua,
7.1 (2009), 47.
SetevisTvis. falanga 4, 8 an 16 rigad ewyoboda.32 4-ze naklebi rigis

SemTxvevaSi falanga kargavda simyares, 16-ze meti rigi ki falangis
brZolisunarianobas arafers matebda. falanga ZiriTadad 8 rigad
ewyoboda, rac balanss qmnida frontis sigrZesa da jariskacebis
raodenobas Soris. gviandeli imperiis periodSi 16 rigian falangas
amjobinebdnen. SesaZloa sabrZolo suliskveTebis dacemis gamo
falangis siRrmis gazrda saWirod miiCnies raTa mas simyare
SeenarCunebina. yvela rigs Tavisi davaleba eZleoda – pirveli oTxi
rigi xelCarTul brZolaSi iyo CarTuli, amitom ufro mZimed iyo
aRWurvili, Sua rigebi inarCunebdnen mwyobrs da mters xelSubebs
esrodnen, ukan ki mSvildosnebi idgnen.33 amas garda, xSirad mSvild-
isriT wina rigebic iyvnen SeiaraRebulebi da rodesac mteri Sori
distanciidan isroda isrebs, Subebs miwaze awyobdnen da Tavadac
sapasuxod isrebs esrodnen. Tu mowinaaRmdege moaxlovdeboda,
Subebs aiRebdnen da kvlav TavdacviT mwkrivs Seqmnidnen.34 rogorc
hans delbruki aRniSnavs, bizantiuri jarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo
SeiaraRebis mixedviT gansxvavebis ararseboba. qveiTi da cxenosani
jari, civi iaraRi da mSvild-isari, es yvelaferi erTmaneTTan iyo
Sereuli, abjriT daculi mxedari iyenebda mSvild-isarsac da
ibrZoda qveiTTa mwkrivSic (yvela funqciis Sesruleba SeeZlo).
sxva sityviT rom vTqvaT, namdvil meomrad miiCneoda mxedari
da mudmivmoqmedi qveiTi jari faqtobrivad aRar arsebobda. ar
gamqrala arc simamace, arc brZolisunarianoba, arc sabrZolo
suliskveTeba, ubralod qveiTi jari im drois standartebs aRar
Seesabameboda.35 mocemuli monakveTi zustad gamoxatavs VI saukunis
bizantiuri armiis am Taviseburebas. swored aseTi SemTxveva
gvxvdeba am brZolaSic: `barbarosebma ar icodnen ra eqnaT (radgan
32
is SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari formis moewyos – wriuli, rombiseburi, solise-
buri, Rrma-soliseburi da kidev mravalgvari. Anonymous, “Strategy: Anonymi Peri strate-
gias, The Anonymous Byzantine Treatise on Strategy,” in Three Byzantine Military Treatises, ed. and
trans. G. T. Dennis (Washington, 1985), 46; Harward, “A Defensive Offense: Infantry Tactics of the
Early Byzantine Army,” 47.
33
Simon MacDowall, Late Roman infantryman: 236-565 A. D. (London, 1995), 30-1. mSvild-is-
ris garda, bizantielebs mravalgvari sasroli iaraRi hqondaT: satyorcni culebi
(franciscii), e.w. plumbatebi (plumbatae), Surdulebi da a.S. Harward, “A Defensive Offense:
Infantry Tactics of the Early Byzantine Army,” 48-9.
34
David Nicolle, European Medieval Tactics, 1, The Fall and Rise of Cavalry: 450 - 1260 (Oxford,
2011), 21.
35
Дельбрюк, История Военного Искусства в Рамках Политической Истории, т. II, 294.
134 nika xoferia
qveiTad myofi mowinaaRmdegisTvis arc Seteva SeeZloT arc maTi

falangis daSla), vinaidan horolTa wverebiT da farebis xmauriT
Sewuxebuli cxenebi yalyze dgebodnen, da yvelam mixeda mSvilds
da aRinTo imediT, rom isrebis simravliT male aaotebdnen mters.
romaelebica da lazebic, yvelani, ase moiqcnen.36 orive mxridan
xSir-xSirad modioda isrebi, orive mxriT bevri ecemoda. sparselebi
da alanebi, rasakvirvelia, gacilebiT ufro met isrebs isrodnen,
vidre mowinaaRmdegeebi, magram mravali isari fars xvdeboda da Zirs
vardeboda~.37 sparselTa daxelovnebas isrebis swrafad srolaSi,
prokopi kesarieli kalinikumis brZolis38 aRweris drosac aRniSnavs:
ìsini [sparselebi] ufro xSirad da swrafad isrodnen isrebs, radgan
TiTqmis yvela sparseli mSvildosania da miCveulia isris ufro
swrafad srolas, vidre amas sxva xalxebi akeTeben. Tumca, radganac
maTi mSvildebi sustia da lari ar aris kargad daWimuli, nasroli
isrebi ver xvreten romaul muzarads, abjarsa da fars, amitomac
ar SeuZliaT daazianon isini, visac esvrian. romaelebi yovelTvis
ufro nela isrodnen, magram maTi mSvildebi ufro mtkicea da lari
ufro daWimuli da Tavad isrebic [ukeTesi]. xalxi ufro Ronieria,
maTi isrebi gacilebiT ufro did zians ayeneben mowinaaRmdeges,
36
es monakveTic sainteresoa, radgan garkveulwilad gansxvavdeba bizantielTa
taqtikisagan, romlebic sparselTa isris wvimaSi moxvedras maqsimalurad eride-
bodnen da brZolisas cdilobdnen rac SeiZleboda swrafad SeetiaT da mieRwiaT
maT rigebamde xelCarTuli brZolis gasamarTad, raTa isrebisagan didi ziani ar
mieRoT. Владимир Дмитриев, “Некоторые аспекты военной тактики персов сасанидской эпохи:
теория и практика,” Вестник Псковского Государственного Педагогического Университета,
Серия: Социально-Гуманитарные И Психолого-Педагогические Науки, 3 (2011), 18. arc erTi
gonieri avari Tu sparseli sardali ar gagzavnida Tavis kavalerias frontalur
Setevaze falangis winaaRmdeg. ZiriTadad ecdeboda flangebidan da zurgidan
mietana ieriSi, raSic mas xels mtris cxenosani jari SeuSlida. Harward, “A Defen-
sive Offense: Infantry Tactics of the Early Byzantine Army,” 50. aRsaniSnavia, rom lazi qveiT-
ebi bizantielebis mxardamxar warmatebiT ibrZvian sabrZolo mwyobrSi. Cans, isi-
ni faqtobrivad ar Camouvardebodnen wvrTniTa da SeiraRebiT bizantielebs da
icnobdnen maT taqtikasac, sxvagvarad falanga ver iqneboda aseTi myari da verc
sparselTa katafraqtebis Semotevas ukuagdebda, ris Semdegac sparselebi iZule-
bulebi gaxdnen distanciuri brZolisaTvis miemarTaT.
37
georgika, II, 153.
38
kalinikumis brZola (531 w.) – brZola bizantielebsa (belisariusis meTauro-
biT) da sparselebs (azareTes sardlobiT) Soris CrdiloeT siriaSi, qalaq kalini-
kumTan. Setakeba faqtobrivad uSedegod dasrulda da orive mxarem didi zarali
ganicada.
sparselebs, aranair abjars ar SeuZlia maTi SeCereba~.39 sparselebis

mSvildosnobaSi daxelovneba aRniSnulia `strategikonSic~.40 imave
kalinikumis brZolaSi moxda qveiTi da cxenosani jaris iseTive
Setakeba, rogoric hipisTan brZolaSi: `qveiTTa mxolod mcire nawils
mouwia sparselTa kavaleriasTan Setakeba. cxenosnebma veraferi
gaawyes maT winaaRmdeg, verc gaaqcies da verc sxva ramiT dajabnes.
isini mxardamxar idgnen, farebiT mtkice kedels qmnidnen, Tavs
icavdnen da amave dros sparselebs isrebs esrodnen, Tavad ki daculni
iyvnen maTi isrebisagan. sparselebma ramdenjerme scades Setevis
dawyeba, magram yvela jerze maTi ieriSi farebis kedelze imsxvreoda.
cxenebs afrTxobdaT farebis JRriali da xalxis Rriali...~41
HhipisTan brZolaSi gadamwyveti gamodga sparselTa sardlis,
xorianes sikvdili, romelsac isari moxvda kiserSi. misi jari gaiqca
da banakSi daapira Tavis Sefareba. bizantielebma da lazebma bevri
daxoces da danarCens daedevnen. aq gvxvdeba kidev erTi saintereso
momenti, rodesac prokopi kesarieli calkeuli mebrZolebis
individualur moqmedebasa da maT sabrZolo xelovnebaze amaxvilebs
yuradRebas: èrTi alanTagani vaJkacobiTa da sxeulis ZaliT
gamoCenili, romelsac iSviaTad kargad exerxeboda orive mxriT
isrebis srola, dadga banakis metad viwro SesasvlelSi da yovelgvari
molodinis gareSe, daabrkola Semtevni. ioane, Tomas Ze (ioane guzi),
marto miuaxlovda mas moulodnelad da horoliT mokla is, da
amrigad romaelebma da lazebma xelT igdes banaki~.42 `strategikonis~
mixedviT sparselebs ar axasiaTebdaT banakis TxriliTa da galavniT
garSemortyma, rogorc amas bizantielebi akeTebdnen, garda im
39
Procopius, History of the Wars, vol. I, 169-71. mZime mSvildis mMTavari upiratesoba is
iyo, rom saSualebas aZlevda mSvildosans gamoeyenebina mZime isrebi, romelic
ufro Zlier dartymas ayenebda mowinaaRmdeges da metad Sedegiani iyo. adrian
bivari aRniSnavs, rom sasanianTa samSvildosno teqnika CamorCeboda bizantiurs,
romelTac hunebisagan iswavles Sua saukuneebSi farTod cnobili e.w. `monRoluri
mozidva~ ceriT, romelic yvelaze Zlierad iTvleba da aiTvises mZlavri hunuri
mSvildebi. sasanianebi ki VI saukuneSic misdevdnen cxenidan isris srolis sparsul
wess, romlis drosac marjvena xelis sam TiTs iyenebdnen da romelic ufro susti
iyo. Adrian D. H. Bivar, “Equipment and Tactics on the Euphrates Frontier,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers,
26 (1972), 283-6.
40
Маврикий, Тактика и Стратегия, книга XI, глава II. aqve aRniSnulia, rom sparselebi
atarebdnen javSans da SeiaraRebulebi iyvnen xmlebiT.
41
Procopius, History of the Wars, vol. I, 175.
42
georgika, II, 154.
136 nika xoferia
SemTxvevebisa, Tu axlomaxlo brZola unda gamarTuliyo. rogorc

Cans es swored is SemTxveva iyo, rodesac sparselebma banaki TxriliT
an xis galavniT gaamagres.43
miuxedavad imisa, rom lazebma da bizantielebma gamarjveba
moipoves hipisTan brZolaSi, rogorc prokopi kesarieli aRniSnavs,
sparselebma mainc moaxerxes da moamarages petras garnizoni
yovelgvari saWiro masaliTa da sursaTiT. Tumca, sparselTa jaris
TiTqmis15 aTasiani nawilis ganadgureba mainc mniSvnelovani iyo
bizantielTa da lazTaTvis, radgan aseTi raodenobis SenaerTis
damarcxebam da faqtobrivad mTlianad mospobam, sparseTis Zliereba
lazikaSi sagrZnoblad Searyia. TiTqmis 15 aTasamde meomris daRupva Tu
dafantva ki gvianantikur xanaSi seriozuli samxedro zarali iyo. orive
mxares amaze mravalricxovani jari iSviaTad Tu yolia lazikaSi, rasac
mravali faqtori ganapirobebda, maT Soris Tavad lazikis reliefi,
momaragebisa da komunikaciis sirTuleebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia
isic, rom lazikis omi erTgvarad meorexarisxovan frontad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos, radgan sparseTsa da bizantias Soris ZiriTadi samxedro
moqmedebebi mesopotamiasa da aRmosavleT siriaSi mimdinareobda da
ZiriTadi Zalebi da saukeTeso mxedarTmTavrebi iq iyo gadasrolili.
am detalebis gaTvaliswinebiT, hipisis brZola lazikis omis erT-erT
yvelaze masStabur bataliad SegviZlia miviCnioT.
43
Маврикий, Тактика и Стратегия, книга XI, глава II.
Byzantine-Lazic Phalanx at the Battle of the Tskhenistskali

(550 A.D.)
Nika Khoperia
Summary
The Battle of the Tskhenistskali is an important episode of the Lazic War and one
of the major confrontations between Byzantine and Sassanian armies in the Caucasian
theatre of war. In 550 general Chorianes entered Lazica with a Sassanid army to relieve
the garrison of Petra, which was besieged by the Byzantine and Lazic forces. Chorianes
encamped on the banks of the Tskhenistskali (Hippis) River, where a Byzantine-Lazic
army under the command of King Gubazes of Lazica and Byzantine general of the
Germanic origin Dagisthaeus confronted and defeated it. A detailed account of the battle
exists in the De Bello Gothico by the sixth century Byzantine historian Procopius of
Caesarea. This account provides important insights into military history of late antiquity
and offers an opportunity to examine in-detail infantry and cavalry tactics employed by
the Lazic, Byzantine and Sassanid forces. The decisive moment of battle revolves around
formation of the Byzantine-Lazic phalanx, a rare example of this type of infantry tactics
in the Byzantine-Sassanian Wars. Also noteworthy is the fact that after an unsuccessful
cavalry attack, Persians and their Alan allies were forced to resort to distance battle
tactics. Procopius account offers important details about the arms and armour, army
encampments, and single combat traditions among Sassanid and Byzantine warriors.
More importantly, it also allows for a comparative study of other Byzantine-Sassanid
battles, most notably the battle of Callinicum (531 A.D.).
VI
yivCaRuri kvali Sua saukuneebis

qarTul materialur kulturaSi
(XII-XIV ss. muzaradebis mixedviT)
mamuka wurwumia
saqarTvelosa da yivCaRebis urTierTobas safuZveli Caeyara XII

saukunis dasawyisSi, rodesac daviT IV aRmaSenebelma (1089-1125) saqa-
rTveloSi dasasaxleblad CrdiloeTidan moiwvia yivCaRebi.1 Crdil-
oeT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi yivCaRTa nawili daTanxmda am mowvevas da
aTraqa SaraRanis Zis meTaurobiT saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlda 1118
wels.2 momTabare yivCaRTa urdos gadmoyvana saqarTveloSi uaRresad
masStaburi RonisZieba iyo, romelic gacilebiT ufro adre daigegma
da win uZRoda daviT IV-s qorwineba aTraqa SaraRanis Zis asul guran-
duxtze.3 yivCaRebi cnobili meomrebi iyvnen, ris Sesaxebac kargad mo-
exsenebodaT saqarTveloSi. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi sityvebs
ar iSurebs yivCaRTa Sesaqebad: ùwyoda keTilad yivCayTa naTesavi-
sa simravle, da wyobaTa Sina simÃne, sisubuqe da mimoslva, sificxe
mimarTebisa, advilad dasamWirvloba da yovliTurT momzavebloba
1
daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi, `cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi~, qarTlis
cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis
mier, t. I (Tbilisi, 1955), 335-6.
2
es ambavi asaxulia rusul matianeSic. volineli mematiane, romlis Txzuleba
daculia ipatis nusxaSi, gviambobs yivCaRTa saqarTveloSi wasvlaze. mematiane
aseve mogviTxrobs 1125 wlis Semdeg, Zmis (sirCanis) miwveviT, yivCaRTa mTavris
otrokis (aTraqa SaraRanis Zis) ukan dabrunebaze ruseTis stepebSi. Ипатьевская
летопись, полное собрание русских летописей, т. 2 (Санкт-Петербург, 1908), 716; iase cincaZe,
Ziebani ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan (X-XVI ss) (Tbilisi, 1956),
189-94.
3
daviT IV-is yivCaRuri strategiis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. mamuka wurwumia, `yivCaRTa
sakiTxisaTvis XII saukunis dasawyisis qarTul politikaSi~, Tsu saqarTvelos
istoriis institutis Sromebi, 6 (2012), 169-88.
yivCaRuri kvali Sua saukuneebis qarTul 139
nebisa TÂsisa~.4 1120 wlisaTvis, rodesac yivCaRTa dabinaveba, aRWur-

va da qarTul laSqarSi integrireba dasrulda, mTeli saqarTvelo,
Tbilisisa da dmanisis gamoklebiT, daviT IV-es ukve Semomtkicebuli
hyavda da TurqTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolo moqmedebebi ukve SirvanSi mim-
dinareobda. yivCaRTa msubuqi kavaleria mefes swored Sirvanisa da aR-
mosavleT amierkavkasiis gaSlil velebze selCukTa mobilur ZalebTan
sapaeqrod sWirdeboda. mZime qarTul raindul kavalerias damatebuli
yivCaRi cxenosani moisarni is Zala gamodga, romelTa winaSe uZluri
aRmoCnda rogorc selCukTa sultani, ise jvarosanTa winaaRmdeg br-
ZolebSi nacadi il-Razi.
daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis Semdgom xanaSic ar wydeba urTierTo-
bebi yivCaRebTan. mematiane aRniSnavs, rom giorgi III-is (1157-84) xanaSi
saqarTvelos monarqs kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT mudam eguleboda sabr-
Zolod gamzadebuli kontingenti: `da ovsTa da yivCayTa raodeni aTasi
kaci ubrZanis, movidian~.5
Tamaris (1184-1210) mefobis dros yivCaRebi ramdenimejer xvdebian
matianes furclebze. yivCaRebs vxedavT 1191 wels giorgi rusis amboxe-
bulTa winaaRmdeg mebrZol samefo jarSi (`TanadarTviTa yivCayTaTa~).6
1195 wels Samqoris omis win, aranSi salaSqrod mzadebisas qarTuli jaris
rigebSi imyofebian moqiravne yivCaRebic: `rameTu mas Jamsa Zma yivCayTa
mefisa sevinjisa savalaTi aqa iyo samsaxurad~.7 am yivCaR meomrebs mema-
tiane axal yivCaRebs (`yivCayni axalni~) uwodebs,8 raTa isini gamoarCios
Zveli, aRmaSeneblis dros dasaxlebuli, yivCaRebisagan.
4
daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi, `cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi~, 336.
5
`laSa giorgis-droindeli mematiane~, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I (Tbilisi, 1955), 367.
6
ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959), 53.
7
ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~, 64. jer kidev i. javaxiSvili fiqrobda,
rom es yivCaRebi droebiT iyvnen mosulni. ivane javaxiSvili, `qarTuli samarTlis
istoria~, wigni meore, nakveTi pirveli, Txzulebani, t. VI (Tbilisi, 1982), 287.
j. stefnaZe sworad akeTebda aqcents yivCaRTa samsaxuris droebiT xasiaTze.
jemal stefnaZe, `saqarTvelo-yivCayeTis urTierTobis istoriidan~, istoria,
sazogadoebaTmcodneoba da geografia skolaSi, 1 (1985), 78-9. savsebiT marTalia
g. alasaniac, rodesac Tvlis, rom es yivCaRebi qiriT msaxurobdnen da jamagirs
iRebdnen. giuli alasania, `yivCayebi saqarTveloSi~, qarTvelebi da islamamadeli
Turqebi (Tbilisi, 2008), 183. mkvlevari azustebs savalaTis saxelsac – vsevolodi.
iqve, 183. sxvaTa Soris, rusuli saxeli gaqristianebul yivCaRze unda miuTiTebdes.
8
ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~, 65.
140 mamuka wurwumia
yivCaRebi Canan saqarTveloSi rusudanis (1223-45) mefobis drosac.

1228 wels bolnisis brZolaSi jalal ad-dinis winaaRmdeg rusudanis
laSqarSi Tavdapirvelad yivCaRebic imyofebodnen.9
yivCaRebsa da qarTvelebs Soris aseTi intensiuri kontaqtebis
miuxedavad, yivCaRTa mier datovebuli raime arsebiTi kvali qarTul
yofa-cxovrebasa da kulturaze dRemde ar aris gamovlenili. yivCaR-
Ta mier datovebuli umniSvnelo kvali iyo erT-erTi mizezi (volineli
mematianis cnobasTan erTad), ris gamoc zogierTi istorikosi Tvli-
da, rom isini saqarTvelodan maleve wavidnen.10 q. CxataraiSvili aRniS-
navda, rom `saqarTvelos teritoriaze yivCaRTa mosaxlobis kvali ar
Semonaxula; aseTi ram ar Cans arc toponomikasa da yofaSi da arc is-
toriul dokumentebSi~.11 j. stefnaZe pirdapir svamda kiTxvas, rogor
SeiZleboda rom amxela ucxo masis `qarTvelebSi aRrevam ase mcire kva-
li daamCnia saqarTvelos toponomikas, istoriul wyaroebs?~,12 rasac
yivCaRebis ruseTis stepebSi dabrunebiT xsnida. saqarTvelos teri-
toriaze yivCaRTa mier datovebul veraviTar kvals (eTnografiul,
toponomikur, arqeologiur da sxv.) ver pouloben m. murRulia da v.
SuSarinic.13
qarTul enaSi Zalian cotaa yivCaRuridan nasesxobebic. pi-
ter goldenma, romelmac sagangebod Seiswavla Turq momTabareTa
9
Ала-ад-Дин Ата-Мелик Джувейни, Чингисхан: История завоевателя мира, перевод Е.Е.
Харитонова (Москва, 2004), 310-1.
10
j. stefnaZe Tvlida, rom yivCaRTa absoluturi umravlesoba dabrunda
ukan. jemal stefnaZe, `sad wavidnen yivCayebi?~, mnaTobi, 8 (1984), 156; misive,
`saqarTvelo-yivCayeTis urTierTobis istoriidan~, 79. amave azris arian m.
murRulia da v. SuSarinic, romelTa mixedviTac yivCaRebi aTraqas meTaurobiT
dabrundnen stepebSi. М.П. Мургулия, В.П. Шушарин, Половцы, Грузия, Русь и Венгрия
в XII - XIII веках (Москва, 1998), 167-8, 194. g. alasanias azriTac, saqarTveloSi
mxolod erTeulebi darCnen. alasania, `yivCayebi saqarTveloSi~, 182. axlad
gamovlenili arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, romlis safuZvelze moxda
vanisa da zurtaketis samarxebis yivCaRuri atribucia, SegviZlia es mosazrebebi
SevasworoT da vivaraudoT, rom yivCaRTa daaxloebiT naxevari saqarTveloSi
darCa, meore naxevari ki ukan dabrunda. mamuka wurwumia, `vanisa da zurtaketis
samarxebi rogorc wyaro Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis~, saistorio
krebuli, 3 (2013), 160-96.
11
qveli CxataraiSvili, ùcxoelebi XII saukunis saqarTvelos laSqarSi~,
saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi (Tbilisi, 1966), 167.
12
stefnaZe, `sad wavidnen yivCayebi?~, 154. aseve ix. misi, `saqarTvelo-yivCayeTis
urTierTobis istoriidan~, 75.
13
Мургулия, Шушарин, Половцы, Грузия, Русь и Венгрия в XII - XIII веках, 166-7.
lingvisturi gavlena ruseTsa da saqarTveloze, qarTul enaSi sul

ramdenime yivCaRuri sityva ipova. esenia WalaS da dasnaWda, romlebic,
mematianisave ganmartebiT, winambrZols aRniSnavs: `winamsrbolTagan,
romelTa yivCayTa eniTa `WalaS~ da `dasnaWda~ ewodebis~.14 WalaS war-
modgeba Turquli sityvisagan CaliS, rac brZolas, orTabrZolas niS-
navs; dasnaWda unda iyos damaxinjebuli sanC (gangmirva (SubiT), Semus-
vra) da kavSiris aRmniSvneli qarTuli sityvis `da~ SeerTebis Sedegi.15
yivCaRuridan an oRuzuridan aris Semosuli iseTi Turquli sityvebi,
rogorica jari da uji: jari modis Turquli Ceri-sagan da àrmias~
aRniSnavs, uji – Turqulad `kide, bolo, wveri, sazRvaria~ da mosaz-
Rvres niSnavs.16
p. goldeni askvnis, rom imperiebis Semqnelma nomadebma (monRoleb-
ma, osmalebma, sefianebma) gacilebiT meti gavlena moaxdines saqarT-
veloze, vidre usaxelmwifo momTabareebma (yivCaRebma), romlebmac,
miuxedavad arsebiTi da, xandaxan, kritikuli rolisa qarTul poli-
tikaSi, instutuciurad da kulturulad mcire gavlena iqonies qvey-
anaze.17
am fonze didi mniSvneloba eniWeba damatebiTi monacemebis moZie-
bas sakvlev TemasTan dakavSirebiT, rac SesaZlebeli gaxda samxedro
istoriuli kvlevis meTodebis gamoyenebisa da materialuri kultur-
is nimuSebis Seswavlis Semdeg. adre ukve ganvixileT vanis yivCaRur sa-
marxSi aRmoCenili moxrili xmali, rogorc momTabaris mier qarTveli
14
15
Peter Golden, “The Nomadic Linguistic Impact on Pre-Činggisid Rus’ and Georgia,” Archivum
Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 10 (1998-99), 94-5. j. stefnaZe fiqrobda, rom dasnaWda warmodgeba
`sparsuli sityvis `daSna~-sa da Turquli saqmianobis mawarmoebeli afiqs `Ci~-
sagan~, rac iZleva daSnaCi-s, daSniT (mokle satevariT) mebrZols da amis safuZvelze
varaudobda Sua saukuneebis qarTul cxenosan jarSi mewinave nawilis arsebobas,
romelic specialurad xelCarTuli brZolisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili da amisaTvis,
TiTqosda, sagangebo iaraRiT daSniT, xmliT iyo SeiaraRebuli. jemal stefnaZe,
„istoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis“ erTi adgilis ganmartebisaTvis~, qarTuli
wyaroTmcodneoba, III (1971), 150. ra Tqma unda, araviTari daSniT SeiaraRebuli
mewinave nawilebi qarTul laSqarSi ar arsebobda da SeuZLlebelicaa iseT damxmare
iaraRs, rogoricaa satevari, sagangebo mniSvneloba miniWeboda mewinaveTa
SeiaraRebasa Tu taqtikaSi.
16
Golden, “The Nomadic Linguistic Impact on Pre-Činggisid Rus’ and Georgia,” 94-5. Tavis droze,
g. alasaniam sworad ganmarta basili ezosmoZRvaris mier ùjad saxeldebuli~
Turqebi, rogorc mosazRvreni. ix. misi, òri terminis ganmartebisaTvis Tamaris
meore istorikosis TxzulebaSi~, aRmosavluri filologia, III (1973), 208-10.
17
Golden, “The Nomadic Linguistic Impact on Pre-Činggisid Rus’ and Georgia,” 97.
142 mamuka wurwumia
mWedelisaTvis SekveTili produqti, romelic moxrili xmlisa da max-

vilis hibrids warmoadgens, momTabaris xmlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
moxrili piriT da qarTuli maxvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tariT.18
axla, dadga jeri, ganvixiloT qarTveli meomris panopliaSi Semavali
sxva nawilebic.
XII saukunis qarTul ikonografiul masalaSi sxvaTagan gansxvave-
buli, ramdenime aratipuri muzaradis gamoyofa SeiZleba. maTi uecari,
Camoyalibebuli saxiT gamoCena eWvs ar tovebs ucxoeTidan importis
Sesaxeb. yvela am muzaradis wyaro kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT mdebare
momTabaruli da rusuli saxelosnoebi arian.
erT aseT nimuSs warmoadgens jruWis II oTxTavis 111r miniaturaze
gamosaxuli sferokonusuri muzaradebi, romelTa Sublze TaRis for-
mis morTuloba SeimCneva. Tuki Sesabamisi arqeologiuri masaliT vim-
sjelebT, es morTuloba muzaradis gumbaTze damagrebul TaRovan
firfitas warmoadgens. sainteresoa, rom miniaturaze gamosaxuli
zuCebis gumbaTebi bolovdeba ara qarTuli muzaradebisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli burTuliT, aramed milisiT, romelSic plumaJia Camagrebu-
li, rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs mis nasesxobaze.
Sublis firfitiT muzaradis damSveneba geografiulad did
sivrceze iyo gavrcelebuli, magram yovelTvis sakmaod iSviaTia, rac
m. goreliks saSualebas aZlevs gamoitanos daskvna misi maRali rangis
sardlobisaTvis kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb. muzaradis es detali yvelaze
adre aRmosavleT Turqestanis mxatvrobaSi, VIII-IX saukuneebSi gvxvde-
ba. realur muzaradebze yvela aseTi Sublis firfita Zvirfasi (ver-
cxlis) an feradi (spilenZis) liTonisaganaa damzadebuli.19 am tipis
zuCebs Soris yvelaze cnobilia e.w. iaroslavis muzaradi, romelic
vercxlis firfitebiTaa damSvenebuli da XII s. II naxevris – XIII s. I nax-
evris rusul nakeTobas unda warmoadgendes. mas Sublze damagrebuli
aqvs TaRovani firfita miqael mTavarangelozis gamosaxulebiT.20 Sub-
18
vrclad ix. wurwumia, `vanisa da zurtaketis samarxebi rogorc wyaro Sua
saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis~, 167-9 ; misive, `Sua saukuneebis xmlebi
saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi~, Tsu saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi,
IX (2015), 164-8.
19
М.В. Горелик, “Шлемы золотоордынских воинов Северного Кавказа из частных собраний,”
Степи Европы в эпоху средневековья, т. 8 (Донецк, 2010), 259.
20
Russian Arms and Armour, ed. by Yuri Miller (Leningrad, 1982), pl. 1. iaroslavis muzaradis
Sesaxeb ix. А.Н. Кирпичников, “Русские шлемы X-XIII вв.,” Советская археология, 4 (1958), 49-
59; А.Е. Негин, “Шлем из Городца,” Батыр, 1-2 (2012), 62-3.
lis firfita aqvT XI s. nemiis21 da XII-XIII ss. engelsis22 muzaradebsac.23

CvenTvis metad sainteresoa muzaradi engelsidan Sublze TaRovani
formis firfitiT, romelic amJamad dakargulia. misi forma iarosla-
vis muzaradis saSuble firfitis geometrias waagavs.24 samarxeuli in-
ventaris analizma cxadyo, rom muzaradi elitarul yivCaR mebrZols
ekuTvnoda.25 es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom Sublis firfitiani muzarade-
bi yivCaRTa Sorisac iyo gavrcelebuli. swored yivCaRebi, romelTac
intensiuri kontaqtebi hqondaT rogorc kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT
mdebare saiaraRe centrebTan, ise qedis samxreTiT arsebul qarTul
civilizaciasTan, unda warmoadgendes im agents, romelic qarTvelebs
sakuTar magaliTze gaacnobda SeiaraRebaSi arsebul Crdilour ten-
denciebs. Tavis mxriv, mdidruli, qristianuli simbolikiT damSveneb-
uli muzaradebi advilad miipyrobda adgilobrivi rainduli elitis
yuradRebas. rogorc Cans, sruli safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom
TaRovani saSuble firfitiT damSvenebuli muzaradebi XII saukunis
saqarTveloSi aq gadmosaxlebul yivCaRTa wyalobiT moxvda (sur. 1).
XII saukunis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli iyo kidev erTi, metad
STambeWdavi formis segmenturi muzaradi, romlis Semadgeneli fir-
fitebis kideebi damaxasiaTeblad, klaknilad aris CamokveTili. am mu-
zarads xangrZlivi istoria aqvs.
X-XI saukuneebSi rusul samTavroebSi damkvidrebuli iyo sfero-
konusuri formis muzaradi, romelic 4 segmentisagan Sedgeboda. seg-
mentebi erTmaneTis gadafarviT da CarCos gareSe magrdeboda. rogorc
wesi, wina da ukana firfitebi gverdiTebs faravda da daklaknili, tal-
Riseburi kide hqonda. muzaradi dafaruli iyo mooqruli spilenZiT.26
21
А.Н. Кирпичников, “Шлем XI в. из Юго-Западной Руси,” Советская Археология, 2 (1962), 230-4.
22
Е.К. Максимов, “Находка древнерусского шлема в Саратовском Заволжье,” Советская
археология, 4 (1960), 190-3.
23
aseTive iyo amJamad dakarguli muzaradi nogaiskis yorRanidan, romelsac
Sublze mimagrebuli hqonda 13 sm simaRlis spilenZis firfita wm. prokopiosis
gamosaxulebiT. Кирпичников, “Древнерусское оружие. Выпуск 3. Доспех, комплекс боевых
средств IX-XIII вв.,” Археология СССР (Ленинград, 1971), 30.
24
Максимов, “Находка древнерусского шлема в Саратовском Заволжье,” 191; Д.С. Коровкин,
“Снаряжение всадника из погребения около города Энгельса в Саратовском Заволжье (новые
данные),” Военная археология, 2 (2011), 181.
25
Коровкин, “Снаряжение всадника из погребения около города Энгельса в Саратовском
Заволжье,” 188.
26
А.Н. Кирпичников, Раннесредневековые золоченые шлемы (Санкт-Петербург, 2009), 9-12, 15.
aseve ix. Кирпичников, “Русские шлемы X-XIII вв.,” 49-59.
144 mamuka wurwumia
ruseTis garda, am tipis muzaradebi gavrcelebuli iyo poloneTSi, un-

greTsa da aRmosavleT prusiaSic.27 rogorc Cans, aseTi muzaradebi kie-
vis ruseTSi mzaddeboda, saidanac SeaRwia centralur evropaSi, sadac
maTi mibaZva daiwyes.28 amave dros, a. kirpiCnikovic aRniSnavs, rom ru-
seTSi es muzaradebi ukve Camoyalibebuli formiT moxvda, rac ayenebs
sakiTxs maTi Tavdapirveli samSoblos Sesaxeb.29 m. gorelikis Tanaxmad,
IX saukuneSi aseT muzaradebs atarebdnen donsa da dneprs Soris mobi-
nadre ungreli momTabareebi, romelTac ukavSirebs kidec muzaradis
warmoSobas.30
am mdidruli, mooqruli muzaradis saqarTveloSi arsebobis faq-
ti Zvelma gamosaxulebebma Semogvinaxa. jruWis II oTxTavis 186v min-
iaturaze, sul mcire, 11 aseTi muzaradia gamosaxuli; klaknilkidian
muzaradebs vxedavT XII saukunis favnisis freskebzec.31 Tu am gamosax-
ulebaTa detalizeba sandoa, gamodis rom, inarCunebda ra am tipis mu-
zaradisaTvis damaxasiaTebel ZiriTad niSnebs (gumbaTis formas, seg-
mentur struqturas, firfitebis talRisebur kideebs), saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli zuCi ufro martivi iyo. amiT isini emsgavsebian ungreT-
Si napovn gamartivebul muzaradebs, romelTac aseve ar aqvT Tavda-
pirveli ornamentuli samkapi da rombiseburi balTebi, ris gamoc maT
rogorc minabaZs ganixilaven.32 qarTul muzaradebs kidev erTi damaxa-
siaTebeli niSani aqvT: muzaradis damaboloebeli milisi aq Secvlilia
burTuliT, romelic adgilobriv Taviseburebas ganekuTvneba. sain-
teresoa, rom jruWis miniaturis muzaradebis zogi firfita (zogjer,
yvela) oqrosfradaa gamosaxuli, rac zustad unda asaxavdes sinamd-
viles: muzaradis dasamSveneblad es firfitebi mooqruli spilenZiT
27
Кирпичников, Раннесредневековые золоченые шлемы, 15-9.
28
iqve, 21.
29
iqve, 23.
30
Michael Gorelik, “Arms and Armour in South-Eastern Europe in the Second Half of the First
Millennium AD,” in A Companion to Medieval Arms and Armour, ed. by D. Nicolle (Woodbridge,
2002), 137; М.В. Горелик, “Латная конница древних венгров,” Древности Юга России (Москва,
2008), 297-8, рис. 2.4а.
31
Е.Л. Привалова, Павниси (Тбилиси, 1977), Таб. VI-2, XVII-1. XII s. favnisis es freskebi
m. gorelikma XIV s. dasawyisis safaris freskebad miiCnia da paraleli gaavlo e.w.
bizantiuri tradiciis muzaradebTan, romelTac damaxasiaTebeli Sublis firfita
aqvT. Горелик, “Шлемы золотоордынских воинов Северного Кавказа из частных собраний,” 267-
8, рис. 8.5. es faqti dasanan gaugebrobad unda miviCnioT.
32
Кирпичников, Раннесредневековые золоченые шлемы, 18-9.
iqneboda dafaruli, rogorc es gvxvdeba SemorCenil egzemplarebze.

mooqruli, talRovani muzaradebi saqarTveloSi CrdiloeTidan
aris Semosuli. mooqruli da spilenZis firfitebiT muzaradebis da-
farva gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebeli iyo yivCaRebisaTvis. aseTia bab-
iCSi napovni zuCi, romelic mooqruli spilenZiTaa dafaruli da kidev
3 msgavsi muzaradi, romlebic XII-XIII s. I naxevris yivCaRur samarxebSia
napovni.33 logikuri iqneba, Tuki mooqruli muzaradis saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebas XII saukuneSi momxdar yivCaRTa gadmosaxlebas davukav-
SirebT (sur. 2).
yivCaRuri gavlena qarTul SeiaraRebaze XII saukuniT ar Semoi-
fargleba. yivCaRebi did rols TamaSobdnen monRolTa dapyrobis
Sedegad Seqmnil oqros urdoSi, romelic saqarTvelos CrdiloeTidan
emezobleboda.34 aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo ilxanTa iranis vasals war-
moadgenda da Zalauneburad uwevda im mravalricxovan konfliqtebSi
monawileobis miReba, romelsac adgili hqonda oqros urdosa da hu-
laguianTa saxelmwifos Soris. Cans, am brZolebSi yivCaRebma kidev
ufro ganimtkices TavianTi, rogorc kargi meomris, avtoriteti, ris
mtkicebulebasac qvemoT vixilavT.
yivCaRTa kvals vawydebiT qveynis SigniTac, rogorc amaze
mogviTxrobs werilobiTi wyaroebic da arqeologiuri masalac. Jam-
TaaRmwerelis Txzuleba gvawvdis informacias XIV saukuneSi qarTl-
Si yivCaRTa yofnis Sesaxeb. am dros aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ori
mefe ijda: monRolebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli daviT VIII (1293-1311),
romelic aragvis xeobis mTielebs eyrdnoboda da misi Zma, vaxtang III
(1302-1308), romelsac monRolebi uWerdnen mxars. saukunis dasawyis-
Si Tavisi Zalebis mobilizaciis Semdeg daviT VIII Tbilisze ilaSqrebs
da Tavs esxmis sazafxulo saZovrebze mimaval yivCaRebs: `da mefeman
daviT Sekriba yoveli mTiuli, warvida da mivida tfiliss, da hyva
kaci cxenosani da queiTi, viTar aTxuTmeti aTasi, da mouÃda yivCayTa,
sazafxulod momavalTa. xolo yivCayni romelnime qalaqsa ewivnes, da
zogni mtkuris piriT ivltodes~.35 rogorc Cans, yivCaRebi ilxanTa
33
Кирпичников, Раннесредневековые золоченые шлемы, 22-3, рис. 30, misive, “Шлем XII в. из
погребения кочевника (По материалам раскопок Кобяковской археологической экспедиции 1960
г.),” Археологические раскопки на Дону (Ростов-на-Дону, 1962), 138-41.
34
Г.А. Фёдоров-Давыдов, Кочевники Восточной Европы под властью золотоордынских ханов
(Москва, 1966), 158.
35
JamTaaRmwereli, aswlovani matiane , teqsti gamosacemad moamzada,
146 mamuka wurwumia
politikas axorcieleben da vaxtang III-is momxreebad gvevlinebian,

ris gamoc daviT VIII-is agresiis obieqti xdebian. daviTis winaaRmdeg
jariT gaemarTa vaxtang mefe, romelmac gaimarjva kidec momxdar br-
ZolaSi. mis rigebSi ibrZvian yivCaRebic, romlebic daviTisagan uku-
qcevis Semdeg vaxtangis jars SeurTdnen: `da viTar SenivTdeboda
omi, aTasi yivCayi gaqceuli Sekrba vaxtangs Tana jarad. maSin moiwia
risxva RmrTisa, da ivltoda daviT, da spa misi Zlieri uomrad iyo. da-
viT movida omisa ara SemmarTi, miudges ukana yivCayni da qarTvelni,
da sdevdes vidre jaWuadmde, daÃoces kaci uricxÂ. araTu vaxtang
mteri iyo Zmisa, aramed TaTarTa SiSiTa iZulebiT Seeba~.36 am brZola-
Si monawile aTasi meomari saqarTveloSi sakmaod didi odenobis yiv-
CaRuri populaciis arsebobaze miuTiTebs.37 es yivCaRebi an Crdilo
ulusidan arian gadmosaxlebulni,38 anda ilxanTa saxelmwifoSi Sema-
val romelime urdos warmoadgenen. is ki sacnauria, rom qarTveli me-
matiane kvlavindeburad ganarCevs yivCaRebs sxva momTabare tomebi-
sagan da maT saxeldebiT moixseniebs. amis mizezi qarTvelebisa da yiv-
CaRebis tradiciuli kavSirebi unda iyos.
werilobiTi monacemebis garda, saqarTveloSi yivCaRTa kvali ar-
qeologiur masalaSic dasturdeba. 1968-71 wlebSi qvemo qarTlSi, md.
Sulaveris marcxena napirze mdebare imiris goraze saxelmwifo muzeu-
misa da Tbilisis universitetis gaerTianebulma eqspediciam gaTxara
feodaluri xanis CaSvebuli samarxebi, romelTa Soris inventaris sim-
didriT gamoirCeoda sami maTgani (me-10, me-17 da me-18 samarxebi, sur.
3).39 qvemoT viZleviT maT aRweras r. dolaberiZis mixedviT.
me-10 samarxi mamakacs ekuTvnoda, damxrobili iyo Crdilo-aR-
mosavleTidan samxreT-dasavleTisaken. samarxeuli inventaris Semad-
gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi da leqsikoni daurTo revaz kiknaZem (Tbilisi, 1987),

210-1.
36
JamTaaRmwereli, aswlovani matiane, 211.
37
m. murRulia da v. SuSarini yivCaRTa raodenobas 4-5 aTasiT moiTvlian. Мургулия,
Шушарин, Половцы, Грузия, Русь и Венгрия в XII - XIII веках, 162.
38
g. alasanias varaudiT, isini oqros urdosgan arian Seviwroebulni da aq
Camosaxlebulni. alasania, `yivCayebi saqarTveloSi~, 184-5.
39
imiris goris gaTxrebis Sesaxeb ix. r. dolaberiZe, ìmiris goris samarxi~,
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos moambe, XXX-B (1974), 97-107; misive, `feodaluri xanis
CaSvebuli samarxebi~, qvemo qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sedegebi (1965-
1971 ww.), red. al. javaxiSvili, o. jafariZe (Tbilisi, 1975), 186-201.
genlobaSi Sedioda xis kubo, rkinis uzangis fragmentebi,40 kaparWis

Tu unagiris mosarTavi 46 cali Zvlis ornamentuli firfita xis naS-
TebTan erTad,41 aRviris mosarTavi 80 cali mooqruli brinjaos balTa,
rkinis makrateli tyavis budeSi, Zvlis balTebi da Rili, minis mZivi,
oqroqsovilis naSTi; dakrZaluls marjvena xelze oqros da vercxlis
beWedi ekeTa, marcxenaze – ori vercxlis beWedi, orive majaze ki – ver-
cxlis samajurebi.42
me-17 samarxi qalis iyo, orientacia – CrdiloeTidan samxreTisak-
en. inventaris CamonaTvali: xis kubo, oqroqsovili, vercxlis da oqros
arabulwarweriani beWdebi,43 rkinis pinceti, ori gvelisTavebiani ver-
cxlis samajuri, kiTxvisniSnis formis oqros sayure margalitiT, mar-
galitisa da marjnis mZivebi, xis savarcxeli tyavis budeSi, danis piri,
rkinis disko, rkinis firfitebi.44
me-18 samarxi orientirebuli iyo Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan samx-
reT-dasavleTisaken. inventari: xis kubo, muqi wiTeli feris oqroqso-
vili, rkinis kvesi, kiTxvisniSnis formis mooqruli brinjaos sayure
ori margalitiT, vercxlis beWedi, danis fragmenti, brinjaos brtye-
li firfitebi, ori fialis formis rkinis nivTi, brtyeli rombiseburi
isrispiri.45
sruliad samarTlianad, r. dolaberiZe am samarxebs XIII-XIV sauku-
neebiT aTariRebs da yivCaRebs akuTvnebs, razec miuTiTebs dakrZalvis
40
SemorCenili fragmentebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, uzangi momrgvalo an
ovaluri formis iyo.
41
Zvlis firfitebis forma aCvenebs, rom isini unagiris mosarTavebia da ara
kaparWis. rogorc Cans, marTali iyo al. javaxiSvili, rodesac maT unagiris
firfitebs akuTvnebda. dolaberiZe, ìmiris goris samarxi~, 99.
42
dolaberiZe, `feodaluri xanis CaSvebuli samarxebi~, 186-7.
43
arabuli warwera oqros beWedze stilizebulia, magram mainc SegviZlia
vivaraudoT, rom is gadmogvcems sityvas `samarTliani~, romelic XIII-XIV ss. jer
juCidebis monetebze, Semdeg ki beWdebzec gvxvdeba. iqve, 192.
44
iqve, 187-8.
45
iqve, 189-90. me-18 samarxis inventaris daTvalierebis Semdeg sxvadasxva liTonis
nivTebs Soris kidev ramdenime isrispiris fragmentebi aRmoCnda (sur. 3d). aseTia
kidev erTi brtyeli rombiseburi isrispiris fragmenti, mrgvali ganivkveTis
(javSangamtani) isrispiris fragmenti yunwiT, isrispiris yunwi da brtyeli
farTopiriani trapeciis formis isrispiris fragmenti, romelic gaurkveveli
daniSnulebis rkinis nivTis fragmentad iyo miCneuli: `nivTis fragmenti, rkinis
(inv. 95-971:13). firfitovani, rkaliseburad amoWrili gafarToebuli boloTi.
gaurkveveli daniSnulebis (sur. 753). fragmentis sigrZe 5 sm~. dolaberiZe, ìmiris
goris samarxi~, 189.
148 mamuka wurwumia
wesi,46 xis kubo, inventarSi oqroqsovilis,47 kiTxvisniSnis formis say-

ureebis, Zvlis ornamentuli firfitebis, savarcxelis, makratlis da
brtyeli rombiseburi isrispiris arseboba.48
eWvgareSea, rom imiris goraze mcxovrebi yivCaRebi flobdnen
nivTebis kompleqss, romelic XIV saukuneSi oqros urdos gviani mom-
TabareebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. cxadia, rom isini warmomavlobiT
CrdiloeTidan arian. isic naTelia, rom imiri momTabareTa droebiTi
sadgomi ar yofila, aramed mudmivi dasaxlebis adgili, sadac qalis sa-
marxic moiZebneba. Zneli saTqmelia, imiris yivCaRTa dasaxleba Crdil-
oeTidan ltolvil romelime urdos nawils ekuTvnis,49 romelsac qve-
mo qarTlSi miuCines bina Tu es janibekis 1356 wlis laSqrobis Sede-
gia. rogorc cnobilia, 1356 wels oqros urdos xanis janibekis (1342-
57) laSqrobis Sedegad oqros urdoelebma SeZles mtkvris gadalaxva
da azerbaijanis dapyroba. janibekis laSqrobis Sedegad saqarTvelo
mokle droiT juCis ulusis gavlenis sferoSi moeqca, rasac adas-
turebs Tbilisis zarafxanaSi h. 757/1356 wels janibekis saxeliT
moWrili moneta. Semdeg moneta ukve oqros urdos axali mmarTvelis,
berdibekis (1357-59) saxelze iWreba (weli ucnobia).50 ar aris gamoricx-
uli, imirSi yivCaRebis gamoCenac oqros urdos am dapyrobebis Sedegi
46
samive samarxi CrdiloeTidan samxreTisakenaa damxrobili, sezonuri
gadaxrebiT Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan samxreT-dasavleTisaken. CrdiloeTis
orientacia dakrZalvis wesze monRoluri gavlenis Sedegia. Фёдоров-Давыдов,
Кочевники Восточной Европы под властью золотоордынских ханов, 159.
47
ruseTis arqeologiis institutSi Catarebuli qsovilis fragmentebis
analizis mixedviT dadginda maTi Cinuri warmoSoba, romelic XIII saukuneze gvian
ar unda iyos damzadebuli. samosis fragmentebze SeimCneva Cinuri qsovilisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli abreSumis Zafis grexa Z-mimarTulebiT da CarTuli oqros
Zafebi, romelTa damzadebisas gamoyenebulia cxoveluri nawlavis mooqruli
zolebi. daskvna ekuTvnis qsovilTa I kategoriis restavrators i. elkinas.
madlobas movaxseneb saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis konsultants q-n rusudan
dolaberiZes am monacemebis gaziarebisaTvis.
48
dolaberiZe, `feodaluri xanis CaSvebuli samarxebi~, 190-5.
49
m. murRulia da v. SuSarini Tvlian, rom imiris goraze oqros urdodan XIII-XIV
ss. gadmosuli yivCaRebi cxovrobdnen. Мургулия, Шушарин, Половцы, Грузия, Русь и
Венгрия в XII - XIII веках, 167.
50
giorgi dundua, èrTi furceli saqarTvelosa da oqros urdos urTierTobis
istoriidan XIV saukuneSi numizmatikuri masalis mixedviT~, ivane javaxiSvilis
dabadebis 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli, red. g. meliqiSvili
(Tbilisi, 1976), 319-23; giorgi dundua, Tedo dundua, qarTuli numizmatika, naw. II
(Tbilisi, 2011), 49-53.
iyos da saqarTvelos sakontrolod Seqmnil momTabareTa dasaxlebas

warmoadgendes. amiT advilad aixsneboda is faqtic, rom janibekis gar-
dacvalebisa da CrdiloelTa wasvlis Semdeg, rasac dauyovnebliv moy-
va azerbaijanis maTi daqvemdebarebidan gamosvla, TbilisSi berdibe-
kis saxelze kvlav gagrZelda monetis moWra.
rogorc vxedavT, yivCaRebsa da qarTvelebs Soris kontaqtebi XIV
saukuneSic kvlavindeburad mravalferovani iyo. am kontaqtebze da
intensiur kulturul mimocvlaze mowmobs qarTuli ikonografiuli
masalac, romelic qveynis ukiduresi CrdiloeTidan gvaqvs. gveleTis
freskebma Semogvinaxa muzaradis erTi tipi da aRWurvilobis sxva de-
talebi, romlebic ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli qarTuli SeiaraRebis kom-
pleqsisaTvis. sof. gveleTi mdebareobs yazbegis municipalitetSi, md.
Tergis marcxena napirze, darialis xeobaSi. is bevrjer moixsenieba qa-
rTul matianeebSi. gveleTis cixes Tavs afarebda monRolebis winaaRm-
deg mebrZoli daviT VIII.51
gveleTis eklesiis freskaze gamosaxuli wminda mxedari pirvelad
a. kruglovma aRwera Tergis eqspediciis dros. manve Seasrula freskis
grafikuli Canaxati naxevrad dangreuli eklesiis XIV saukunis freski-
dan.52 kruglovis mixedviT, dasavleTis kedelze gamosaxuli iyo cxenze
amxedrebuli mebrZoli, romelsac zurgze fari aqvs mogdebuli, welze
ki kaparWi hkidia. cxens kiserze zanzalaki aqvs dakidebuli.53 mkvleva-
ri aseve Tvlis, rom mxedris wvetian muzarads loyis safari gaaCnia.54
51
gveleTis Sesaxeb ix. gela gamyreliZe, daviT mindoraSvili, zurab bragvaZe,
marine kvaWaZe da sxv., qarTlis cxovrebis topoarqeologiuri leqsikoni (Tbilisi,
2013), 143-4.
52
1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi s. makalaTiam moixsenia gveleTis dasavleTiT,
gorakze mdebare semxis yovlawmindis patara bazilika Camorecxili freskebiTa da
SemorCenili jvarcmis, wm. giorgisa da ramdenime wmindanis gamosaxulebiT. sergi
makalaTia, xevi (tfilisi, 1934), 247-8. v. doliZe da r. Smerlingi gveleTis eklesiis
freskebs XIII-XIV ss. aTariReben da aRniSnaven jvarcmas da gveleSapis damlaxvrav
mxedars CrdiloeTis kedelze, xolo dasavleTis kedelze – saSinel samsjavrosa
da mxedars originaluri maRali muzaradiT. В. Долидзе, Р. Шмерлинг, Военно-
Грузинская дорога (Тбилиси, 1956), 72-3. gveleTis eklesiis moxatulobis gadarCenili
fragmentebi amJamad yazbegis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi inaxeba. samwuxarod,
muzeumis TanamSromelTa informaciiT, saTanado restavraciis gareSe wminda
mxedris gamosaxulebis garCeva dRes ukve praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.
53
sinamdvileSi, saqme gvaqvs cxenis kiserze Camokidebul foCTan.
54
А.П. Круглов, “Археологические работы на реке Терек,” Советская археология, 3 (1937),
248, рис. 4.
150 mamuka wurwumia
a. kruglovis Canaxatis mixedviT gveleTis freska Seiswavla m. gore-

likma, romelic metad mniSvnelovan daskvnebamde mivida. kruglovisagan
gansxvavebiT, is Tvlis, rom zuCs aqvs zaradi; muzarads aseve axasiaTebs
maRali wveti, dabali sworkuTxa amonakveTi Sublze da dakbiluli maRa-
li gvirgvini. gorelikis mixedviT, wminda mxedris prototips yivCaRi
mebrZoli warmoadgens, romlis amocnoba advilad SeiZleba mkerdze
gamosaxuli klasikuri yivCaRuri `sabrZolo azRudiT~, romelic gvx-
vdeba rogorc yivCaRur qvis qandakebebze, aseve arqeologiur masalaS-
ic. m. gorelikis samarTliani dakvirvebiT, gveleTis freska metyvelebs
yivCaR meomarTa maRal statusze XIV saukunis kavkasiaSi.55
marTlac, samkerde balTebi da maTi samagri Rvedebi yivCaRebisaT-
vis damaxasiaTebeli atributia. yivCaRuri qvis qandakebebis Seswavlis
Sedegad (sur. 4), s. pletnevam moaxdina maTi klasifikacia da gamoyo
sami tipi (sur. 5).56 g. fiodorov-davidovis azriT, es mowyobiloba jaW-
vis abjris tanze mWidrod mosargebad gamoiyeneboda,57 s. pletneva ki
maT ganixilavda, rogorc abjris elements.58 qandakebebze gamosaxu-
lis garda, balTebi napovnia arqeologiur masalaSic. yubanispireTSi,
staroniJnesteblievskis samarxSi, romelic XIII s. meore meoTxedi – XIV
s. dasawyisiTaa daTariRebuli da yivCaRs ekuTvnis, jaWvis abjarze,
mkerdis areSi movercxlili brinjaos ori balTa aRmoCnda. sami sam-
kerde balTaa napovni dmitrievski I-s da ori (rombuli formis) – los-
evos momTabarul samarxebSi.59 aseT balTebi napovnia mTiani inguSeTis
XIII-XIV ss. samarxebSic, sadac momTabareTa gavlenam SeaRwia.60 cxadia,
rom gorelikis daskvna marTebulia da gveleTis freskaze wmindanis
aRWurva momTabare yivCaRisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SeiaraRebis kom-
pleqsiT, maT did avtoritetze unda miuTiTebdes. isic naTelia, rom
55
М.В. Горелик, “Золотоордынские латники Восточного Приазовья,” Батыр, 1 (2010), 144,
рис. 8.
56
С.А. Плетнёва, Половецкие каменные изваяния (Москва, 1974), 26-9, рис. 6.
57
Фёдоров-Давыдов, Кочевники Восточной Европы под властью золотоордынских ханов, 175.
58
Плетнёва, Половецкие каменные изваяния, 27.
59
У.Ю. Кочкаров, “Позднеполовецкие погребения всадников в Краснодарском крае,”
Краткие сообщения Института археологии, 217 (2004), 96; В.Н. Чхаидзе, И.А. Дружинина,
“Тяжеловооруженные золотоордынские воины Восточного Приазовья,” Батыр, 1 (2010),
110-2, рис. 1; maTive, “Погребение кочевника XIII – 1-й пол. XIV в. у села Лосево в степном
Прикубанье,” Степи Европы в эпоху средневековья, т. 8 (Донецк, 2010), 428, 432, рис. 4.17-18.
60
Е.Л. Нарожный, “О половецких изваяниях и святилищах XIII-XIV вв. Северного Кавказа и
Дона,” Степи Европы в эпоху средневековья, т. 3 (Донецк, 2003), 247, рис. 1-3.
aseTi freskis Seqmnis meti albaToba swored sasazRvro zonaSi iqne-

boda, sadac civilizaciebs Soris kontaqti ufro intensiuri iyo.
gveleTis freskaze, ucxo momTabarul niSnebTan erTad, qarTuli
motivebic SeimCneva: muzarads aqvs qarTuli zuCisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli kbilebiani maRali gvirgvini; maRali Ceqmebi, romelic mxedris
muxlebsac faravs, metad damaxasiaTebelia wminda mxedrebis qarTuli
gamosaxulebebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, wowola muzaradi maRali wve-
tiT ucxoa saqarTvelosaTvis. sainteresoa, rom freskaze gamosaxul
Tavsarqmels a. negini ukavSirebs taganCis cnobil zuCs, romlis Semd-
gom ganviTarebadac miiCnevs is gveleTis muzarads.61 taganCis zuCi war-
moadgens maRal, wowola formis damrecgverdebian sferokonusur mu-
zarads, romelsac grZeli wveti aqvs.62 misi aRmoCenis adgilia taganCis
yorRani (yofili kievis gubernia), amJamad ki poloneTSi, varSavis sax-
elmwifo arqeologiur muzeumSi inaxeba. yvela mkvlevari Tanxmdeba,
rom taganCis muzaradi momTabares ekuTvnoda, Tumca, zogi mosazre-
biT, is XIII s. TariRdeba da rusuli warmoSobisaa,63 zogierTi ki – oqros
urdosa da XIII s. II nax. – XIV saukuneze uTiTebs.64 aRsaniSnavia, rom a.
kirpiCnikovi taganCis tipis (IIБ) muzaradebs rusebsa da yivCaRebs So-
ris arsebuli kavSiris nimuSad miiCnevs.65 monRolTa samsaxurSi myof
yivCaRs akuTvnebs taganCis muzarads m. gorelikic.66
cxadia, rom gveleTis freskaze gamosaxuli muzaradi an misi pro-
totipebi saqarTveloSi yivCaRebis mier aris Semotanili. amJamad ar-
sebuli monacemebis safuZvelze, Znelia imis Tqma, aseTi muzaradebis
minabaZebi adgilze mzaddeboda Tu isini mxolod CrdiloeTidan Se-
mosul imports warmoadgendnen. amave dros, faqtia, rom XIV saukuneSi
saqarTveloSi wowola muzaradebi yivCaR mebrZolebTan asocirdebo-
da (sur. 6).
61
А.Е. Негин, “Об одном типе шлемов из кочевнических погребений с территории Западного
Дешт-и-Кыпчака,” Вестник Нижегородского университета, 6 (3) (2012), 67.
62
Jacek Gutowski, Tartar Arms and Armour (Warszawa, 1997), pl. 13.
63
Кирпичников, “Русские шлемы X-XIII вв.,” 59-60; К.А. Жуков, “Русские сфероконические
шлемы развитого средневековья,” Воин, 18 (2005), 21.
64
Горелик, “Ранний монгольский доспех,” 187, 194; Негин, “Об одном типе шлемов из
кочевнических погребений с территории Западного Дешт-и-Кыпчака,” 62-70.
65
Кирпичников, “Древнерусское оружие. Выпуск 3. Доспех, комплекс боевых средств IX-XIII
вв.,” 28.
66
М.В. Горелик, “Парадные монгольские шлемы XIII-XIV вв.,” Военное дело Улуса Джучи и
его наследников, ред. А.К. Кушкумбаев (Астана, 2012), 99, рис. 5.
152 mamuka wurwumia
warmodgenili monacemebis safuZvelze Tamamad SeiZleba

davaskvnaT, rom XII-XIV saukuneebis saqarTveloSi SesaZlebelia yiv-
CaRuri kvalis gamovlena mebrZolis aRWurvilobis iseT mniSvnelo-
van da reprezentaciul elementze, rogoricaa muzaradi. yivCaRebi,
romelTa mTeli urdo Camosaxlda saqarTveloSi XII saukunis dasawy-
isSi da romlebTanac kavSiri yovelTvis mWidro iyo momdevno sauku-
neebis ganmavlobaSic, warmoadgendnen erT-erT im sociums, romelTa
meSveobiTac kavkasionis qedis miRma arsebuli samxedro-teqnikuri
miRwevebi mis samxreTiTac aRwevda. yivCaRebs hqondaT wvdoma Crdilo-
eTis msxvil samrewvelo centrebTan, romelTa nawarms isini aqtiurad
iyenebdnen. advili warmosadgenia, rom yoveli axali da ucxo nimuSi
maT SeiaraRebaSi saTanado interess gamoiwvevda qarTul samxedro
wreebSi da rig SemTxvevaSi, adgilobriv minabaZebsac STaberavda suls.
Qipchaq Trace in the Medieval Georgian Material Culture
Mamuka Tsurtsumia
Summary
The relationship between Georgia and the Qipchaqs started at the beginning of the
12th century when David IV the Builder (1089-1125) invited them to settle in Georgia.
These relationships were quite intensive in the 12th century as well as in later periods.
Nevertheless, it was believed until now that the Qipchaqs left only a insignificant trace
(ethnographic, toponymic, archaeological, etc.) in the history of Georgia. There are also
only a few borrowings traced in the Georgian language from the Qipchaq (Turkic) lan-
guage.
Against this background it is especially significant to obtain additional data related
to the subject of the study which became possible by employing methods of military his-
tory on the one hand and exploration of the samples of the material culture on the other.
In the 12th century Georgian iconography it is possible to single out several new types of
helmets whose unexpected appearance in a well-established shape provides substantial
material to suppose that they were imported from abroad. In several cases it was even
possible to establish the origin of such helmets and assume that they were introduced to
Georgia by the Qipchaqs. In addition, the Qipchaq trace is seen on the mural fresco in
Gveleti church (14th century) on which the St. Warrior equipped with the weapons typi-
cal of a nomadic Qipchaq points to the great authority the latter possessed at that time.
Based on these findings it is quite feasible to conclude that in Georgia of the 12th-
14th centuries the Qipchaq trace is visible in such an important and representative ele-
ment of armament as a helmet. The Qipchaqs, who settled in Georgia in the beginning
of the 12th century and were in close contact with the Georgians during the following
centuries, acted as one of the communities through which military and technical achieve-
ments from beyond the Caucasus ridge reached its southern parts. The Qipchaqs had
access to big manufacturing centres of North and actively employed their products. Obvi-
ously, each new and yet unknown sample in their armament would arouse corresponding
interest in Georgian military circles and, in many cases, would motivate local craftsmen
to imitate them in own produce.
154 mamuka wurwumia
b g
sur. 1 muzaradebi TaRovani Sublis firfitiT: a) jruWis II oTxTavis 111r miniaturis

fragmenti. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, b) iaroslavis muzaradi. moskovis
kremlis iaraRis palata, g) muzaradi engelsidan gumbaTze saSuble firfitis
kvaliT. d. korovkinis mixedviT.
b g
sur. 2 mooqruli, talRovani muzaradebi: a) jruWis II oTxTavis 186v miniaturis

fragmentebi. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, b) favnisis freskebi; g) muzara-
di peCis (Pecs) arqeologiuri muzeumidan (ungreTi).
156 mamuka wurwumia
sur. 3 imiris goris samarxebis inventari. me-10 samarxi: a) Zvlis ornamentuli firfi-
tebi (21-269:18-24), b) mooqruli brinjaos balTebi (21-269:1-4);
3 d
sur. 3 imiris goris samarxebis inventari. me-10 samarxi: g) uzangi (21-969:5); me-18 sa-
marxi: d) rombiseburi isrispiri (inv. 95-971:11), mrgvali ganivkveTis (javSan-
gamtani) isrispiris fragmenti yunwiT, rombiseburi isrispiris fragmenti,
isrispiris yunwi, farTopiriani trapeciis formis isrispiris fragmenti
(inv. 95-971:13).
158 mamuka wurwumia
sur. 4 yivCaRuri qvis qandakeba krasnodaris muzeumidan.

sur. 5 yivCaRuri qvis qandakebebis sami tipi pletnevas mixedviT.
sur. 6 wvetiani maRali muzaradebi: a) gveleTis freska, a. kruglovis mixedviT;

b) muzaradi taganCidan, gutovskis mixedviT.
VI
yadri Sirazi imamyuli xan undilaZis

triumfisa da dacemis Sesaxeb
marina aleqsiZe
sefianTa iranis politikur da samxedro asparezze moRvawe

qarTvelebs Soris undilaZeebis sagvareulos warmomadgenlebs
gamorCeuli adgili ekavaT. maTi cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb
mogviTxrobs araerTi sparsuli Tu evropuli wyaro, romlebsac
qarTveli da ucxoeli mecnierebi didi xania ikvleven.1 XVII saukunis
1
v. gabaSvili, ùndilaanT feodaluri saxli XVI-XVII saukuneebis iranSi (qarTuli
wyaroebis mixedviT)~, maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriis sakiTxebi, II (Tbilisi,
1972), 64-84; n. gelaSvili, `daud-xanisa da Teimuraz pirvelis ajanyeba isqander
munSis Txzulebis `gagrZelebis~ mixedviT~, macne, istoriis, arqeologiis,
eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 2 (1977), 103-11; faTemi morTeza
mehdi, sparsuli masalebi XVI-XVII saukuneebis qarTvel moRvaweTa Sesaxeb (Tbilisi,
1982), 77; T. natroSvili, `Teimuraz pirvelis ajanyeba da imam-yuli-xan undilaZe~,
axloaRmosavluri krebuli (Tbilisi, 1983), 165-72; b. javaxia, `dasavleTevropuli
wyaroebi Sirazis beglar-begis imamyuli-xan undilaZis daRupvis mizezebis
Sesaxeb~, Tsu Sromebi, 283 (1989), 92-108; m. suxiaSvili, ìran-saqarTvelos
kulturul urTierTobaTa istoriidan (undilaZeTa literaturuli moRvaweoba),
perspeqtiva-XXI, V (2003), 93-5; h. maeda, qarTvelebi sefianTa iranSi (Tbilisi, 2011),
35-41; m. svaniZe, `rogor Seswira Tavi samSoblos iranSi aRzevebulma undilaZeTa
feodalurma saxlma da vin iyo maTi yvelaze cnobili warmomadgeneli~,
Tbiliselebi, 25 (2011); e. mamisTvaliSvili, Teimuraz I-isa da undilaZeebis
antiiranuli ajanyeba, goris saswavlo universitetis istoriisa da arqeologiis
centris SromaTa krebuli, 3 (2012), 32-45; Fereydun Nowzad, “Emamqoli Khan _ Fateh-e
Hormuz va payan-e zendegani-ye por-eftekhar-e u,” Vahid, vol. V, No.1 (Tehran, 1346/1967), 81-9;
vol.V, No.2 (Tehran, 1346/1967), 158-65; vol.V, No.3 (Tehran, 1346/1967), 245-55; M. Mohaghegh,
“Kadri,” The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, vol. IV (Leiden, 1997), 399; Mir Ja’fari Hosayn,
“Zendegani-ye do sardar-e nami-ye Safaviyan”, Joghrafiya va barnamerizi, Daneshkade-ye ‘olum-e
ensani va ejtema’i, Daneshgah-e Tabriz, 12 (Tabriz, 1382/2003), 131-56; S. Babaie, K. Babayan, I.
Baghdiantz-McCabe and Massumeh Farhad, Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran (London,
2004); V. Gabashvili, “The Undiladze Feudal House in the Sixteenth to Seventeenth-Century Iran
According to the Georgian Sources,” Iranian Studies, 40:1 (2007); Jahanbakhsh Savaqeb, “Barresi-
ye ‘alal va peyamadha-ye qatl-e Emamqoli Khan hakem-e fars dar asr-e Shah Sefi”, Pozhuheshha-ye
yadri Sirazi imamyuli xan undilaZis 161
iraneli avtoris yadri Sirazis poema `jarun-name~ (jarunis wigni) erTi

am wyaroTagania. informacia am poemis Sesaxeb qarTvel istorikosebs
didi xania aqvT,2 Tumca igi specialuri Seswavlis sagani ar gamxdara,
radgan qarTveli mecnierebisTvis xelmisawvdomi ar iyo: britaneTis
muzeumSi daculi erTaderTi, 1697 wlis xelnaweris (MS Add. 7801)
mikrofilmis marto mcire nawili gamoica 1948 wels,3 sruli saxiT ki
poema mxolod 2005 wels daibeWda4. es xelnaweri Zalian mniSvnelovania
imiTac, rom igi miniaturebiT aris gawyobili. wignSi CarTuli 10
miniatura, ZiriTadad, mihyveba teqsts da imamyuli xanis cxovrebis
sxvadasxva epizods asaxavs.
pirvel miniaturaze gamosaxulia imamyuli xani da mamamisi
alaverdi xani, xolo meoreze – imamyuli xani da iranis xelmwife Sah abas
I. mesame-meSvide miniaturebi imamyuli xanis meTaurobiT iranelebis
portugalielebTan brZolis sxvadasxva epizodebs da iranis
delegaciis portugalielebis delegaciasTan Sexvedras asaxavs. bolo
sami miniatura ki imamyuli xanisa da misi vaJebis sikvdiliT dasjisa da
ojaxis qalebis mier maTi datirebis ilustraciaa.
yadri Sirazis Sesaxeb cnobebs sefianTa xanis vercerT TezqereSi
ver vxvdebiT5 da, amdenad, informaciis erTaderT wyaros Tavad
misi poema `jarun-name~ warmoadgens. poemaSi xuTjer aris naxsenebi
avtoris Taxalusi (poeturi fsevdonimi) yadri. savaraudod, is
XVI saukunis damlevs da XVII saukunis I naxevarSi cxovrobda, yovel
SemTxvevaSi 1643 wels jer kidev cocxalia, Tumca, rogorc Cans,
xandazmulia, radgan sakuTar siberesa da uZlurebaze Civis.6 sxva
zusti cnoba avtoris Sesaxeb poemaSi ar Cans. erTgan is gvpirdeba,
tarikhi, doure-ye jadid, sal-e dovvom, shomare-ye sevvom (1389/2010), 1-23; J. Giunashvili, “Negahi
chand dar bare-ye ‘alal be qatl residan-e Emamqoli Khan”, Karname-ye panjah sale (Teflis, 2012), 139-
54.
2
gabaSvili, ùndilaanT feodaluri saxli XVI-XVII saukuneebis iranSi~, 66.
3
A. Eqbal, Qesmati az majara-ye xalij-e Fars, Majale-ye Yadgar, sal-e cheharom, shomare-ye avval
va do (1326/1948), 24-45.
4
Jang-name-ye Keshm az sarayande-ye nashenas va Jarun-name-ye sorude-ye Qadri, tashih va
tahqiq-e Mohammad Baqer Vosuqi va Abd al-Rasul Kheyrandish (Tehran, 1384/2005).
5
`jarun-names~ avtori yadri Sirazi ar unda agverios sparsul TezqereebSi
araerTgzis naxseneb poetTan yadri Sirazi moulana Tayi ad-dinTan. cnobilia, rom
es ukanaskneli 1579 wels gardaicvala, “jarun-names” avtoris Sesaxeb ki poemidan
vigebT, rom 1634 wels igi jer kidev cocxali yofila.
6
Mohammad Baqer Vosuqi va Abd ar-Rasul Kheyrandish, Moqaddame, Jang-name-ye Keshm az
sarayande-ye nashenas va Jarun-name-ye sorude-ye Qadri, 19.
162 marina aleqsiZe
Cems Sesaxeb mogiyvebiTo, magram, samwuxarod, Semdgom am dapirebas

iviwyebs.7
poemis lingvisturi analizis Sedegad iraneli mecnierebi askvnian,
rom yadri warmoSobiT iranis samxreTidan, kerZod ki iranis erayidan
unda iyos, radgan am regionisTvis damaxasiaTebel dialeqtur
gamoTqmebs xmarobs.8 is faqti, rom es regioni alaverdi xanis da
imamyuli xanis, rogorc farsis beglarbegebis, daqvemdebarebaSi iyo,
maT am mosazrebas amyarebs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom poemaSi yadri xSirad
axsenebs erays, mas xotbas asxams da am xotbaSi aSkara tendenciurobas
iCens.
poemidan Cans, rom yadri alaverdi xanisa da, gansakuTrebiT,
imamyuli xanis ojaxis daaxloebuli piri yofila. igi Tavs `saxelovani
haqimebis~ msaxurad acxadebs da amayad ambobs:
`me gasamrjelos didkacebi mixdidnen,
didebulTa Sesaferis wyalobas~.9
cnobilia, rom imamyuli xanis Sirazis sasaxle imdroindeli
iranis erTgvari kulturuli centri iyo. mis karze araerTi
poeti, mxatvari Tu musikosi moRvaweobda da xanis mfarvelobiT
sargeblobda.10 rogorc Cans, yadric imamyuli xanis karis poetTagani
da, rogorc Tavad ambobs, misi mejlisebisa da lxinebis Tanamonawile
– àhl-e bazm~-i iyo. amitom, sxva sparsuli wyaroebisgan gansxvavebiT,
romlebic undilaZeebis moRvaweobas da, gansakuTrebiT, maT tragikul
aRsasruls sefianTa interesebis WrilSi ganixilaven da imamyuli
xans moixsenieben salanZRavi epiTetebiT `moRalate~, ùmaduri~,
`daunaxavi~, ùrjulo~ da sxva, yadri Sirazi poemaSi xotbas asxams mas
da mis Svilebs da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom poema Tavisi paTosiT am ojaxis
`Saraf-name~ – didebis wignia.
yadri Sirazi sami mcire poemis avtorad iTvleba11 da samive imamyuli
7
iqve, 20.
8
iqve, 21.
9
Jang-name-ye Keshm az sarayande-ye nashenas va Jarun-name-ye sorude-ye Qadri, 198.
10
m. suxiaSvili, `sparsuli Tezqereebi, rogorc wyaro iran-saqarTvelos
urTierTobebis istoriisaTvis (XVII s.)~, disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTa
kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad (Tbilisi, 2006), 7.
11
aRsaniSnavia, rom mecnierTa nawils, maT Soris poemis gamomcemlebs mohamad
bayer vosuyisa da abd ar-rasul xeirandiSs, yadri Sirazis mier poemis `jang-nameie
qeSm~ avtoroba sadavod miaCniaT da amitom wignis saTaurSi poemas ucnobi avtoris
Txzulebad moixsenieben.
xan undilaZis meTaurobiT iranis armiis triumfalur gamarjvebebs

eZRvneba. ori maTgani – `jang-nameie qeSm~ (qeSmis brZolis wigni) da
`jang-e qeSm~ (qeSmis brZola) iranis armiis mier qalaq qeSmis (igive
yeSmis) aRebas exeba12. `jang-nameie qeSm~, romlis xelnaweric vatikanis
biblioTekaSi inaxeba (MS Vat.Pers.30), gamosca luiji bonelim 1890 wels,
xolo `jange qeSm~, romlis xelnaweric modenas biblioTekaSia daculi,
mauricio pistozom da maria kristina pudiolim 1987 wels.13 mesame
poema – `jarun-name~ (jarunis wigni) iranelebis mier portugalielebis
damarcxebas da kunZul hormuzis (igive jarunis) aRebas aRwers. swored
am brZolis Semdeg uwodes imamyuli xans `hormuzis gmiri~.14
`jarun-name~ masnavis formiTaa dawerili. tradiciisamebr, is iwyeba
alahis, muhamedis da alis SesxmiT, rasac mosdevs iranis mbrZaneblis
Sah abasisa da imamyuli xanis xotba. poema 31 Tavisgan Sedgeba da
Sinaarsobrivad sam nawilad SeiZleba daiyos: ZiriTadi nawili hormuzis
brZolas da imamyuli xanis meTaurobiT iranelebis portugalielebze
gamarjvebas eZRvneba; danarCeni nawilebi qeSmis brZolasa da imamyuli
xanis mier mdinare zaianderudze arxis mSeneblobas aRwers.
poema struqturulad da Janrobrivad Zalian araerTgvarovania.
bataluri scenebis paralelurad siuJetur qargaSi CarTulia `sayi-
nameebi~ (meriqifis wignebi), marsiebi (datirebebi), madhebi (xotbebi),
aseve uamravi lirikuli gadaxveva, romlebSic poeti msjelobs
sxvadasxva ganyenebul Temaze, maT Soris wuTisoflis warmavlobaze,
mbrZanebelTa daundoblobaze, mamaSvilur siyvarulze da sxv.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa `sayi-nameebi~, romelTa zoma samidan 28
beiTamde meryeobs. isini Tavebis dasawyisSia moTavsebuli da am TavSi
gadmocemuli movlenebisadmi poetis ganwyobas gamoxatavs:
`meriqifev, modi da fiala RviniT amivse,
radgan xelidan wamivida Zvirfasi sicocxle.
am bolo amosunTqvis Jams, romelic qveynad damrCa,
Rvino damisxi, radgan es wuTisofeli warmavalia~.15
12
Luigi Bonelli, “Il poemetto persiani Jangnama-yi Kishm,” Atti della R. Accademia Nazionale dei
Lincei, Rendiconti della classe di Scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, Series 4, No.6 (Rome, 1890),
291-303.
13
Maurizio Pistoso, Maria Cristina Pudioli, “Qadri di Shiraz e la “Guerra di Keshm,” Istituto di
Glottologia Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Studi Orientali e Linguistici, IV (1987-88), 61-95.
14
imamyuli xanis, rogorc erovnuli gmiris, popularoba ar Semcirebula axal
droSic. 2000-ian wlebSi mas qeSmSi Zeglic ki daudges.
15
164 marina aleqsiZe
TemaTa mravalferovnebiT da lirikul gadaxvevaTa siuxviT

`jarun-name~ arc am avtoris danarCen poemebs da arc zogadad sxva
`jang-nameebs~ (omis wignebs) ar hgavs. rogorc Cans, xandazmul poets
mobezrda omis ubralo qronikebis Seqmna da am jerze Seecada, sakuTari
poeturi xelovneba maqsimalurad warmoeCina, raTa Tavisi saxeli
ukvdaveyo. poemidan Cans, rom yadri sakuTar poetur SesaZleblobebze
sakmaod maRali azrisaa. igi amayad acxadebs, `Cemi guli bednieria, rom
amqveynad / aravis uTqvams aseTi ambavio~ da imeds gamoTqvams, rogorc
rostomi da sxva falavnebi ukvdavyo firdousim, ise Cemi sityvac
didkacTa saxsovrad da gmirTa mosagonrad darCebao.16
poemas asrulebs danarTi – àmbavi imamyuli xanisa da misi vaJebis
daxocvisa~, romelic 253 beiTisgan Sedgeba. Tavad poema 1623 wels aris
dawerili, xolo danarTi 1633-34 wlebSia Sesrulebuli. imamyuli xanis
ojaxis tragikuli aRsasrulis Sesaxeb uamravi sparsuli Tu dasavluri
wyaro mogviTxrobs, romelTa informacia detalebSi gansxvavebulia.
Sah sefis wyromis mizezebi, imamyuli xanisa da Sahis Sexvedris ambebi,
msxverplis raodenoba, xanis gadarCenili vaJebis xvedri – es is Temebia,
romlebzec azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. Sah sefis mier imamyuli xanisa da misi
vaJebis daxocvis TariRi erTi am sakiTxTagania: iraneli istorikosi
nasrola falsafi isqander munSis Txzulebaze dayrdnobiT 1042 wlis
jumada II-s, anu 1632 wlis dekembers asaxelebs17, karmelitebis qronika
da sxva evropuli wyaroebic – 1633 wlamde periods.18 yadri Sirazis
mixedviT ki es ambavi 1043 anu 1633/34 wels moxda, rac adasturebs v.
gabaSvilis daTariRebas.19
yadris mixedviT movlenebis qronika aseTia: Sah sefi TavisTan
yazvinSi ibarebs imamyuli xans. poemidan Cans, rom Sahsa da farsis
beglarbegs Soris daZabuli urTierToba yofila, amitom es dabareba
imamyuli xans axarebs da imedebiT aRavsebs:
ìqneb fadiSahma isev damiaxlovos,
kidev erTxel bedsa mwios~.20
ukeTesi momavlis imediT frTaSesxmuli xani SahTan Tavisi sami vaJis –
16
iqve, 197.
17
Nasrollah Falsafi, Zendegani-e Shah ‘Abbas-e Avval, jeld-e avval (Tehran, 1333/1954), 393.
18
javaxia, `dasavleTevropuli wyaroebi Sirazis beglar-begis imamyuli-xan
undilaZis daRupvis mizezebis Sesaxeb~, 105.
19
gabaSvili, ùndilaanT feodaluri saxli XVI-XVII saukuneebis iranSi~, 222.
20
safiyuli xanis, faThali begis da aliyuli begis TanxlebiT midis. Tumca,

rogorc Cans, Sahs bolomde ar endoba, radgan gamgzavrebis win dedas
emSvidobeba da misi sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi Svilebze zrunvas abarebs.
Sexvedraze Sah sefi imamyuli xanisa da misi vaJebisadmi ukmayofilebas
gamoTqvams da maT dasjas brZanebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sahi Tavisi wyromis
mizezebs ar asaxelebs, magram es mizezebi – erTi mxriv, SiSi am gandidebuli
sagvareulos mimarT da meore mxriv, maTi monawileoba Teimuraz mefisa
da daud xanis ajanyebaSi – mJRavndeba imamyuli xanis sapasuxo sityvaSi:
`mas moaxsena: Hhoi, saxelovano didebulo,
Tu inebeb, [Cemi pasuxiT] simSvides hpoveb.
arc vinmes gvirgvini minda da arc taxti,
arc didebuli saxeli iranis laSqarSi.
arc irani minda, arc aRmosavleTi da arc CineTi,
arc xanoba da arc miwieri Zalaufleba.
arc didebuleba, romlis boloc wyvdiadia,
im wyvdiadze xams tirili.
maRali gangeba Tu Cems unagirs Sekazmavs,
sabolood miwa iqneba Cemi sasTumali.
Tu adre didebul taxtze vijeqi,
axla momyirWda taxtica da gvirgvinic.
Sahs Cavabareb am qudsa da beWeds,
Cvenze SurisZiebas nu inebeb.
me TqvenTan brZola da omi ar minda,
nu inebeb Cvens Seviwroebas...
wuTisofeli RamesaviT gaielvebs, sisxls nu daRvri,
samyaros gamgebel RmerTs nu ganarisxeb~.21
magram Sahs misi ar sjera, radgan darwmunebulia, rom Tu imamyuli
xanis ojaxs fesvianad ar amoZirkvavs, taxts dakargavs da ufro metic,
sanam es `gangebis nebieri~ xani cocxalia, Tavad Sahis sicocxles
emuqreba safrTxe. Sahis brZanebiT imamyuli xansa da mis vaJebs Tavebs
mokveTen da xanis dedas ugzavnian. Sahisave brZanebiT imamyuli xanis
18 vaJs Tvalebs daTxrian. ambavi sruldeba xanis dedis da Tavad
yadris datirebebebiT, romlebic klasikuri sparsuli marsiis
tradiciisamebr kiTxviTi konstruqciebiTa da samgloviaro sityva-
formulebiT xasiaTdeba:
21
iqve, 188-9.
166 marina aleqsiZe
`qveyanas Sennairi mxedari ar unaxavs,

arc Sennairi gmiroba da vaJkacoba brZolis dros.
mze da mTvare Sens badals veRar ixilavs,
verc javSans, verc cxens, verc gvirgvinsa da verc taxts.
vaglax, Seni vaJkacuri xma,
vaglax, Seni saxe, tani da axovaneba.
vin amoZirkva aseTi kldovani mTa,
vin waaqcia mrisxane lomi?
vin daaglija spilos sanaqebo kbilebi,
vin aazvirTa nilosis wyali?
vin daabnela moelvare mze,
vin dasca Zirs saxelovani xani?
vin Caaqro es kaSkaSa sanTeli,
vin daamwuxra didebuli ojaxi?~22
yadris poeturi memkvidreobis Sefaseba ar aris erTgvarovani.
iraneli mecnierebi misi leqsis gaumarTaobaze saubroben da misi
poemebis literaturul Rirebulebas samarTlianad ayeneben eWvqveS.23
rogorc Cans, Tavisi poeziis sisustes Tavad yadric grZnobda da
poemis danarTis bolos mkiTxvels Semwynareblobisken mouwodebda:
`Tu Cemi sityva marcxisTvis aris ganwiruli,
gangebis nebiT gulSi dardi daibudebs.
marTlmorwmuneTa imedi maqvs,
rom Cemi sityvebis nakls dafaraven~.24
marTlac, misi poemebis istoriuli Rirebuleba bevrad didia,
vidre literaturuli. es aris iranelebis portugalielebTan brZolis
amsaxveli unikaluri wyaroebi, romelTa sandooba zemoTaRniSnul
movlenebSi avtoris uSualo monawileobis gamo sakmaod maRalia.
22
iqve, 192-3.
23
Mohammad Baqer Vosuqi va Abd ar-Rasul Kheyrandish, Moqaddame, 34.
24
Qadri Shirazi About the Rise and Fall

of Imam-Quli Khan Undiladze
Marina Alexidze
Summary
The poem Jarun Nameh (the Book of Jarun) written by the seventeenth-century
Iranian author Qadri Shirazi describes the life and activity of Imam-Quli Khan Undiladze,
a Georgian commander and statesman in the service of Safavid Iran. The only manuscript
of the poem, which is kept in the British Museum (MS Add. 7801) was fully published in
2005 and since then has become available to a wider circle of historians. The manuscript
is illuminated with ten miniatures depicting battles and scenes of life of Imam-Quli Khan.
The poem is followed by an annex consisted of 253 beits telling the story of the murder
of Imam-Quli Khan and his sons by order of Shah Sefi.
Since Qadri Shirazi was an eyewitness of the events described in Jarun Nameh, the
poem has a great value as an authentic historical source about the Persian-Portuguese war
and Imam-Quli Khan Undiladze’s role in it.
168 marina aleqsiZe
yadri Sirazis `jarun-names~ londonis xelnaweris

(britaneTis biblioTeka, Add. 7801) miniaturebi.
sur.1 imamyuli xani da alaverdi xani.

sur. 2 Sah abasi da imamyuli xani.

170 marina aleqsiZe
sur. 3 imamyuli xanis jariskacebis brZola portugalielebTan hormuzisaTvis.

sur. 4 imamyuli xanisa da misi jaris mier hormuzis aReba.

172 marina aleqsiZe
sur. 5 cecxlmodebuli hormuzis dacva portugalielebis mier.

sur. 6 imamyuli xani navSi.

174 marina aleqsiZe
sur. 7 imamyuli xanis Sexvedra portugaliis delegaciasTan.

sur. 8 imamyuli xanisa da misi vaJebis datireba ojaxis mier.

176 marina aleqsiZe
sur. 9 imamyuli xanis damSvidobeba Tavis vaJebTan sikvdiliT dasjis win.

sur. 10 imamyuli xanis datireba ojaxis mier.

VIII
qarTvelebi samxreT aziis

politikur cxovrebaSi
(XV-XVII saukuneebi)
aleqsandre miqaberiZe
cnobilia, rom qarTvelebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi didi

warmatebiT moRvaweobdnen ucxoeTSi samxedro-politikur asparez-
ze. qarTvelebis Sesaxeb bizantiis imperiaSi, osmaleTSi, sparseTSi,
eraySi, CrdiloeT afrikaSi Tu egvipteSi bevri ram daiwera, magram ar
Sevcdebi, Tu vityvi, rom XV-XVII saukuneebSi samxreT aziaSi moRvawe
qarTvelTa saqmianoba naklebad cnobil sakiTxad rCeba.1 arada, es me-
tad saintereso Temaa, romelic zedmiwevniT Seswavlas moiTxovs. in-
doeTSi qarTveli mona-tyveebi egviptel da erayel mamluqebze aranak-
lebi warmatebiT moRvaweobdnen da zogierTma maTganma saxelmwifoTa
saTaveSi mosvlac SeZlo.
qarTvelTa gamoCena samxreT aziaSi uSualod dakavSirebuli iyo
iranSi mimdinare movlenebTan.2 XIV-XV saukuneebSi iranis xelmwifee-
bis mier saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis Sedegad aTasobiT qarTveli ty-
veobasa3 da centralur aziaSi aRmoCnda. sefianTa dinastiis daarsebis
Semdeg, iranSi araerTi gasamxedroebuli qarTuli dasaxleba gaCnda;
indoeTis mosazRvre avRanur olqebSi msaxurobdnen qarTveli
mmarTvelebic. bunebrivia, samxreT aziaSi qarTvelebi sparseTis gav-
1
sabWoTa periodSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gamoica ramodenime mokle statia
l. maruaSvilis, q. CxataraiSvilis, l. karbelaSvilis, g. WoRoSvilis avtorobiT,
xolo 1959 wels poet-akademikosma i. abaSiZem gamoaqveyna Canawerebi ìndoeTis
gzebze~. aseve aRsaniSnavia lovard tuxaSvilis statia `qarTvelebi indostanis
subkontinentze~, romelSic zogadad mimoixilavs indoeTSi qarTvelTa
moRvaweobis istorias.
2
amis magaliTia Tundac `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobebi vaxtang gorgaslis
indoeTSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb, romelic, saeWvo da nakleb sarwmunoa, magram
sainteresoa sparseTis politikur viTarebasTan mimarTebiT.
3
magaliTisTvis ixileT efrem iberis Tavgadasavali bizantieli elCis giorgi
sfranZesis TxzulebaSi, georgika, VIII (Tbilisi, 1970), 50-3.
qarTvelebi samxreT aziis politikur cxovrebaSi 179
liT moxvdnen da XVII saukunis dasasruls Tanamedrove pakistanis da

indoeTis teritoriaze TvalSi sacemi iyo qarTvelTa simravle. isini
sam ZiriTad kategorias miekuTvnebodnen.
umetesoba, bunebrivia, monebad gayides da Cveulebriv mosamsaxu-
reebad gaamweses. indoeTSi qarTvel mosamsaxureTa gavrcelebaze isic
metyvelebs, rom meTvramete saukunis bolosTvis sityva `gurji~ sa-
saubro leqsikonSi gamoiyeneboda ara mxolod qarTvelobis aRsaniSna-
vad, aramed mosamsaxuris gagebiTac.4
meore kategorias warmoadgendnen qarTveli qalebi, romelTa naxva
SeiZleboda dasavleT da samxreT aziis TiTqmis yvela xelmwifisa da
warCinebuli piris haremSi.5 es garemoeba zogadad kargad aris cnobili
osmaleTisa da iranis magaliTze, magram msgavsi viTareba iyo indoeT-
Sic, sadac qarTveli mxevlebi sakmaod gavrcelebulebi iyvnen. maTgan
yvelaze gamorCeuli xvedri xvda udaipuri mahal sahibas.
did moRolTa imperiam Tavis zenits miaRwia aurangzebis (abu l-
muzafar muhi ad-din muhamad aurangzebi) ormocdacxrawliani mmarT-
velobis (1658-1707) dros, rodesac moRolma xelmwifem indoeTis
subkontinenti TiTqmis mTlianad daimorCila da ganamtkica samefo
xelisufleba. aurangzebs ramdenime coli da mxevali hyavda, magram
maT Soris gamorCeuli adgili warmoSobiT qarTvel udaipuri mahal
sahibas ekava.
udaipuri indoeTSi 1650-ian wlebSi moxvda. monobaSi gayiduli gog-
ona sabolood moRolTa imperatoris Sah-jahanis Svilis dara Sikohis
haremSi aRmoCnda. 1658 wels, Sah-jahanis avadmyofobis dros, imperias
saTaveSi dara Sikohi Caudga, magram mas aujanydnen Zmebi, maT Soris
aurangzebi. samuRarTan gadamwyvet brZolaSi aurangzebma gaimarjva,
sikvdiliT dasaja Tavisi Zma da tyved Caigdo misi ojaxi da maT Soris
uidapuric. uidapurma umalve miiqcia aurangzebis yuradReba, misi mx-
evali gaxda da momdevno 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi mudam mis gverdSi iyo.6
4
John Borthwick-Gilchrist, The Hindee Moral Preceptor: Or Rudimental Principles Of Persian
Grammar (London, 1821), 204. avtoris moyvanil leqsikonSi sityvis goorjee pirveli
mniSvneloba mocemulia rogorc qarTveli (Georgian), meore ki – mosamsaxure (servant
boy, brat).
5
frangi mogzauri fransua bernie Tavis CanawerebSi aRniSnavda, rom aziis
TiTqmis yvela samefos karze Segxvdeba `qalebi da saWurisebi ruseTidan,
CerqezeTidan, samegrelodan, gurjistanidan da eTiopiidan~. François Bernier, Travels
in the Mogul Empire: A.D. 1656-1668 (London, 1916), 144. msgavsi informacia damowmebulia
sxva mogzaurTa nawerebSic.
6
udaipuri naxsenebia bevr naSromSi, maT Soris: Bilkees I. Latif, Forgotten (New Delhi,
180 aleqsandre miqaberiZe
es bunebrivia, metad rTuli saqme iyo da udaipuris SesaZleblobebze

metyvelebs. XVII saukunis miwuruls italieli mogzauri nikolo manu-
Ci, romelmac TiTqmis mTeli Tavisi cxovreba did moRolTa samsaxurSi
gaatara da kargad erkveoda did moRolTa karis intrigebSi, aRniSnavda
rom imperatoris `sxva colebs da mxevlebs didad SurdaT, rom aurang-
zebs ase Zlier uyvarda udaipuri“ da mudam, Tumca amaod, cdilobdnen
mis dakninebas.7 Tanamedroveebisa da istorikosebis TqmiT, udaipuri
aurangzebis yvelaze didi siyvaruli iyo, ris gamoc is bevr rameze xu-
Wavda Tvals, maT Soris Rvinisadmi did midrekilebazec. aurangzebi
ukve ormocdaaTi wlis iyo, rodesac udaipurma mas mexuTe vaJiSvili,
muhamad kam baxSi, gauCina. am vaJiSvilma aurangzebis gardacvalebis
Semdeg (1707 wlis martSi) aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo xelisuflebi-
saTvis brZolaSi, magram sabolood damarcxda da brZolaSi miRebuli
Wrilobisagan gardaicvala.
indoeTSi myofi qarTvelebis mesame kategorias ganekuTvnebian
samxedro monebi. maT igive roli ekisraT, rac TurqeTSi – ianiCrebs,
egvipteSi, siriaSi, eraySi, TunisSi – mamluqebs, iranSi – yuli/Rulami
samefo monebs. sakuTari xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis mizniT, indoeTis
xelmwifeebi yidulobdnen samxedro monebs da qiraobdnen ucxoelTa
samxedro SenaerTebs, ris Sedegad indoeTSi araerTi qarTveli aR-
moCnda. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad am samxedro monebs uwo-
debdnen `TuruqSa~ anu `Turqi~ rac ganpirobebuli iyo maT umetesobis
Sua aziuri warmomavlobiT. 8 droTa ganmavlobaSi samxedro monebis eT-
nikuri Semadgenloba sagrZnoblad Seicvala, Tumca saxeli `TuruqSa~
mainc gamoiyeneboda maT mimarT, rasac vxvdebiT zogierTi qarTveli
monis, mag. kasim baridis, SemTxvevaSi. XVI saukunisaTvis samxedro eli-
tis did nawils warmoadgendnen iranidan mosuli pirovnebebi, Tumca
zogierTi maTgani ar iyo eTnikuri iraneli. bunebrivia wyaroebis na-
kleboba arTulebs am pirovnebebis eTnikuris gansazRvra, ris ga-
moc dasavlur istoriografiaSi zogjer gamoiyeneba zogadi termini
2010), 34; Stanley Lane-Poole, History of India (New York, 1903), 138; J.L. Mehta, Advance Study in
the History of Medieval India (New Delhi, 2009), II, 480; Encyclopedia of India Women through the
Ages, vol. 2, The Middle Ages, ed. Simmi Jain (Delhi, 2003), II, 149; George D. Oswell, Sketches of
Rulers of India, vol. IV, The Princes of India and Albuquerque (Oxford, 1908), 122.
7
Niccolò Manucci, Storia Do Mogor: Or, Mogul India, 1653-1708, trans. and ed. William Irvine
(London, 1907), I, 361; II, 107-8.
8
ix. Jonathan Gill Harris, The First Firangis: Remarkable Stories of Heroes, Healers, Charlatans,
Courtesans and Other Foreigners who Became Indian (New Delhi, 2015).
`dasavleTelebi~ (Westerners), romelic XVI-XVII saukunis indur wyaroe-

bSic gvxdeba.9
uamrav da moqiSpe samflobelod daqucmacebul indoeTSi didi in-
teress iCendnen qarTveli Rulamebisadmi, romelTa Sesaxeb indoeTSi
bevri ram esmodaT sparseTidan da romelTa meSveobiT indoel xelm-
wifeebs sakuTari samxedro Zlierebis ganmtkiceba surdaT.10 XVII sau-
kunis frangi misioneri Jan batist de tavernie miuTiTebs, rom rogorc
sparseTSi, aseve didi moRolis imperiaSi qarTvelebs upiratesobas
aZlevdnen, vinaidan `qarTvelebi araCveulebrivad moxerxebulad is-
vrian mSvild-isars da cnobilni arian, rogorc saukeTeso jariskace-
bi mTels aziaSi. isini Seadgenen sparseTis Sahis kavaleriis umetes
nawils. maTi erTi nawili Sahs hyavs sasaxlesTan, uxdis gansxvavebul
xelfass da endoba maT Tavdadebas da vaJkacobas. aseve, zogierTi maT-
gani aris didi moRolis samsaxurSic~. 11 XVI saukunis indoeli istor-
ikosi muhamad qasim hindu Sahi (igive feriSTa) aRniSnavs rom bahmanTa
sulTanma ahmad Sahma (1422-1436), sakuTari jaris gasaZliereblad,
iranSi daiqirava 3 000 meti mxedari, rac cxadyofs Tu ramdenad didi
mimosvla iyo bahmanis saxelmwifosa da irans Soris. advilad dasaSve-
bia, rom Semdgom wlebSi iranidan nayid Tu daqiravebul jariskacebs
Soris qarTvelebic iqnebodnen. firiSTas cnobiT, `sulTnis brZanebiT,
laSqrobisas Tu samefo karze yofnisas, dasavleTelebi mudam mis mar-
jvniv mxares unda yofiliyvnen, xolo dekanelebi da eTiopelebi mar-
cxena mxares, swored am droidan moyolebuli dekanelebsa da dasavle-
Telebs Soris gamudmebuli mtroba Camovarda da sadac ki saSualeba
eZleodaT, erTmaneTs klavdnen~.12
aRsaniSnavia, rom indoeTSi qarTvelebi aseve fasobdnen, rogorc
saxelganTqmuli monadireebi. ivane javaxiSvili sworad aRniSnavda,
rom nadirobas `marto kerZo gasarTobis Tviseba ar hqonda, aramed
9
ixileT mravaltomeuli gamocema The New Cambridge History of India.
10
amave dros, aRsaniSnavia, rom sparseTSi da indoeTSi moRvawe qarTvelebi
ar unda iqnan ganxiluli tradiciuli viwro TvalTaxedviT, anu ubralo `mona-
jariskacebad~. rogorc iaponelma mkvlevarma hirotake maedam naTlad warmoaCina
sefianTa karze moRvawe qarTvelebis magaliTze, sinamdvileSi qarTuli samxedro
elita warmoadgenda ara mxolod niWier mxedarTmTavrebs, aramed inteleqtualur
elitasac, romelic xelovnebisa da literaturis didi moamage iyo.
11
Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, The six voyages of John Baptista Tavernier, Baron of Aubonne through
Turky, into Persia and the East-Indies, for the space of forty years (London, 1677), 124.
12
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix. Richard M. Eaton, The New Cambridge History of India,
vol. 1-8, A Social History of The Deccan, 1300-1761 (Cambridge, 2005), 68ff.
samxedro varjiSis magieri iyo~.13 feodalur saqarTveloSi, iseve ro-

gorc evropis Tu islamuri samyaros sxva saxelmwifoebSi, nadiroba
warmoadgenda erT-erT umniSvnelovanes saxelmwifo valdebule-
bas, romelic sazogadoebis yvela fenaze vrceldeboda da iSviaTad
moicavda Seuvalobis uflebas. nadirobasa da samxedro saqmes Soris
axlo damokidebulebis damadasturebeli detalebi uxvad moipoveba
rogorc istoriul wyaroebidan (`qarTlis cxovreba~, `dasturla-
mali~, italieli misionerebis moxsenebebi, sexnia CxeiZis, papuna or-
belianis, farsadan gorgijaniZis, da vaxtang batoniSvilis nawarmoe-
bebi) aseve mxatvruli nawarmoebebidan, maT Soris SoTa rusTavelis
`vefxistyaosanSi~.14 XVI saukunis meore naxevridan sefianTa iranSi qa-
rTvel tyveebs xSirad nadirobis saqmes avalebdnen da maTgan araerTma
monadireTuxucesobac daimsaxura. iranidan bevri maTgani indoeTSic
moxvda da nikolo manuCis Tanaxmad, did moRolTa xelmwifis aurang-
zebis mmarTvelobis dros, qarTveli tyve ibrahim maliqi ganagebda `Se-
vardenebs, qorebs da, zogadad, samefo nadirobis saqmes~.15
indoeTidan qarTvelebi samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSic, maT Soris
siamis samefoSi (dRevandeli tailandi) moxvedrilan. 1685 wels ira-
nis Sahis suleimanis davalebiT, iranulma delegaciam imogzaura sia-
mSi da ewvia mefis fra narais (ramaTibodi si sanfeti, 1656-1688) kars.
am mgzavrobis detalebi cnobilia delegaciis mdivnis muhamed ibra-
himis Canawerebidan. siamSi arsebula iranelTa vrceli saTvistomo,
sadac qarTvelebic moRvaweobdnen. muhamed ibrahimis cnobiT, siamis
samefo karis sanadiro saqme swored iraneli saTvistomos wevrebs
epyraT xelSi, vinaidan `mefem icoda, rom isini mudam daintereseb-
ulebi arian nadirobiT~ da maT daavala SevardenTa da qorebis gawrT-
vna. siamis karTan moRvaweobda èrTi axalgazrda qarTveli, romelic
mefis amalaSi msaxurobda. igi dajildovebuli iyo cxenosnobis da
nadirobis araCveulebrivi niWiT da gambedaobiT~. usaxelo qarTve-
li siamis mefes Tan axlda xolme nadirobisas, magram, samwuxarod,
tragikulad daasrula sicocxle: erT-erTi nadirobisas, is nadirs
daedevna, magram cxens fexi gadaubrunda da daeca, xolo unagiridan
13
ivane javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria (Tbilisi, 1930), I, 147.
14
ix. qveli CxataraiSvili, narkvevebi samxedro saqmis istoriidan feodalur
saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 1979); a. robaqiZe, koleqtiuri nadirobis gadmonaSTebi
raWaSi (Tbilisi, 1941); l. garsiaSvili, vefxistyaosani: samxedro xelosnebis
istoriis masalebi (Tbilisi, 1937).
15
Manucci, Storia Do Mogor, III, 233.
gadmovardnili qarTveli vaJkaci sakuTar Subs wamoego da mokvda.16

XVI saukuneSi indoeTSi mimdinare Sida AaSlilobam didi cvlile-
bebi moitana. CrdiloeT indoeTSi safuZveli Caeyara did moRolTa
imperia xolo samxreT nawilSi, dekanSi, suls Zlivs Rafavda odesRac
didi indusuri saxelmwifo vijaianagari, romlis politikuri isto-
ria metad CaxlarTulad ganviTarda.17 indusuri vijaianagari gamud-
mebiT ebrZoda islamur delis sasultnos da mis xelmwifeebs gamud-
mebiT sWirdebodaT samxedro monebi; magaliTad, 1430 wels deva raia
II-m daiQqirava 10,000 `TuruqSa~ (Turqi) mxedari vijaianagaris jaris
gasaZliereblad. amasTan dakavSirebiYT riCHard itoni, dekanis istori-
is erT-erTi saukeTeso specialisti, aRniSnavs rom ìmisda miuxedevad
Tu vis gulisxmobda termini `Turqi~ - dekanis mosaxle musulmanebs
Tu arabeTis zRvis gaRma mcxovreb dasavleTis xalxs [Westerners], es
cnoba gviCvenebs Tu ramdenad Tavisufali iyo mimosvla vijaianagaris
da bahmanis sazgvarze.”18 imis gaTvaliswinebiT rom bahmanis sasulTno-
Si araerTi qarTveli mona iyo (ixileT qvemoT), savsebiT dasaSvebia rom
swored am gziT aRmoCndnen qarTvelebi samxreT aziis sxva nawileb-
Sic. amas adasturebs cnobili frangi mecnieri, filosofosi da mog-
zauri fransua bernie,19 romelmac, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, mravali
weli gaatara did moRolTa imperiaSi, Tavis naSromSi mogviTxrobs
vijaianagari erT-erT xelmwifeze romlis drosac dawinaurdnen qa-
rTveli monebi. frangi mogzauris cnobiT, am xelmwifis amalaSi iyo
`sami qarTveli mona romelTac igi gamorCeuli pativiT epyroboda da
sabolood sami didi mxaris mmarTvelebad daniSna~. samwuxarod, ber-
nie ar asaxelebs am qarTveli monebis saxelebs magram miuTiTebs rom
pirveli maTgani ganagebda dauleTabadis garSemo mdebare vrcel ter-
itorias romelic SemdgomSi did moRolTa imperiis farglebSi moeqca;
meore qarTveli saTaveSi edga viSapurs xolo mesame golkondas. etyo-
16
Safina’i sulaimani (The Ship of Sulaiman), trans. and ed. John O’Kane (London, 2008), 70.
17
1336 wels dafuZnebul samefos momdevno sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi marTavda
ramdenime dinastia (sangama (1336-1485), saluva (1485-1505), tuluva (1491-1570),
aravidu (1542-1646), romlis warmomadgenlebi, rogorc wesi, atarebdnen raia
(Raya)-ze damTavrebul saxelebs. ix. A A .L. Dallapiccola and M. Zingel Ave-Lallemant, eds,
Vijayanagara: City and Empire (Wiesbaden, 1985, 2 vols.); John M. Fritz and George Michell, eds.
New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara (Mumbai, 2001); Noburu Karashima, Towards
a New Formation: South Indian Society under Vijayanagara Rule (New Delhi, 1992)
18
Eaton, A Social History of The Deccan, 1300-1761, 88
19
zustad igive cnoba aqvs moyvanili jon fraiers Tavis mogzaurobis werilebSi.
John Fryer, A New Account of East India and Persia in Eight Leters (London, 1698) 165-166.
ba samive qarTveli niWieri mmarTveli gamodga vinaidan bernies TqmiT

isini imdenad `gamdidrdnen da gaZlierdnen~, rom ajanyeba moawyves,
mefe mokles da Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdes. `qarTveli monebi da maTi
STamomavlebi mtkiced ganagebdnen TavianT samTavroebs imitom, rom
erTmaneTTan mudmiv kavSirSi iyvnen da erTmaneTs gverdiT udgnen mo-
Rolebis winaaRmdeg did samxedro operaciebSi~.20
bernies cnoba kargad cnobilia qarTul istoriografiaSi, Tumca
misi kritikuli Sefaseba aravis gaukeTebia, arada masSi uzustobebi
SeiniSneba. bernie vijaianagaris xelmwifes moixseniebs rogorc “ram-
ras,” magram aseTi saxeli vijaianagaris arcerT mmarTvels ar erqva.
unda vivaraudoT rom frangi mwerali gulisxmobda alia rama raias,
romelic vijaianagars marTavda 1542-1565 wlebSi. rama raia sakmaod Zl-
ieri xelmwife iyo romlis wyalobiTac vijaianagaris samefo gaZlierda
1550-ian wlebSi. magram misma warmatebam didi SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia mezo-
bel saxelmwifoebSi. 1565 wels ahmadnagaris, bijapuris, golkondisa da
bidaris muslimuri sasulTnoebis mier erToblivi laSqrobis Sedegad
rama raia sastikad damarcxda TalikoTis brZolaSi da tyved Cauvarda
mowinaaRmdeges, romelmac mas Tavi mokveTa. rama raias damarcxebam da-
mangreveli zegavlena iqonia vijaianagaris samefosaTvis, romelmac
marTalia ganagrZo arseboba magram adrindeli dideba veRar daibruna.21
samwuxarod ar mogvepoveba raime damatebiTi sabuTi romelic daadas-
turebda bernies cnobas vijaianagarSi qarTvelTa yofnas. unda vivar-
audoT rom am cnobaSi bernie, romelmac didi moRolTa karze mravali
weli gaatara da bevr maRalwodebul moxeles gaesaubra, swored mo-
RolTa taxtisTvis cnobil (an misaReb) informacias imeorebda rac Ta-
visTavad sagulisxmoa garemoebaa vinaidan is cxadyofs rom moRolebi-
saTvis qarTvelTa dawinaureba arc ise gasakviri ram iyo. A
amave dros savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom bernies am cnobaSi asaxu-
lia ufro adrindeli movlenebi, konkretulad XV saukunis miwuruls
dasavleT indoeTis zogierT samefoSi qarTveli monebis dawinaureba.
Aam mxriv vijaianagaris damarcxebaSi monawile sasulTnoebidan CvenT-
vis sayuradReboa bijapuri, sadac 1480-ian wlebidan moyolebuli did
warmatebebs miaRwia usuf adil-Sahma, adil SahTa Zlieri saxelmwifos
daamarsebelma.
Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire, 192-3.

20
“Rama Raya (1484-1565)” in Eaton, A Social History of The Deccan, 1300-1761, 78-104; Salma
21
Ahmed Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India (Delhi, 2011), 123ff.

usuf adil Sahma metad saintereso cxovreba ganvlo. misi warmoSo-

ba burusiT aris moculi, Tumca yvela wyaro Tanxmdeba, rom is ùcxoe-
li~ iyo, axalgazrdobaSi monad gayides da SemdgomSi indoeTSi moxvda.
usufis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT sami varaudi arsebobs. mkvlev-
arTa erTi jgufi (maTi umetesi nawili XIX saukunis istorikosebia) iy-
enebs XVI saukunis indoeli istorikosis muhamad qasim hindu Sahis (igive
feriSTas) cnobil namuSevars (Tarikh-i-Firishtah), romelSic usufi osma-
leTis sulTnis muradis Svilad aris warmosaxuli.22 feriSTas TqmiT,
muradis gardacvalebis Semdeg, axalma sultanma mehmed meorem Tavisi
Zmebis daxocva brZana. dedis daxmarebiT, usufi gadaurCa sikvdils –
dedamisma daibara erT-erTi vaWari (feriSTa mis vinaobasac amxels –
xvaja amad al-din gurjistani, savaraudod isic qarTveli) da Svilis
gadarCenaSi daxmareba sTxova. vaWars ramdenime gasayidi mona hyolia,
romelTagan erT-erTi Zalian hgavda usufs. amrigad, es sacodavi ax-
algazrda mokles da misi Tavi sulTans miarTves, xolo TviT usufi qa-
rTvel monad gaasaRes da jer iranSi, xolo Semdeg indoeTSi, waiyvanes.
sadReisod es mosazreba gabaTilebulia. feriSTam, romelsac adil
SahTa arqivebze miuwvdeboda xeli, ver SeZlo amis damadasturebeli
sabuTebis mopoveba da am ambavs gviambobs mxolod erTi xanSi Sesuli
moxelis Cvenebaze dayrdnobiT.23 rTuli dasajerebelia, rom sulTnis
Svilad dabadebuli usufi monad yofnas Segueboda da SemdgomSi erTx-
elac ar gaesva xazi Tavisi warmomavlobisaTvis. etyoba, samefo taxtze
aRzevebul adil Sahebs euxerxulebodaT, rom isini erTi ubralo mo-
nis STamomavlebi iyvnen. amitom maTi dakveTiT daweril oficialur
istoriaSi – feriSTa adil SahTa karis mTavari istorikosi iyo – isini
TviT osmaleTis sulTnis STamomavlebi gaxdnen.
meore varauds safuZvlad udevs rafi ad-din Sirazis namuSevari
(Tazkirat al-Muluk);24 feriSTas msgavsad, rafi al dini adil SahTa moxele
iyo da Tavisi namuSevris werisas aseve xelSekruli iyo. rafi acxadebs,
rom usufi warmoSobiT iyo sparseTidan, savas provinciis gamgeblis
muhamed begis Svili. mamamisi brZolis velze daeca da mtrebisgan
devnili ojaxi indoeTSi gaiqca, sadac usufi qarTvel monad gaasaRes.
22
Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī Firishtah, Tarikh-i-Firishtah. History of the Rise of the
Mahomedan Power in India, translated by John Briggs (London, 1829), 3 vols.
23
Firishtah, Tarikh-i-Firishtah, III, 4-7.
24
Rafiuddin Ibrahim Shirazi, Tazkirat Al-Muluk: History of the Kings, trans. and ed. A.M. Khalidi
(Santa Ana, 1987); Rafi’al-Din Shirazi, Tazkirat Al-Muluk, extracts trans. J.S. King, “History of the
Bahmani Dynasty,” Indian Antiquary, 29 (1899).
rafis mosazreba efuZneba erTi 90 wels gadacilebuli indoeli mox-

elis mogonebebs.
feriSTas da rafis erTi saerTo aqvT – orTave acxadebs, rom spar-
suli Tu Turquli warmoSobis miuxedavad, usufi indoeTSi qarTvel
monad iyo gasaRebuli. unda vivaraudoT, rom saamisod usufs qarTve-
lis raime damaxasiaTebeli niSani eqneboda, miTumetes rom, sparseTSi
da indoeTSi kargad icnobdnen da afasebdnen qarTvelebs. swored ami-
tom mkvlevarTa mesame nawili25 varaudobs, rom usufi arc sulTnis da
arc sparseli gamgeblis Svili iyo, aramed saqarTvelodan motacebuli
axalgazrda ymawvili, romelmac Tavisi niWis wyalobiT SeZlo ara mx-
olod monobidan Tavis daRweva, aramed indoeTis erT-erTi samefos sa-
TaveSi moxvedrac. sainteresoa, rom usufis gardacvalebidan 150 wlis
Semdegac ki did moRolTa karze saubrobdnen misi qarTvelobis Sesaxeb.
XVII saukunis miwuruls italieli mogzauri nikolo manuCi, romelmac
TiTqmis mTeli Tavisi cxovreba did moRolTa samsaxurSi gaatara da
kargad erkveoda indoeTis politikur viTarebaSi, Tavis cnobil naS-
romSi Storia Do Mogor aRniSnavda, rom `bijapuris provincia gadaeca
erT-erT monas saxelad usufi, romelic Tavdapirvelad xelmwifis
sufrasTan xorcis damWrel monad msaxurobda. amave dros gulkandis
provincia gadaeca ibrahim maliqs, imave warmoSobis monas, romelic
xelmwifis bazierTuxucesi iyo~.26 sainteresoa, rom imave naSromSi, bi-
japuris samefos ambebis ganxilvisas, manuCi usufis Tanamdebobas sx-
vanairad waradgens: aRniSnavs ra, rom bijapurs marTavda èrT-erTi
mona, qarTuli warmoSobis renegati usufi~, manuCi miuTiTebs, rom is
erT dros `samefo xazinas xelmRvanelobda, ris gamoc igi gamosaxulia
[xolme] xelSi daWerili oqros gasaRebiT~.27
usufis bavSvobaze araferia cnobilia. unda vivaraudoT, rom igi
1450-1451 wlebSi daibada. feriSTas mixedviT usufi daaxloebiT 17 wlis
iyo, rodesac indoeTSi aRmoCnda. 1460-1470-ian wlebSi saqarTvelo-
Si araerTxel SemoWrilan yara-yoiunlu da ay-yoiunlu Turqmenebi,
25
magaliTad, Vincent A. Smith, The Oxford History of India (Oxford, 1920), 291; Radhey S.
Caurasia, History of Medieval India from 1000 AD to 1797 AD (New Delhi, 2002) 101; Ashirbadi Lal
Srivastava, The Sultanate of Delhi (Agra, 1953), 304; Robert Kellerman, “Bijapur,” in International
Dictionary of Historic Places, eds. Paul Schellinger and Robert Salkin, V (Chicago, 1996), 125; Hugh
Tinker, South Asia: A Short History (Honolulu, 1990), 17; Jean Filliozat, India: The Country and Its
Traditions (Englewood, 1962), 218.
26
Manucci, Storia Do Mogor, III, 99.
27
iqve, 232.
romelTac qarTuli mxareebis aoxrebis Semdeg, didZali nadavli Caig-

des xelSi da aTasobiT tyve waiyvanes iranSi. savsebiT SesaZlebelia,
rom am tyveTa Soris yofiliyo axalgazrda usufic. arsebuli wyaroe-
bidan cnobilia, rom usufma ramdenime weli gaatara sparseTSi, kerZod
qalaq savaSi, sadac islami miaRebines da saxeli Seucvales.
1460-iani wlebis miwuruls usufi sparseTidan waiyvanes indoeTSi,
sadac mas yuradReba miaqcia mahmud Ravanma, dekanis bahmanis sasulT-
nos didma vezirma, romelic warmoSobiT iranidan iyo da, Cans, kar-
gad icnobda qarTvelebs. Ravanma umalve iyida qarTveli mona (arse-
buli wyaroebis mixedviT usufi am dros 17 wlis iyo) da Tavis pirad
amalaSi gaamwesa.28 etyoba, usufma didi mxneoba da niWi gamoiCina, vi-
naidan ramdenime weliwadSi Ravanma igi gaaTavisufla da daiaxlova.29
usufma Tavi gamoiCina dekanis sulTnisgan gandgomili cixe-simagree-
bis dapyrobaSi da saxeli moixveWa veraguris cixe-simagris, romelic
auReblad iTvleboda, dalaSqvraSi. am laSqrobebis Sedegad usufma
uzarmazari nadavli Caigdo xelT, magram yvelaferi uklebliv gadasca
sulTan muhamed Sah bahmani II-s, romelic aRfrTovanebuli darCa usu-
fis saqcieliT da uxvad daasaCuqra igi. gamarjvebebis aRsaniSnavad Ra-
vanma da usufma sulTnisTvis didi nadimi gamarTes, sadac, sxva ZRven-
Tan erTad, miarTves `100 Cerqezi, qarTveli da abisinieli momRerali
da mocekvave~.30 sulTanma daiaxlova usufi da misi mamobili da maTi
daxmarebiT xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas Seudga.
usufi bijapuris (indoeTis samxreT-dasavleTSi) gamgebeli gaxda
da saxeli moixveWa, rogorc niWierma da samarTlianma mmarTvelma. gad-
amTielTa (iraneli Ravani da qarTveli usufis) aRzevebam da sulTnis
gaZlierebam dekanis warCinebulTa Soris didi ukmayofileba gamoi-
wvia. gayalbebuli sabuTebis meSveobiT maT daasmines Ravani da 1481
wels sulTanma misi sikvdiliT dasja brZana. mamobilis sikvdili metad
mZime dartyma iyo usufisaTvis, magram sulTnisgan gandgomas moerida
da xelsayreli droisaTvis mocda arCia. erTi wlis Tavze sulTani gar-
daicvala da taxti ergo mis Svils Tormeti wlis muhamed Sah bahmans.
bunebrivia, ymawvili xelmwife maleve politikuri intrigebis qselSi
moiqca da mcire xanSi qarTveli monis, kasim baridis, zegavlenis qveS
28
“Mahmud Gowan (1411-1481): Deccans and Westerners” in Eaton, A Social History of The Deccan,
1300-1761, 59-77.
29
zogierTi wyaro imasac acxadebs rom Ravanma iSvila usufi.
30
Firishtah, Tarikh-i-Firishtah, II, 490.
aRmoCnda. usufma isargebla politikuri areulobiT, 1489 wlisaT-

vis ganudga sultans da Tavi damoukidebel xelmwifad gamoacxada.
momdevno oci wlis ganmavlobaSi man gaatara metad warmatebuli sa-
Sinao da sagareo politika, ris Sedegad bijapuris samefo indoeTSi
erT-erTi yvelaze Zlier saxelmwifod Camoyalibda.31 usufma Caatara
didi aRmSeneblobiTi samuSaoebi da bijapurSi dRemdea Semonaxuli
mis mier agebuli Senobebi. 1500-11 wlebSi is Seupovrad ibrZoda axlad
gamoCenili portugalielebis winaaRmdeg da garkveul warmatebebsac
miaRwia. 1510 wels portugalielebma, alfonso albukerkis meTauro-
biT, ieriSi miitanes usufis erT-erTi sakvanZo qalaqze, goaze, magram
usufma ukuagdo isini. goasTan portugalielTa marcxi imiTac aris
aRsaniSnavi rom is gvaZlevs damatebiT cnobas usufis qarTvelobaze.
goasTan gancdili marcxiT gawbilebuli portugalielebi araerTxel
aRniSnaven rom goas dacvas meTaurobda vinme `sabao~ an ìakub gurji~,
romelmac `400 kaciani~ garnizoniT warmatebiT moigeria portug-
alielTa Semotevebi.32 am informacias aseve adasturebs italieli
mogzauri varTema, romelic acxadebs rom goas dacvas `meTaurobda
vinme savani, romelic Tavadac mamluqi iyo da 400 mamluqs meTaurobda.
rodesac es meTauri TeTr [kavkasiel?] kacs SeiZens, mas mudam maRal
xelfas uniSnavs da TveSi sul cota 15 an 20 pardais [oqros moneta]
uxdis~.33 `savani~ an `sabaio~ swored portugalielebis mier usuf adil
SahisaTvis wodebuli saxelia.34 1518 wels portugalielma duarte bar-
bosam daasrula Tavisi vrceli namuSevari romelSic is aRwers ìndoe-
Tis okeanes sanapiroze mdebare qveynebs da maT binadrebs~. goas aR-
werisas barbosa bunebrivia saubrobs `sabaios~ Sesaxeb da mas Turqad
moixseniebs.35 metad sainteresoa, rom usuf adil Sahis SvilebTan st-
umrobisas portugalielma mweralma diogo de kutom maT waukiTxa
31
Firishtah, Tarikh-i-Firishtah, III, 9-10.
32
Faria e Sousa, Asia portuguesa, t. I, p. II, V, 136.
33
The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia,
India, and Ethiopia, 1503 to 1508, ed. George Percy Badger (London, 1863), 116.
34
portugalieli istorikosi hose da fonseka goas warmatebul dacvas ùsuf
gurjis~ miawers. Jose Nicolau da Fonseca, An Historical and Archaeological Sketch of the City
of Goa (Bombay, 1878), 97. aseve ix. Alfonso Albuquerque, The Commentaries of the Great Afonso
Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India, ed. Walter de Gray Birch (New York, 1877), II, 82, 85ff;
Henry Morse Stephens, Albuquerque (Oxford, 1892), 75; J.H. Parry, ed. The European Reconnaissance
(London, 1968), 98.
35
Duarte Barbosa, The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the Countries Bordering on the Indian
Ocean and Their Inhabitants, translated by Mansel Longworth Dames, (London, 1918), I, 172-173, ix.
sqolio 1.
barbosas nawarmoebis nawyvetebi, sadac saubari iyo sabaioze. kutos

TqmiT, usuf adilis Svilebma `gulianad icines~ da ganucxades rom
maTi mama àrc Turqi iyo da arc sufi (cufo)~.36
goas dacva usufis ukanaskneli gamarjveba iyo. 1511 wels, 67 wlis
asakSi usufi gardaicvala bijapurSi. dasaflavebulia qalaq Sahpur-
Si, cnobili sufi Candah huseinis akldamaSi. XVI saukunis istorikosi
feriSTa aRniSnavda, rom usuf adil Sahi iyo `brZeni xelmwife, ada-
mianis bunebis kargi mcodne; mSvenieri aRnagobis, mWevrmetyveli da
ganswavluli; saxelganTqmuli Tavisi swavlulobiT, guluxvobiT da
vaJkacobiT. igi mudam afrTxilebda Tavis moxeleebs, rom emoqmedaT
samarTlianad da patiosnad da piradad aZlevda amis magaliTs. misi
samefo kari izidavda swavlul da vaJakac xalxs, miuxedavad imisa Tu
ra rwmenis an warmoSobis iyvnen isini~.37 marTalia, adil SahTa isto-
rikosis sityvebi mikerZoebulia, magram TanamedroveTa (maT Soris
portugalielTa) umetesoba aRiarebda usufis did niWs da miRwevebs.
1502 wels bijapurSi Casuli italieli mogzauri ludoviko di varTema
aRniSnavda rom usuf adil Sahi „Zalian Zlieri, mdidari da guluxvi
xelmwifea“ da aRtacebuli aRwerda mis dedaqalaqs: ès Zalian lamazi
da mdidari qalaqia... sadac ulamazesi [samefo] sasaxlea, romelSic
unda gaiaro 44 darbazi sanam mefes eaxlebi. TviT qalaqi garSemorty-
mulia Zlieri galavniT qristianuli qalaqebis msgavsad, xolo Seno-
bebi gamoirCevian Tavisi silamaziT. Tavad xelmwife ampartavnulad
da mdidrulad cxovrobs. misi mosamsaxureebis fexsacmlis Zirebic ki
morTulia lalebiT, briliantebiT da sxva Zvirfasi TvlebiT, ase rom
albaT warmogidgeniaT, raoden mdidrulad morTuli aqvT TiTebi da
yurebi...~38 varTema aRniSnavs, rom usuf adil Sahis jaris umetes nawils
ùcxoeli da TeTrkaniani jariskaci“ Seadgendnen (maT Soris unda vi-
varaudoT qarTvelebic), romlebic gamoirCeodnen „samefos adgilo-
brivi mosaxleobisagan, romelsac moyavisfro (tawny) kanis feri aqvs.“
usuf adil Sahis mier dafuZnebuli adil SahTa dinastia orasi wlis
ganmavlobaSi marTavda bijapurs da did gavlenas axdenda indoeTis
politikur viTarebaze. adil SahTa saxelmwifos erT-erTi yvelaze
Zlieri mowinaaRmdege ki bidarSi kidev erTi qarTveli monis, kasim
36
Diogo do Couto, Decada quarta da Asia, Livro X, capitulo IV, 199 (Lisbon, 1602). aseve ixile
R.S. Whiteway, The Rise of Portuguese Power in India, 1497-1550 (Westminster, 1899), 133-4.
37
Tarikh-i-Firishtah, 30.
38
The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema, 117-8.
baridis, mier daarsebuli samefo dinastia iyo. misi cxovrebis bevri

detali ucnobi rCeba, magram etyoba bevri sxva qarTvelis msgavsad
isic monobaSi aRmoCnda. firiSTas cnobiT, axalgazrda kasimi bidarSi
aRmoCnda mas Semdeg, rac xvaja Sahab-ud-din ali ezdim is saCuqrad mi-
arTva sulTans muhamad Sah bahmani III-s, romelmac Tavis mxriv kasimi
`gaamwesa Tavis qarTvel moaxleebs Soris~.39 kasimi zogjer naxsenebia,
rogorc saqarTveloSi dabadebuli `Turqi~ romelic gayides, rogorc
qarTveli mona bidarSi, magram unda vivaraudoT rom am SemTxvevaSi
`Turqi~ ar gulisxmobs mis eTnikur warmomavlobas, aramed, rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, mis statusze (samxedro mona) miuTiTebs.
sxva qarTveli Rulamebis msgavsad, kasimma male moixveWa saxeli,
rogorc mamacma da niWierma pirovnebam, romelic Cinebuli kaligrafi
da musikosi iyo. amave dros, kasimi warmatebiT arTmevda Tavs samxedro
saqmesac da, firiSTas cnobiT, `Tavi gamoiCina Tavisi vaJkacobiT meam-
boxe maraTas winaaRmdeg brZolebSi, romelTa dasamarcxeblad igi mi-
vlinebul iqna peituns da Cakunis Soris mdebare mxareSi~.40 gadamwyvet
brZolaSi kasims mouklavs meamboxeTa Tavkaci da am gamarjvebis aRsan-
iSnavad sulTan mahmudma kasims neba darTo colad moeyvana mokluli
maraTelis qaliSvili da uxvad daajildova miwebiT. 1490 wlisaT-
vis kasimma didi zegavlena moipova samefo karze, ramac didi ukmayo-
fileba gamoiwvia adgilobriv warCinebulTa Soris. rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, swored am dros ganudga sulTans iusuf adil xani, romel-
mac bijapurSi sakuTari saxelmwifo Seqmna. kasim baridma ki ganagrZo
bidarSi zeoba da TiTqmis ToTxmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi saTaveSi edga
bidaris sasulTnos. is 1504 wels gardaicvala, magram am droisaTvis
man safuZveli Cauyara baridTa dinastias, romelic momdevno asi wlis
ganmavlobaSi marTavda bidars.41
usuf adil Sahis da kasim baridis Tanamedrove iyo maliq aiazi,
romelmac didi roli iTamaSa Crdilo-dasavleT indoeTSi portug-
alielTa eqspansiis mogeriebaSi. maliq aiazis warmoSobasTan da-
39
Firishtah, Tarikh-i-Firishtah, III, 495.
40
iqve.
41
“Barid Shahs”, Encyclopedia of Islam, I, 1047; James Dunning Gribble, A History of the Deccan
(London: 1896), I, 168; Ghulam Yazdani, Bidar, Its History and Monuments (Delhi, 1995); Navina Najat
Haidar, Marika Sardar, Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy (New York, 2015),
173-9; Robert Sewell, Lists of Inscriptions, and Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern India (Madras,
1884), II, 164-5; James Burgess, Report on the Antiquities in the Bidar and Aurangabad Districts
(London, 1878), 44ff; Maharashtra State Gazeteers: Mediaeval period (1972), 213ff.
kavSirebiT ramdenime mosazreba arsebobs. portugalieli Taname-

droveebis Joao de baroso da manuel de faria e suzas CvenebiT, maliqi
warmoSobiT iyo “Roxo de nação” da daibada “los christianos hereticos de la
Roxia,”42 rac mkvlevarTa erT nawilis azriT niSnavs rom maliqi slavuri
warmoSobas iyo,43 Tumca am mosazrebis momxreebi ver Tanxmdebian Tu
konkretulad saidan iyo warmoSobiT maliqi; zogierTi mas ubralod
`rus TaTars~ uwodebs,44 zogierTi – xorvats,45 xolo sxvebi iziareben
mosazrebas, rom maliqi iyo `saqarTveloSi dabadebuli rusi mona~,
rac metad ucnauria XV saukunis realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT.46 magram
Tanamedrove istorikosTa (rogorc indoel, aseve dasavleT evropel)
didi nawili Tvlis, rom maliqi warmoSobiT saqarTvelodan iyo. ase
magaliTad, gujaraTis saxelmwifos istoriis SesaniSnavi mkvlevari
maikl neilor piersoni pirdapir acxadebs, rom maliq aiazi warmoSo-
biT saqarTvelodan iyo.47 igive azris iyo cnobili indoeli istor-
ikosi aSin das gupta, romelmac indoeTis sazRvao istoriaze daweril
araerT naSromSi aRniSna maliq aiazis qarTveloba.48 maliq aiazis qarT-
velobas iziareben aseve sxva istorikosebic,49 romelTa azriT maliq-
42
João de Barros, Decadas da Asia (Lisboa: 1777), III, 210; Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Asia portuguesa
(Lisboa, 1666), I, 113.
43
Kuzhippalli Skaria Mathew, Portuguese and the Sultanate of Gujarat, 1500-1573 (Delhi, 1986),
25; Bailey Wallys Diffie, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580 (St. Paul, 1977), 235; K.K.
Nair, By Sweat and Sword: Trade, Diplomacy and War in Kerala Through the Ages (New Delhi, 2012),
148.
44
Elaine Sanceau, Knight of the Renaissance, D. João de Castro: Soldier, Sailor, Scientist, and Viceroy
of India, 1500-1548 (London, 1949), 112.
45
Vladimir Mažuranié, “Melek “Jaša Dubrovčanin” v Indiji godine 1480-1528 i njegovi prethodnici
u Islamu prije deset stoljeca,” Zbornik Kralja Tomislava (Opera Academiae Scientiarum et Artium
Slavorum Meridionalium separatim edita, liber XVII) (Zagreb, 1925), 219-90, 554-681.
46
es midgoma saTaves iRebs ìslamis enciklopediaSi~ gamoqveynebuli cnobili
indoeli istorikosis abdus subhanis statiidan. Abdus Subhan, “Malik Ayaz,” in
Encyclopedia of Islam (Leidein, 1986), VI, 269.
47
Michael N. Pearson, Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in Sixteenth
Century (Berkeley, 1976), 67.
48
Ashin Das Gupta (Dasgupta), “Indian Merchants and the Trade in the Indian Ocean,” The Cambridge
Economic History of India, I, 413; Idem., Merchants of Maritime India, 1500-1800 (Aldershot, 1960),
413; Uma Dasgupta, The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, 1500-1800: Collected Essays of Ashin
Das Gupta (Oxford, 2001), 65.
49
Thomas T. Allsen, The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History, 264; Iqtidar Alam Khan, Akbar and His
Age (New Delhi, 1999), 99; Jonathan Gill Harris, The First Firangis: Remarkable Stories of Heroes,
Healers, Charlatans, Courtesans and Other Foreigners who Became Indian (New Delphi, 2015).
Tavis axlad gamocemul wignSi, britaneli istorikosi rojer krouli aRniSnavs
rom maliqi warmoSobiT "kavkasiidan" iyo. Roger Crowley, Conquerors: How Portugal Forged
the First Global Empire (New York: Random House, 2015).
is aRzevebis garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT ufro savaraudoa, rom is

warmoSobiT iyo saqarTvelodan vidre ruseTidan. XV saukunis dasas-
ruls slavuri warmoSobis monebi metad mwiri iyo indoeTSi da maT iS-
viaTad amwesebdnen samefo monebad, qarTvelebi ki Warbobdnen da por-
tugalielebis TvalSi èretikos qristianebad~ iTvlebodnen.
arsebuli wyaroebi Tanxmdebian, rom maliqi axalgazrdobaSi mono-
baSi aRmoCnda. stambolis monaTa did bazarze is erT-erTma vaWarma iy-
ida, romelsac indoeTSi savaWro kavSirebi hqonda da erT-erTi mogza-
urobisas maliqi Tan gaiyola. am droisaTvis maliqs saxeli gauTqvams
Tavisi mxneobiT, siZlieriT da, rac mTavaria, mSvild-isris xmarebiT,
romelsac saocari simardiT iyenebda. gujaraTis sulTnis mahmu-
dis karze stumrobisas vaWarma maliqi saCuqrad miarTva xelmwifes,
romelmac is dauyovnebliv Tavis samefo gvardiis rigebSi Caricxa. am
mxriv maliqma gaiziara bevri sxva qarTvelis bedi, romelTac samxedro
niWis gamo samefo monebad iyenebdnen.
XVI saukunis portugalieli istorikosebis CvenebiT, maliqis aR-
zeveba daiwyo erTi uCveulo SemTxvevis Sedegad. erT-erTi laSqrobi-
sas sulTani mahmudi didebulebs Soris idga, rodesac Citma zed Tavze
daaskintla. ganrisxebulma mahmudma frinvelis mokvla moiTxova, ma-
gram amaod ecada misi amala caSi maRla gafrenili CitisTvis isari mo-
ertya. swored am dros maliqma gamoiCina Tavisi simarde da gasaocari
sroliT sulTnis Seuracxmyofeli frinveli miwas daanarcxa. gadmoce-
mis mixedviT, sulTani imdenad aRtacebuli darCa maliqis saqcieliT,
rom umalve Tavisufleba uboZa da daiaxlova.50 momdevno ramodenime
wlis ganmavlobaSi maliqma Tavi gamoiCina rogorc niWierma, gambe-
davma da mxne pirovnebam, romelic sulTnis didi ndobiT sargeblob-
da. 1482 wels mahmudma rajputTa cnobil pavargarhis cixesimagres
alya Semoartya, magram auRebelis saxelis mqone cixe-simagrem 20 Tve
gauwia winaaRmdegoba. sabolood swored maliqis mier mofiqrebulma
gegmam daasrula alya, ris Sedegad daemxo rajputTa Sampaneris sam-
Tavro. am gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad sulTanma maliqs strategiulad
mniSvnelovani kunZuli dius mmarTveloba Caabara, magram araerTxel
iSveliebda mas gaWirvebis Jams. 1511 wels, Citoris xelmwifisgan di-
dad Seviwrovebulma mahmudma isev maliqs sTxova daxmareba. Citoris
winaaRmdeg Catarebul laSqrobaSi maliqma didi samxedo niWi gamoam-
50
Barros, Decadas da Asia, III, 211-2.
JRavna, mowinaaRmdege sastikad daamarcxa da xelT igdo iseTi Zlieri

cixe-simagreebi, rogoric iyo dunfarpuri da mandasori.
magram maliqis yvelaze didi miRwevebi swored dius mmarTvelobas-
Tan aris dakavSirebuli. man didi wvlili Seitana kunZulis ayvavebaSi
da regionalur savaWro centrad gadaqcevaSi. maliqis TaosnobiT kun-
Zulze safuZvlianad ganaxlda fortifikaciebi da aSenda didi sazR-
vao baza, romelsac asze meti samxedro xomaldis momsaxureba SeeZlo.
portugalieli da indoeli Tanamedroveebi erTxmad acxadeben, rom
maliqi erTpirovnulad ganagebda ara mxolod dius, aramed gujaraTis
mTel sanapiros da didi gavleniT sargeblobda mTels Crdilo-dasav-
leT indoeTSi.51
yovelive es metad mniSvnelovani iyo imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
indoeTis saxelmwifoebs axali safrTxe emuqrebodaT. 1498-1500 wels
indoeTSi gamoCndnen portugalielebi, romelTac Zlieri eqspansia
wamoiwyes. 1503 wels portugaliis samefo karma indoeTSi gagzavna
alfonso de albukerke, romelmac 1506-09 wlebSi daipyro afrikis aR-
mosavleT sanapiroze mdebare arabuli navsadgurebi da 1510 wels ieri-
Si miitana goaze, riTac gaamyara indoeTSi portugaliis eqspansionis-
turi miswrafebani. maliqma adreve gaacnobiera portugalielTa mier
Seqmnili safrTxe da kunZul diuze mis mier Catarebuli safortifika-
cio samuSaoebi swored am mizans emsaxureboda. TiTqmis aTwleulis gan-
mavlobaSi maliqi warmatebiT ebrZoda portugalielebs da araerTxel
moigeria maTi ieriSi diuze. alfonso de albukerkes ausrulebel oc-
nebad darCa dius dapyroba da gardacvalebamde ori wliT adre (1513
w.) is aRwerda maliqs rogorc metad `daxvewil samefo kariskacs~ da
aRniSnavda, rom mas arasodes `Sexvedria pirovneba, romelsac ufro ex-
erxeboda tyuili da amave dros gulis mogeba~. maliqi gamoirCeoda Ta-
visi cbierebiT da diplomatiuri moxerxebulobiT. 1506-1508 wels man
kavSiri gaaba osmaleTis imperiasTan da egviptel mamluqebTan da por-
tugaliis winaaRmdeg erToblivi ZalebiT brZola SesTavaza. es alian-
si Sedga kidevac da mamluqebma diuSi gagzavnes Tavisi sazRvao Zalebi,
romlebmac, maliqis didi xelSewyobiT, sastikad daamarcxes portug-
alielebi SolTan brZolaSi 1508 wlis martSi. magram mamluqTa intere-
sebis momZlavrebiT Sefiqrianebuli maliqi imave wels daukavSirda
portugalielebs da mamluqTa winaaRmdeg brZola SesTavaza. Sedegad,
51
ʻAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʻUmar Ulughkhānī, Zafar ul wālih bi muzaffar wa ālihi. An Arabic
History of Gujarat, translated any M.F. Lokhandwala (Baroda, 1970), I, 105-106.
1509 wlis TebervalSi francisko de almeidam moipova saxelganTqmuli

gamarjveba diusTan, sadac maliqma zurgi Seaqcia egviptelTa flots
da xeli Seuwyo portugalielTa mier mis ganadgurebas.52 aseTi moqnili
diplomatiiT, maliq aiazi kidev aTi weli icavda sakuTar interesebs.
igi gardaicvala 1522 wels da misi gardacvalebiT `gujaraTis sulTan-
ma dakarga mrisxane mxedarTmTavari da niWieri saxelmwifo moRvawe,
xolo portugalielebma – mouRleli mowinaaRmdege~.53
1530-iani wlebisaTvis indoeTis sanapiro zoli portugalielTa
zegavlenis qveS moeqca. maT Soris iyo goac, romelic portugalieleb-
ma 1510 wels daikaves da dauyonebliv aziaSi kolonialuri imperiis
erT-erT centrad aqcies. zogierTi portugaliuri wyaro cxadyofs,
rom qarTvelebi ganagrZobdnen goaSi moRvaweobas. 1567 wels goas
mmarTvelma sabWom daamtkica axali kodeqsi, romelic miznad isaxavda
adgilobrivi wes-Cveulebebis Secvlas da kaTolikeTa interesebis ga-
Zlierebas. axali kanonis mixedviT musulmanebs da indusebs sagrZno-
blad SeekvecaT uflebebi da CamoerTvaT adrindeli privilegiebi.
sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxva mrwamsis mimdevrebis garCevis mizniT, axali
kanoni aseve awesebda gansxvavebul samoss konkretuli religiis war-
momadgenlebisaTvis. kanonSi erT-erTi aseT jgufad dasaxelebulia
qarTvelebic (`jorgins“) romelTac evalebodaT gansakuTrebuli qu-
dis (sombreiro ou barrete) tareba.54
XVII saukuneSi qarTveli Rulamebi warmatebiT moRvaweobdnen didi
moRoli imperatorebis karzec.55 gamoCenili moRoli istorikosis
farid b. Seix maruf bhakaris mier Sedgenil vrcel naSromSi – Dhaḵīrat
al-ḵawanīn, romelSic dasaxelebulia moRolTa karis didi moxeleebi,
figurirebs `hidmaT-parast xan rida-bahaduri~.56rida bahaduri war-
52
Muzaffar Alam and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Writing the Mughal World: Studies on Culture and
Politics (New York, 2012).
53
Encyclopedia of Islam, VII, 270.
54
“Ley que fez o senhor viso rey a petição do Concilio (1567),” Bullarium patronatus Portugalliæ
regum in Ecclesiis Africæ, Asiæ atque Oceanae (Olisipone, 1872), I, 34; Archivo portuguez oriental
(New Goa, 1866), Fasciculo 5, Parte 3, 1448.
55
aqve unda aRiniSnos rom asobiT qarTveli Rulami msaxurobda
axmadnagarSi, sadac XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi Zalaufleba ekava
eTiopeli warmoSobis yofil monas malik ambars, romelsac emsaxureboda
`gurji~ Rulamebi calke qvedanayofi. ix. Shanti Sadiq Ali, The African Dispersal
in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times (Delhi, 1995), 145ff.
56
Farid b. Shaikh Maʿrūf Bhakkari, The Dhakhiratul-khawanin: A Biographical Dictionary of Mughal
Noblemen (Delhi, 2003), II, X, 208.
moSobiT saqarTvelodan iyo da bhakari mas `qarTvel monas~ uwodebs;

etyoba, rida bahaduri axalgazrdobaSi moitaces da monobaSi gayides.
savaraudod, iranis gavliT, is indoeTSi aRmoCnda, sadac imperator
jahangiris karze moxvda da xelmwifis mesame vaJis ufliswuli Sah
jahanis msaxuri gaxda. ufliswuli da qarTveli msaxuri male dauax-
lovdnen erTmManeTs, rasac araerTi moRoli istorikosi adasturebs.
bhakaris sityviT `gurji~ mona Sah jahanTan `gansakuTrebuli siaxlo-
viT, damokidebulebiYT da ndobiT~ gamoirCeoda. is `dRe da Ram axlda
mas da iseTi gulmodginebiT msaxurobda, rom mis udidebulesoba [Sah
jahani] mas Tavis Tavis uerTgules (fidwi) msaxurad Tvlida~.57 aseve
maRal Sefasebas aZlevs rida bahadurs istorikosi navaz xani, ro-
melic acxadebs rom moRolTa momavali imperatori gansakuTrebiT af-
asebda qarTvel msaxurs `misi xangrZlivi samsaxuris, erTgulebisa da
TavdaWerilobis gamo~.58 etyoba bahaduri fizikurad Zlieri pirovneba
iyo, vinaidan moRolTa karis istorikosi navaz xani sagangebod usvams
xazs rom èrT-erTi darRvevisaTvis bahadurs 500-jer laxtis Semor-
tyma miusajes, magram arc muxlebze dacemula da arc krinti dauZravs.
aseTma mxneobam mas didi pativi mouxveWa~. 59 swored amitom Sah jahanma
rida bahadurs mianiWa `hidmaT-parastis~ (uerTgulesi msaxuris)60 wo-
deba.
qarTvelma Rulamma didi roli iTamaSa Sah jahanis Zalauflebis
gamtkicebaSi. 1627 wlis miwuruls imperator jahangiris gardacva-
lebisas Sah jahani imyofeboda gujaratis mxareSi (Crdilo-dasavleTi
indoeTi), qalaq ahmedabadis maxloblad. Zalaufleba Tavdapirvelad
xelT Caigdo misma Zmam Sahriarma, romelsac gverdiT edga jahangiris
qvrivi nur jehani. Sah jahani ganudga Zmas da omis Tavidan acilebis
mizniT rida bahadurs daavala wasuliyo lahorSi da daepatimrebina
iq myofi Sahriari da sxva ufliswulebi (ori ZmisSvili da ori biZaS-
vili). lahori ahmedabadidan 700-ze meti kilometris daSorebiT mde-
bareobda, magram rida bahadurma es manZili cxra dReSi dafara da
ufliswulebs moulodnelad daadga Tavs, roca isini arxeinad Wadraks
TamaSobdnen. rogorc erTi moRoli istorikosi gadmogvcems, qarTve-
57
Bhakkari, The Dhakhiratul-khawanin, 208.
58
Nawab Shams ud Daula Shah Nawaz Khan, Ma'asir al-umara, translated and edited by Beni Prasad
and H. Beveridge (Delhi, 1979), I, 811.
59
iqve.
60
Nawaz Khan, Ma'asir al-umara, 811.
li Rulamis danaxvisas ufliswulebi mixvdnen misi mosvlis mizans da

erT-erTs uTqvams, ès saTnoeba (rida) ki ar gveaxla, aramed TviT bedis-
werao~. meore dResve bahadurma ufliswulebs TaAvebi mokveTa.61
Sah jahanis samefo taxtze asvlis Semdeg rida bahaduri kidev ufro
gaZlierda. imperatorma mas mir atiSis (artileriis meTauris) wodeba
uboZa da uxvad daajildova fuliT da qonebiT. samwuxarod bahadurs
ar dascalda am warmatebebiT datkboba. 1629 wels Sah jahangirs aujany-
da xan jahan lodi, romlis damarcxeba da dapatimreba rida bahadurs
daevala. bahaduri daedevna meamboxeebs da daba dholpurTan (Dholpur,
agras samxreTiT) daewia kidec. aq gaCaRebul brZolaSi – `sadac orive
mxare iseTi simamaciT ibrZoda rom maT TviT rustams da isfandiars
ajobes~, moRoli istorikosis sitYyviT62 – rida bahaduri sasikvdilod
daiWra.63 Sah jahanma didi pativi miago Tavis erTgul moxeles da is qa-
laq agraSi, ZiriTadi bazris (imarat-i-naxas) maxloblad aSenebul gum-
baTian mavzoleumSi dakrZala.
aRsaniSnavia, rom rida bahaduris garda jahangiris da Sah jahanis
dros kidev erTi warCinebuli qarTveli Rulamis kvalic SeimCneva. mo-
Roli istorikosebi mokled aRniSnaven, rom rida bahaduris coli iyo
`daulaT xanis qarTveli Rulamis kotval xanis qaliSvili~. es metad
sayuradRebo cnobaa, vinaidan is cxadyofs, rom qarTveli Rulamebi
garkveulwilad inarCunebdnen TavianT identobas da cdilobdnen
erTmaneTTan urTierTobis damyarebas da danaTesavebas. samwuxarod,
Tavad kotval xanis Sesaxeb TiTqmis aranairi informacia ar gagvaCnia.
1580-ian wlebSi moRolTa karze myofi frangi iezuiti antonio monse-
rati axsenebs `kotval xans~ Tavis vrcel dRiurSi, magram gaurkveve-
lia es igive pirovnebaa Tu ara, romelsac jahangiris dros ekava es
wodeba. monseratis TqmiT, `kotval xani, romelic boqaulis movaleo-
bebs asrulebs, warSulSi [akbars] farikaobas aswavlida da exlac at-
arebs joxs, romliTac is mofarikeveebs aSorebda. es joxi SeRebili da
61
iqve, 811-2; Bhakkari, The Dhakhiratul-khawanin, 209. aseve ix. ʻAlī Muḥammad Khān, Mirat-
i-Ahmadi: A Persian History of Gujarat (Baroda, 1965), 175-6; Mānekshāh Sorābshāh Commissariat, A
History of Gujarat: Mughal period, from 1573 to 1758 (Bombay, 1957), 108-9.
62
iqve, 812. rustami da isfandiari saxelganTqmuli iranuli poemis ~Sahnames~
gmirebia.
63
moRoli istorikosebis cnobiT, rida bahadurs tyvia moxvda safeTqelSi. ‘Inayat
Khan, The Shah Jahan nama of ‘Inayat Khan: an abridged history of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan,
compiled by his royal librarian (Oxford, 1990), 34; Nawaz Khan, Ma’asir al-umara, 812.
mooqQrovebulia da erT mxares oqros mrgvali Tavi aqvs~.64 akbaris dros

rom qarTvelebs kargad icnobdnen indoeTSi, miuTiTebs monseratis
erTi mokle, magram sayuradRebo cnoba. aRwers ra akbaris laSqrobas
avRaneTSi, frangi iezuiti aRniSnavs, rom moRolTa jars mdinare in-
dusis gadakveTa mouwia, rasac didi dro dasWirda. akbarma es dro sx-
vadasxva mrwamsis samRvdeloebasTan Sexvedrasa da religiur sakiTxe-
bze msjelobaSi gaatara. am diskusiaSi monawile kaTolike mRvdeli
sinanuliT aRniSnavda, rom akbari SecdomaSi SeuyvaniaT mis `swavluli
xalxs~, romlebic àmtkiceben, rom Tora ebraelTa wminda wignia, sax-
areba qristianTa, yurani muslimTa, xolo zaburs [fsalmunebs] qarT-
velTa wminda wignad moixsenieben~. kaTolike mRvdeli acxadebda, rom
fsalmunebis qarTvelebisaTvis miwera `metad didi Secdomaa~, vinaidan
qarTvelebi qristianebi arian, xolo yvela qristiani `Tanabrad izi-
arebs saRvTo kanons, fsalmunsa da saxarebas~.65
qarTvelebi aseve monawileobdnen imperator aurangzebis laSqro-
bebSi. fransua bernie, romelmac indoeTSi Tormeti weli dahyo da kar-
gad erkveoda iq arsebul viTarebaSi, araerTxel aRniSnavs qarTvelebis
yofnas aurangzebis laSqarSi.66 Tavis naSromSi bernie qarTvelebs
pirvelad ixseniebs aurangzebis erT erTi samxedro kampaniis dros.
golkondis mefis datyvevebis mizniT, aurangzebma xriks mimarTa, mou-
lodnelad ewvia golkondis mefes, Tavi warudgina Sah-jahanis elCad.
`golkondis mefe gamovida baRSi, rom Cveulebis Tanaxmad mieRo igi
Sesaferi pativiT, magram moulodnelad, Tavisda saubedurod, aR-
moCnda mtris xelSi. aTi Tu Tormeti qarTveli mona ukve apirebda mis
64
Antonio Monserrate, “Journal of Father A. Monserrate's Account of Akbar,” translated and edited by
Rev. H. Hosten, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 8(1912), 200. aseve, ix. sqolio 6, 201-e
gverdze.
65
Antonio Monserrate, The Commentary of Father Monserrate on His Journey to the Court of
Akbar, translated by J.S. Hoyland (Oxford, 1922), 136-7. monserati aRniSnavs, rom ìndoeTSi
qarTvelebs `gorjebs~ uwodeben da isini kaspiis zRvasTan mdebare mTebSi
cxovroben. isini metad mtrulad arian ganwyobili sparselebis mimarT~. kidev
erTi frangi iezuiti pier de Jariqi, romelic akbaris samefo kars ewvia 1602 wels,
aRniSnavs rom qalaq lahorSi erTma kaTolike mRvdelma `monaTla sparseTis elCis
ori Svili. am elCs saxelad manuCari erqva da [indoeTSi] oTxwliani yofnis Semdeg
is sparseTSi dabrunebas apirebda. is qarTveli qristiani iyo da jvars xelze
atarebda, magram ise rom sxvebs ar daenaxaT. lahorSi yofnisas is gaecno Cvens
patrebs da mudam didi sikeTiT da siyvaruliT epyroboda maT~. Father Pierre de Jarric,
Akbar and the Jesuits: An Account of the Jesuit Missions to the Court of Akbar (London, 2004), 85.
66
Farid b. Shaikh Maʿrūf Bhakkari, The Dhakhiratul-khawanin: A Biographical Dictionary of Mughal
Noblemen (Delhi, 2003), II, X, 208.
Sepyrobas, rogorc es iyo winaswar Cafiqrebuli, rodesac SeTqmulebis

monawile erT-erT amiras moulodnelad sindisis qenjna daewyo, da me-
fisadmi TanagrZnobiT aRvsilma, gaafrTxila is~.67 es cda amao gamodga
– golkonda daeca da mefe Tavissave dedaqalaqSi daatyveves. bernie
aseve aRniSnavs, rom sparseTis Tu indoeTis mbrZanebelTa bavSvebi iz-
rdebian `CerqezeTidan, samegrelodan, saqarTvelodan~ nayid monebs
Soris da eqcevian maTi gavlenis qveS.68
qarTul-induri urTierToba sakmaod vrceli da rTuli Temaa. wi-
namdebare statiaSi Cven SevecadeT zogadad warmogveCina samxreT azi-
aSi moRvawe zogierTi qarTvelis vinaoba da miRwevebi da gadavwyviteT
yuradReba gagvemaxvilebina swored XV-XVI saukuneebSi, vinaidan Semd-
gomi periodis movlenebi, gansakuTrebiT erekle II-s monawileoba na-
dir Sahis laSqrobebSi da bagrationTa samefo karis kavSiri indoeTis
somxur burJuaziasTan, kargad Seswavlilia. bBunebrivia, indoeTSi qa-
rTvelTa moRvaweoba ufro detalur Seswavlas moiTxovs da saamisod
saWiroa induri gadmocemebis, literaturisa da saarqivo masalebis
ufro siRrmiseuli gadamowmeba da analizi. vimedovnebT, Cveni naSromi
xels Seuwyobs am sakiTxisadmi interesis gazrdas da ufro seriozuli
kvlevebis momzadebas.
67
Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire, 20-1.
68
iqve, 144.
Georgians in South Asia in 15th-17th Centuries
Alexander Mikaberidze
Summary
The Georgians, sons of a noble but ill-fated fatherland, have long been a familiar
presence across much of the Near East. Whether employed by the Byzantine emperors,
campaigning under the Abbasid or Mongol banners or sold at slave markets in Istanbul
and Aleppo, Georgian men were renowned for their martial spirit and prowess while
women praised for their beauty and charm. Much has been written on the Georgians
serving as janissaries in the Ottoman Empire, where more than a dozen of grand viziers
had been of Georgian descent, mamluks in Egypt or ghulams in Iran, Georgians made im-
portant contributions to the development of the lands of their sojourn and adoption. This
article explores a lesser known subject of the Georgian presence in South Asia. Starting in
the fifteenth century a growing number of Georgians had found their way into the Indian
subcontinent. The campaigns of Timur, which had devastated Georgia between 1386 and
1403, resulted in thousands of Georgian captives being removed to Central Asia, with
some of them probably ending up in India where Timur campaigned in 1398-1399. In
later years the invasions of the Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu tribesmen brought tens of
thousands of Georgian captives to the Islamic slave markets while the establishment of
the Safavid state only further increased the number of Georgian slaves in Iran, where they
were employment as ghulams or royal slaves.
Considering close relations between Iran and India, it is not surprising that Geor-
gians have found their way into the subcontinent by the late fifteenth century. Georgians
were employed in three main functions: domestic servants and slaves; female concu-
bines, and occasionally wives, in harems of Indian noble and royal houses; and as mili-
tary slaves. This article explores the latter category of the Georgian captives. Traces of
Georgian military slaves can be found at the courts of many Indians states, including the
Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan sultanates; in later years Georgians slave-officers
had served at the Mughal court, with 17th century the Dhakhiratul-khawanin, which lists
senior Mughal noblemen and officials, featuring at least one Georgian slave officer. Ex-
ploring Indian, Persian, Portuguese and French sources, this article focuses on the lives
of a select number of men whose ancestry has been claimed as Georgian and who went
on to play prominent roles in the turbulent Indian politics. These include Yusuf Adil Shah
(1450–1511), the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty that ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur for
nearly two centuries; Qasim Barid (r.1489-1504), who had served the Bahmani sultans
before establishing the Bidar Sultanate, one of the fives states that formed the Deccan
sultanates; Malik Ayaz, who had made a successful career at the Bahmani court, gov-
erned Diu and earned fame fighting against the Portuguese; and Khidmat-parast Khan
Rida-Bahadur Gurji, who had been one of the closest confidants of the Mughal Emperor
Shah Jahan.
IX
baranis cixis warweris TariRisaTvis
giorgi oTxmezuri
barana – daba noemberianis (somxeTis respublika) Zveli

saxelwodebaa. noemberianis raioni uSualod emijneba marneulis
raions (saqarTvelos respublika) da istoriuli lore-taSiris
Semadgeneli nawilia. 1966 w. dabis maxloblad, sasaflaoze,
noemberianis skolis direqtoris s. petrosianis mier mikvleuli iqna
qarTuli epigrafikuli Zegli – qvaze amokveTili cxrastriqoniani
asomTavruli warwera. aRmoCenis Sesaxeb maSinve acnobes saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
muzeums. warweris aRmomCenis da somex mecnierTa, somxeTis istoriuli
muzeumis (erevani) mesveurTa (k. Rafadariani, s. muSeRiani, m. hasraTiani)
iniciativiTa da xelSewyobiT qarTvel mecnierebs, akad. a. SaniZes da
doc. v. ciskariSvils SesaZlebloba miecaT jer baranaSi, xolo Semdeg
somxeTis istoriul muzeumSi emuSavaT warweraze. warweriani qva ukeT
dacvis mizniT, a. SaniZis TxovniT muzeumSi iqna gadatanili. motanili
epizodi, TavisTavad, qarTvel da somex mecnierTa TanamSromlobis
SesaniSnavi magaliTia.
a. SaniZe – v. ciskariSvilma Tavisi kvlevis Sedegebi 1968 wels
gamoaqveynes.1 pirveli publikaciidan 9 wlis Semdeg baranis cixis
warwera meored iqna gamocemuli somexi mecnieris p. muradianis mier.2
p. muradiani umniSvnelo koreqtivebiT, faqtiurad imeorebs
qarTvel mecnierTa wakiTxvas. maT mier savaraudod, kiTxvis niSniT
1
a. SaniZe, v. ciskariSvili, `baranis cixis warwera~, Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, 11 (1968), 17-26.
2
p. muradiani, somxeTis qarTuli epigrafika (erevani, 1977), 225-36, 296
(somxur enaze) – dedniseuli, asomTavruli teqsti ar moyavs. moyavs mxedruli
transkripcia (gv. 228), rusuli Targmani (gv. 296), foto (tab. XXV) da grafikuli
monaxazi; tabulaze da grafikul monaxazze uTiTebs baranas, xolo rusul
TargmanSi ratomRac Колбакар-s.
202 giorgi oTxmezuri
aRdgenili sityvebi warweris pirvel striqonSi ~[abuleTis Zeman (?),

aTabaqman]~ p. muradianis mier yovelgvari daeWvebis gareSe, srulad
aris wakiTxuli. Cans, warweris gawmendis Semdeg, ris saWiroebasac
miuTiTebdnen qarTveli mecnierebi somex kolegebs, grafemaTa
gamosaxuleba ufro mkafio gaxda. amas adasturebs p. muradianis
gamokvlevaSi motanili warweris foto da grafikuli monaxazi (sur.
1). a. SaniZe – v. ciskariSvilis savaraudo aRdgenas àsoTa naSTebis
mixedviT~, mxars uWers e. maWavarianis mier fotodan Sesrulebuli
grafikuli monaxazi (sur. 2): aSkarad Cans `f,j; – aboÂ~-s da `T-s~-s
moxazuloba sityvaSi `f,ektsbcZtvy – abuleTis Zem(a)n~; agreTve
sityvaSi `fsf,mvy _ àTab(a)qm(a)n~ bolo oTxi grafema `,mvy –
bqmn~ da maT win (erTi asos gamotovebiT) `s – T~.
sur. 1. (p. muradiani)

II str. sityvaSi `waviRe~ SecdomiT `d _ v~-s nacvlad
`k – l~ aris gamoxazuli. òfkbqt~
baranis cixis warweris TariRisaTvis 203
sur. 2. grafikuli monaxazi xeliT gadmoxatuli fotosagan.

e. maWavarianis mier.
a. SaniZe – v. ciskariSvilis mier amokiTxul sityvas `fdqt – av(i)Re~

(III str.) p. muradiani kiTxulobs rogorc àv(a)ge~. vfiqrob, warweris
Sinarsi qarTvel mecnierTa swor wakiTxvas miuTiTebs: jer brZolis
Sedegebia aRniSnuli – `dmanisi waviRe da cixe aviRe~, xolo Semdeg
ukve aRmSeneblobazea saubari – `kiri Tana Camovitane... oTxsa Tuesa
cixe avage~. agreTve, orive publikaciaSi warmodgenil fotoebsa da
grafikul monaxazebze sxva SemTxvevebSi dafiqsirebuli grafema `g~, p.
muradianis mier III striqonSi amokiTxuli amave grafemisagan aSkarad
gansxvavdeba moxazulobiT.
gansxvavebulad gansazRvraven mkvlevarebi cixis mSeneblobis
periods (erTi TviT da oTxi TviT). a. SaniZe – v. ciskariSvilis azriT,
òri Tu sami asoa gaurkveveli da Semdeg garkveviT aris `cf~, da Znelia
imis Tqma, Tu ra ewereba imis win. amitom ar viciT, rogor wavikiTxoT
mosalodneli ricxviTi saxeli, romelic micemiTSi dgas: (erT)sa, (xuT)
sa Tu sxvagvarad~. sabolood upiratesobas mainc `[erT]sa~-s aniWeben.
vfiqrob, am SemTxvevaSi, p. muradianis wakiTxvaa ufro marTebuli. mis
mier warmodgenil grafikul monaxazze, a. SaniZe – v. ciskariSvilis

termini rom vixmaroT, àsoTa naSTebis mixedviT~ imdenad kargad Cans
`js[ – oTx~ grafemaTa moxazuloba, rom gaugebaria, saerTod ratom
moyavs kuTxur kavebSi anu aRdgenis niSniT. amasTanave, erTi Tve albaT
Zalian mcire droa cixis asaSeneblad.
warweris VI striqonSi qarTveli mecnierebi kiTxuloben `mefobasa
dimitri afxazTa mefisa~. `sf – Ta~-s win gadaSlili ori grafema
aRadgines rogorc `fa – af~ da miiRes daqaragmebulad gadmocemuli
dimitri mefis tituli~ [fa]sf – [af](xaz)Ta~.
p. muradianma dazianebul adgilas ivarauda asoebi `sa~ da
gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT gaumarTavi winadadeba SemogvTavaza:
`mefobasa dimitri[sa]Ta mefisa~. mis naSromSi warmodgenil grafikul
monaxazze es grafemebi punqtiriTaa gamoyvanili (e.i. dedanSi ar
ikiTxeba), Tumca teqstSi aRdgenis gareSea mocemuli.
Cemi azriT, a. SaniZe – v. ciskariSvilis variantia swori, oRond
mciredi koreqtiviT:
SesaZlebelia, rom meeqvse striqonSi gadaSlili ori grafemis
adgilas `sa~-s nacvlad aRvadginoT `mf~. am SemTxvevaSi `dimitri
afxazTa mefisasa~-s nacvlad iqneba `dimitri [m(e)f](e)Ta mefisasa~.
qarTul epigrafikul ZeglebSi (da saerTod wyaroebSi) saqarTvelos
mefeebi ixseniebian rogorc mxolod àfxazTa mefis~ (bediis barZimis
warwera – bagrat III; didi gomareTis warwera – giorgi I da sxv.), aseve
`mefeTa-mefis~ titulebiT (iSxani, mcire eklesia – gurgeni;3 saRamo
– daviT VII4 da sxv.). demetre I oSkis5, saros cixisa6 da ubisis svetis7
warwerebSi `mefeTa-mefed~ iwodeba. amitom aseTi aRdgena ufro
misaRebad mimaCnia.
3
e. TayaiSvili, 1917 wlis arqeologiuri eqspedicia samxreT saqarTveloSi
(Tbilisi, 1960), 29.
4
v. ciskariSvili, javaxeTis epigrafika rogorc saistorio wyaro (Tbilisi,
1959), 68.
5
z. sxirtlaZe, ùcnobi epigrafikuli masalebi saqarTvelos samxreT istoriuli
provinciebidan~, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 2 (1993), 96-102.
6
v. ciskariSvili, javaxeTis epigrafika rogorc saistorio wyaro, 45.
7
qarTuli warweris korpusi, II, lapidaruli warwerebi: dasavleT saqarTvelos
warwerebi, nakv. 1 (IX-XIII ss.), Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada v. silogavam
(Tbilisi, 1980), #63.
warweris teqsti:8
1. + vt: bt: f,ektsbcItvy fsf ,mvy lf fvb

2. hcgfckfhvy: lvfybcb: ofdbqt lf wb
3. [t: fdqt: lf rbhb syf: xfvjdbnyt tct
4. m.yQ lblsf: ;vsf: j{thb: lf: cfib
5. ib b.j [js[] cf setcf: tct wb[t fd
6. fut: va,cf lbvbnhb [va] sf vaccf: lf:
7. il xycf: qy smy tctsb ;vbvjutwy hk: cf
8. lujvb: smyb: ,fqllb b.jc: thsuk,cf if
9. lvnhccf fy
1. † me, ivane abuleTisZeman, aTabaqman da amir-

2. spasalarman, dmanisi waviRe da ci-
3. xe aviRe da kiri Tana Camovitane. ese
4. queyanaÁ didTa JamTa oÃeri da saSi-
5. Si [iy]o. [oTx]sa Tuesa ese cixe av-
6. age mefobasa dimitri mefeTa mefisasa. da
7. Semdgomad Cuensa RmerTman Tquen eseTi Jami mogecin, romel sa-
8. dgomi Tqueni baRdadi iyos erTgulebasa Sina
9. dimitrisasa. amin.
____________
m: 1. aiTabaqman; 3. avage; 6. dimitrisaTa.
warweras TariRi ar uzis. rogorc warweris pirvelma gamomcemlebma

SeniSnes, misi Sesrulebis dro unda ganisazRvros demetre I-is (1125-
1156) an demetre II Tavdadebulis (1270-1289) zeobis xaniT. maTi azriT,
`paleografiuli niSnebis mixedviT, warwera ufro XII saukunisaa,
Sinaarseulad – ufro mecametisa~. sabolood mainc XIII s-isken ixrebian
da miiCneven, rom ìvane aTabaqi da amirspasalari SeiZleba iyos
erT-erTi abuleTis ZeTagani, romelnic `sadunisagan ltolvilni~,
`moakudina xutlu-buRa, Zeman sadunisaman~.9
8
mogvyavs warweris teqstis a. SaniZe – v. ciskariSviliseuli wakiTxva. zemoT
motanili ganxilvis safuZvelze SecvaleT mxolod `js[cf – oTxsa~ – `thscf~-s
nacvlad (V str.) da `vasf – mefeTa~ – `fasf~ afxazTa~-s magivrad (VI str.) p.
muradianis mier gansxvavebulad wakiTxul adgilebs vuCvenebT kiTxva-sxvaobebSi.
9
a. SaniZe, v. ciskariSvili, `baranis cixis warwera~, 25.
p. muradiani eTanxmeba qarTvel mecnierebs da miiCnevs, rom ivane

abuleTisZem isargebla daviT VII-is gardacvalebiT da `roca qarTveli
da somexi didebulebi dakavebulni iyvnen axal mefeze zrunviT,10 ivanem
daikava dmanisi da iq cixe aago~. misi azriT, es yvelaferi SeiZleboda
momxdariyo 1271-1272 ww-Si, radgan 1273 wlis axpatis qvajvris or
somxur warweraSi saduni iwodeba àTabagad, amirspasalarad, batonad~.
p. muradianis azriT, ivane abuleTisZe aTabagi da amirspasalari gaxda
zaqaria mxargrZelis da misi mamis, SanSes (SahinSahis) gardacvalebis
Semdeg, 1261 w.11
2001 w. gamoqveynda n. TorTlaZis statia `baranis cixis warweris
TariRis Sesaxeb~.12 mcire formatis werilSi (2-3 gverdi) Tezisebis
saxiTaa warmodgenili avtoris Tvalsazrisi, sadac eWvqveS aris
dayenebuli baranis cixis warweris XIII s-iT daTariReba da misi
Sesrulebis drod demetre I-is zeobis xanac aris SesaZleblad
miCneuli.13
vfiqrob, safuZvliania n. TorTlaZis gamoTqmuli eWvi warweris
daTariRebasTan dakavSirebiT, magram avtors ar moyavs Tavisi
mosazrebis damadasturebeli wyaroebi, mxolod zogadi msjelobiT
10
somexi didebulebis monawileoba saqarTvelos samefo karis mmarTvelobaSi
da mefis kandidaturis SerCevaSi ufro p. muradianis survilia, vidre arsebuli
realoba. p. muradianis, da saerTod, somex mecnierTa, usafuZvlo gancxadebebi
da dausabuTebeli mosazrebebi gamoCenil qarTvel saxelmwifo da saeklesio
moRvaweTa somxur warmomavlobaze, eTnikur somexTa raRac gansakuTrebul
rolze saqarTvelos politikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi saTanadod aris
gakritikebuli qarTul istoriografiaSi. amitom am sakiTxze sityvas aRar
gavagrZelebT. ix. a. SaniZe, qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi da misi tipikoni
(Tbilisi, 1971); S. mesxia, saSinao politikuri viTareba da samoxeleo wyoba XII
s-is saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 1979); v. silogava, `somxeTis qarTuli epigrafikuli
Zeglebis gamocemis Sesaxeb (recenzia p. muradianis dasaxelebul naSromze)~, macne,
enisa da literaturis seria, #2 (1980) da sxv.
11
p. muradiani, somxeTis qarTuli epigrafika, 231-2.
12
n. TorTlaZe, `baranis cixis warweris TariRis Sesaxeb~, istoriis instituti 60
wlisaa (Tbilisi, 2001), 134-7.
13
baranis cixis warweris XIII s-iT daTariRebis Tvalsazrisi gaiziara v.
silogavam. v. silogava, `somxeTis qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis gamocemis
Sesaxeb~, 172. T. jojuas naSromSi – `saros cixis aRmSeneblis vaCe gvirgvinaisZis
dakveTiT gadawerili 1120-1150-iani ww-is oTxTavi (H-372) da misi XII-XVI ss-
is anderZ-minawerebi (teqstebis publikacia, kodikologiuri da istoriul-
wyaroTmcodneobiTi analizi)~, saistorio krebuli, 4 (2014), 346 – baranis cixis
warweris Sesrulebis TariRad miTiTebulia demetre I-is mefobis wlebi – 1125-
1156.
Semoifargleba da rogorc aRvniSne, mxolod Tezisebis saxiT aqvs

Camoyalibebuli Tvalsazrisi. amasTanave, saboloo daskvniT, verc
erT daTariRebas ver aniWebs upiratesobas da Riad tovebs sakiTxs:
ès sakiTxebi sakmaod bundovania da am warweris orive versia moiTxovs
safuZvlian Seswavlas... rogorc warweris TariRi, aseve warweris
kvleva moiTxovs Semdgom gagrZelebas~.
n. TorTlaZis azriT, ùcnauria, ratom ar gvaqvs aranairi cnoba
aTabagisa da amirspasalaris ivane abuleTis Zis Sesaxeb, Tuki is
namdvilad arsebobda demetre II-is epoqaSi, maSin rodesac am periodis
istoria sakmaod dawvrilebiT aris mocemuli JamTaaRmwerelis
TxzulebaSi~.
es argumenti, vfiqrob, ar aris sakmarisi ivane abuleTisZis
XIII s-Si moRvaweobis uarsayofad. aseve àr gvaqvs aranairi cnoba~
JamTaaRmwerelTan ivane abuleTisZis erisTavT-erisTavobis
Sesaxeb, rac dokumenturad mtkicdeba Zagan abuleTisZis 1259
wlis `daweriliT~.14 am dokumentSi abuleTisZeTa oTxi Taobaa
dafiqsirebuli, maT Soris Zaganis Ze ivane, romelsac a. SaniZe
– v. ciskariSvili da p. muradiani baranis cixis warweris ivane
abuleTisZesTan aigiveben da moiazreben im òrni Zmani abuleTisZeni~-
Si, romlebic `moakudina xutlubuRa Zeman sadunisaman~.15
namdvilad ùcnauria~ aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi (p. muradianis
qronologiiT) aTabagisa da amirspasalaris saxelos mflobelis
sruli ignorireba qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi (da ara marto
JamTaaRmwerelTan). saqarTvelos samefo karis upirvelesi moxelis,
ori umaRlesi saxelos mflobelis, Tundac yofilis, devna da mokvla
ar iyo Cveulebrivi ambavi. vfiqrob, gamoricxulia JamTaaRmwerels
es faqti ase sxvaTaSoris, gakvriT moexsenebina da daRupul ZmaTa
saxelebic ki ar mieTiTebina.
Cemi azriT, 1259 wlis dokumenti imasac migvaniSnebs, rom
abuleTisZeTa feodaluri saxlis damcroba ukve dawyebulia.
sagvareulos ufrosi Zagani araTu mamiseul (erisTavT-erisTavi),
saerTod araviTar saxelos ar flobs. Sewirulebis aqtis ganxorcieleba
ki sagvareulos ufrosis prerogativa iyo. aseve yovelgvari saxelos
14
qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, I, IX-XIII ss., Seadgines da gamosacemad
moamzades T. enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma (Tbilisi, 1984), #31.
15
JamTaaRmwereli, qarTlis cxovreba, II, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi
xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi, 1959), 281-2.
gareSea is moxseniebuli ierusalimis jvris monastris saaRape wignSi:

`yovelTa wmidaTa kÂriakesa wirvaÁ da aRapi saukunoÁ abuleTisZisa
Zaganisa~; À kÂriakesa yovelTa wmidaTaÁ. amas dResa aRapi ars
abuleTis Zisa ZaganisaÁ, erTiTa xuciTa Jami ewirvebodes, da vinca ar
gardaiÃdides, wmidaTamca mociqulTa kanonsa queSe ars~.16
amasTanave isic dasadgenia, Tu vin SeiZleba igulisxmebodes òrni
Zmani abuleTisZeni~-Si. T. Jordanias varaudi, rom eseni 1259 wlis
`dawerilSi~ dasaxelebuli Zagani da misi Zma ivane arian, gaugebrobazea
damyarebuli.17 isini biZaSvilebi iyvnen da ara Zmebi. Zaganis `dawerils~
amtkiceben misi Svilebi – ivane da liparit da SviliSvili yarabuRa
(visi Svilia ar Cans). safiqrebelia, rom òrni Zmani abuleTisZeni~
iyvnen yarabuRa da misi Zma, romelic 1259 wlisTvis mcirewlovani iyo
da amitom ar miiRo dokumentis SedgenaSi monawileoba. aseTi varaudis
daSvebis safuZvels iZleva is garemoeba, rom amieridan abuleTisZeTa
sagvareulo wyvets arsebobas.18
Cemi azriT, n. TorTlaZe marTebulad ar eTanxmeba p. muradianis mier
SemoTavazebul qronologias: `sainteresoa, rodis unda yofiliyo is
(igulisxmeba ivane abuleTisZe – g. o.) aTabagi. p. muradianis varaudi,
rom ivanes sadunze adre hqonda aTabagoba ar dasturdeba Cvens xelT
arsebuli wyaroebiT~. Cemi mxridan davamateb, rom wyaroebiT arc
ivanes amirspasalaroba ar dasturdeba.
1273 w. axpatis somxur warwerebSi sadun mankberdelis aTabagad
da amirspasalarad moxsenieba, sulac ar niSnavs, rom sadunma
maincdamainc im wels miiRo es Tanamdebobebi. p. muradians, rogorc
Cans, mxedvelobidan gamorCa JamTaaRmwerlis cnoba, rom demetre II-m
saduns aTabagoba yaenis karze mefed damtkicebisas uboZa: `da viTar
ixila yaenman dimitri, Seiwyala da Seiyuara, rameTu iyo qmnul-keTili
da Suenieri xilvad, da mosca yoveli samefo Tvinier sargis jayelisa
da warmoatana Tana saduni, romelsa uboZa mefeman dimitri aTabagoba.
da movida tfiliss, da dasues taxtsa mamaTa maTsasa...~19
rac Seexeba amirspasalaris Tanamdebobas, qarTul istoriog-
16
e. metreveli, masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis
(Tbilisi, 1962), 75, 108, 109.
17
T. Jordania, qronikebi, II, (tfilisi, 1897), 145.
18
abuleTisZeTa sagvareuloze ix. g. oTxmezuri, qarTuli feodaluri
sagvareuloebis istoriidan (abazasZe _ marileli _ abuleTisZe) (Tbilisi, 2006).
19
JamTaaRmwereli, 270.
rafiaSi damkvidrebuli TvalsazrisiT, am saxelos 1262-1268 ww-Si

SanSe (SahanSa) mxargrZelis Ze avag-sargisi (+1268 w.) flobda.20
marTebulad migvaCnia n. TorTlaZis meore SeniSvnac winamorbed
mkvlevarTa mimarT: àr aris cnobili am dros dmanisis aRebis faqti da
Zneli gasarkvevia, visgan unda aeRo ivane abuleTis Zes dmanisi~.
rogorc cnobilia, XIII s-is 60-iani ww-is dasawyisSi, daviT VII (1247-
1270) iZulebuli Seiqna Tavisi survilis sawinaaRmdegod, ilxanTa
yaen hulagus brZanebiT, saqarTveloSi daesaxlebina osTa urdo,
romlebic `yaenman Seiwynara friad, da uboZa xaraja, da molaSqred da
TanambrZolelad ganaCinna... xolo mefeman dasxna romelime dmanissa
da sxuani Jinvans~.21
rom davuSvaT ivane abuleTisZis mier am dros `dmanisis waReba da
cixis aReba~, maSin unda davuSvaT isic, rom daviT VII-is gardacvalebidan
demetre II-s mefed da sadunis aTabagad damtkicebamde, ramdenime TveSi,
man iaraRis ZaliT daimorCila qalaqi, gaJlita mecixovneebi, daarbia
iq Casaxlebuli monRolTa `molaSqre da TanabrZoleli~ osebi da
Semdeg, oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi, mSvidad aSenebda cixes. gamoricxulia,
monRolebs reagirebis gareSe daetovebinaT ivane abuleTisZis an
nebismieri qarTveli didebulis msgavsi TviTneboba. maT romc ver
moeswroT qalaqis dacva ivanes Tavdasxmisas, Semdgom aucileblad
umkacresad agebinebdnen pasuxs. albaT, aseve gamoricxulia, romelime
qarTvel didaznaurs aseTi uazro nabiji gadaedga – erTdroulad
dapirispireboda saqarTvelos samefo kars da monRolebs.
èse queyanaÁ didTa JamTa oÃeri da saSiSi iyo~. albaT warweris am
frazas gulisxmobs n. TorTlaZe, rodesac aRniSnavs, rom `warweraSi
asaxuli saerTo suraTic Zalian hgavs XII saukunisas~.
p. muradianma icis, rom wyaroebiT ar aris cnobili Tu rodis da
vis mier iqna aoxrebuli aRniSnuli olqi XIII s-Si. amitom cdilobs
striqonebs Soris amoikiTxos aseTi informacia. misi azriT, dasaSvebia,
rom monRolebs zaqaria mxargrZelis SurisZiebis gamo daerbiaT
iqauroba an 1219 wlis miwisZvris Sedegad dangreuliyo sxvadasxva
nagebobebi (1219 w. miwisZvra iyo mSakavanqSi, baranas siaxloves). msgavsi
varaudi sxvac SeiZleba iqnes daSvebuli. mag. sxvadasxva nagebobebi
20
S. mesxia, saSinao politikuri viTareba da samoxeleo wyoba XII s-is saqarTveloSi,
316, 318; n. SoSiaSvili, `mxargrZeli avag-sargisi~, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia,
t. 7 (Tbilisi, 1984), 271.
21
JamTaaRmwereli, 251.
SeiZleboda dangreuliyo monRolTa mier dmanisis brZoliT aRebisas

(1235/1236 ww.) an Casaxlebul osTa agresiis Sedegad. mxolod maTi
ganuwyveteli TavdasxmebiT adgilobriv mosaxleobaze SeiZleboda
gaukacrielebuliyo es mxare, gamxdariyo òÃeri~22 da saSiSi~. magram
wyaroebi sworedac rom sapirispiros mowmoben. JamTaaRmwereli
dawvrilebiT aRwers dmanissa da JinvalSi Casaxlebuli osebis mier,
farejanisa da bayaTaris meTaurobiT, qarTlis òÃrebas, rbevas da
tyuevnas~23 XIII s-is miwuruls da albaT, arc XIII s-is 60-70-ian wlebSi
arsebul dapirispirebas datovebda uyuradRebod, rom hqonoda aseTs
adgili. XIII s. dmanisis aRorZinebis xanaa. amas mowmobs aq zarafxanis
funqcionireba da arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT mopovebuli materialuri
kulturis Zeglebi.24 aseve, araviTari ngrevis kvali ar atyvia laSa-
giorgis mefobaSi aSenebul dmanisis sions.
gasaziarebelia n. TorTlaZis Tvalsazrisi, rom demetre I-is
Tanamedrove ivane abuleTisZe `rogorc Cans, amirspasalari unda
yofiliyo. aseve cnobilia, rom swored ivane abuleTisZe iRebs dmaniss~.
daviT aRmaSenebelma 1121 w. xunani, xolo 1124 w. dmanisi, somxeTis
cixe-qalaqebi da anisi gaanTavisufla Turq-selCukTagan.25 anisis
gamgebloba daviTma abuleTsa da mis Svils ivanes Caabara.26
daviT aRmaSeneblisa da demetre I-is Tanamedrove `gamoCenil~
sardals, ivane abuleTis Zes icnobs Tamaris istorikosic.27
22
oÃeri, oÃer-qmnili – aoxrebuli, upatrono, mitovebuli, gaukacrielebuli;
sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT
moamzada, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo ilia abulaZem,
t. I (Tbilisi, 1991), 612; qarTlis cxovreba, I, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi
xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi, 1955) leqsikoni, 448. 1433 wlis
dokumentSi sof. qveSi moxseniebulia rogorc `nasoflari qveSi~ da amave dros
ùsjuloTa agaris naTesavTa ÃeliT ganryunili da oÃer-qmnili~. ix. `dawerili
Taya zevdginiZisa sveticxovlisadmi~, qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi:
XIV-XV saukuneebi, t. II, Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades T. enuqiZem, n.
TarxniSvilma, b. lominaZem. red. m. surgulaZe (Tbilisi, 2013), 185-7.
23
JamTaaRmwereli, 296, 316-7.
24
l. musxeliSvili, `dmanisi (qalaqis istoria da naqalaqaris aRwera)~, SoTa
rusTavelis epoqis materialuri kultura (Tbilisi, 1938).
25
r. metreveli, daviT IV aRmaSenebeli (Tbilisi, 1986), 184, 221-2.
26
vardan arevelci, msoflio istoria, Zveli somxuridan Targmnes n. SoSiaSvilma
da e. kvaWantiraZem, Sesavali, komentarebi da saZieblebi daurTo e. kvaWantiraZem
(Tbilisi, 2002), 139.
27
ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~, qarTlis cxovreba, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959), 7.
e. TayaiSvilis gamovlenil, XVIII s-is II nax-Si gadaweril xelnawerSi

CarTul qronologiur minawerebSi miTiTebulia demetre I-is mier
1125 wels dmanisis aReba: `da demetre daiWira yoveli samefo. amasve
qoronikons samas ormocda xuTs (=1125 w.) miuxda dmaniss. wauRo cixe~.28
vardan arevelcis cnobiT, demetre I-ma àraferi moaklo mamiseul
samflobeloebs, aramed SemoierTa dmanisi da qalaqi xunani waarTva
sparselebs~.29
stefanoz orbelianis mixedviT, iovane orbelma da misma Zem
sumbatma àiRes xunani 1128 wels. amis Semdgomad mokvda iovane... xolo
kualad dapyra sxvaman iovane, Zeman abuleTisaman, dmanisi~.30
am monacemebze dayrdnobiT, qarTul istoriografiaSi
damkvidrebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom demetre I-s orjer mouwia dmanisze
laSqroba: pirvelad – gamefebisTanave, 1125 w.; meored – xunanis aRebis
(1128 w.) Semdeg.31
Cemi azriT, somex istorikosebTan dmanisis aRebis erTi da igive
faqtia dafiqsirebuli da ara ori laSqroba aseTi mcire intervaliT.
zemoT motanil, e. TayaiSvilis gamovlenil wyaroSi, iseTi seriozuli
faqtobrivi Secdomebia daSvebuli, rom masze dayrdnobiT daskvnebis
gakeTeba Zalian saTuoa.32
yovel SemTxvevaSi, qarTul-somxur naratiul wyaroTa mixedviT,
imis Tqma danamdvilebiT SeiZleba, rom baranis cixis warweraSi
dafiqsirebuli èse queyanaÁ didTa JamTa oÃeri da saSiSi iyo~, swored
demetre I-is droindel realobas Seesabameba.
qalaqis aRebis Semdeg dmanisi abuleTisZeTa gamgeblobaSia.
28
e. TayaiSvili, `mokle cnobebi saqarTvelos istoriidan~, Zveli saqarTvelo, II
(1913), 63.
29
vardan aravelci, msoflio istoria, 140.
30
stefanoz orbelianis `cxovreba orbelianTa~-s Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi,
qarTul-somxuri teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo
e. cagareiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1978), 38-40.
31
m. lorTqifaniZe, `saqarTvelos sagareo da Sinapolitikuri viTareba XII s-is
II meoTxedidan 80-iani wlebis dasawyisamde~, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, III
(Tbilisi, 1979), 264; j. stefanaZe, demetre I (Tbilisi, 1990), 31.
32
mag. daviT aRmaSeneblis mier Tbilisis aReba erT SemTxvevaSi daTariRebulia
1125 wliT, xolo meored 1121 wliT, Tan miTiTebulia, rom Tbilisi vaxtang
gorgaslis Semdeg `TaTarTa hqonda~; daviTis Semdgom mefed dasaxelebulia misi
ararsebuli Svili zurabi; Tamaris gamefeba daTariRebulia 1180 wliT da sxv. e.
TayaiSvils komentarebSi dafiqsirebuli aqvs es Secdomebi. ix. e. TayaiSvili,
`mokle cnobebi saqarTvelos istoriidan~, 60-5.
dmanisis cixeSi gamoketes demetre I-is winaaRmdeg 1130 wels

mowyobili SeTqmulebis monawileobaSi dadanaSaulebuli mama-Svili
abuleTisZeebi.33
abuleTisa da misi Zis ivanes dawinaurebuli mdgomareoba
daviT aRmaSeneblisa da demetre I-is karze raime maRal samoxeleo
TanamdebobaSi iqneboda asaxuli. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom istoriuli
qvemo qarTli, lore-taSiri, amirspasalarTa (orbelebi, mxargrZelebi)
sagamgeblo mxare iyo, maSin abuleTisZeTa mier dmanisis floba ivane
abuleTisZis amirspasalarobaze arapirdapir miniSnebad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos.
Cvens warweraSi ivane abuleTisZe amirspasalarobasTan erTad
aTabagadac aris moxseniebuli. termin aTabagis dasaxeleba aris
is ZiriTadi argumenti, ris gamoc a. SaniZe – v. ciskariSvili da p.
muradiani faqtiurad arc ki ganixilaven warweris XII s-iT daTariRebis
SesaZleblobas.
n. TorTlaZis azriTac, `baranis warweris XII s-iT daTariRebisTvis
mniSvnelovan dabrkolebas warmoadgens aq aTabagis moxsenieba.
saqarTvelos XII s-mde aTabagis arsebobis damadasturebeli raime sabuTi
ara gvaqvs~, arc XII s-is ivane abuleTis Zis aTabagobis `damamtkicebeli
raime sabuTi ar gagvaCnia~, Tumca ivanesa da ufliswulis (vaxtangis –
g.o.) `mWidro urTierTobisa~ da `mefis sawinaaRmdego SeTqmulebaSi
erToblivi monawileobis~ gaTvaliswinebiT mainc svams kiTxvas: ìqneb
SeiZlebodes aqedan vivaraudoT, rom is iyo ufliswulis aRmzrdeli
da aTabagi. Tu aseT varauds davuSvebT, maSin SeiZleba Taviseburi axsna
moeZebnos Tamaris istorikosis cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom aTabagoba
manamde ar arsebula~. sabolood, n. TorTlaZe ar ganmartavs, Tu ra
SeiZleba iyos es `Taviseburi axsna~ da am sakiTxsac Riad tovebs.
aTabagis, ufliswulis aRmzrdelisa da meurvis, institutis
SemoReba saqarTveloSi Tamar mefis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli.
Tamaris istorikosi ise dawvrilebiT aRwers, rodis da ra viTarebaSi
uboZa Tamarma es xeli, manamde ararsebuli saqarTvelos samefo
karze, ivane mxargrZels, rom eWvis Setanac ki ar SeiZleba misi cnobis
sizustesa da sandoobaSi. zaqaria mxargrZelis gardacvalebis Semdgom,
Tamar mefem ivane msaxurTuxucess Zmis Tanamdeboba SesTavaza, razec
man ganacxada: `pativi ese, romliTa pativ-gicemies Cemda didad-didi
33
vardan arevelci, msoflio istoria, 143.
ars da me uRirs var; esreT Semewie, raTa Zmisa Cemisa saxelsa Cem zeda
ara aÃsenebdnen, raTa ara mrcxuenes nacvlad misa dgomad, aramed
aTabagobiTa pativ-mec; saqarTvelosa ara ars wesad da Ãelad Tquen
mefeTa winaSe aTabagoba. da amiT ganadide wyaloba Seni Cem zeda, rome
axalsa da uaRressa pativsa Rirso myo da aTabagoba miboZo, romel
sultanTa wesi ars aTabagi, romeli mamad da gamzrdelad mefeTa da
sultanTa iwodebis aTabagi. amiT ganadide wyaloba Seni uwinares CemTa
pirvelTa~. yoca mefeman da uboZa aTabagoba, romeli ara yofil iyo
saqarTvelos mefeTa winaSe, arca vis boZeboda~.34
SeuZlebelia epigrafikul ZeglSi TiTqmis erTi saukunis Semdgom
SemoRebuli Tanamdeboba iyos dafiqsirebuli. amdenad gamoricxulia,
rom demetre I-is Tanamedrove amirspasalari ivane abuleTisZe
imavdroulad ufliswulis aRmzrdeli da meurve yofiliyo.
magram aTabagis moxsenieba ar gamodgeba warweris uciloblad
XIII s-iT dasaTariReblad, radgan samoxeleo termini àTabagi~
sxva SinaarsiTac ixmareboda – mxaris gamgebels, mxaris mmarTvels
aRniSnavda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gaugebari iqneboda imave ìstoriani
da azmanis~ cnoba, rom Tamar mefem ivane mxargrZelis gaaTabagebamde
ramdeni wliT adre, karis aRebis (1205-1206 ww.) Semdeg, aTabagoba ivane
axalcixels uboZa: `xolo mefeman (Tamar) aiRo da miiTuala kari da
dauteva karis mcvelad axalcixeli ivane da aCina monapired da uboZa
aTabagoba da amirTa-amiraoba~.35 me mgoni aravis mouva azrad ori aseTi
urTierTgamomricxavi cnoba miaweros Tamaris istorikoss, movlenaTa
Tanamedrovesa da TviTmxilvels. ivane abuleTisZe, iseve rogorc
ivane axalcixeli, sworedac rom mxaris gamgebeli aTabagia da ara
ufliswulis aRmzrdeli. Cemi azriT, am Tvalsazriss amyarebs is faqtic,
rom xSir SemTxvevaSi amira da aTabagi sinonimebia da mxaris mmarTvelis
mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. magaliTad, ganZis gamgeblebi bagrat IV-is
dros amirad,36 xolo daviT aRmaSeneblis zeobisas aTabagad37 arian
wodebulni. laSa-giorgis (1210-1223) mefobaSi cnobilia dmanisis amira
iob mixrikis Ze, saqarTvelos mefis qveSevdromi, qristiani: `...adiden
da daamyaren RmerTman Zlieri da uZleveli mefeTa-mefobaÁ giorgisi.
34
35
iqve, 92.
36
`matiane qarTlisa~, qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, 279.
37
daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi, `cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi~, qarTlis
cxovreba, t. I, 228, 240.
me miwaman mefobisa maTisaman iob mixrikis Zeman, dmanis Cemsa amirobasa

Sina aRvhumarTe juari ese...~.38
SesaZlebelia karis (yarsis) da dmanisis (dmanis-lore-taSiri)
uaRresad mniSvnelovanma geo-strategiulma mdebareobam ganapiroba
ivane axalcixelisa da ivane abuleTisZisTvis aTabagis titulis
miniWeba.
Tu movaxdenT Tamaris istorikosis sityvebis perifrazs, XII s-is
saistorio TxzulebaSi es faqti amgvarad iqneboda gadmocemuli:
`mefeman dimitri aiRo da miiTuala dmanisi da dauteva dmanisis
mcvelad amirspasalari abuleTisZe ivane da aCina monapired da uboZa
aTabagoba~.
amrigad, zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrob, SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom ivane abuleTisZem, ivane orbelis gardacvalebis (+1128
w.) Semdgom miiRo amirspasalaris saxelo, mokle xanSi, albaT 1129 w.,
aiRo dmanisi da dainiSna am mxaris, dmanis-lore-taSiris, aTabagad anu
gamgeblad, rac aisaxa kidec baranis cixis warweraSi.
38
d. berZeniSvili, `dmaneli amiras ucnobi warwera firezauris xeobidan~,
saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. 33, #3 (1964), 748.
Regarding the Dating of the Inscription on the Barana

Fortress
Giorgi Otkhmezuri
Summary
In 1966 in Barana (historical land of Lore-Tashiri, nowadays, Barana valley (territory

of the Republic of Armenia) was found the Georgian epigraphic monument – namely, the
nine line Asomtavruli stone engraving (inscription). The inscription provides the story of
conquest of Dmanisi by the Atabag-Amirspasalari Ivane Abuletisdze and building of the
fortress there during the reign of king Demetre.
Throughout the history of Georgia there are to be known two kings called Demetre.
Subsequently, history is familiar with the two statesmen called Ivane Abuletisdze, both
contemporaries of Demetre I (1125-1156) and Demetre II (1270-1289).
According to the initial publishers of this epigraphic monument (A. Shanidze, V.
Tsiskarishvili), the inscription is of the time of Demetre II. This opinion is conventional
in the Georgian as well as Armenian historiography for almost a half century.
The only opinion that raised question marks regarding the above mentioned dating
and affirmed the possible dating to the period of reign of Demetre I was expressed in the
article of N. Tortladze in 2001. The same person however could not finally conclude on
the matter and left it open for further debate.
The main evidence at hand presented by the researchers, that, in turn excludes the
dating by the XII century, is the title of Atabagi granted to Ivane Abuletisdze.
Introduction of the Atabagi institution (tutor of the heir apparent) to the Georgian royal
court is widely attributed to the Queen Tamar the respected scientists have nonetheless
disregarded the fact that within the Georgian officialdom term “Atabagi” was commonly
used as denoting different meanings such as governor of certain administrative entity in
Georgia.
I believe that based on the material presented herein, it is possible to claim that Ivane
Abuletisdze, after the death of Ivane Orbeli (+1128), received the Amirspasalari office.
Shortly afterwards, perhaps in 1129, he conquered Dmanisi and was appointed as a ruler
(Atabagi) of this region. Exactly the abovementioned was reflected in the Barani fortress
inscription.
X
efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis (S-1276a)

1370-1390-iani wlebis minaweris cnobebi monRol
sardlebs – ulusis amira Seix hasan bozorgsa da
amira ali fadiSahs Soris 1336 wels gamarTul
yara daras brZolaSi taos erisTavis amirRambar
I fanaskertelis vasalis, taoeli feodalis boco
wmedisZis monawileobis Sesaxeb
Temo jojua
korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa erovnuli centris qa-

rTul xelnawerTa fondis S koleqciaSi 1276-e nomriT daculia ori
nawilisagan Semdgari homiletikur-hagiografiuli krebuli, igive
S-1276 xelnaweri, romelic samecniero literaturaSi, ZiriTadad, imiT
aris cnobili, rom misi I, homiletikuri Sinaarsis nawili XI saukunis
II naxevarSi Sav mTaze moRvawe saxelovani qarTveli mwignobris efrem
mciris redaqtorobiTaa Sedgenili, efremis mier berZnulidan qar-
Tulad naTargmn aTze met teqsts Seicavs da misi zogierTi nakveTic
Tavad efremis xeliT aris gadawerili. S-1276 xelnaweris I nawils dar-
Tuli aqvs mogviano xanis aTze meti minaweri, romlebic taoSi mosax-
le wmedisZeebis, SemdgomSi wmedisZe-xaxularebis feodalur saxlTan
aris dakavSirebuli da romlebic, taos provinciis saero da saeklesio
istoriis mTeli rigi sakvanZo sakiTxebis Sesaxeb uZvirfases cnobebs
gvawvdis. winamdebare naSromSi Seviswavli dasaxelebuli minawerebis
erT jgufs, romelic 1336 wlis ivlisSi iranis ilxanTa monRolur sax-
elmwifoSi momxdari didi samxedro-politikuri dapirispirebisa da am
dapirispirebaSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefis giorgi V brwyinvalis
(1299, 1318-1346 ww.), taos erisTavis amirRambar I fanaskertelisa da am
ukanasknelis vasalis, taoeli feodalis boco wmedisZis monawileobis
aqamde ucnobi istoriuli faqtis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs.
vidre uSualod xsenebuli minawerebis Seswavlaze gadaval, sa-
efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis 217
kuTriv S-1276 xelnawerTan dakavSirebul ramdenime ZiriTad sakiTxs

mimovixilav.
S-1276 xelnaweri safuZvlianad aris Seswavlili elene metrevelis
mier, romelsac Tavisi kodikologiur-teqstologiuri kvleva-Ziebis
Sedegebi or publikaciaSi aqvs Tavmoyrili. es publikaciebia: 1. elene
metrevelis statia èfrem mciris avtografi~, romelic `xelnawerTa
institutis moambis~ 1959 wels dabeWdil I tomSia gamoqveynebuli;1 da
2. S koleqciis xelnawerebis akademiuri àRwerilobis~ 1961 wels ga-
mocemuli II tomi, romlis S-1276 xelnaweris aRwerilobis momcveli na-
kveTic, elene metrevelis mier aris momzadebuli.2
elene metreveli Tavis publikaciebSi S-1276 xelnawerze saubars
misi teqnikuri parametrebis mokle daxasiaTebiT iwyebs. mkvlevars mo-
tanili aqvs Semdegi teqnikuri monacemebi: furclebis raodenoba – 290
furceli; furclebis zoma – 35 X 24 sm; furclebis masala – qaRaldi;
yda – xis tyavgadakruli tvifruli yda; ZiriTadi teqstis damwerloba
– nusxuri; saTaurebis damwerloba – asomTavruli da nusxuri; saTau-
rebis sawer-saRebavi – singuri; restavracia-akinZva – restavrirebu-
li da Zveli tyaviT akinZulia xelnawerTa institutis laboratoria-
Si; nakluloba – aklia araerTi furceli dasawyisSi da erTi furceli
109rv-110rv-s Soris.3
elene metrevelis dakvirvebiT, S-1276 xelnaweris I da II nawilebi
Tavdapirvelad or sxvadasxva xelnawer wigns warmoadgenda. amaTgan,
I, ZiriTadad, homiletikuri Sinaarsis nawili, romelic S-1276 xel-
naweris pirvel as TxuTmet furcels (1rv-115rv) Seicavs, XI saukunis
miwurulis oTxi gansxvavebuli xeliT, xolo II, hagiografiuli Sinaar-
sis nawili, romelic S-1276 xelnaweris bolo as samocdaToTxmet fur-
cels (117rv-290rv) Seicavs, XII-XIII saukuneebis xeliT aris gadawerili.
mkvlevris cnobiT, es ori, sxvadasxva droisa da Sinaarsis krebuli erT
1
elene metreveli, èfrem mciris avtografi~, [xelnawerTa institutis] moambe, I
(Tbilisi, 1959), 115-25.
2
qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, yofili qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadebis (S) koleqciisa, t. II, Sedgenilia da dasabeWdad
damzadebuli ana baqraZis, Tamar bregaZis, elene metrevelisa da mzeqala SaniZis
mier, elene metrevelis redaqciiT (Tbilisi, 1961), 136-42.
3
metreveli, èfrem mciris avtografi~, 117; qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba,
yofili qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadebis (S)
koleqciisa, 136.
218 Temo jojua
xelnawer wignad mxolod mogvianebiT akinZes, rac S-1276 xelnaweris I

da II nawilebs Soris CakinZul dauwerel furcelze (116r) Sesrulebul
minawerSi pirdapir aris aRniSnuli.4
movitan 116r-ze Sesrulebuli mxedruli minaweris teqsts, ro-
melic, paleografiuli niSnebis mixedviT, XVIII saukunes unda mie-
kuTvnebodes: `q. am meoris wignis ricxvi sxva aris | da pirvelis
wignisa – sxva da am ors|av wignis Sekvra, R(mrT)is SewevniT, erTaT
vinebeT~.5
elene metrevelis Tanaxmad, S-1276 xelnaweris I, homiletikuri Si-
naarsis nawils dasawyisSi, furclebis naklulobis gamo, sami teqsti
aklia, misi danarCeni furclebi ki camet teqsts Seicavs, romelTagan
Tormeti teqsti anu №1, #2, №3, №4, №5, №7, №8, №9, №10, №12 da №13
teqstebi berZnulidan qarTulad efrem mciris mier aris naTargmni.
rac Seexeba S-1276 xelnaweris II, hagiografiuli Sinaarsis nawils, aq,
elene metrevelis cnobiT, ToTxmeti teqstia warmodgenili.6
movitan S-1276 xelnawerSi daculi teqstebis saTaurebs, agreTve,
am teqstebis pirvel da bolo gverdebze miTiTebebs:
I. S-1276 xelnaweris XI saukuneSi gadawerili homiletikuri xasi-
aTis nawili (1rv-115rv).
1. `sekdembersa id (14). | w(mi)disa da n(e)t(a)risa ma|misa C(ue)
nisa i(o)v(a)ne mo|nazonisa da xuci|sa damaskelisa¡. | [s](i)ty(ua)¡
satfurebis|[aT¢]s iÀ(rusa)l(i)misa, q(rist)es, | R[(mr)]Tisa C(ue)nisa,
aRsadgo|melisa da amaRle|bisaT¢s patiosnisa | da cxovelsmyofe|lisa
j(ua)risa~ (1r-24r).
2. `[sekdembersa id (14)]. w(mid)isa da n(e)t(a)risa m(a)misa | C(ue)nisa
andria ie|rusalemelisa¡, | kritel mT(a)v(a)rep|iskoposisa¡, si|tyua¡
amaRleba|sa patiosnisa da | cx(o)velsmyofeli|sa j(uar)is(a)sa~ (24r-
28r).
3. `dRes(a)sw(au)lsa j(ua)rTa apyr|obis(a)sa, s(a)k(i)Tx(a)vi Tq(u)
4
metreveli, èfrem mciris avtografi~, 117; qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba,
koleqciisa, 136-37.
5
korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa erovnuli centris qarTul
xelnawerTa fondis S koleqcia, xelnaweri №
# 1276, 116r.
6
metreveli, èfrem mciris avtografi~, 120-4; qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba,
koleqciisa, 137-40.
m(u)li | w(mid)isa da n(e)t(a)risa m(a)misa C(ue)nisa | i(o)v(a)ne oqr(o)p(i)

ris(a)¡~ (28r-32r).
4. `[noenbersa ka (21)]. georgisi, r(omel)i iyo kostan|tinepoliT
wignismcve|li w(mid)isa R(mr)Tisa ekl(e)si(i)s(a)¡, | sity(ua)¡ y(ovla)
dw(mid)isa R(mr)TismS(o)bli|saT¢s, r(a)J(a)ms miyvanebu|l iqmna samisa
wlisa¡ | t(a)Zr(a)d o(¢fl)isa mS(o)b(e)lTa m(ie)r | misTa~ (32r-41v).
5. `†. kerZod Sekrebuli | da mcired ra¡me mo|£senebuli
simrav|lisag(a)n cxorebisa mi|sisa warmatebiTa | da namuSakevTag(a)n
| mravlebaTa¡sa | w(mi)disaT¢s da neta|risa m(a)misa C(ue)nisa i(ovan)e |
monazonisa da xuci|sa damaskelisa, | aRwerili m(i)q(ae)lis(a)g(a)n, | xu-
cisa s¢meonwmi|delisa, enasa z(ed)a | arabTasa, r(ome)li ese | iTargmna
samoel|is(a)g(a)n, w(mi)disa metro|politisa adana|elisa, berZenTa |
enad~ (42r-56r).
6. `Tuesa dekembersa T (9). | s(a)kiTx(a)vi, Tq(u)m(u)li w(mi)disa | da
netarisa mami|sa C(ue)nisa epifane | k¢priel mT(a)v(a)repi|skoposisa¡
mu|cladRebisaTus an|na¡ssa, r(a)J(am)s exara | Soba¡ w(mi)disa R(mr)
Tis|mSobelisa¡~ (56r-64r).
7. `[dekembersa k (20)]. wina dRiT q(rist)eSobisa, sakiTxavi, Tq(u)
m(u)li | w(mi)disa da netarisa | mamisa C(ue)nisa aTa|nase aleqsandr{i}
el | mTavarepiskoposis|a¡, sityuai, aRwe|risaT¢s y(ovla)dw(mi)disa |
q(a)lw(u)lisa da R(mr)Tism{S}o|belisa mariamisa | da iosebis{a}T¢s,
r(omelma)n mi|iTxova igi~ (64r-71r).
8. `[dekembersa kT (29)]. w(mi)[d]isa m(a)m[is]a C(ue)nisa basili isav|roel
episk(o)p(o)sisa¡, sity(ua)¡ CC¢l|TaT¢s beTlems mowyuedilTa~ (72r-74v).
9. `[dekembersa kd (24)]. w(mi)disa grigoli nosel epis|koposisa¡,
sity(ua)¡ SobisaT(¢)s | o(¢fl)isa C(ue)nisa i(es)¢ q(rist)essa da |
CC¢lTaT¢s beTlems mowyuÀ|dilTa~ (74v-80v).
10. `w(mi)disa da n(e)t(a)risa m(a)misa C(ue)nisa | i(o)v(a)ne monazoni-
sa da xu|cisa damaskelisa¡, sity(ua)¡ | R(mr)Tismety(ue)l(e)bisaT¢s da
Sobi|saT¢s o(¢fl)isa C(ue)nisa i(es)¢ q(rist)essa~ (81r-89v).
11. `[ianvarsa v (6)]. w(mi)disa da netarisa m(a)misa C(ue)nisa | [sofron]
[i]À(rusa)l(i)m(e)l patriaqisa¡, | sity(ua)¡ w(mi)disaT¢s naTlisRebisa |
macx(o)vrisa C(ue)nisa~ (89v-99r).
12. `[ianvarsa v (6)]. misive, w(mi)disa m(a)misa C(ue)nisa sofron |
iÀ(rusa)l(i)mel patriaqisa¡, naTlisRebi|saT¢s macxovrisa da z(ed)a
aRdg|omisaT¢s sarkinozTa¡sa~ (99r-106v).
13. `[ianvarsa ke (25)]. w(mi)disa da netarisa m(a)misa C(ue)nisa sofron
220 Temo jojua
iÀ(rusa)l(i)mel patria|qisa, sity(ua)¡ Sesxmisa¡ w(mi)disaT¢s da didisa

grigoli R(mr)Tisme|tyuelisa~ (107r-115v).
II. S-1276 xelnaweris XII-XIII saukuneebSi gadawerili hagiografiuli
xasiaTis nawili (117r-287r).
14. `[oktombersa ie (15). cxoreba¡ da wameba¡ wmidisa mRdelmowamisa
lukianesi]~ (bolo fragmenti) (117rv).
15. òktombersa iv (16). w(a)m(e)b(a)¡ | w(mid)isa m(o)w(a)misa
long|inozisi, r(omel)i iyo asi|sTav juarcumasa | o(¢fl)isasa~ (117v-
124v).
16. òktombersa iÀ (18). mosa£|senebeli w(mid)isa mo|ciqulisa da
maxare|b{e}lisa luka¡si~ (124v-130v).
17. òktombe{rsa} iT (19). || wameba¡ w(mi)disa mamisa | da mowamisa
andria¡si, r(omel)i ars krises~ (130v-139r).
18. `[o]ktombe{rsa} iT (19). || wameba¡ w(mi)disa m(o)w(a)mi|sa varozi-
si da mis|TanaTa¡~ (139v-148v).
19. òktombersa k (20). wam(e)b(a)¡ | w(mid)isa da didisa mo|wamisa ar-
temisi~ (148v-174v).
20. òktombersa ka (21). cx(o)r(e)b(a)¡ | da moq(a)l(a)q(o)b(a)¡ w(mid)
isa ma|misa C(ue)nisa ilarion|isa~ (174v-199r).
21. òktombersa kb (22). cx(o)r(e)b(a)¡ | da moq(a)l(a)qoba¡ w(mid)isa |
da n(e)t(a)risa m(a)misa C(ue)nisa | aberki episkopos|isa ierapoleli|sa¡~
(199r-219r).
22. òktombersa kg (23). mosa£se|nebeli i(a)k(o)b moc(i)q(u)[li]sa,
Z|misa o(¢fl)is(a)¡~ (219r-227v).
23. `[o]ktomb{ersa} kd (24). || wameba¡ w(mid)isa da didisa | m(o)w(a)
misa areTa¡si da mis | T(a)na m(o)R(ua)we qmnilTa w(mida)Ta | m(o)w(a)meTa¡
da Txroba¡ ma|Sin s(o)f(e)lsa m(a)s qmnilTa | saqmeTa¡~ (228r-249v).
24. òktombersa ke (25). wam|eba¡ w(mida)Ta m(o)w(a)meTa | markiane da
mart¢r|isi, mwignobarTa¡~ (249v-252r).
25. òktombe{rsa} kv (26). || wameb(a)¡ w(mid)isa da d(ide)b(u)lisa |
q(riste)s m(o)w(a)misa dimitrisa~ (252r-262r).
26. òktombersa kÀ (28). cx(o)r(e)b(a)¡ | da moq(a)l(a)q(o)b(a)¡ da
wam|eba¡ mowese m(o)w(a)misa | anastasia hromis(a)¡~ (262r-270v).
27. òktombersa kT (29). cx(o)r(e)b(a)¡ | da moq(a)l(a)qob(a)¡ w(mi)disa
| da n(e)t(a)risa mamisa C(ue)nisa | abrah(a)misi~ (270v-287v).
elene metrevelis TqmiT, S-1276 xelnaweris I nawili oTxi sx-
vadasxva xeliT aris dawerili. amaTgan, pirveli xeliT dawerilia №1,
№10 da №11 teqstebi (1r-24r da 81r-99r), meore xeliT – №2, №3, №4, №5,
№6 da №7 teqstebi (24r-71v), mesame xeliT – №8, №9, da №12 teqstebi,
agreTve, №13 teqstis II nawili (72r-80v, 99r-106v, 111r-115v), xolo meo-
Txe xeliT – №13 teqstis I naxevari (107r-110v). mkvlevris dakvirve-
biT, am oTxi sxvadasxva xeliT dawerili teqstidan erT-erTi, mesame
xeliT dawerili teqsti efrem mciris avtografs warmoadgens. elene
metrevelisave cnobiT, S-1276 xelnaweris I nawilSi dacul teqstebs
darTuli aqvs ramdenime anderZi, komentari da e. w. `Seiswaveni~, rom-
lebic, agreTve, efrem mcires ekuTvnis da misi xeliT aris dawerili.7
elene metrevels S-1276 xelnaweris I nawilis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli,
zemoT mimoxiluli mosazrebebi erTgvarad Sejamebuli aqvs Tavisi
1959 wlis statiis daskvnaSi, romelSic mkvlevari iTvaliswinebs im
faqts, rom S-1276 xelnaweris I nawilSi warmodgenili cameti teqsti-
dan Tormeti teqsti berZnulidan qarTulad efrem mcires mier aris
naTargmni, agreTve, im garemoebas, rom S-1276 xelnaweris I nawilis erTi
nakveTi anu, saerTo jamSi, ocdaori furceli efrem mciris xeliT aris
gadawerili, xolo sxva nakveTebs efrem mcirisave xeliT Sesrulebuli
anderZebi, komentarebi da `Seiswaveni~ aqvs darTuli da S-1276 xel-
naweris I nawilis, rogorc homiletikuri Sinaarsis xelnaweri wignis
Sesaxeb Semdeg mosazrebas gamoTqvams: àmrigad, xelnaweri S-1276 (aq
mkvlevari gulisxmobs ara mTels xelnawers, aramed mxolod mis I nawils
– T. j.) warmoadgens ZiriTadad homiletikur krebuls, gadawerils
XI saukunis miwurulSi. xelnaweris weraSi monawileoba miuRiaT Savi
mTis samwerlobo koleqtivis 4 wevrs, romlebic erTdroulad moR-
vaweobdnen da muSaobdnen. xelnaweris erT-erTi damweri TviT efrem
mcirea, xolo krebulis Targmanis mbrZanebeli – ioane mRvdeli. kre-
bulSi Setanilia efremis Targmanebi (erTis gamoklebiT). efrems, gar-
da imisa, rom Tavisi xeliT dauweria sakiTxavTa erTi wyeba, amasTanave
gaukeTebia krebulis redaqciac. ori sityvisaTvis minawerebis saxiT
daurTavs istoriul-literaturuli mniSvnelobis cnobebi, adgil-
adgil usworebia teqstebi (gansakuTrebiT misive naweri) da daurTavs
anderZebi. amnairad, Tu Cveni msjeloba am xelnaweris irgvliv dasab-
uTebulia, maSin Cven saqme gvaqvs efremis avtografTan~.8
7
koleqciisa, 137-41.
8
metreveli, èfrem mciris avtografi~, 124-5.
222 Temo jojua
zemoT ukve aRvniSne, rom S-1276 xelnaweris I nawils, romelsac

qvemoT efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis saxeliT movixsenieb,
wmedisZeTa feodalur saxlTan dakavSirebuli mogviano xanis, ufro
zustad, XIV-XV saukuneebis aTze meti minaweri aqvs darTuli. winamde-
bare naSromSi am kolofonebidan sagangebod gamovyof erTi da imave
xeliT Sesrulebuli ori asomTavruli minawerisagan Semdgar jgufs
da am kolofonebis teqstebs istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi kuTxiT
Seviswavli.
Tavdapirvelad warmovadgen xsenebuli ori asomTavruli minaweris
teqnikur aRwerilobas, maTi teqstebis gadmonawerebs dednis Sriftis
dacviT da am teqstebis Cemeul wakiTxvebs.
1. minaweri Sesrulebulia 41v-s zeda naxevris marjvena aresa da mTels qveda

naxevarze, 42r-s, 42v-sa da 43r-s qveda arSiebze (sur. 1, sur. 2, sur. 3 da sur. 4); cxra-
meti striqoni; kolofonis zoma: 41v – 25X21,5 sm., 42r – 4,7X19,1 sm., 43v – 5X17,9 sm., 43r
– 5,8X18,2 sm.; asomTavruli; minaweris VII striqonis meTxuTmete grafema (W), XI striqo-
nis meTormete da bolo grafemebi (a da a), XII striqonis meoTxe grafema (a) da XV
striqonis meore grafema (a) – mxedruliT; lurji feris sawer-saRebavi; kolofonis
IX striqonis mecxramete da meoce grafemebi (z da o), X striqonis meore grafema (o), XII
striqonis meoTxe grafema (a), XVI striqonis pirveli oTxi grafemis (abar) Semdeg das-
muli gankveTilobis sami wertili da XIX striqonze warmodgenili mTeli sityva (apa-
tiva) – yavisferi sawer-saRebaviT; gankveTilobis niSnebi: wertili, orwertili, sami
wertili, oTxi wertili an xuTi wertili TiTqmis yoveli sityvis Semdeg; qaragmis niS-
nebi: patara ganivi klaknili xazi; minaweris VII striqonSi meTxuTmete grafemad gamoy-
enebulia e. w. maCxitisZis Cini, romelic mxedruli W-s moxazulobis mqone grafemis
daxmarebiT aris gadmocemuli; minaweris IX striqonis bolos da X striqonis dasawy-
isSi Tavdapirvelad warmodgenili iyo lurji feris sawer-saRebaviT Sesrulebuli
sityva zo|mad (zomad). mogvianebiT, kolofonis damwerma yavisferi sawer-saRebaviT
am sityvis pirveli grafema (z) gadaxaza, meore grafemis (o) Semdeg ori grafema zo
(zo) dawera, meoTxe grafema (a) o-d (o) gadaakeTa da sabolood, miiRo sityva ozo|mod
(uzomod); minaweris XII striqonis yavisferi sawer-saRebaviT Sesrulebuli meoTxe
grafema (a) amave striqonis lurji feris sawer-saRebaviT Sesrulebuli mesame grafe-
mis (d) mucelSi mogvianebiT, kolofonis damweris mier aris Cawerili; XVI striqonis
pirveli oTxi grafemis (abar) Semdeg dasmuli, yavisferi sawer-saRebaviT Sesrule-
buli gankveTilobis sami wertili amave adgilas dasmul, lurji sawer-saRebaviT Ses-
rulebul gankveTilobis sam wertilze mogvianebiT, kolofonis damweris mier aris
gadawerili; minaweris bolo, XIX striqonze warmodgenili, yavisferi sawer-saRebaviT
Sesrulebuli sityva (apativa) mogvianebiT, kolofonis damweris mier aris dawerili;
minaweris teqsti gamocemulia erTxel, elene metrevelis mier, 1961 wels.9
9
`q. ese womedis Ze womedi, Ze sombatisi, da sobat (!) Ze bocosi, da boco, romel Siba
1. :.q:. ese: womedis

2. Ze: womedi:
3. Ze:. sumbatisi:
4. da: subat: Ze:
5. bocosi: da:
6. boco: romel
7. Siba: urdos:: da: darWa: ali:
8. faSa:. da: gadidda: olosbgi::.
9. Sexasan: movida: Sina: ozo
10. mod: nacmi: iyo:
11. da: micvala: da naTeli: a
12. da: daga:. diadi:. wyaloba 41v||42r
13. moitana: urdodaRm
14. a: R~n:. naTliT SezRo: 42r||42v
15. da pronmn: amirR
16. abar:. ama soflisa 42v||43r
17. didiTa. pativTa: mas:
18. da: misTa SvilTa
19. apativa
`q. ese wumedis|Ze wumedi, | Ze sumbatisi | da su{m}bat, Ze | bo-

cosi da | boco, romel{i} | S{e}iba urdos da darCa ali-|faSa da ga-
didda ulusb{e}gi | Sex-asan. movida Sina. uzo|mod nac{e}mi iyo |
da mi{i}cvala da naTeli<a> | da{a}d<a>ga. diadi wyaloba 41v||42r moi-
tana urdodaRm|a. R(merTma)n naTliT SezRo 42r||42v da p{at}ronm{a}
n amirR|a{m}bar ama soflisa 42v||43r didiTa pativ{i}Ta mas | da misTa
SvilTa | apativa~.
2. minaweri Sesrulebulia 64r-s marcxena arSiis zeda naxevarsa da zeda arSiaze

(sur. 5); 64r-s marcxena arSiis zeda naxevarze teqsti dawerilia gverdulad, qvemo-
dan zemoT, xolo zeda arSiaze – Tavdayira; oTxi striqoni; II striqonis naxevari da
mTeli IV striqoni, furclis marcxena da zeda arSiebis CamoWris gamo, dakargulia;
kolofonis SemorCenili nawilis zoma: 64r-s marcxena arSia – 4,1X13,5 sm., zeda arSia
(!) urdos da darWa... ali faSa da gadidda olos begi | Sixasan movida Sina, uzomod
nacemi iyo da miicvala da naTeli dadga diadi, wyaloba moitana urdo daRma,
RmerTman naTliT SezRo da patronma amirRabar ama soflisa didiTa pativiTa mas
da misTa SvilTa [apativa]~. qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, yofili qarTvelTa
Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis (S) koleqciisa, 141.
224 Temo jojua
– 2,6X17,4 sm; asomTavruli; III striqonis mexuTe grafema (a) – mxedruliT; lurji
feris sawer-saRebavi; II striqonis pirveli grafemis (S) zeda nawili da III striqo-
nis pirveli, meore, mesame da mexuTe grafemebi (R, T, i da a) – yavisferi sawer-saRe-
baviT; gankveTilobis niSnebi: orwertili, sami wertili an xuTi wertili TiTqmis
yoveli sityvis Semdeg; qaragmis niSnebi: patara ganivi klaknili xazi; minaweris II
striqonis pirveli, lurji feris sawer-saRebaviT Sesrulebuli grafemis (S) zeda
naxevari kolofonis damweris mier yavisferi sawer-saRebaviT aris gacxovele-
buli; minaweris III striqonis dasawyisSi Tavdapirvelad warmodgenili iyo lurji
feris sawer-saRebaviT Sesrulebuli daqaragmebuli samgrafemiani sityva [--]s ([--]
s) da mis Semdeg dasmuli gankveTilobis sami wertili. mogvianebiT, kolofonis
damwerma samgrafemiani sityvis pirveli ori grafema amofxika da maT adgilas yav-
isferi sawer-saRebaviT sami asomTavruli grafema RTi (RTi) dawera, samgrafemiani
sityvis bolo grafemis (s) Semdeg yavisferi sawer-saRebaviTve mxedruli grafema
a (a) Seasrula, samgrafemiani sityvis bolos dasmul gankveTilobis samwertils
imave yavisferi sawer-saRebaviT kidev ori wertili daumata da sabolood, miiRo
daqaragmebuli sityva R~Tisa (R~Tisa); minaweris II da IV striqonebze warmodgenili
teqsti, furclis marjvena da zeda arSiebis CamoWris gamo, sanaxevrod (II striqo-
ni) an TiTqmis mTlianad (IV striqoni) aris dakarguli; II striqonze warmodgenili
nakluli teqsti grafemaTa SemorCenili fragmentebisa da konteqstis gaTval-
iswinebiT maqvs aRdgenili, IV striqonze warmodgenili nakluli teqstis aRdgena
ki, samwuxarod, veRar xerxdeba; kolofonis teqsti gamocemulia erTxel, elene
metrevelis mier, 1961 wels.10
1. womedsa:. Tois:.
2. S~n: doba: bZaneT: ||
3. R~Tisa::. da: misisa: dedisa
4. [...]
`wumed{i}saTuis | S(e)ndoba bZaneT, | R(mr)Tis(aT¢s)<a> da misisa

dedisa | [...]~.
rogorc vxedavT, efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №1

minaweri, romlis teqstmac Cvenamde sruli saxiT moaRwia, Sinaarsis
TvalsazrisiT, saistorio-biografiuli xasiaTisaa. kolofonis da-
sawyisSi moxseniebulia `wumedi wumedisZe~ anu wmedi wmedisZe, romelic
teqstis Tanaxmad, `sumbats~ anu sumbat wmedisZes Svilad ergeboda,
Tavad sumbati ki `bocos~ anu boco wmedisZis vaJi iyo: `q. ese wumedisZe
wumedi, Ze sumbatisi da sumbat, Ze bocosi~. minaweris momdevno nawilSi
10
`womedsaTois Sndoba bZaneTa RTisa da misisa dedisa, an~ (iqve).
swored am boco wmedisZesTan dakavSirebuli saistorio-biografiuli

ambebia moTxrobili. teqstSi Tavdapirvelad naTqvamia, rom boco wme-
disZe ùrdos Seiba~ anu urdoSi gamarTul brZolaSi miiRo monawilo-
ba: `da boco, romeli Seiba urdos~. am brZolaSi boco wmedisZes vinme
àli-faSa~ `darCa~ anu tyved Cauvarda: `da darCa ali-faSa~11. amave br-
ZolaSi vinme ùlusbegi Sex-asani~ `gadidda~ anu gamarjvebuli darCa
da aRzevda: `da gadidda ulusbegi Sex-asan~. brZolis Semdeg ùzomod
nacemi~ anu Zlier nabegvi boco wmedisZe Sin dabrunda da gardaicvala:
`movida Sina. uzomod nacemi iyo da miicvala da naTeli daadga~. ur-
dodan dabrunebulma boco wmedisZem Sin `diadi wyaloba~ anu jildod
miRebuli didZali simdidre Camoitana: `diadi wyaloba moitana urdo-
daRma~. teqstis Tanaxmad, RmerTma boco wmedisZe `naTliT SezRo~ anu
sasufevelSi daamkvidra, xolo vinme `patronma~ amirRambarma boco da
misi Svilebi àma soflisa didiTa pativiTa apativa~ anu didi amqveyn-
iuri pativi miago: `RmerTman naTliT SezRo da patronman amirRambar
ama soflisa didiTa pativiTa mas da misTa SvilTa apativa~.
efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №2 minaweri, romlis teqst-
mac Cvenamde bolonakluli saxiT moaRwia, savedrebeli Sinaarsisaa.
kolofonSi moxseniebulia ori piri: 1. `wumedi~ anu №1 minawerSi dasax-
elebuli wmedi wmedisZe: `wumedisaTuis Sendoba bZaneT, RmrTisaT¢s~;
da 2. wmedi wmedisZis deda, romlis saxelic, kolofonis bolo nawyve-
tis naklulobis gamo, aRar ikiTxeba: `da misisa dedisa [...]~.
efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №1 da №2 minawerebs Soris,
istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebul yur-
adRebas #1 minaweri ipyrobs. amitom, qvemoT, pirvel rigSi, swored am
kolofonTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs ganvixilav.
№1 minawerze dakvirveba aCvenebs, rom kolofoni misi teqstis da-
11
termini `darCa~, tyved Sepyrobis mniSvnelobiT, jer kidev erT-erTi uZvelesi
qarTuli istoriuli dokumentis – favnelis mier mRvimisaTvis micemuli
dawerilis 1121 wliT daTariRebul I fragmentSia dadasturebuli: `mas Jamsa,
odes bardavs SevibeniT, erTi lomisa msgavsi favneli mkudari darCa da erTi
cocxali. ese uaresi wamekida: erTi uxucesi Svili qavTar Sina mamikuda. vTxoven
Cemni mku{i}drni mamulni... mefesa da miboZna, rome ty{ue}ni davi£sne da mkudrisa
suli vaurvo~ (qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, I, qarTuli istoriuli
sabuTebi, IX-XIII saukuneebi, Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades TinaTin enuqiZem,
valeri silogavam, nodar SoSiaSvilma (Tbilisi, 1984), 17-8; mzia surgulaZe,
`favnelis dawerilis TariRisaTvis~, anamki, istoriul-filologiuri Ziebani
(Tbilisi, 2002), 193-203).
226 Temo jojua
sawyisSi moxseniebuli piris – wmedi sumbatis Ze wmedisZis saxeliT

aris Sedgenili: `q. ese wumedisZe wumedi, Ze sumbatisi da sumbat, Ze
bocosi~ (xazi, aqac da qvemoTac, Cemia – T. j.). amasTan, №1 minaweridan
TvalnaTliv Cans isic, rom kolofonis mTeli danarCeni teqsti ara
Tavad wmedTan, aramed mis papasTan boco wmedisZesTan dakavSirebul
saistorio-biografiul ambebs uWiravs.
№1 minawerSi gadmocemuli movlenebis mTavari personaJis boco
wmedisZis Sesaxeb Cvenamde moRweul werilobiT ZeglebSi raime cnobas,
jerjerobiT, ver mivakvlie. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sakiTxis Ses-
wavlis am etapze, boco wmedisZis biografiis Taobaze bevrs verafers
vityvi da mxolod misi kuTxuri warmomavlobisa da socialuri kuT-
vnilebis Sesaxeb gamovTqvam mosazrebas.
2015 wlis 28-29 maiss ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologi-
is institutSi gamarTul, profesor mamia dumbaZis dabadebidan 100
wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil samecniero konferenciaze wavikiTxe mox-
seneba èfrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis (S-1276) XV saukunis
minawerebis cnobebi wmedisZe-xaxularTa feodaluri saxlisa da taos
istoriis ramdenime ucnobi faqtis Sesaxeb~, romlis farglebSic, sa-
Tanado argumentaciis safuZvelze, vaCvene, rom wmedisZeTa, Semdgom-
Si wmedisZe-xaxularTa sagvareulo saukuneebis manZilze istoriul
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, ufro zustad ki, taos provinciaSi
mkvidrobda da maRal socialur fenas anu feodalur wodebas ekuT-
vnoda.12
dasaxelebuli moxsenebis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrob, ar Sevcdebi,
Tuki davaskvni, rom №1 minawerSi moxseniebuli boco wmedisZe, Sua sau-
kuneebis qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi moxseniebuli sxva wmedisZeebis
msgavsad, kuTxuri warmomavlobiT, taos provinciidan iyo, socialuri
TvalsazrisiT ki, feodalur wodebas miekuTvneboda.
12
Temo jojua, èfrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis (S-1276) XV saukunis
minawerebis cnobebi wmedisZe-xaxularTa feodaluri saxlisa da taos istoriis
ramdenime ucnobi faqtis Sesaxeb~, moxseneba wakiTxuli ivane javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da
eTnologiis institutSi gamarTul saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis
wevr-korespodentis, profesor mamia dumbaZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavisadmi
miZRvnil samecniero konferenciaze, Tbilisi (saqarTvelo), 28-29 maisi, 2015 w. am
moxsenebis farglebSi gamoTqmuli sxva mosazrebebis Sesaxeb cota ufro vrclad
ix. qvemoT.
maSasadme, irkveva, rom efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №1

minawerSi am teqstis dasawyisSi moxseniebuli wmedi sumbatis Ze wme-
disZis papasTan, taoel feodalTan boco wmedisZesTan dakavSirebuli
saistorio-biografiuli ambebia moTxrobili.
№1 minaweris teqstSi centraluri adgili uWiravs àli-faSasa~
da ùlusbeg Sex-asans~ Soris ùrdoSi~ gamarTuli brZolis ambavs,
romelSic àli-faSa~ datyvevda, xolo ùlusbegma Sex-asanma~ gaimar-
jva: `da boco, romeli Seiba urdos da darCa ali-faSa da gadidda
ulusbegi Sex-asan~.
vfiqrob, yovelgvar eWvs gareSea, rom №1 minaweris citirebul
fragmentSi gadmocemulia XIV saukunis I naxevris cnobili istoriuli
movlena – iranis ilxanTa monRolur saxelmwifoSi xelisuflebisaT-
vis mebrZoli ori samxedro-politikuri dajgufebis liders, erTi
mxriv, oiratebis monRoluri tomis meTaurs, erayis vilaieTis gamgeb-
els, ilxanTa saxelmwifos imJamindel faqtobriv mmarTvels, amira ali
fadiSahs (àli-faSas~), xolo, meore mxriv, jalairebis monRoluri to-
mis meTaurs, rumis vilaieTis mmarTvels, SemdgomSi, ilxanTa saxelmwi-
fos faqtobriv gamgebelsa da jalairianTa saxelmwifos damaarsebels,
ulusis amira (ùlusbeg~) Seix hasan bozorgs (`Sex-asans~) Soris 1336
wlis 25 ivliss vanis tbis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, aladaRis mTiane-
Tis sanaxebSi, adgil yara darasTan gamarTuli brZola, romelSic Seix
hasan bozorgma ali fadiSahi sastikad daamarcxa da ilxanTa saxelmwi-
fos mmarTvelis taxtze, ali fadiSahis mier dasmuli yaeni musas (1336
w.) nacvlad, misTvis sasurveli kandidati, yaeni muhamedi (1336-1338 ww.)
aiyvana.13
yara daras brZolis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis ram-
denime sparsuli werilobiTi Zegli, romelTaganac gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania: 1. abu baqr al-kutbi al-aharis (XIV s-is dasaw. – XIV
s-is Suaxan.) `Tarixi Seix uveisi~ (`Seix uveisis istoria~); 2. Sehab ad-
13
Абдул-Керим Али-Заде, Социально-экономическая и политическая история Азербайджана
(XIII-XIV вв.) (Баку, 1956), 289; Нина Пигулевская, Александр Якубовский, Илья Петрушевский,
Людмила Строева, Александр Беленицкий, История Ирана с древнейших времен до конца
XVIII Века (Ленинград, 1958), 217; daviT kacitaZe, iranis istoria III-XVIII saukuneebSi
(Tbilisi, 2009), 305-6; da sxv. aqve, vsargeblob SemTxveviT da №#1 minawerSi
gadmocemuli istoriuli movlenis – àli-faSasa~ da ùlusbeg Sex-asans~ Soris
gamarTuli brZolis identificirebaze muSaobisas gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis
madlobas movaxseneb mirian maxaraZes.
228 Temo jojua
din abdalah ben loTfalah ben abd ar-raSid hafeze abrus (1360-1430
ww.) `zeile jami aT-Tavarixi raSidi~ (`raSidis matianeTa krebulis
gagrZeleba~); da 3. Saraf-xan ibn Samsaddin biTlisis (1543 w. – 1596 w-is
Semd.) `Saraf-name~. movitan dasaxelebuli werilobiTi wyaroebis Sesa-
bamis fragmentebs.
1. al aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisi~: “Падишахство Муса-хана продолжалось
четыре месяца. Кроме имени, у него ничего не было. Власть была у Али Падишаха...
Часть [находившихся там] эмиров направилась к Али Падишаху, а некоторые ушли
к эмиру шейху Хасану. Первыми пришли к эмиру Гадж ад-Дауле ва-д-Дину шейху
Хасану хаджи Тагай, сын Сутая, со всеми сыновьями и братьями, хаджи Туганак
и шейх Мухаммад Маулайад. [Они стали] побуждать эмира к сражению. [Он] не
согласился и ответил: “Между нами заключен союз, я не сделаю ему плохого и помирю
вас с ним”. Он отправил своего атабека Таш-Темур-агу. Когда [тот] прибыл в Уджан
к Али Падишаху, то увидел, что положение там иное. Ветер власти вскружил голову
Али Падишаху, он не смотрел на землю, забыл тот договор и не обращал больше
на него внимания. [Он] схватил Таш-Темур-агу. [Таш-Темур-ага] тайно отправил
человека к эмиру и [велел передать], что положение изменилось, [следует] это знать
и направиться [сюда]. Когда весть об этом дошла до эмира, он приказал немедленно
привести ребенка по имени Пир Хусейн из рода анбарчи; его нарекли Мухаммад-
ханом и в день праздника жертвоприношения (курбан) возвели на трон по обычаю
монголов. Сурган-нойан тоже пришел к эмиру и [они] направились в Иран и в столицу.
Али Падишах, Муса-хан, его брат Мухаммад-бек, Украндж, Артук-шах, Махмуд
Исан-Кутлуг и Султаншах Никруз направились из Табриза в Аладаг; [противники]
встретились в Кара Дара и выстроились в боевые порядки. С одной стороны стояли:
эмир Тадж ад-Дин шейх Хасан - в центре, на правом крыле был хаджи Тагай, на левом
- Сурган, а с этой стороны хаджи Али Падишах стоял против хаджи Тагая, в центре
были Муса-хан и Мухаммад-бек, а на правом крыле против Сургана встал Украндж.
Произошло большое сражение. Али Падишах разбил хаджи Тагая, а Сургана разбил
Украндж. Эмир шейх Хасан, эмир Илкан, Кара Хасан и шейх Мухаммад Маулайад
находились впереди. [Они] предприняли атаку, разбили Муса-хана, бросились за
Али Падишахом и его также обратили в бегство. Войско хаджи Тагая ушло. Сам он с
несколькими слугами вернулся [назад], Сурган тоже вернулся. Он разбил Укранджа, за
ним бросились в погоню. Схватили Али Падишаха. Эмир [шейх Хасан] находился на
холме. Привели Али Падишаха и казнили. Вселенная перешла к эмиру шейху Хасану.
Он захватил власть в месяце мухаррам 737 года (10.VIII - 8.IX.1336 г.)...”14
14
Абу Бакр ал-Кутби ал-Ахари, Тарих-и шейх Увейс, введение и перевод Мехти Кязимова и
2. hafeze abrus `zeile jami aT-Tavarixi raSidi~: “[Когда] по

стране распространилась весть о захвате власти Муса-ханом, ʻАли Падишахом
и племенем ойратов, то эмир Хаджи Таган в вилайете Дийарбекр, согласно
давнишней злобе, которую он имел на эмира ʻАли Падишаха и племя ойратов,
выступил против них и направил все свои усилия ради устранения того племени.
Нашел убежище в стране Рум на службе у блаженного нойана шейха Хасана –
сына эмира Хусейна, двоюродного брата (сын дяди) падишаха Абу Са’ида и стал
подстрекать его к захвату Ирана и их (ойратов) истреблению и уничтожению...
В течение того времени, пока эмир шейх Хасан Илкани был правителем в Руме,
выявляя слабые стороны страны, подстрекания и желания эмира Хаджи Тагана
все росли... [Эмир шейх Хасан] оставил в Руме в качестве своего наместника
Артану, [затем] отправил людей, чтобы они отвели в Рум султана Мухаммада
ибн Йол-Кутлуга ибн Тимура ибн Набарджи ибн Менгу-Тимура ибн Хулагу из
Табриза и определил его на султанат. [После] отправил [человека] на службу к
эмиру Сургану и его также сделал своим союзником и с эмирами тех краев и
бесчисленным войском двинулся на столицу – Табриз. Приблизившись, отправил
[такую] весть эмиру ʻАли Падишаху: “Мы все находились в одном улусе и знаем
друг друга. Обычаи [наших] предков очевидны. [Наша] обязанность вступить в
союз друг с другом и посадить на падишахство того, кто достоин этого и каждый
со своей стороны восстанет [в знак согласия]... Не прольется попусту кровь,
страна останется цветующей и заселленной... Эмир ʻАли Падишах соглашался
[на ето, но] эмиры, господствовавшие в его государстве, не разрешили [ему]
ответить вежливо: “Мы захватили страну силой руки и [получая] ранения от меча.
Нас невозможно обмануть такими легендами”. Отправили гонцов с посланием,
что они решили воевать. В пределах Кара Дара у подножья Аладага 14 зу-л-
хиджжа 736 года (25.VII.1336) [стороны] встретились и сразились... В ето время
[эмир ʻАли Падишах]... слукавил с эмиром шейхом Хасаном [сказав ему]: “Мы
оба мусульмане, а те два падишаха воюют друг с другом. Зачем нам вставать
между ними и испачкаться в невинной крови? Давай подождем, кто победит,
и подчинимся [тому], кому будет принадлежать страна”. Эмир шейх Хасан
согласился с этим предложением и [они] обоих ханов оставили одних. Эмир
шейх Хасан с двумя тысячью всадниками отошел на холм, а эмир ʻАли Падишах
с некоторым количеством [людей] остался на другой стороне, [тем самым они
позволили], чтобы стороны сразились... [Люди] Мусы победили [войска] Рума,
но конец победы был за [армией] Мухаммада. Муса-хан отправился вслед за
Вагифа Пириева (Баку, 1984), 113-5.

230 Temo jojua
бежавшими, но войско занялось грабежом и отбиранием имущества. В это

время эмир ʻАли Падишах обрадовался этой победе ойратов и большинство его
подданых, возжелав добычи, двинулось за бежавшими, а он остался с несколькими
[людьми]. Заново [схитрив], под предлогом омовения [хотел уйти] оттуда, [но] не
смог выйти. А случилось ето так: [когда] эмир шейх Хасан с холма, на котором
стоял, увидел положение эмира ʻАли Падишаха, [то] поскакал за его головой...
лишив его жизни, и тех кто был с ним – отправил в конечный пункт (убил). Муса-
хан, узнав об этом, отправился в Багдад. Эмир шейх Хасан послал за ними людей
и они погнали [их] до [реки] Джагату, и многих из них убили. Эмир шейх Хасан
вместе с другими эмирами, с Божьей помощью и при поддержке многочисленного
войска прибыл в Табриз на службу к султану Мухаммаду...”15
3. Saraf-xan biTlisis `Saraf-name~: “Когда [известие] о победе ʻАли-падшаха,
Муса-хана и племени ойрат разнеслось по всей стране, эмир Хаджжи Тугай направился
из Диарбекира в Рум, поспешил к эмиру Шайх Хасану б. эмиру Хусайну б. Акбуга,
который султану Абу Саʻиду приходился племянником, и призвал его [начать] войну
с Муса-ханом и ʻАли-падшахом. Эмир Шайх Хасан назначил на царство Мухаммад-
хана б. Йулкутлуга б. Ил-Тимура б. Анбарджи [б. Менгу-Тимура] б. Хулагу-хана, сам
решил идти на завоевание Ирана и вознес знамя отбытия в направлении Азербайджана.
Муса-хан и ʻАли-падшах двинулись ему навстречу. 14 зу-л-хиджжа упомянутого года
в окрестностях Алатага те две жаждущие мщения армии встретились. ʻАли-падшах
задумал хитрость, послал к эмиру Шайх Хасану гонца и приказал передать: “Два государя
оспаривают друг у друга царство. Что за необходимость нам и тебе ввязываться с ними
в это кровопролитие? [Нам] разумнее подняться на какое-нибудь возвышенное место со
своим подданными и оставить их один на один. Который из этих двух ханов одолеет,
тому мы и подчинимся”. Эмир Шайх Хасан одобрил эти речи и с двумя тысячами
храбрецов поднялся на какое-то возвышенное место. Ветер смертоносной атаки разжег
пламя сражения, и Мухаммад-хан стал поспешно отступать. ʻАли-падшах, воображая
себя одержавшим полную победу, спокойно остановился на берегу реки и снова занялся
религиозным омовением. Тем временем эмир Шайх Хасан с двумя тысячами храбрецов
спустился с горы и ударами кинжалов и стрел растерзал ʻАли-падшаха на части. Муса-
хан, прослышав эту весть, предпочел бежать, а Мухаммад-хан повернул обратно, к эмиру
Шайх Хасану. Эмир Шайх Хасан занялся захватом владений и взял в жены супругу
15
Хафиз Абру (Шихаб ад-Дин Абдаллах ибн Лутфаллах ал-Хавафи), Зайл-и джами ат-
таварих-и Рашиди (“Дополнение к собранию историй Рашида”), перевод с персидского,
предисловие, комментарий, примечания и указатели Э.Р. Талышханова (Казань, 2011), 152-
4.
Султан Абу Саʻида в отместку за Багдад-хатун, которую султан силой у него отобрал.”16
winamdebare naSromze muSaobis farglebSi, dawvrilebiT Seviswavle,
erTi mxriv, al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~, hafeze abrus `zeile jami
aT-Tavarixi raSidisa~ da Saraf-xan biTlisis `Saraf-names~ citirebuli
fragmentebi, xolo, meore mxriv, efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis
№1 minaweri. kvlevam aCvena, rom №1 minaweri aramxolod adasturebs da
azustebs dasaxelebul sparsul werilobiT ZeglebSi yara daras brZo-
lis Sesaxeb warmodgenil informacias, aramed gvawvdis originaluri xa-
siaTis cnobebsac, romlebsac udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, konkretulad,
yara daras brZolasa da zogadad, ilxanTa saxelmwifosa da aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos samefos urTierTobebTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi sada-
vo Tu bundovani sakiTxis SeswavlisaTvis.17
daviwyeb imiT, rom №1 minaweri dReisaTvis cnobili erTaderTi
werilobiTi Zeglia, romelic gvauwyebs, rom yara daras brZolaSi
taoeli feodali boco wmedisZe, masTan erTad ki, didi albaTobiT, sxva
qarTveli meomrebic iRebdnen monawileobas. aq xazgasmiT aRvniSnav im
faqts, rom al-aharis, hafeze abrusa da Saraf-xan biTlisis Txzule-
bebSi yara daras brZolaSi qarTvelebis monawileobis Sesaxeb raime
pirdapiri cnoba Tu iribi miTiTeba motanili ar aris. am mxriv, №1
minaweri marTlac unikalur saistorio wyaros warmoadgens, romelic
yara daras brZolaSi monawile qarTveli meomrebis Sesaxeb srulebiT
axal informacias gvawvdis.
16
Шараф-ӽӑн ибн Шамсаддӣн Бидлӣсӣ, Шараф-нӑме, т. II, перевод, предисловие, примечания
и приложения Евгении Васильевой (Москва, 1976), 67-8.
17
2013 wels weliwdeulis `saistorio krebulis~ me-3 tomSi gamovaqveyne statia
àbraham savanis mier 1336 wels gadawerili `sak¢rao¡s~ (H-1328) anderZi dasavleT
saqarTvelos mefis konstantine I-is moxseniebiT da saqarTvelos XIV saukunis
istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi~, romelSic gamovTqvi mosazreba, rom aRmosavleT
da dasavleT saqarTvelos samefoebi erT saxelmwifod 1336 wlis Semdgom
periodSi gaerTianda da ara 1330 wels, rogorc es qarTul istoriografiaSi
aqamde, vaxuSti bagrationis cnobebze dayrdnobiT, iyo damkvidrebuli. Temo
jojua, àbraham savanis mier 1336 wels gadawerili `sak¢rao¡s~ (H-1328) anderZi
dasavleT saqarTvelos mefis konstantine I-is moxseniebiT da saqarTvelos XIV
saukunis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi~, saistorio krebuli, 3 (Tbilisi, 2013), 133-
53. winamdebare naSromSi, cxadia, viTvaliswineb Cem mier gamoTqmul am mosazrebas
da 1336 welsa Tu 1336 wlis winare xanebSi ilxanTa saxelmwifosTan saqarTvelos
urTierTobebze saubrisas ara saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli saxelmwifo, aramed
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo maqvs mxedvelobaSi.
232 Temo jojua
№1 minaweris teqstSi pirdapir ar aris miTiTebuli, yara daras br-

ZolaSi boco wmedisZe ali fadiSahis mxares ibrZoda Tu Seix hasan bo-
zorgis mxares. amgvari pirdapiri miTiTebis ararsebobis miuxedavad,
aRniSnuli sakiTxis garkveva sakmaod iol amocanas warmoadgens: №1
minawerSi, yara daras brZolis ambebis gadmocemis Semdeg, xazgasmiT
aris naTqvami, rom Sin dabrunebulma boco wmedisZem ùrdodan~ `diadi
wyaloba~ anu jildod miRebuli didZali simdidre Camoitana: `diadi
wyaloba moitana urdodaRma~.
Cemi dakvirvebiT, №1 minaweris citirebuli fragmenti calsaxad
miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom boco wmedisZe yara daras brZolaSi Seix
hasan bozorgis mxares ibrZoda da urdodan Camotanili didZali sim-
didrec mas, jildos saxiT, swored yara daras brZolaSi gamarjvebu-
li Seix hasan bozorgisagan hqonda miRebuli. aq raime sxva varaudis
daSveba, ubralod, gamoricxulia: srulebiT warmoudgenelia, boco
wmedisZes ali fadiSahis mxares ebrZola da mowinaaRmdege laSqris
mTavarsardals Seix hasan bozorgs igi `diadi wyalobiT~ daesaCuqre-
bina.
maSasadame, irkveva, rom 1336 wlis 25 ivliss gamarTul yara daras
brZolaSi taoeli feodali boco wmedisZe da sxva qarTveli meomrebi
ilxanTa saxelmwifos ulusis amira Seix hasan bozorgis mxares ibr-
Zodnen.
samarTlianobisaTvis, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom mosazre-
ba, romlis Tanaxmadac, qarTvelebi yara daras brZolaSi Seix hasan bo-
zorgisa da yaenis taxtze misi kandidatis muhamedis mxares ibrZodnen,
samecniero literaturaSi didi xnis win aris gamoTqmuli. es mosazre-
ba ekuTvnis mari broses, romelmac 1849 wels dabeWdili wignis “Histoire
de la Géorgie” I tomSi, raime wyaroze miTiTebis gareSe, aRniSna, rom Seix
hasan bozorgis mier yaenad gamocxadebuli muhamedi 1336 wlis 24 (!) iv-
liss gamarTul yara daras brZolaSi rumelTa da qarTvelTa jarebs
eyrdnoboda: “Bientôt Mousa, arrière petit-fils d`Houlagou, ful proclamé par le gou-
verneur de Bagdad, Arpa tué et remplasé par un autre descendant d`Houlagou, nommé
Mohammed. Il sàppuya sur une armée de Roumiens et de Géorgiens, et ful vainqueur
dans un combat, livré le 24 juillet 1336.”18
18
Histoire de la Géorgie, depuis làntiquité jusquàu XIXe siècle, traduite du Géorgien par Marie-Félicité
Brosset, membre de lÀcadémie Impériale des Sciences, 1re partie, Histoire ancienne, jusquèn 1469 de J.-
C. (Sankt-Petersbourg, 1849), 646. mari broses es mosazreba srulad gaiziara n. xizaniSvilma.
niko urbneli [xizaniSvili], giorgi brwyinvale – mefe saqarTvelosi (tfilisi, 1889), 74.
mari broses mier gamoTqmuli es mosazreba sagangebod ganixila

giuli alasaniam 2012 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi `saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis sakiTxi giorgi brwyinvalis mefobaSi~. dasaxele-
bul publikaciaSi mkvlevarma Tavdapirvelad gamoTqva varaudi,
rom mari broses informacia yara daras brZolaSi rumelebisa da
qarTvelebis yaeni muhamedis mxares monawileobis Sesaxeb unda mom-
dinareobdes hafeze abrus cnobidan, romelic gvauwyebs, rom ilx-
anTa saxelmwifos faqtobrivi mmarTvelis, saxelganTqmuli ulusis
amiras Cobanis vaJebi Timur-TaSi da mahmudi rumsa da saqarTvelos
ganagebdnen. aRniSnuli varaudis gamoTqmis Semdeg g. alasaniam yur-
adReba gaamaxvila im garemoebaze, rom hafeze abrus xsenebuli cno-
ba ara 1336 wlis movlenebs, aramed bevrad ufro adrindel, ufro
zustad ki, 1327 wels yaen abu saidsa (1317-1335 ww.) da Cobans Soris
urTierTobebis daZabvis dros momxdar ambebs exeba. sabolood,
mkvlevarma, yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, daaskvna, rom
mari broses hafeze abrus cnoba yara daras brZolasTan dakavSire-
biT ùadgilod da arcTu zustad~ aqvs motanili da Sesabamisad, mis
mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebac, romlis Tanaxmadac, rumelebi da qa-
rTvelebi yara daras brZolaSi yaeni muhamedis mxares ibrZodnen,
uzustobas warmoadgens.19
giuli alasanias mier warmodgenili msjeloba da daskvna savsebiT
sarwmuno da damajerebelia. vfiqrob, srulebiT aSkaraa, rom mari bro-
ses yara daras brZolaSi qarTveli meomrebis monawileobis Sesaxeb mo-
sazrebis gamoTqmisaTvis raime safuZveli ar gaaCnda. marTalia, me ze-
moT vaCvene, rom boco wmedisZe da sxva qarTveli meomrebi yara daras
brZolaSi namdvilad monawileobdnen, magram aRniSnuli mosazrebis
gamoTqmisas veyrdnobodi efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №1
minawers, romelic yara daras brZolaSi qarTvelebis monawileobis
Sesaxeb pirdapir cnobebs gvawvdis da ara hafezi abrus ùadgilod~ Tu
àrazustad~ motanil cnobas, rogorc amas mari broses mier gamoTqmu-
li mosazrebis SemTxvevaSi hqonda adgili.
al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~, hafeze abrus `zeile jami aT-Ta-
varixi raSidisa~ da Saraf-xan biTlisis `Saraf-names~ zemoT citire-
buli fragmentebis analizi aCvenebs, rom am TxzulebebSi yara daras
19
giuli alasania, `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxi giorgi brwyinvalis
mefobaSi~,saistorio krebuli, 2 (Tbilisi, 2012), 28-9.
234 Temo jojua
brZolis calkeuli epizodebi erTmaneTisagan sakmaod gansxvavebuli

saxiT aris gadmocemuli.
am mxriv, pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos yara daras brZolaSi damar-
cxebuli mxaris mTavarsardlis ali fadiSahis mokvlis ambavi. al-aha-
ris `Tarixi Seix uveisi~ gvauwyebs, rom yara daras brZolis dros mowi-
naaRmdege mxareebis sardlebi Semdegi saxiT ganlagdnen: ali fadiSahis
laSqris marcxena frTaze Tavad ali fadiSahi, centrSi yaeni musa da
ali fadiSahis Zma, amira muhamed-begi, marjvena frTaze ki amira uqran-
ji dadgnen, xolo Seix hasan bozorgis laSqris marcxena frTa amira
surRanma, centri TviTon Seix hasan bozorgma, marjvena frTa ki amira
haji TaRaim daikava. amgvarad, ali fadiSahi haji TaRais, yaeni musa da
muhamed-begi Seix hasan bozorgis, xolo uqranji surRanis winaaRmdeg
aRmoCndnen. brZolis pirvel etapze ali fadiSahis laSqris marjvena
da marcxena frTebis sardlebma, Tavad ali fadiSahma da uqranjim, Seix
hasan bozorgis laSqris marjvena da marcxena frTebis sardlebze haji
TaRaisa da surRanze ieriSi miitanes, daamarcxes da gaaqcies, xolo Ta-
visi laSqris centrSi mdgomma, oRond mcired win waweulma Seix hasan
bozorgma, Tanmxleb sardlebTan: amira ilqanTan, amira yara hasanTan
da amira Seix muhamed maulaiadTan erTad, ali fadiSahis laSqris cen-
trs Seutia da aq mdgomi sardlebi – yaeni musa da muhamed-begi daamar-
cxa. brZolis meore etapze Seix hasan bozorgma dauyovnebliv miitana
ieriSi ali fadiSahis laSqris marcxena frTaze, romelsac Tavad ali
fadiSahi sardlobda, aqac gamarjvebas miaRwia da mowinaaRmdege gaaq-
cia. amasobaSi brZolis velze Seix hasan bozorgis laSqris gaqceuli
marjvena da marcxena frTebis sardlebic dabrundnen: haji TaRai –
samxedro SenaerTebis gareSe, ramdenime msaxuris TanxlebiT, xolo
surRani Tavis SenaerTebTan erTad. surRanma ali fadiSahis laSqris
marjvena frTas Seutia, aq mdgomi sardali uqranji daamarcxa, gaaq-
cia da ukan daedevna. brZolis sul bolo etapze Seix hasan bozorgis
molaSqreebma ali fadiSahi tyved Seipyres, gorakze mdgom mTavarsar-
dalTan miiyvanes da iq sikvdiliT dasajes.20
aRniSnuli movlenebi hafeze abrus `zeile jami aT-Tavarixi ra-
Sidisa~ da Saraf-xan biTlisis `Saraf-names~ zemoT citirebul frag-
mentebSi cota ganxvavebuli saxiT aris warmodgenili. es werilobiTi
Zeglebi yara daras brZolis dros mowinaaRmdegeTa laSqris ganlagebi-
20
Абу Бакр ал-Кутби ал-Ахари, Тарих-и шейх Увейс, 114-15.
sa da sardlebis moqmedebis Sesaxeb arafers gvamcnobs. maTi cnobiT,

brZolis dawyebamde ali fadiSahma Seix hasan bozorgs SesTavaza, rom
isini saomar moqmedebebSi ar Careuliyvnen, yaeni musa da yaeni muhamedi
erTmaneTis pirispir daetovebinaT da maT Soris gamarjvebuli yaenad
eRiarebinaT. Seix hasan bozorgi ali fadiSahis SeTavazebas daTanxmda
da orive mTavarsardali brZolis vels gaecala: Seix hasan bozorgi,
2 000 mxedarTan erTad, gorakze avida, ali fadiSahi ki, garkveuli
raodenobis meomrebis TanxlebiT, sxva adgilas dabanakda. amgvarad,
yaeni musa da yaeni muhamedi erTmaneTis pirispir aRmoCndnen. brZolis
pirvel etapze yaeni musas laSqarma yaeni muhamedis SenaerTebi daamar-
cxa, brZolis velidan gaaqcia, ukan daedevna da mowinaaRmdegis Zarcva
daiwyo. brZolis meore etapze ali fadiSahTan erTad myofma meomrebma
miiCnies, rom yaenma musam yaeni muhamedi sabolood daamarcxa, alafis
xelSi Cagdeba moisurves da gaqceul mowinaaRmdeges Tavadac ukan dae-
devnen. amasobaSi yaeni musas gamarjvebiT gaxarebulma ali fadiSahma
ganbanvis ritualis aRsruleba moisurva, brZolis veli datova da mdi-
naris napirTan SeCerda. gorakze mdgomma Seix hasan bozorgma maSinve
SeniSna, rom ali fadiSahTan mxolod ramdenime meomariRa iyo darCeni-
li, Tanmxleb mxedrebTan erTad, gorakidan swrafad daeSva, mowinaaR-
mdegis laSqris mTavarsardlis mcirericxovan amalas Seutia da ali
fadiSahi isrebiTa da xanjliT mokla. brZolis sul bolo etapze yae-
nma musam ali fadiSahis mokvlis ambavi Seityo, brZolis veli datova
da baRdadSi gaemgzavra, gaqceuli yaeni muhamedi ki ukan mobrunda da
Seix hasan bozorgTan mivida.21
rogorc vxedavT, al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~, hafeze abrus
`zeile jami aT-Tavarixi raSidisa~ da Saraf-xan biTlisis `Saraf-names~
citirebuli fragmentebi ali fadiSahis mokvlis ambavs erTmaneTisagan
marTlac sakmaod gansxvavebuli saxiT gadmogvcems: al-aharis `Tarixi
Seix uveisi~ gvauwyebs, rom ali fadiSahi mokles yara daras brZolis sul
bolo etapze, roca Seix hasan bozorgs mowinaaRmdegis laSqris centri
da orive frTa ukve damarcxebuli hyavda da brZolis bedic gadawyveti-
li iyo. amasTan, al-aharis TxzulebaSi pirdapir aris aRniSnuli, rom
ali fadiSahi jer daatyveves, gorakze mdgom Seix hasan bozorgTan mi-
iyvanes da sikvdiliT mxolod amis Semdeg dasajes. rac Seexeba hafeze
Хафиз Абру, Зайл-и джами ат-таварих-и Рашиди, 154; Шараф-ӽӑн ибн Шамсаддӣн Бидлӣсӣ,
21
Шараф-нӑме, 67-8.
236 Temo jojua
abrus `zeile jami aT-Tavarixi raSidisa~ da Saraf-xan biTlisis `Saraf-

names~, iq moTxrobilia, rom ali fadiSahi mokles yara daras brZolis
ara sul bolo etapze, aramed, daaxloebiT, Sua nawilSi, ufro zustad
ki, brZolis meore etapis dasawyisSive, roca yaen musas mowinaaRmdege
ukve TiTqmis damarcxebuli hyavda da brZolis velidan gaqceul yaen
muhameds ukan misdevda. amasTan, hafeze abrusa da Saraf-xan biTlisis
TxzulebebSi ali fadiSahis datyvevebis faqti saerTod ar aris naxsene-
bi da mxolod is aris aRniSnuli, rom Seix hasan bozorgma da misma Tanmx-
lebma mxedrebma ali fadiSahi isrebiTa da xanjlebiT mokles.
al-aharis, hafeze abrusa da Saraf-xan biTlisis TxzulebebSi
dacul, ali fadiSahis mokvlasTan dakavSirebul, gansxvavebuli xasi-
aTis cnobebs Soris, me al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~ cnobebs ufro
marTebulad miviCnev da gamovTqvam mosazrebas, rom yara daras brZo-
lis dros movlenebi swored im saxiT ganviTarda, ra saxiTac es mov-
lenebi al-aharis TxzulebaSia gadmocemuli. aRniSnuli mosazrebis
gamoTqmisas or ZiriTad arguments vemyarebi: 1. dReisaTvis dadge-
nilia, rom al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisi~ XIV saukunis SuaxanebSi, 1336
wels gamarTuli yara daras brZolidan, yvelaze meti, ori-sami aTeuli
wlis Semdeg aris Sedgenili.22 Sesabamisad, savsebiT cxadia, rom al-aha-
ri yara daras brZolis momswre da SesaZloa, misi uSualo monawilec
ki iyo, ris gamoc misi cnobebi bevrad ufro sando da sarwmunoa, vidre
hafeze abrus mier XV saukuneSi Sedgenili `zeile jami aT-Tavarixi
raSidisa~ da Saraf-xan biTlisis mier XVI saukuneSi Sedgenili `Saraf-
names~ cnobebi; da 2. absoluturad ararealuria hafeze abrusa da
Saraf-xan biTlisis cnoba, rom ali fadiSahis mier motyuebuli Seix
hasan bozorgi yara daras brZolis pirvel etapze saomar moqmedebebSi
saerTod ar CaerTo da Tavisi laSqris mTavarsardloba yaen muhameds
Caabara: al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~ teqstSi xazgasmiT aris aRniS-
nuli, rom 1336 wlisaTvis yaeni muhamedi jer kidev bavSvi iyo: “Когда
весть об этом дошла до эмира, он приказал немедленно привести ребенка по имени
Пир Хусейн из рода анбарчи; его нарекли Мухаммад-ханом и в день праздника
жертвоприношения (курбан) возвели на трон по обычаю монголов.”23 Sesabam-
isad, ali fadiSahs Seix hasan bozorgi romc moetyuebina kidec, imx-
anad jer kidev bavSvobis asakSi myofi yaeni muhamedi mravalaTasiani
22
23
iqve, 114.
laSqris meTaurobasa da samxedro moqmedebebis warmarTvas, ubralod,

ver SeZlebda.
Cem mier gamoTqmul im mosazrebas, rom, zogadad, yara daras brZo-
lis peripetiebi da konkretulad, ali fadiSahis mokvlis ambavi al-
aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~ teqstSi ufro marTebulad aris gadmoce-
muli, vidre hafeze abrus `zeile jami aT-Tavarixi raSidisa~ da Saraf-
xan biTlisis `Saraf-names~ teqstebSi, TvalnaTliv adasturebs efrem
mciris homiletikuri krebulis №1 minaweri, romelic gansaxilveli
sakiTxis SeswavlisaTvis aqamde gamoyenebuli ar yofila: CvenTvis
saintereso kolofoni pirdapir gvauwyebs, rom yara daras brZolaSi
ali fadiSahis tyved Sepyrobis faqts namdvilad hqonda adgili.
maSasadame, irkveva, rom efrem mcires homiletikuri krebulis №1
minaweri mTlianad adasturebs al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~ teqstSi
dacul cnobebs yara daras brZolis bolo etapze Seix hasan bozorgis
meomrebis mier ali fadiSahis mokvlis Sesaxeb da gvauwyebs, rom ali
fadiSahi jer daatyveves da mxolod amis Semdeg dasajes sikvdiliT.
efrem mcires homiletikuri krebulis №1 minaweri ali fadiSahis
datyvevebis Sesaxeb kidev erT originalur cnobas gvawvdis. kolofoni
gvauwyebs, rom ali fadiSahi boco wmedisZem daatyveva: `da boco, rom-
eli Seiba urdos da darCa ali-faSa~.
№1 minaweris am cnobas yara daras brZolasTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebis SeswavlisaTvis uzarmazari mniSvneloba aqvs. Cven ukve vnax-
eT zemoT, rom al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~, hafeze abrus `zeile
jami aT-Tavarixi raSidisa~ da Saraf-xan biTlisis `Saraf-names~
citirebul fragmentebSi saerTod ar aris miTiTebuli Seix hasan bo-
zorgis laSqarSi myofi im konkretuli meomris vinaoba, romelmac ali
fadiSahi xelSi Caigdo. №1 minaweri am mniSvnelovan wyaroTmcodneo-
biT xarvezs mTlianad avsebs, srulebiT axal informacias gvawvdis da
gvamcnobs, rom ali fadiSahi qarTvelma meomarma, taoelma feodalma
boco wmedisZem daatyveva.
boco wmedisZis mier ali fadiSahis datyvevebis istoriuli faqtis
dadgena mxolod yara daras brZolis peripetiebis SeswavlisaTvis ar
aris sayuradRebo da am faqtis dadgenas sakuTriv №1 minawerTan daka-
vSirebuli zogierTi bundovani sakiTxis garkvevisaTvisac didi mniS-
vneloba aqvs.
daviwyeb imiT, rom boco wmedisZis mier ali fadiSahis datyvevebis
faqtis dadgenis Semdeg savsebiT gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom Seitanes
238 Temo jojua
wmedi wmedisZis saxeliT Sedgenil №1 minawerSi maincadamainc wmedis

papis anu boco wmedisZis da ara, vTqvaT, wmedis mamis anu sumbat wme-
disZis, an kidev, wmedis papis mamis, papis papisa Tu romelime sxva wina-
pris saxelTan dakavSirebuli saistorio-biografiuli ambebi.
Cven ukve vnaxeT zemoT, rom boco wmedisZem, praqtikulad, gad-
amwyveti roli iTamaSa imdroindeli axlo aRmosavleTis udidesi
politikuri gaerTianebis, ilxanTa saxelmwifos yaenis taxtisaTvis
gaCaRebul dapirispirebaSi da yara daras brZolaSi tyved Seipyro
ali fadiSahi, romelic erT-erTi dapirispirebuli mxaris lideri
da ilxanTa saxelmwifos faqtobrivi mmarTveli iyo. rogorc Cans,
boco bocosZis SviliSvils wmedi wmedisZes kargad esmoda, rom misi
papis mier ali fadiSahis datyvevebis faqti ara viwro, regionaluri
mniSvnelobis mqone rigiT ambavs, aramed saerTaSoriso masStabis
istoriul movlenas warmoadgenda da amitom №1 minaweris damwers
kolofonis teqstSi, wmedisZeTa feodaluri saxlis saxelovani war-
sulis warmosaCenad, ara misi romelime naklebad cnobili winapris
saxelTan dakavSirebuli raime naklebad mniSvnelovani movlena, ar-
amed swored boco wmedisZis mier yara daras brZolaSi ali fadiSa-
his tyved Sepyrobis istoriuli faqti da am faqtis Tanamdevi sxva
ambebi Seatanina.
boco wmedisZis mier ali fadiSahis datyvevebis faqtis dadge-
nis Semdeg savsebiT gasagebi xdeba isic, Tu ratom aris №1 minaweris
teqstSi aRniSnuli ali fadiSahis mxolod tyved Sepyrobis faqti da
imavdroulad, araferia naTqvami am ukanasknelis sikvdiliT dasji-
sa Tu mokvlis Sesaxeb, rogorc amas al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~,
hafeze abrus `zeile jami aT-Tavarixi raSidisa~ da Saraf-xan biTli-
sis `Saraf-names~ citirebul fragmentebSi vxedavT: №1 minaweri – `...
da boco, romeli Seiba urdos da darCa ali-faSa da gadidda ulusbegi
Sex-asan~; al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisi~ – “Схватили Али Падишаха. Эмир
[шейх Хасан] находился на холме. Привели Али Падишаха и казнили;”24 hafeze
abrus `zeile jami aT-Tavarixi raSidi~ – “[Когда] эмир шейх Хасан с холма,
на котором стоял, увидел положение эмира ʻАли Падишаха, [то] поскакал за его
головой... лишив его жизни, и тех кто был с ним – отправил в конечный пункт
(убил);”25 Saraf-xan biTlisis `Saraf-name~ – “Тем временем эмир Шайх
24
iqve, 115.
25
Хафиз Абру, Зайл-и джами ат-таварих-и Рашиди, 154.
Хасан с двумя тысячами храбрецов спустился с горы и ударами кинжалов и стрел

растерзал ʻАли-падшаха на части.”26
Cemi dakvirvebiT, boco wmedisZis mier ali fadiSahis tyved Sepy-
robis faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, srulebiT aSkaraa, rom №1 minaweris
Semdgenlis mTavari mizani wmedisZeTa feodaluri saxlis erTi konkre-
tuli warmomadgenlis saxelTan dakavSirebuli erTi konkretuli is-
toriuli ambis gadmocema iyo da amitomac man, al-aharis, hafeze abru-
sa da Saraf-xan biTlisisagan gansxvavebiT, sakuTar teqstSi, zogadad,
yara daras brZolis peripetiebi da maT Soris, ali fadiSahis aRsasru-
lis ambavi ki ar aRwera, aramed kolofonSi mxolod uSualod boco wme-
disZesTan dakavSirebuli faqti anu mis mier ali fadiSahis datyvevebis
ambavi Seitana.
dasasrul, aRvniSnav imasac, rom boco wmedisZis mier ali fadiSahis
datyvevebis faqtis dadgenis Semdeg savsebiT gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom
uwyaloba Seix hasan bozorgma boco wmedisZes didZali simdidre: `di-
adi wyaloba moitana urdodaRma~. vfiqrob, srulebiT naTelia, rom
Seix hasan bozorgi yara daras brZolaSi mis mxares mebrZol TiToeul
meomars anu aTasobiT mebrZols `diadi wyalobiT~ ar daasaCuqrebda
da igi didZal simdidres, jildos saxiT, mxolod gansakuTrebuli
damsaxurebis mqone meomrebs uwyalobebda. Sesabamisad, gasarkvevia is
sakiTxi, Tu ra gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebis gamo daajildova Seix
hasan bozorgma boco wmedisZe.
aRniSnuli sakiTxis garkveva, boco wmedisZis mier ali fadiSahis
datyvevebis faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, Zalzed iol amocanas warmoad-
gens: boco wmedisZem mtris laSqris mTavarsardali brZolis velze
tyved Seipyro da Seix hasan bozorgmac taoel feodals didZali sim-
didre swored am gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebis gamo uwyaloba.
maSasadame, irkveva, rom yara daras brZolaSi Seix hasan bozorgis
droSis qveS mebrZolma taoelma feodalma boco wmedisZem mowinaaRm-
degis laSqris mTavarsardali ali fadiSahi tyved Seipyro. Seix hasan
bozorgma boco wmedisZes am damsaxurebis sanacvlod, jildos saxiT,
didZali simdidre uwyaloba. yara daras brZolidan garkveuli xnis
Semdeg boco wmedisZis SviliSvilis wmedi wmedisZis saxeliT, erT-erTi
qarTuli xelnaweri wignis – efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis ar-
Siebze Seasrules minaweri, romelSic, wmedisZeTa feodaluri saxlis
26
Шараф-ӽӑн ибн Шамсаддӣн Бидлӣсӣ, Шараф-нӑме, 68.
240 Temo jojua
saxelovani warsulis warmoCenis mizniT, sagangebod Seitanes boco

wmedisZis mier ali fadiSahis tyved Sepyrobis ambavi da am gziT, mkiTx-
vels auwyes, rom Tavisi drois axlo aRmosavleTis udidesi politi-
kuri gaerTianebis, ilxanTa saxelmwifos yaenis taxtisaTvis gaCaRe-
bul dapirispirebaSi erT-erTi gadamwyveti roli swored wmedisZeTa
sagvareulos warmomadgenelma Seasrula.
zemoT ukve gavarkvie, rom yara daras brZolis dros boco wmedisZe
da sxva qarTveli meomrebi Seix hasan bozorgis droSis qveS idgnen.
axla kidev erTxel davubrundebi aRniSnul sakiTxs da Sevecdebi, da-
vadgino, yara daras brZolis, konkretulad, romel ubnebze ibrZodnen
qarTveli meomrebi da konkretulad, romeli sardlis meTaurobiT mo-
qmedebdnen isini.
aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb sakmaod saintereso miTiTebebs gvawv-
dis al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~ zemoT citirebuli fragmenti, ro-
melic, erTi mxriv, gvauwyebs, rom Seix hasan bozorgis meomrebma ali
fadiSahi yara daras brZolis sul bolo etapze Seipyres tyved, xolo,
meore mxriv, gvamcnobs, rom ali fadiSahis datyvevebis droisaTvis
Seix hasan bozorgis laSqris marjvena frTaze mdgomi SenaerTebi, maTi
sardlis haji TaRaisa da misi ramdenime msaxuris gamoklebiT, brZolis
velidan ukve didi xnis gaqceulebi iyvnen, Seix hasan bozorgis laSqris
marcxena frTaze mdgomi SenaerTebi ki, maTi sardlis surRanis meTau-
robiT, ali fadiSahis laSqris damarcxebuli da gaqceuli marjvena
frTis devnas awarmoebdnen.27
al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~ citirebul fragmentze dayrdno-
biT, vfiqrob, calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom boco wmedisZe da sxva
qarTveli meomrebi Seix hasan bozorgis laSqris marjvena frTaze md-
gomi SenaerTebis SemadgenlobaSi ar Sediodnen, vinaidan, aseT SemTx-
vevaSi, yara daras brZolis bolo etapisaTvis boco wmedisZe, Seix hasan
bozorgis laSqris marjvena frTaze mdgomi meomrebis msgavsad, brZo-
lis velidan didi xnis gaqceuli iqneboda da ali fadiSahis tyved Sepy-
robasac, cxadia, veRar SeZlebda.
garda amisa, al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~ citirebuli fragmen-
tis gaTvaliswinebiT, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas isic, rom boco wme-
disZe da sxva qarTveli meomrebi Seix hasan bozorgis laSqris arc mar-
cxena frTaze ar idgnen. marTlac, al-aharis Txzulebidan TvalnaTliv
27
Cans, rom Seix hasan bozorgis laSqris marcxena frTa mTeli brZolis
ganmavlobaSi, TviT damarcxebuli mowinaaRmdegis devnis etapzec ki,
ali fadiSahis laSqris mxolod marjvena frTis winaaRmdeg moqmedeb-
da da ali fadiSahis laSqris marcxena frTasTan, romelsac Tavad ali
fadiSahi sardlobda, raime Sexeba ar hqonda. Sesabamisad, savsebiT na-
Telia, rom boco wmedisZe da sxva qarTveli meomrebi arc Seix hasan bo-
zorgis laSqris marcxena frTaze mdgomi SenaerTebis SemadgenlobaSi
ar Sediodnen, radgan, am SemTxvevaSi, boco wmedisZes, Seix hasan bozor-
gis laSqris marcxena frTaze mdgomi meomrebis msgavsad, ali fadiSahis
laSqris marjvena frTis winaaRmdeg mouwevda brZola da sapirispiro,
marcxena frTaze mdgomi ali fadiSahis datyvevebasac, rasakvirvelia,
ver moaxerxebda.
amgvarad, vfiqrob, ar Sevcdebi, Tuki davaskvni, rom yara daras br-
ZolaSi boco wmedisZe da sxva qarTveli meomrebi Seix hasan bozorgis
laSqris centrSi idgnen da uSualod mTavarsardlis, Seix hasan bo-
zorgis meTaurobiT moqmedebdnen.
mas Semdeg, rac dadginda, rom yara daras brZolis dros boco
wmedisZe da sxva qarTveli meomrebi Seix hasan bozorgis laSqris
centrSi mdgomi SenaerTebis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen da uSualod
Seix hasan bozorgis xelmZRvanelobiT ibrZodnen, SesaZlebeli xde-
ba, am brZolis farglebSi, qarTveli jariskacebis samxedro-taqti-
kuri gadaadgilebebisa da savele-operatiuli moqmedebebis metnak-
lebad srul suraTsac gavadevnoT Tvali. Cemi dakvirvebiT, aRniS-
nuli suraTis rekonstruireba, yara daras brZolis im peripetiebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~ zemoT
citirebul fragmentSi sakmaod detalurad aris aRwerili, Semdegi
saxiT unda moxdes: brZolis dawyebisas qarTveli meomrebi Seix hasan
bozorgis laSqris centrSi idgnen, romelic, Tavis mxriv, laSqris
marcxena da marjvena frTebTan SedarebiT, win iyo waweuli da wi-
nambrZols warmoadgenda. yara daras brZolis pirvel etapze Seix
hasan bozorgma, Tavisi laSqris centrSi ganlagebul SenaerTebTan
erTad, ali fadiSahis laSqris centrs Seutia da aq mdgomi sardlebi
yaeni musa da muhamed-begi daamarcxa. am warmatebul Setevasa da ali
fadiSahis laSqris centrSi ganlagebuli SenaerTebis damarcxebaSi
sakuTari wvlili, cxadia, qarTvelma meomrebmac Seitanes, romle-
bic im dRes pirvelad CaerTvnen brZolaSi. mowinaaRmdegis centrSi
mdgom SenaerTebTan Setakebisa da maTze gamarjvebis Semdeg Seix
242 Temo jojua
hasan bozorgma, romlis laSqris marcxena da marjvena frTebi ukve

damarcxebuli da brZolis velidan gaqceuli iyo, Seqmnil viTare-
baSi erTaderTi swori gadawyvetileba miiRo: man damarcxebuli yae-
ni musasa da muhamed-begis devnis operacia ki ar daiwyo, aramed mo-
qmedebis mimarTuleba Secvala da dauyovneblivi ieriSi miitana ali
fadiSahis laSqris marcxena frTaze, romelsac Tavad ali fadiSahi
sardlobda. amgvarad, Seix hasan bozorgis laSqris centrSi mdgomi
mebrZolebi, maT Soris ki, cxadia, qarTveli meomrebic, ali fadiSa-
his laSqris marcxena frTis winaaRmdeg gaemarTnen da im dRes ukve
meored Caebnen brZolaSi. Setakeba didxans ar gagrZelebula, ali
fadiSahis meomrebma Seix hasan bozorgis moulodnel ieriSs ver
gauZles, maleve damarcxdnen da gaiqcnen. srulebiT aSkaraa, rom qa-
rTveli mebrZolebma am SetakebaSic miiRes monawileoba. safiqrebe-
lia, rom erT-erTi qarTveli meomari boco wmedisZe swored am, meore
Setakebis bolo epizodSi aRmoCnda ali fadiSahis siaxloves. taoel-
ma feodalma Seqmnili viTarebiT isargebla, mowinaaRmdegis laSqris
mTavarsardlis amalas Seutia, ali fadiSahi tyved Seipyro da iqve,
gorakze dabanakebul Seix hasan bozorgs mihgvara.28
rogorc vxedavT, yara daras brZolis dros Seix hasan bozorgis
droSis qveS mdgomi qarTveli meomrebis moqmedebis savaraudo sura-
Tis rekonstruireba naTlad aCvenebs, rom brZolis mimdinareobisas
qarTvelma mebrZolebma, jer mowinaaRmdegis laSqris centrSi, xolo
Semdeg mis marcxena frTaze mdgom SenaerTebTan momxdar or gadam-
wyvet SetakebaSi miiRes monawileoba da orive SetakebaSi gamarjvebas
miaRwies.
aRniSnuli daskvnis marTebulobas, ufro zustad ki im faqts, rom
qarTvelma meomrebma yara daras brZolis dros gamorCeulad sastik da
sisxlismRvrel SetakebebSi miiRes monawileoba, mTlianad adasturebs
№1 minaweris erT-erTi fragmenti, romelic, erTi mxriv, gvamcnobs,
rom boco wmedisZe urdodan dabrunebis Semdeg sakmaod mokle xanSi
aResrula, xolo, meore mxriv, pirdapir gvauwyebs, rom taoeli feoda-
lis gardacvalebis mizezi misi ùzomod nacemoba~ anu Zlierad nagve-
moba iyo: `movida Sina. uzomod nacemi iyo da miicvala~.
28
yara daras brZolis dros qarTveli jariskacebis samxedro-taqtikuri
gadaadgilebebisa da savele-operatiuli moqmedebebis suraTis rekonstruqciaze
muSaobisas gaweuli konsultaciebisaTvis madlobas movaxseneb mamuka wurwumias.
Cemi dakvirvebiT, kolofonis citirebul fragmentSi dadasture-

buli fraza ùzomod nacemi~ calsaxad miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom boco
wmedisZes yara daras brZolaSi ara raime saxis Wrilobebi, aramed se-
riozuli motexiloba-daJeJilobiTi travmebi hqonda miRebuli, rom-
lebic, Tavis mxriv, ueWvelad mowinaaRmdegis mier taoeli feodalis
abjarze, muzaradsa da sxeulis damcav sxva aRWurvilobaze Subis, xm-
lis, laxtisa da sxva sabrZolo iaraRis Zgerebisa Tu dartymis Sedegad
iyo miyenebuli.
Tu Cemi es dakvirveba sworia da boco wmedisZe yara daras brZolis
damTavrebidan mcire xnis Semdeg namdvilad am brZolis farglebSi
momxdar SetakebebSi miRebuli motexiloba-daJeJilobiTi travmebis
Sedegad gardaicvala, maSin sabolood dgindeba isic, rom boco wme-
disZem da sxva qarTvelma meomrebma yara daras brZolis dros marT-
lac gamorCeulad sastik da sisxlismRvrel SetakebebSi SeZles gamar-
jvebis mopoveba.
maSasadame, irkveva, rom yara daras brZolis dros qarTveli meom-
rebi Seix hasan bozorgis laSqris centrSi mdgomi SenaerTebis Semad-
genlobaSi Sediodnen da uSualod mTavarsardlis Seix hasan bozorgis
meTaurobiT moqmedebdnen. brZolis mimdinareobisas qarTvelma meom-
rebma jer mowinaaRmdegis laSqris centrSi, xolo Semdeg mis marcxena
frTaze mdgom SenaerTebTan momxdar or gadamwyvet SetakebaSi miiRes
monawileoba da orive Setakebidan gamarjvebuli gamovidnen. Tavad Se-
takebebi imdenad sastiki da sisxlismRvreli gamodga, rom yara daras
brZolis monawile erT-erTi qarTveli meomari boco wmedisZe brZo-
lis damTavrebidan mcire xnis Semdeg swored am SetakebebSi miRebuli
motexiloba-daJeJilobiTi travmebis Sedegad gardaicvala.
yara daras brZolaSi boco wmedisZis monawileobasTan dakavSire-
buli ZiriTadi sakiTxebis ganxilvis Semdeg logikurad daismis erTi
Zalzed mniSvnelovani kiTxva: ratom monawileobda taos provinciaSi
mcxovrebi qarTveli feodali boco wmedisZe saqarTvelodan aseulo-
biT kilometris daSorebiT gamarTul yara daras brZolaSi, romelSic
ori monRoluri samxedro-politikuri dajgufeba ilxanTa yaenis tax-
tisaTvis ebrZoda erTmaneTs da romelsac, TiTqos raime pirdapiri
kavSiri ar hqonda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefosTan, romlis qve-
Sevrdomic boco wmedisZe iyo?
Cemi dakvirvebiT, dasmul kiTxvas mxolod ori savaraudo pasuxi
SeiZleba hqondes: 1. boco wmedisZe Seix hasan bozorgTan konkretuli
244 Temo jojua
davalebiT iyo gagzavnili da yara daras brZolaSi mokavSire qveynis

jariskacisa Tu monRolebisadmi samxedrovaldebuli piris statusiT
monawileobda; da 2. boco wmedisZe Seix hasan bozorgis mier daqirave-
buli meomari iyo da yara daras brZolaSi, garkveuli gasamrjelos
miRebis sanacvlod, moqiravne-molaSqris statusiT iRebda monaw-
ileobas.
am or, savaraudo pasuxTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze msjelobisas,
yuradRebas, pirvel rigSi, efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №1
minaweris bolo fragmenti ipyrobs, romelSic urdodan dabrunebuli
boco wmedisZisa da misi Svilebis `patronad~ anu suzerenad vinme am-
irRambaria moxseniebuli: `movida Sina... da patronman amirRambar ama
soflisa didiTa pativiTa mas da misTa SvilTa apativa~.
marTalia, №1 minaweris teqstSi amirRambaris sagvareulo kuT-
vnileba miTiTebuli ar aris, magram, miuxedavad amisa, dabejiTebiT
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi fanaskertelTa feodaluri saxlis warmo-
madgeneli iyo. amgvari daskvnisaken sami ZiriTadi garemoeba mibiZgebs:
1. zemoT ukve gavarkvie, rom boco wmedisZe, kuTxuri warmomavlobiT,
taos provinciis mkvidri iyo. Sesabamisad, savsebiT naTelia isic, rom
№1 minawerSi boco wmedisZis `patronad~ anu suzerenad moxseniebu-
li amirRambari, agreTve, taos provinciaSi mosaxle erT-erTi sagva-
reulos warmomadgeneli iyo; 2. zemoT ukve vaCvene, rom boco wmedisZe,
socialuri warmomavlobiT, feodalur wodebas ekuTvnoda. aRniSnu-
lis gaTvaliswinebiT, srulebiT cxadia, rom №1 minawerSi boco wme-
disZis `patronad~ moxseniebuli amirRambari wvrili feodali ar iyo
da aristokratuli wodebis umaRles fenas ekuTvnoda; da 3. Cems xelT
arsebuli masalis mixedviT, mamakacis saxeli àmirRambari~ Sua sau-
kuneebis taoSi mosaxle did aristokratul sagvareuloTa Soris, mx-
olod fanaskertelTa feodalur saxlSi iyo gavrcelebuli. es ki cal-
saxad miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom №1 minawerSi moxseniebuli `patroni~
amirRambari swored fanaskertelTa sagvareulos warmomadgeneli iyo.
Cem mier gamoTqmul im mosazrebas, rom №1 minawerSi moxseniebuli
`patroni~ amirRambari fanaskertelTa sagvareulos ekuTvnoda, mTli-
anad adasturebs ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris kuTvnili
XI saukunis svinaqsris (Jer.24-25) 74v-ze Sesrulebuli, XIV saukunis I
naxevriT daTariRebuli №105 aRapi, romelic amirRambar I fanasker-
telisaTvis aris ganwesebuli: `[Tuesa dekenbersa z (7)]. amasve dResa
wirva¡ da panaS¢di29 saukuno¡ fanaskertelisa amirRambarisi, Seundven

RmerTman~.30
vfiqrob, yovelgvar eWvs gareSea, rom №1 minawerSi moxseniebuli
`patroni~ amirRambari da №105 aRapSi dasaxelebuli amirRambar I fa-
naskerteli erTi da igive piria. Cemi dakvirvebiT, aRniSnuli gaigivebis
sasargeblod metyvelebs aramxolod is garemoeba, rom xsenebul pirTa
saxeli (amirRambari), kuTxuri warmomavloba (taos provincia) da so-
cialuri kuTvnileba (feodaluri wodebis umaRlesi fena) zedmiwevnad
zustad emTxveva erTmaneTs, aramed is faqtic, rom orive es piri zus-
tad erTsa da imave periodSi moRvaweobda: №1 minawerSi moxseniebuli
`patroni~ amirRambari – 1336 wels gamarTuli yara daras brZolis ax-
loxanebSi anu XIV saukunis I naxevarSi, xolo №105 aRapSi dasaxelebu-
li amirRambar I fanaskerteli – imave XIV saukunis I naxevarSi.
amgvarad, vfiqrob, ar Sevcdebi, Tuki davaskvni, rom №1 minawerSi
boco wmedisZis `patronad~ moxseniebulia XIV saukunis I naxevarSi moR-
vawe taoeli didi feodali amirRambar I fanaskerteli, romlis saxel-
ic samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa mon-
astris svinaqsris №105 aRapidan aris cnobili.31
№1 minawerSi moxseniebuli `patroni~ amirRambaris vinaobis
garkvevis Semdeg yuradRebas ukve am kolofonis zemoT citirebuli
fragmentis is adgili ipyrobs, romelSic aRniSnulia, rom urdodan
Sin dabrunebul boco wmedisZes, agreTve, bocos Svilebs, maTma `pa-
tronma~ anu suzerenma amirRambar I fanaskertelma àma soflis didi
pativi~ miago anu uzarmazari wyaloba uboZa: `movida Sina... da patron-
man amirRambar ama soflisa didiTa pativiTa mas da misTa SvilTa apa-
tiva~.
29
elene metrevelis cnobiT, am adgilas Tavdapirvelad ewera sityva àRapi~,
romelic amoufxekavT da mis nacvlad, CauweriaT sityva `panaS¢di~. elene
metreveli, masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis (XI-XVII ss.)
(Tbilisi, 1962), 88.
30
iqve, 88, 145-6.
31
amirRambar I fanaskerteli, №105 aRapis garda, savaraudod, moxseniebulia
kidev erT werilobiT ZeglSi, imave ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris
svinaqsris №250 aRapSi, romelic vinme `fanaskertelis~ Tanamecxedris rusuda-
nisaTvis aris ganwesebuli: `[Tuesa ivnissa id (12)]. am(a)sve dResa wirva¡ da aRapi
saukuno¡ fanaskertelisa colisa rusudanisa, Seundven RmerTman~ (iqve, 102).
№250 aRapTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebi vrclad qvemoT meqneba ganxiluli da amitom
masze aq aRar SevCerdebi.
246 Temo jojua
Cemi dakvirvebiT, №1 minaweris citirebul fragments gadamwyve-

ti mniSvneloba aqvs im sakiTxis gasarkvevad, Tu ratom monawileobda
boco wmedisZe yara daras brZolaSi. marTlac, №1 minaweris xsenebuli
fragmenti mTlianad gamoricxavs zemoT daSvebul meore savaraudo
pasuxs, romlis Tanaxmadac, boco wmedisZe Seix hasan bozorgis mier
daqiravebuli meomari iyo da yara daras brZolaSi garkveuli gasam-
rjelos miRebis sanacvlod iRebda monawileobas: praqtikulad, war-
moudgenelia, rom suzerens, am SemTxvevaSi, amirRambar I fanasker-
tels, uzarmazari wyaloba mieca Sin dabrunebuli vasalisaTvis, am
SemTxvevaSi, boco wmedisZisaTvis, romelic ucxo qveyanaSi sakuTari
nebiT iyo wasuli da iq gamarTul brZolebSic, rogorc daqiravebuli
meomari, mxolod da mxolod piradi finansuri Tu qonebrivi daintere-
sebis gamo monawileobda.
Tu Cemi es dakvirveba sworia da №1 minaweris citirebuli fragmen-
ti marTlac mTlianad gamoricxavs zemoT daSvebul meore savaraudo
pasuxs, maSin avtomaturad dgindeba isic, rom zemoT daSvebul or sa-
varaudo pasuxs Soris pirveli savaraudo pasuxi ufro sworia da boco
wmedisZe yara daras brZolaSi ara daqiravebuli meomris, aramed Seix
hasan bozorgTan konkretuli davalebiT gagzavnili, mokavSire qvey-
nis jariskacisa Tu monRolebisadmi samxedrovaldebuli piris sta-
tusiT iRebda monawileobas.
am, meore savaraudo pasuxis marTebulobas TvalnaTliv adas-
turebs is garemoebac, rom aRniSnuli pasuxis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi,
savsebiT gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom uboZa uzarmazari wyaloba amir-
Rambar I fanaskertelma urdodan Sin dabrunebul boco wmedisZes: es
ukanaskneli ilxanTa saxelmwifoSi amirRambar I-is mier iyo gagzavni-
li da Seix hasan bozorgis droSis qveS sakuTari suzerenis davalebiT
ibrZoda. boco wmedisZis urdodan dabrunebis Semdeg amirRambar I-ma
erTgul vasals gaweuli samsaxuri didad daufasa da boco wmedisZes,
agreTve, mis Svilebs, Tavganwiruli samsaxuris sanacvlod, uzarmaz-
ari wyaloba misca.
samwuxarod, №1 minaweridan arc pirdapir da arc iribad ar Cans,
1336 wlis ivlisSi boco wmedisZis urdoSi gagzavna amirRambar I fa-
naskertelis, rogorc didi da Zlieri feodalis, piradi iniciativa
iyo Tu mas Sesabamisi brZaneba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo kari-
sagan hqonda miRebuli. miuxedavad amisa, vfiqrob, srulebiT aSkaraa,
rom boco wmedisZis Seix hasan bozorgTan gagzavna saxelmwifoebrivi
mniSvnelobis aqti iyo da es gadawyvetileba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

imJamindeli mefis giorgi V brwyinvalis karze iyo miRebuli.
aRniSnuli mosazrebis gamoTqmisas or ZiriTad garemoebas ve-
myarebi: 1. samecniero literaturidan kargad aris cnobili, rom XII-
XV saukuneebSi fanaskertelTa sagvareulos warmomadgenlebi bagra-
tionTa samefo saxlis erTguli vasalebi da Tavdadebuli momxreebi
iyvnen. TviT XIII saukunis bolo meoTxedsa da XIV saukunis dasawyisSic
ki, roca mTeli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo samefo xelisuflebi-
sagan ganmdgari samcxis mTavrebis daqvemdebarebaSi moeqca, fanasker-
telebi bagrationTa samefo saxlis erTgulebi darCnen da samcxis
mTavrebs taos provinciis srulad mitacebis saSualeba ar misces.
aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom fanasker-
telTa feodaluri saxlis warmomadgenlebs maincadamainc 1336 wels
eTqvaT uari aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo karisagan erTgule-
baze da am periodSi centraluri xelisuflebisagan damoukidebeli
sagareo politikis gatareba daewyoT; da 2. dReisaTvis samecniero
literaturaSi dadgenilia, rom 1336 wlisaTvis mefe giorgi V-es ukve
dasrulebuli hqonda qveyanaSi monRolTa batonobis dros daknineb-
uli samefo xelisuflebis aRdgena-ganmtkicebis rTuli procesi da
sakuTar Zalauflebas aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefos mTels ter-
itoriaze daubrkoleblad axorcielebda. Sesabamisad, amirRambar I
fanaskertels romc moesurvebina kidec ilxanTa saxelmwifoSi mimdi-
nare samxedro-politikur dapirispirebaSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
samefo karisagan damoukideblad Careva, mefe giorgi V mas aseTi nabi-
jis gadadgmis uflebasa da yaenis taxtisaTvis mebrZoli erT-erTi da-
jgufebis liderTan Seix hasan bozorgTan taoeli meomrebis TviTne-
burad gagzavnis saSualebas, ubralod, ar miscemda.
amgvarad, vfiqrob, ar Sevcdebi, Tuki zemoT dasmuli kiTxvis sa-
pasuxod, gamovTqvam mosazrebas, rom 1336 wlis ivlisSi amirRambar I
fanaskertelis mier boco wmedisZisa da sxva qarTveli meomrebis Seix
hasan bozorgTan gagzavna warmoadgenda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
samefo karis mier sanqcirebul samxedro-politikur aqts, romelic
mefe giorgi V-is mier ilxanTa saxelmwifos mimarT SemuSavebuli saer-
To-saxelmwifoebrivi politikis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili iyo.
maSasadame, irkveva, rom 1336 wlis ivlisSi boco wmedisZe ilxanTa
yaenis taxtisaTvis mebrZoli erT-erTi samxedro-politikuri da-
jgufebis liderTan Seix hasan bozorgTan aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
248 Temo jojua
mefis giorgi V brwyinvalis brZanebis Sesabamisad, Tavisi uSualo su-

zerenis, didi taoeli feodalis amirRambar I fanaskertelis mier iyo
gagzavnili da yara daras brZolaSi mokavSire qveynis jariskacisa Tu
monRolebisadmi samxedrovaldebuli piris statusiT monawileobda.
miRebuli daskvnis Semdeg, vfiqrob, bunebrivad daismis yara-daras
brZolaSi boco wmedisZisa da sxva qarTveli mxedrebis monawileobis
sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi, rigiT meore kiTxva: ratom emxro-
boda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo kari 1336 wlis ivlisSi ilxanTa
yaenis taxtisaTvis mebrZol or samxedro-politikur dajgufebas So-
ris momxdar dapirispirebaSi maincadamainc im dajgufebas, romelsac
Seix hasan bozorgi xelmZRvanelobda?
dasmul kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis SeswavlisaTvis Za-
lzed saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis ori sparsuli werilobiTi Zegli:
al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisi~ da hafeze abrus `zeile jami aT-Tavar-
ixi raSidi~, romelTa teqstebis calkeuli fragmentebi zemoT ukve
mqonda citirebuli.
daviwyeb al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~ teqstiT, romlis erT-
erTi fragmenti mogviTxrobs, rom 1333-1334 wlebis zamTarSi, savarau-
dod, 1334 wlis ianvar-TebervalSi, yaenma abu saidma mcire xniT adre
Serisxuli da dilegSi gamomwyvdeuli Seix hasan bozorgi patimrobidan
gaaTavisufla da saqarTvelos mmarTvelad daniSna. Seix hasan bozorgi
saqarTveloSi gaemgzavra. masTan mivida `quraqi maliqi~, romelic Seix
hasan bozorgs `rwmeniTa da samarTliT~ emsaxura. male, ufro zustad
ki, imave 1334 wels, yaenma abu saidma Seix hasan bozorgi rumis vialie-
Tis mmarTvelad daniSna. Seix hasan bozorgma abu saids yaenis winaaRm-
deg amboxebuli erT-erTi didebulis arTanas Sewyaleba sTxova da am
Txovnaze dasturis miRebis Semdeg, arTanasTan erTad, rumSi gaemgza-
vra: “В 734 году (12.IX.1333-31.VIII.1334 гг.)... Зимой султан опять отправился в
Багдад, послал ярлык эмиру шейху Хасану, чтобы тот пошел в Грузию. Эмир пошел
туда... Кураки Малик прибыл к его величеству эмиру Тадж ад-Дунйа ва-д-Дину
шейху Хасану и служил ему верой и правдой. Снова вышел указ падишаха о том,
что весь Рум принадлежит эмиру Тадж ад-Дину шейху Хасану, в связи с чем он
должен отправиться туда... Эмир [шейх Хасан] послал человека и попросил его
кровь (т.е. попросил, чтобы Артану отдали ему). Султан отдал ему [Артану] и тот
отправился с эмиром в Рум.”32
32
Абу Бакр ал-Кутби ал-Ахари, Тарих-и шейх Увейс, 110.
al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~ citirebul fragmentSi gansa-

kuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs vinme `quraqi maliqi~, romelic 1334
wlis ianvar-TebervalSi saqarTveloSi Camosul Seix hasan bozorgTan
mivida da mas `rwmeniTa da samarTliT~ emsaxura: “Кураки Малик прибыл к
его величеству эмиру Тадж ад-Дунйа ва-д-Дину шейху Хасану и служил ему верой
и правдой”.
al-aharis mier moxseniebuli `quraqi maliqis~ vinaobis Sesaxeb
ucxoel da qarTvel mkvlevarTa mier raime mosazreba aqamde gamoTqmuli
ar yofila.33 gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, me sakuTari mosaz-
reba maqvs. aRniSnul mosazrebas argumentirebuli saxiT warmovadgen
sagangebod `quraqi maliqis~ vinaobisadmi miZRvnil naSromSi, romlis
gamoqveynebac axlo momavalSi maqvs dgegmili, aq ki, winmswrebad, mxolod
imas aRvniSnav, rom, Cemi azriT, al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~ citire-
bul fragmentSi saubari exeba zemoT ukve araerTgzis naxseneb istoriul
pirs, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefes giorgi V brwyinvales, romelic te-
qstSi `quraqis~ saxeliT anu anTroponimi `giorgis~ mcired saxecvlili
formiTa da `maliqis~ tituliT anu aRmosavlur werilobiT ZeglebSi me-
fis mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebuli terminiT aris moxseniebuli.34
Tu al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~ citirebul fragmentSi moxse-
niebuli `quraqi maliqis~ Cemeuli identifikacia sworia da am fragmen-
tSi namdvilad mefe giorgi V-a moxseniebuli, maSin sabolood dgine-
ba isic, rom 1336 wels gamarTuli yara daras brZolis winare xanebSi,
ufro zustad ki, 1334 wlisaTvis, Seix hasan bozorgsa da mefe giorgi
V-es Soris sakmaod axlo kavSir-urTierTobebi arsebobda. swored am
kavSir-urTierTobebis dokumentur dadasturebas warmoadgens al-
aharis cnoba, romelic pirdapir gvauwyebs, rom mefe giorgi V 1334
wlis ianvar-TebervalSi saqarTvelos mmarTvelad dadgenil Seix hasan
bozorgTan sakuTari nebiT gamocxadda da am ukanasknels misi saqarT-
veloSi yofnis ganmavlobaSi anu, daaxloebiT, ramdenime Tvis manZil-
ze, `rwmeniTa da samarTliT~ emsaxura.
33
iqve; vaJa kiknaZe, `saqarTvelo sparsul wyaroSi (abu baqr al yuTbi al ahris
cnobebi)~, mnaTobi, 12 (1989), 151; Tamaz beraZe, manana sanaZe, saqarTvelos istoria,
wgn. I, antikuri xana da Sua saukuneebi (Tbilisi, 2003), 209; alasania, `saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis sakiTxi giorgi brwyinvalis mefobaSi~, 34-5.
34
al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~ teqstSi moxseniebuli `quraqi maliqisa~ da
mefe giorgi V-is identifikaciis sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli konsultaciebis
gawevisaTvis madlobas movaxseneb giuli alasaniasa da goCa jafariZes.
250 Temo jojua
aqve, damatebiT, aRvniSnav imasac, rom, Cemi dakvirvebiT, mefe

giorgi V-sa da Seix hasan bozorgs Soris axlo kavSir-urTierTobebi
jer kidev 1320-iani wlebis bolos Cans Camoyalibebuli, roca ilxanTa
saxelmwifos umaRlesi samxedro-administraciuli moxelis, ulusis
amiras Tanamdeboba, mefe giorgi V-is gavleniani mfarvelisa da Zve-
li mokavSiris, 1327 wels yaeni abu saidis brZanebiT mokluli Cobanis
nacvlad, Seix hasan bozorgma daikava:35 rogorc Cans, Cobanis sikvdi-
lis Semdeg mefe giorgi V-em ilxanTa saxelmwifoSi axali gavleniani
mfarvelis Zebna daiwyo da am mizniT, axlo kavSir-urTierTobebi daa-
myara saqarTvelos mezoblad mdebare rumis vilaieTis mmarTvelad
dadgenil ulusis amira Seix hasan bozorgTan, romelic Cobanis siZe,
ufro zustad ki, Cobanis asulis, SemdgomSi yaeni abu saidis Tanamecx-
edris, baRdad-xaTunis qmari iyo da Cobanis ojaxis wevrebisa Tu moka-
vSireebis mimarT, yaeni abu saidis karze dawinaurebuli sxva monRoli
amirebis, gansakuTrebiT ki, oiratebis tomis warmomadgenlebisagan
gansxvavebiT, sakmaod keTilganwyobili da loialuri damokidebuleba
hqonda.
vfiqrob, yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, savsebiT na-
Telia, Tu ratom emxroboda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo kari
1336 wlis ivlisSi ilxanTa yaenis taxtisaTvis mebrZol or samxedro-
politikur dajgufebas Soris momxdar dapirispirebaSi maincadamainc
im dajgufebas, romelsac Seix hasan bozorgi edga saTaveSi: 1320-iani
wlebis miwurulidan moyolebuli ilxanTa saxelmwifos ulusis amira
da rumis vilaieTis mmarTveli Seix hasan bozorgi mefe giorgi V-is
mfarveli da mokavSire iyo da amitomac aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
samefo kari 1336 wlis ivlisSi or samxedro-politikur dajgufebas
Soris ilxanTa yaenis taxtisaTvis momxdar dapirispirebaSi swored
Seix hasan bozorgis dajgufebas uWerda mxars.
zemoT aRvniSne, rom im sakiTxis gasarkvevad, Tu ratom emxrobo-
da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo kari ilxanTa yaenis taxtisaT-
vis atexil brZolaSi maincadamainc Seix hasan bozorgis dajgufebas,
garkveul miTiTebebs, al-aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisis~ garda, hafeze
abrus `zeile jami aT-Tavarixi raSidic~ gvawvdis. aRniSnuli mosaz-
rebis gamoTqmisas mxedvelobaSi mqonda hafeze abrus Txzulebis is
35
Seix hasan bozorgma ulusis amiras Tanamdeboba, rogorc ukve aRvniSne zemoT,
Cobanis mokvlis Semdeg, 1327 wels miiRo.
fragmenti, romelSic 1336 wlis 29 aprils ilxanTa saxelmwifoSi Za-

lauflebisaTvis mebrZol or samxedro-politikur dajgufebas Soris
gamarTuli CaRaTus brZolis ambebia gadmocemuli. rogorc aRniS-
nuli fragmenti mogviTxrobs, CaRaTus brZolaSi erT mxares idgnen
yaeni arfa (1335-1336 ww.), didi vaziri Rias ad-din muhamed raSidi da
maTi momxre monRoli amirebi, romelTa Sorisac erT-erTi yvelaze
gamorCeuli figura Cobanis vaJi, amira surRani iyo, xolo meore mx-
ares – zemoT ukve araerTgzis naxsenebi amira ali fadiSahi, ilxanTa
yaenis taxtis pretendenti musa da sxva monRoli amirebi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom yaeni arfas armia ufro mravalricxovani iyo, CaRaTus br-
ZolaSi mainc ali fadiSahis dajgufebam gaimarjva, risi ZiriTadi
mizezic is iyo, rom brZolis dros yaeni arfas momxre amirebis erTi
nawili mowinaaRmdegis mxares gadavida, meore nawilma ki samxedro mo-
qmedebebSi CarTvaze uari Tqva da adgilidan ar daiZra. marTalia, yaeni
arfa da didi vaziri mamacurad ibrZodnen, magram sabolood damar-
cxdnen da brZolis velidan gaiqcnen. hafeze abrus cnobiT, brZolis
velidan gaiqca amira surRanic, romelmac `saqarTvelos~ anu aRmosav-
leT saqarTvelos samefos Seafara Tavi: “Короче говоря, везир возгордясь
своим государством, склонил Арпа-хана к тому, чтобы вместе с эмиром Сурганом
– сыном эмира Чобана, с другими эмирами и многочисленным войском выступить
из Карабага Аррана на войну с ними (ойратами). [Они] в полной спешке в вилайете
Марага в пределах Нагту настигли их. [Везир] счел сильного врага, слабым. И
[они], по повелению судьбы, в среду 17 рамазана 736 года (29.IV 1336) во время
вспышек на Юпитере, повелевающим судьбой везиря, вступили в бой. Везир и
Арпа-хан, несмотря на [допущенные] ошибки, совершили еще одну оплошность –
разделили войско на две части и в боевых рядах Арпа-хан оказался в центре, а везир
на левом фланге. Хотя на стороне Арпа-хана и везиря было бесчисленное и хорошо
подготовленное войско, но помощь Всевышнего и победа [с] небес была на другой
стороне (ойратов). Государство языком времени прочитало эмиру ʻАли Падишаху
аят: “...сколько небольших отрядов побеждало отряд многочисленный” и он сказал
нескольким [людям] из своией свити: “Если мужчина силен в своей доблести, [То]
всретится с врагом в поисках сражения”. Сказав это, атаковал Арпа Ке’уна: {Разве
может показаться олень перед львом? Разве может фазан стать спутником сокола?...
[Войско Арпа-хана] с этой стороны иcпугалось такого нападения. Эмирзаде Махмуд
Исан-Кутлуг и Султан-шах ибн Никруз из-за разногласий с блаженным везирем и
теми людьми, решили помочь врагам, бросили знамя Арпа Ке’уна и поспешили к
его противнику}. У Арпа-хана не осталось сил, [но] несмотря на это он держался
252 Temo jojua
храбро и в битве проявил отвагу. [Так как] в это время везир с войсками был далеко,
[то] эмир ʻАли Падишах прибег к уловке: двоих изменников отправил в [разные]
стороны, чтобы распространили слух и сказали везирю, что Арпа-хана обратили
в бегство, а Арпа-хану сказали, что везиря обратили в бегство, чтобы их сердца
разуверились и ими овладели ужас, и [стремление к] бегству. Когда эмиры узнали
об их бегстве, [то] отказались от сражения и поспешно ретировались. Сурган бежал
в Грузию, а другие эмиры отправились кто куда. Блаженный везир и его брат Пир
Султан не отступили в бою... Проявив большое мужество и перебив некоторое
количество врагов, [они], будучи одни, не смогли противиться войску и обратились
в бегство. Войско Муса-хана и ʻАли Падишаха победоносно двинулось вслед за
бежавшими.”36
Cemi dakvirvebiT, hafeze abrus TxzulebaSi daculi is cnoba, rom
ali fadiSahTan brZolaSi damarcxebuli amira surRani maincadamainc
saqarTveloSi gaiqca, calsaxad miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom 1336 wlis
aprilSi yaeni arfasa da ali fadiSahis momxre samxedro-politikur
dajgufebaTa dapirispirebaSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo kari,
Riad Tu farulad, yaeni arfas dajgufebas uWerda mxars da Sesabam-
isad, ali fadiSahis dajgufebasTan iyo dapirispirebuli: sxva SemTx-
vevaSi, CaRaTus brZolaSi ali fadiSahis dajgufebis mier damarcxeb-
uli yaeni arfas erT-erTi sardali surRani aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
samefoSi Tavis Sefarebas, ubralod, ver SeZlebda.
garda amisa, is faqti, rom CaRaTus brZolaSi damarcxebuli amira
surRani maincadamainc saqarTveloSi gaiqca, logikurad mibiZgebs im
daskvnisaken, rom 1336 wlisaTvis surRansa da mefe giorgi V-s Soris
namdvilad arsebobda axlo kavSir-urTierTobebi, romelic, savarau-
dod, jer kidev 1310-1320-ian wlebSi, surRanis mamis Cobanis sicocx-
leSi iyo Camoyalibebuli. rogorc Cans, surRans, aRmosavleT saqarT-
velos samefo karis zemoxsenebul politikur orientaciasTan erTad,
swored es axlo kavSir-urTierTobebi aZlevda imis garantias, rom
mefe giorgi V mas ar daatyvevebda da ilxanTa saxelmwifos axal faq-
tobriv mmarTvelTan ali fadiSahTan ar gagzavnida.
marTalia, Cvenamde moRweul werilobiT ZeglebSi pirdapir ar aris
naTqvami, Tu sad imyofeboda CaRaTus brZolaSi damarcxebuli sur-
Rani 1336 wlis 29 aprilis Semdgomi ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi anu
im periodSi, roca ilxanTa saxelmwifos yaeni musa da ali fadiSahi
36
Хафиз Абру, Зайл-и джами ат-таварих-и Рашиди, 149-51.
ganagebdnen, Tumca, hafeze abrus `zeile jami aT-Tavarixi raSidis~

citirebuli fragmentis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrob, darwmunebiT Sei-
Zleba iTqvas, rom igi aRniSnul periodSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
samefos afarebda Tavs.
amira surRanis Sesaxeb momdevno xanis cnobebi uSualod yara da-
ras brZolis winare periods anu daaxloebiT, 1336 wlis ivnis-ivliss
miekuTvneba. am cnobebs zemoT naxsenebi ori sparsuli werilobiTi
Zegli – al aharis `Tarixi Seix uveisi~ da hafeze abrus `zeile jami
aT-Tavarixi raSidi~ gvawvdis. rogorc dasaxelebuli Txzulebebidan
irkveva, Seix hasan bozorgma, mas Semdeg, rac man ilxanTa yaenad muhame-
di gamoacxada, surRanTan sagangebod daamyara kavSiri, masTan erTad,
ali fadiSahis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra da igi yara daras brZolis dros
sakuTari laSqris marcxena frTis sardlad ganawesa.37
yovelive aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrob, kidev ufro gas-
agebi xdeba, Tu ratom emxroboda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo
kari 1336 wlis ivlisSi ilxanTa yaenis taxtisaTvis mebrZoli ori samx-
edro-politikuri dajgufebis dapirispirebaSi maincadamainc im da-
jgufebas, romelsac Seix hasan bozorgi xelmZRvanelobda: daviwyoT
imiT, rom mefe giorgi V ali fadiSahis dajgufebas jer kidev 1336 wlis
aprilidan anu im droidan upirispirdeboda, roca Seix hasan bozor-
gis dajgufeba saerTod ar arsebobda da ali fadiSahi Zalauflebis
xelSi Casagdebad sul sxva dajgufebis – yaeni arfasa da misi momxree-
bis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda. garda amisa, Seix hasan bozorgis dajgufe-
baSi erT-erT yvelaze Zlier figuras warmoadgenda mefe giorgi V-is
Zveli gavleniani mfarvelis Cobanis vaJi, amira surRani, romelTanac
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo kars, iseve rogorc Tavad Seix hasan
bozorgTan, axlo kavSir-urTierTobebi hqonda.
maSasadame, irkveva, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefe giorgi V
brwyinvale 1336 wlis ivlisSi ilxanTa yaenis taxtisaTvis mebrZoli
ori samxedro-politikuri dajgufebis dapirispirebaSi Seix hasan bo-
zorgis dajgufebas ori ZiriTadi mizezis gamo emxroboda: 1. aRmosav-
leT saqarTvelos samefo kars axlo kavSir-urTierTobebi hqonda Seix
hasan bozorgTan, romelic, rogorc ilxanTa saxelmwifos ulusis
amira, mefe giorgi V brwyinvalis mfarveli da mokavSire iyo, agreTve,
37
Абу Бакр ал-Кутби ал-Ахари, Тарих-и шейх Увейс, 114-5; Хафиз Абру, Зайл-и джами ат-
таварих-и Рашиди, 153.
254 Temo jojua
ulusis amira Cobanis vaJTan, amira surRanTan, romelic Seix hasan bo-
zorgis dajgufebaSi erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan figuras warmoad-
genda; da 2. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo kari Seix hasan bozorgis
mowinaaRmdege dajgufebis meTaurTan ali fadiSahTan jer kidev 1336
wlis aprilidan iyo dapirispirebuli, roca mefe giorgi V-em yaeni
arfasa da ali fadiSahis dajgufebebs Soris momxdar brZolaSi yaeni
arfas dajgufebas dauWira mxari, odnav mogvianebiT ki, CaRaTus brZo-
laSi damarcxebul da ali fadiSahis mier devnil surRans TavSesafari
misca.
mas Semdeg, rac gavarkvie, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo
karma 1336 wlis ivlisSi ilxanTa yaenis taxtisaTvis mebrZoli ori
samxedro-politikuri dajgufebis dapirispirebaSi Seix hasan bozor-
gis dajgufebas dauWira mxari, garda amisa, davadgine is ZiriTadi
mizezebi, romlebmac mefe giorgi V brwyinvalis mier swored amgvari
samxedro-politikuri kursis arCeva ganapiroba, dRis wesrigSi avto-
maturad dgeba yara-daras brZolaSi boco wmedisZisa da sxva qarTveli
mxedrebis monawileobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli bolo, rigiT meore
kiTxva: ratom Caeria aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo kari 1336 wlis
ivlisSi ilxanTa saxelmwifoSi momxdar samxedro-politikur dapiri-
spirebaSi da ratom gagzavna boco wmedisZe da sxva qarTveli meomrebi
Seix hasan bozorgTan – imitom, rom mefe giorgi V, rogorc monRolebi-
sadmi daqvemdebarebuli mmarTveli, valdebuli iyo, ilxanTa saxelm-
wifos moqmed Tu amboxebul xelisufalTa moTxovnis Sesabamisad, ur-
doSi laSqari gaegzavna Tu imitom, rom mefe giorgi V-es, rogorc mon-
Rolebisagan srulebiT damoukidebel mmarTvels, xels aZlevda, mezo-
beli saxelmwifos saTaveSi masTan daaxloebuli da misTvis sasurveli
politikuri Zala mosuliyo?
dasmul kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Seswavla aCvenebs,
rom am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisaTvis aucilebelia, jer is sakiTxi ga-
varkvioT, Tu, konkretulad, ra saxis urTierTdamokidebuleba arse-
bobda 1336 wlis ivlisSi ilxanTa saxelmwifosa da aRmosavleT saqarT-
velos samefos Soris. aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb dReisaTvis samec-
niero literaturaSi sami ZiriTadi mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli: 1. mkvl-
evarTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom 1336 wels saqarTvelo ilxanTa sax-
elmwifosagan srulebiT damoukidebeli politikuri erTeuli iyo;38
38
ivane javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, wigni mesame, XIII-XIV saukuneebi
2. mecnierTa meore nawili fiqrobs, rom 1336 wels saqarTvelo jer

kidev ilxanTa saxelmwifos vasali iyo da man damoukidebloba mxolod
mogvianebiT, garkveuli periodis Semdeg moipova;39 da 3. mkvlevarTa
mesame nawils mecnierTa zemoT naxseneb or jgufs Soris Sualeduri
pozicia ukavia da miiCnevs, rom 1336 wels saqarTvelo kvlav ilxanTa
saxelmwifos vasali iyo, Tumca ki, farTo Sida avtonomiiT sargeblob-
da.40
aq dasaxelebul sam mosazrebas Soris, sakiTxis Seswavlis am
etapze, me ufro mesame mosazrebisaken vixrebi da vfiqrob, rom 1336
wlisaTvis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo ilxanTa saxelmwifosad-
mi vasalur damokidebulebaSi myofi politikuri erTeuli iyo, ro-
melic farTo Sida avtonomiiT sargeblobda. Tavad es avtonomiuro-
ba gamoixateboda ramdenime komponentSi, romelTagan, pirvel rigSi,
(Tbilisi, 1941), 168; niko berZeniSvili, varlam dondua, mamia dumbaZe, giorgi
meliqiSvili, SoTa mesxia, prokofi ratiani, saqarTvelos istoria, I, uZvelesi
droidan XIX saukunis dasasrulamde (Tbilisi, 1958), 251; revaz kiknaZe, `XIV
saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos istoriidan (hamdalah yazvinis erTi
cnobis ganmarteba)~, Ziebani saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriidan (Tbilisi, 1976),
196-208; ivane javaxiSvili, `qarTveli eris istoria, wigni mesame, nawili pirveli
(XIII-XIV ss.)~, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. III (Tbilisi, 1982), 169; vaJa kiknaZe,
saqarTvelo XIV saukuneSi (Tbilisi, 1989), 67-98; beraZe, sanaZe, saqarTvelos
istoria, 209; da sxv.
39
Histoire de la Géorgie, depuis làntiquité jusquàu XIXe siècle, 644-9; urbneli, giorgi
brwyinvale, mefe saqarTvelosi, 74; David Lang, “Georgia in the Reign of Giorgi the Brilliant
(1314-1346),” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 17, №1 (London, 1955),
74-91; iuri sixaruliZe, qarTveli xalxis brZola damoukideblobisaTvis XIII-XIV
saukuneebSi (Tbilisi, 1967), 177-8; da sxv.
40
valerian gabaSvili, `saqarTveloSi monRolTa batonobis xangrZliobis
sakiTxisaTvis~, aRmosavluri krebuli, I (Tbilisi, 1960), 121-48; niko berZeniSvili,
`saqarTvelos istoria, XIII-XIV saukuneebi, konspeqti~, saqarTvelos istoriis
sakiTxebi, wgn. II (Tbilisi, 1965), 66; babilina lominaZe, `saqarTvelo XIV saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi, monRolTa batonobis gadaSeneba, giorgi V brwyinvale~,
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. III, saqarTvelo XI-XV saukuneebSi (Tbilisi,
1979), 627-8; alasania, `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxi giorgi brwyinvalis
mefobaSi~, 25-50; da sxv. garda amisa, arian iseTi mkvlevrebic, romlebic mxolod
zogadad aRniSnaven, rom saqarTvelom ilxanTa saxelmwifosagan damoukidebloba
1330-ian wlebSi moipova da ar azusteben, 1330-iani wlebis, konkretulad, romel
monakveTSi, 1336 wlis winare xanebSi Tu 1336 wlis Semdgom periodSi, moxda es
faqti. daviT gvritiSvili, narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan (XIII-XIV saukuneebi)
(Tbilisi, 1962), 306; da sxv.
256 Temo jojua
unda aRiniSnos ori komponenti: 1. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefos

yaenis mier gamogzavnili monRoli amirebi aRar marTavdnen; da 2. mon-
RolTa 10 000-iani laSqari ara uSualod qveynis teritoriaze, aramed
mis sazRvrebTan idga. paralelurad amisa, 1336 wlisaTvis Zveleburad
iyo SenarCunebuli vasaluri damokidebulebis gamomxatveli iseTi
ZiriTadi komponentebi, rogoricaa ilxanTa saxelmwifoSi xarkis gag-
zavna, yaenis saxeliT fulis moWra da sxv. Cemi dakvirvebiT, vasaluri
damokidebulebis ganmsazRvrel am ZiriTad komponentebs Soris, erT-
erT umTavresi komponenti laSqriT gamosvlisa Tu laSqris gagzavnis
valdebuleba unda yofiliyo: rogorc Cans, mefe giorgi V valdebuli
iyo, misi winamorbedi mefeebis – daviT VII ulus (1246-1270 ww.), deme-
tre II Tavdadebulisa (1270-1289 ww.) da vaxtang III-is (1298, 1302-1308 ww.)
msgavsad, ilxanTa saxelmwifos moqmed Tu amboxebul xelisufalTa
moTxovnis Sesabamisad, an Tavad wasuliyo laSqriT urdoSi an kidev,
qarTveli meomrebi gaegzavna monRolebTan.
amgvarad, Tu Cemi dakvirveba sworia da ilxanTa saxelmwifosadmi
vasalur damokidebulebaSi myof, oRond farTo Sida avtonomiiT aR-
Wurvil aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefos 1336 wlisaTvis monRolebis
mimarT laSqrobis valdebuleba namdvilad hqonda dakisrebuli, maSin
sabolood irkveva isic, Tu ratom Caeria mefe giorgi V 1336 wlis iv-
lisSi ilxanTa saxelmwifoSi momxdar samxedro-politikur dapirisp-
irebaSi da ratom gagzavna boco wmedisZe da sxva qarTveli meomrebi
Seix hasan bozorgTan: aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo kari valde-
buli iyo, ilxanTa saxelmwifos moqmed Tu amboxebul xelisufalTa
moTxovnis Sesabamisad, urdoSi laSqari gaegzavna. mefe giorgi V-em
monRolebis mier dakisrebuli es valdebuleba pirnaTlad Seasrula
da urdoSi boco wmedisZe da sxva qarTveli meomrebi gagzavna, oRond
man yaenis taxtisaTvis mebrZol or monRolur samxedro-politikur
dajgufebas Soris, erT-erTi, misTvis sasurveli dajgufeba SearCia da
laSqari swored am dajgufebis meTaurs Seix hasan bozorgs miaSvela.
zemoT ukve araerTgzis aRvniSne, rom boco wmedisZe da sxva qa-
rTveli meomrebi yara daras brZolaSi mokavSire qveynis jariskacebi-
sa Tu monRolebisadmi samxedrovaldebuli pirebis statusiT monaw-
ileobdnen. axla kidev erTxel vubrundebi aRniSnul sakiTxs, bolos
miRebul daskvnaze dayrdnobiT, kidev ufro metad vazusteb am sakiTx-
is mimarT Cems pozicias da gamovTqvam mosazrebas, rom boco wmedisZe
da sxva qarTveli meomrebi, romlebic mefe giorgi V-es Seix hasan bo-
zorgTan monRolebis mier dakisrebuli laSqrobis valdebulebis

farglebSi hyavda gagzavnili, yara daras brZolaSi ara mokavSire qvey-
nis jariskacebis, aramed monRolebisadmi samxedrovaldebuli pirebis
statusiT iRebdnen monawileobas.
maSasadame, irkveva, rom 1336 wlisaTvis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
samefo ilxanTa saxelmwifosadmi vasalur damokidebulebaSi myof,
oRond farTo Sida avtonomiiT aRWurvil politikur erTeuls war-
moadgenda da mefe giorgi V brwyinvale, rogorc monRolebisad-
mi daqvemdebarebuli mmarTveli, valdebuli iyo, misi winamorbedi
mefeebis – daviT VII ulus, demetre II Tavdadebulisa da vaxtang III-is
msgavsad, ilxanTa saxelmwifos moqmed Tu amboxebul xelisufalTa
moTxovnis Sesabamisad, an Tavad wasuliyo laSqriT urdoSi an kidev,
qarTveli meomrebi gaegzavna monRolebTan. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
samefo karma swored am valdebulebis farglebSi gagzavna 1336 wlis
ivlisSi ilxanTa yaenis taxtisaTvis mebrZoli erT-erTi samxedro-
politikuri dajgufebis meTaurTan, ulusis amira Seix hasan bozorg-
Tan taoeli feodali boco wmedisZe da sxva qarTveli meomrebi, rom-
lebmac yara daras brZolaSi monRolebisadmi samxedrovaldebuli
pirebis statusiT miiRes monawileoba.
amiT efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №1 minawerSi gadmoce-
mul, aqamde ucnob istoriul faqtTan – 1336 wlis 25 ivliss monRol
sardlebs – ilxanTa saxelmwifos ulusis amira Seix hasan bozorgsa da
amira ali fadiSahs Soris gamarTul brZolaSi taoeli feodalis boco
wmedisZis monawileobasa da am ukanasknelis mier ali fadiSahis tyved
SepyrobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Seswavlas vamTavreb da aRniS-
nuli xelnaweri wignis №1 da №2 minawerebSi daculi sxva cnobebis
analizze gadavdivar. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilav dasaxelebul kolo-
fonebSi dacul im cnobebs, romlebic wmedisZeTa fodaluri saxlis
istoriasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
wmedisZeTa feodaluri saxlis istoriis sakiTxebi mkvlevarTa
mier aqamde Seswavlili ar yofila, ris gamoc am Zveli da pativdebuli
aristokratuli sagvareulos Sesaxeb samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis,
praqtikulad, araferia cnobili.41 swored am xarvezis daZlevisaken
41
cxadia, aq ar vgulisxmob Cems mier 2015 wels wakiTxul, zemoT ukve naxseneb
moxsenebas èfrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis (S-1276) XV saukunis minawerebis
cnobebi wmedisZe-xaxularTa feodaluri saxlisa da taos istoriis ramdenime
ucnobi faqtis Sesaxeb~, romlis teqstic, jerjerobiT, gamoqveynebuli ar aris.
258 Temo jojua
gadadgmul nabijs warmoadgens efrem mciris homiletikuri krebu-

lis №1 da №2 minawerebis Seswavla, romlebic wmedisZeTa feodaluri
saxlis XIII saukunis miwurulisa da XIV saukunis istoriis calkeuli
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb uZvirfases cnobebs gvawvdis.
daviwyeb imiT, rom efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №1 da №2
minawerebSi wmedisZeTa feodaluri saxlis sami sxvadasxva Taobis oTxi
konkretuli warmomadgenelia dasaxelebuli. aqve, xazgasmiT aRvniSnav
im faqts, rom arc erTi es piri CemTvis cnobil sxva werilobiT Zegleb-
Si moxseniebuli ar aris. movitan am oTxi, aqamde ucnobi istoriuli
piris CamonaTvals:
1. wmedi wmedisZe, vaJi sumbat wmedisZisa da SviliSvili boco wme-
disZisa: №1 minaweri – `...ese wumedisZe wumedi, Ze sumbatisi da sumbat,
Ze bocosi...~; da №2 minaweri: `wumedisaTuis Sendoba bZaneT...~.
2. sumbat wmedisZe, mama wmedi wmedisZisa da vaJi boco wmedisZisa:
№1 minaweri – `...ese wumedisZe wumedi, Ze sumbatisi da sumbat, Ze bo-
cosi...~.
3. boco wmedisZe, papa wmedi wmedisZisa da mama sumbat wmedisZisa:
№1 minaweri – `...ese wumedisZe wumedi, Ze sumbatisi da sumbat, Ze bo-
cosi da boco, romeli Seiba urdos...~.
4. wmedi wmedisZis deda (Sesabamisad, Tanamecxedre sumbat wmedisZi-
sa da rZali boco wmedisZisa), romlis saxelic, №2 kolofonis teqstis
Sesabamisi fragmentis dakargvis gamo, jerjerobiT, daudgenelia: №2
minaweri – `wumedisaTuis Sendoba bZaneT, RmrTisaT¢s da misisa dedisa
[...]~.
№1 minaweris bolo fragmentSi, zemoT dasaxelebuli boco, sumbat
da wmedi wmedisZeebis garda, sumbat wmedisZis Svilebic arian moxse-
niebulni: `...da boco, romeli Seiba urdos... movida Sina... da patronman
amirRambar ama soflisa didiTa pativiTa mas da misTa SvilTa apativa~.
marTalia, №1 minaweris citirebul fragmentSi boco wmedisZis
Svilebis raodenoba da saxelebi miTiTebuli ar aris, magram savsebiT
cxadia, rom maT Soris ueWvelad igulisxmeba sumbat wmedisZe, ro-
melic, rogorc ukve gavarkvie zemoT, swored boco wmedisZis vaJi iyo.
Sesabamisad, irkveva, rom boco wmedisZes, sul mcire, ori vaJi mainc hy-
avda, romelTagan erT-erTs saxelad sumbati erqva.
№1 da №2 minawerebSi boco, sumbat da wmedi wmedisZeebis, agreTve,
sumbat wmedisZis Tanamecxedris cxovreba-moRvaweobis dro pirdapir
miTiTebuli ar aris. am xarvezs TiTqmis mTlianad avsebs №1 minawer-
is erTi fragmenti, romelic boco wmedisZis cxovreba-moRvaweobis

drois Sesaxeb or irib cnobas gvawvdis: 1. xsenebuli fragmentis Tanax-
mad, boco wmedisZem monawileoba miiRo urdoSi momxdar im brZolaSi,
romelic, rogorc ukve gavarkvie zemoT, 1336 wlis 25 ivliss yara da-
rasTan gaimarTa: `...da boco, romeli Seiba urdos da darCa ali-faSa
da gadidda ulusbegi Sex-asan~; da 2. imave fragmentis mixedviT, yara
daras brZolaSi ùzomod nacemi~ anu seriozuli motexiloba-daJeJi-
lobiTi travmebis mqone boco wmedisZe Sin dabrunebidan mcire xnis
Semdeg gardaicvala: `...da boco, romeli Seiba urdos... movida Sina.
uzomod nacemi iyo da miicvala da naTeli daadga~.
№1 minaweris am ori iribi cnobidan CvenTvis cnobili xdeba boco
wmedisZis cxovreba-moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebuli sami mniSvnelovani
biografiuli detali: 1. boco wmedisZe 1336 wlis 25 ivliss gamarTu-
li yara daras brZolis dros iseT asakSi iyo, rom saomar moqmedebebSi
daubrkoleblad iRebda monawileobas; 2. boco wmedisZe gardaicvala
1336 wlis 25 ivliss gamarTuli yara daras brZolis damTavrebidan mc-
ire xnis Semdeg anu imave 1336 wels; da 3. boco wmedisZis gardacvalebis
mizezi ara misi xandazmuloba Tu sibere, aramed yara daras brZolaSi
miRebuli motexiloba-daJeJilobiTi travmebi iyo.
dasaxelebul sam biografiul detals boco wmedisZis dabadebisa
da aqtiuri moRvaweobis drois gansazRvrisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvn-
eloba aqvs: am detalebis gaTvaliswinebiT, dgindeba, rom boco wme-
disZe, daaxloebiT, 1280-1290-ian wlebSi iyo dabadebuli da aqtiur
moRvaweobas, daaxloebiT, 1300-1330-ian wlebSi eweoda.
boco wmedisZis dabadebisa da aqtiuri moRvaweobis drois dadgena
mxolod misi biografiuli portretis rekonstruqciisaTvis ar aris
mniSvnelovani da am monacemebze dayrdnobiT, bocos vaJebis – sumbat
wmedisZisa da misi Zmisa an Zmebis, rZlis – sumbatis Tanamecxedrisa da
SviliSvilis – wmedi wmedisZis dabadebisa da aqtiuri moRvaweobis miax-
loebiTi drois gansazRvrac iolad aris SesaZlebeli. marTlac, boco
wmedisZis dabadebis (1280-1290-iani ww.), aqtiuri moRvaweobisa (1300-
1330-iani ww.) da udrood gardacvalebis (1336 w.) qronologiis gaT-
valiswinebiT, dgindeba, rom sumbat wmedisZe, misi Zma an Zmebi da misive
Tanamecxedre, daaxloebiT, 1300-1310-ian wlebSi iyvnen dabadebuli da
aqtiur moRvaweobas, daaxloebiT, 1320-1360-ian wlebSi eweodnen, xolo
wmedi wmedisZe, daaxloebiT, 1330-1340-ian wlebSi iyo dabadebuli da
aqtiur moRvaweobas, daaxloebiT, 1350-1390-ian wlebSi eweoda.
260 Temo jojua
maSasadame, irkveva, rom efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №1

da №2 minawerebSi dasaxelebulia wmedisZeTa feodaluri saxlis XIII
saukunis bolo mexuTedsa da XIV saukuneSi moRvawe sami Taobis xuTi an
xuTze meti warmomadgeneli, romlebic dReisaTvis cnobil sxva weri-
lobiT ZeglebSi moxseniebuli ar arian da romelTa cxovreba-moR-
vaweobis miaxloebiTi droc, Semdegi saxiT unda ganisazRvros: I Taoba
– boco wmedisZe (1280-1290-iani ww. – 1336 w.); II Taoba – sumbat bocos Ze
wmedisZe, misi Zma an Zmebi da misive Tanamecxedre (1300-1360-iani ww.); da
III Taoba – wmedi sumbatis Ze wmedisZe (1330-1390-iani ww.).
efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №1 minaweri aramxolod
XIII saukunis miwurulsa da XIV saukuneSi moRvawe wmedisZeebis, aramed
Tavad am aristokratuli gvaris warmoSobis drois Sesaxebac sakmaod
saintereso miTiTebas gvawvdis.
gansaxilvel sakiTxze saubrisas, pirvel rigSi, aRvniSnav, rom, Cemi
dakvirvebiT, gvari `wumedisZe~ ueWvelad mamakacis sakuTari saxeli-
dan `wumedi~-dan aris warmomdgari: `wumed-is-Ze~. aqve, SevniSnav, rom
rogorc anTroponimi `wumedi~, ise misgan nawarmoebi gvari `wumedisZe~
№1 da №2 minawerebSi dokumenturad aris dadasturebuli: №1 minaweri
– `...ese wumedisZe wumedi, Ze sumbatisi...~; da №2 minaweri – `wumedisa-
Tuis Sendoba bZaneT...~.
Tu Cemi dakvirveba sworia da gvari `wumedisZe~ marTlac anTrop-
onimi `wumedidan~ anu vinme wmedis saxelidan aris warmomdgari, maSin
dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas isic, rom aRniSnuli gvaris warmoqmna
1320-1330-iani wlebis winare xanebSi unda momxdariyo. amgvari daskvni-
saken ori ZiriTadi garemoeba mibiZgebs: 1. №1 minaweris dasawyisSi
moxseniebuli wmedi ukve atarebs wmedisZis gvars: `...ese wumedisZe
wumedi...~, rac calsaxad miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom gvari `wumedisZe~
kolofonSi moxseniebuli, 1330-1340-ian wlebSi dabadebuli wmedis sax-
elidan ar aris warmomdgari da am gvars ufro adreul periodSi moR-
vawe vinme sxva wmedma daudo safuZveli; da 2. №1 minawerSi moxsenieb-
uli wmedis mamas saxelad sumbati, xolo sumbatis mamas saxelad boco
erqva. Sesabamisad, dgindeba, rom wmedisZis gvaris matarebeli pirveli
pirebi verc wmedi sumbatis Ze da verc misi mama sumbat bocos Ze ver
iqnebodnen da am gvaris matarebeli pirveli piri sumbat bocos Ze wme-
disZis aqtiuri moRvaweobis periodis anu 1320-1360-iani wlebis winare
xanebSi moRvaweobda.
rac Seexeba 1320-1330-iani wlebis winare xanebs, am periodSi
mcxovreb wmediZeTagan, jerjerobiT, mxolod erTi piria cnobili. es

aris sumbat wmedisZis mama da wmedi wmedisZis papa, yara daras brZolis
monawile boco wmedisZe, romelic, rogorc ukve vnaxeT zemoT, 1280-
1290-ian wlebSi iyo dabadebuli da aqtiur moRvaweobas 1300-1330-ian
wlebSi eweoda. hipoTeturad, rasakvirvelia, SemiZlia, davuSva varau-
di, rom bocos mamas saxelad wmedi erqva, wmedisZeTa gvars swored am
wmedma daudo safuZveli da Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli gvaris matarebeli
pirveli piri boco iyo, Tumca amgvari varaudis daSveba, ori mizezis
gamo, marTebulad ar mimaCnia: 1. sakiTxis Seswavlis am etapze, vera-
nairi argumentiT ver Sevamagreb im varauds, rom boco wmedisZis mamas,
romelic, bocos cxovreba-moRvaweobis qronologiis (1280-1330-iani
ww.) gaTvaliswinebiT, XIII saukunis II naxevarsa da XIV saukunis dasawy-
isSi moRvaweobda, saxelad maincadamainc wmedi erqva; da 2. romc dadg-
indes kidec, rom bocos mamas saxelad marTlac wmedi erqva, es faqti
avtomaturad sulac ar amtkicebs imas, rom wmedisZeTa gvars maincada-
mainc am wmedma daudo safuZveli da ara, vTqvaT, romelime sxva wmedma,
romelic bocos mamaze ufro adre anu XIII saukunis I naxevarsa Tu XIII
saukunis winare xanebSi moRvaweobda.
maSasadame, irkveva, rom wmedisZeTa gvari (`wumedisZe~) XIII sauku-
nesa Tu XIII saukunis winare xanebSi moRvawe vinme wmedis saxelidan (`wu-
medi~) aris warmomdgari, am gvaris matarebeli dReisaTvis cnobili
pirveli piri ki efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №1 minawerSi
moxseniebuli boco wmedisZea (1280-1290-iani ww. – 1336 w.).
mas Semdeg, rac efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №1 da №2
minawerebSi moxseniebuli boco, sumbat da wmedis wmedisZeebis cxovre-
ba-moRvaweobis miaxloebiTi dro davadgine, SemiZlia, ukve am kolo-
fonebis daTariRebis sakiTxsac Sevexo.
№1 da №2 minawerebs TariRi ar uzis, ris gamoc am kolofonebis Sed-
genis zusti drois dadgena SeuZlebelia. imavdroulad, minawerebSi da-
dasturebulia ori iseTi iribi faqtologiur-qronologiuri monacemi,
romlebic kolofonebis miaxloebiTi TariRis Sesaxeb metad mniSvnelovan
miTiTebebs gvawvdis: 1. №1 minawerSi 1336 wels gamarTul yara daras brZo-
laSi taoeli feodalis boco wmedisZis monawileobis ambavia moTxrobili;
da 2. №1 da №2 minawerebi yara daras brZolis monawile boco wmedisZis
SvilisSvilis, wmedi sumbatis Ze wmedisZis saxeliT aris Sedgenili.
№1 da №2 minawerebis Sedgenis miaxloebiTi drois gansazRvrisaT-
vis, am ori faqtologiur-qronologiuri monacemis garda, kidev ori
262 Temo jojua
garemoebis gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro: 1. №1 minawerSi wmedi ukve wme-

disZis gvariT aris moxseniebuli, rac calsaxad miuTiTebs im faqtze,
rom kolofonis Sesrulebis dros wmedis mama sumbati gardacvlili
iyo da wmedisZeTa feodalur saxls Tavad wmedi edga saTaveSi: rogorc
cnobilia, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ama Tu im gvars ara Sesabamisi
ojaxis yvela wevri, aramed mxolod ojaxis pirveli piri, misi Tavkaci
atarebda; da 2. zemoT ukve gavarkvie, rom wmedi wmedisZe aqtiur moR-
vaweobas 1350-1390-ian wlebSi eweoda. aqedan, 1350-1360-ian wlebSi igi
mamasTan, sumbat wmedisZesTan erTad moRvaweobda, damoukidebel moR-
vaweobas ki, romelic, sxva saqmianobasTan erTad, wmedisZeTa feodal-
uri saxlis Tavkacobasac gulisxmobda, mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg
anu 1370-1390-ian wlebSi eweoda.
Tu aRniSnul or garemoebas №1 da №2 minawerebSi dadasturebul,
zemoT motanil or faqtologiur-qronologiuri monacems Sevupiri-
spirebT, vfiqrob, logikurad mivalT daskvnamde, rom wmedi wmedisZis
saxeliT Sedgenili es ori kolofoni Sesrulebuli iyo 1370-1390-ian
wlebSi, roca wmedi sakuTari feodaluri saxlis Tavkaci iyo da Sesa-
bamisad, wmedisZis gvars atarebda.
da №2 minawerebi wmedisZeTa feodaluri saxlis Tavkacis, wmedi wme-
disZis saxeliT, 1370-1390-ian wlebSi iyo Sedgenili.
wmedisZeTa feodaluri saxlis istoriasTan dakavSirebuli
calkeuli sakiTxebis Seswavlis Semdeg aucileblad unda Sevexo kidev
erT sakiTxs, romelic, erTi mxriv, wmedisZeTa sagvareulos warsuls,
xolo, meore mxriv, efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis Tavga-
dasavals ukavSirdeba.
dReisaTvis mkvlevarTa mier efrem mciris homiletikuri krebu-
lis gadaweris drosa da adgilTan, agreTve, gadamwerebis vanaobasTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi safuZvlianad aris Seswavlili, ris Sede-
gadac dadgenilia, rom es xelnaweri wigni XI saukunis miwuruls, Sav
mTaze moRvawe saxelovani qarTveli mwignobris efrem mcirisa da sami
sxva mwignobris mier aris gadawerili.42
absoluturad sapirispiro suraTi gvaqvs efrem mciris homile-
42
koleqciisa, 136-7, 140.
tikuri krebulis TavgadasavalTan dakavSirebiT: dReisaTvis ar arse-

bobs raime publikacia, romelSic am xelnaweri wignis istoriis erTi
sakiTxi mainc iqneba ganxiluli.
aRniSnuli xarvezis SeZlebisdagvarad daZlevaSi did daxmarebas
gviwevs efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulisaTvis darTuli mogviano
xanis minawerebi, romelTa Sorisac, calke jgufad gamoiyofa №1 da №2
minawerebi, romlebic erTi da imave xeliT aris Sesrulebuli. es kolo-
fonebi, rogorc ukve vnaxeT zemoT, 1370-1390-ian wlebSia Sedgenili da
Sinaarsobrivad, wmedisZeTa feodalur saxlTan aris dakavSirebuli.
efrem mciris homiletikuri krebuls, №1 da №2 minawerebis garda,
darTuli aqvs, winaswaruli daTariRebiT, XV saukunis TerTmeti mx-
edruli minaweri, romlebic, agreTve, wmedisZeTa feodaluri saxlis
wevrebTan aris dakavSirebuli.
am TerTmet mxedrul kolofons Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova-
nia 71v-ze Sesrulebuli saistorio-biografiuli xasiaTis vrceli
minaweri, romelic uZvirfases cnobebs gvawvdis XV saukunis II naxevris
taos provinciisa da zogadad, samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis ramden-
ime kardinaluri sakiTxis Sesaxeb. swored am kolofons mieZRvna Cems
mier 2015 wels wakiTxuli moxseneba èfrem mciris homiletikuri kre-
bulis (S-1276) XV saukunis minawerebis cnobebi wmedisZe-xaxularTa
feodaluri saxlisa da taos istoriis ramdenime ucnobi faqtis Ses-
axeb~, romelic zemoT erTxel ukve mqonda naxsenebi. aRniSnuli sais-
torio-biografiuli minaweris teqstisa da Sesabamisi gamokvlevis
gamoqveyneba axlo momavlisaTvis maqvs dagegmili, aq ki, winmswrebad,
aRvniSnav, rom am kolofonSi wmedisZeTa, SemdgomSi wmedisZe-xaxular-
Ta sagvareulos erT-erT warmomadgenelTan, zemoT Seswavlil №1 da
№2 minawerebSi moxseniebuli wmedi sumbatis Ze wmedisZis SviliSvilsa
da mosaxelesTan, wmedi wmedisZesTan dakavSirebuli ambebia moTxro-
bili: rogorc kolofoni gvauwyebs, XV saukunis II naxevarSi wmedi wme-
disZem qalaq erzinkaSi (amJamindel erzinjanSi) gabatonebuli axiaTa
savaWro-religiuri ordenisagan `xaxuli~ anu xaxulis monasteri da
e.w. xaxulis Temi ìSovna~, xolo erTi wlis Semdeg samcxis mTavrma
yvaryvare II jayelma (1451-1498 ww.) imave wmedi wmedisZes òSki~ anu oS-
kis monasteri da misi mimdgomi `qveyana~ uboZa.43
43
korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa erovnuli centris qarTul
xelnawerTa fondis S koleqcia, xelnaweri №1276, 71v.
264 Temo jojua
rac Seexeba efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulisaTvis darTul,

XV saukunis danarCen aT mxedrul minawers, isini erTi da imave xeliT
aris dawerili, savedrebeli xasiaTisaa da Sinaarsobrivad, agreTve,
wmedisZeTa feodaluri saxlis warmomadgenlebs ukavSirdeba: maT te-
qstebSi sumbat, urmez, wmedi, boco da zaza wmedisZeebis mosaxseneble-
bia Setanili. movitan am aTive minaweris teqstebs: 1. `q. sul<a>sa su{m}
bat{a}s{a}, urmez{a}sa, | [wumedasa], b[oco]s[a], z[a]z[asa] [Seundvnes] |
[R(mer)T(ma)n]~;44 2. `q. sul<a>sa su{m}batasa, urmezasa, wumedas{a}, | bo-
cosa d{a} zazasa Seun{d}vnos | R{mer}[T]{ma}n~;45 3. `q. sul<a>sa su{m}
batasa, urmezasa, wumedasa, | bocosa, zazasa Se{u}nd<e>{v}nos R(mer)
T(ma)n~;46 4. `q. sul<a>sa su{m}batasa, urmezasa, wumedasa, | bocosa,
zazasa Seundvnos | R(mer)T(ma)n~;47 5. `q. sul<a>sa su{m}batasa, | ur-
mezasa, || wumedasa, bocosa, zazasa | Seundvn{e}s R(mer)T(ma)n~;48 6. `q.
sul<a>[sa] | su{m}batas[a], | urmez[asa], | wum[edasa], | [bocosa, za]|[zasa
Seun]|[dvnos R(mer)T(ma)n~;49 7. `q. sul<a>sa su{m}batasa, urmezasa, |
wumedasa, bocosa, zazasa Seun{d}vn{e}s | R(mer)T(ma)n~;50 8. `q. sul<a>sa
su{m}batas{a}, urmezasa, wumedasa, | bocosa, zazasa Seun{d}vnos |
[R(mer)T(ma)n]~;51 10. `q. suls{a} su{m}batasa, urmezasa, wum{e}dasa, bo-
cosa, | zazasa da m{a}TTa mSobelTasa Seun{d}vne<a>s | R(mer)T(ma)n,
am(e)n~;52 da 10. `[q.] [s]ul<a>sa | [su{m}ba]tasa, | [ur]mezas{a}, | [wu]m{e}
dasa, | [bo]cosa, zazasa, | [da] m{a}TTa | [m]SobelTasa | [Se]undv<a>|[n]es
| R(mer)T(ma)n~.53
Cemi dakvirvebiT, is garemoeba, rom efrem mciris homiletikur
krebuls wmedisZeTa feodaluri saxlis sxvadasxva warmomadgenlebT-
an dakavSirebuli XIV-XV saukuneebis cameti minaweri aqvs darTuli,
calsaxad miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom am kolofonebis Sesrulebis dros
anu imave XIV-XV saukuneebSi es sasuliero xasiaTis xelnaweri wigni
44
iqve, 1r.
45
iqve, 27v.
46
iqve, 31v.
47
iqve, 55v.
48
iqve, 74v-75r.
49
iqve, 81r.
50
iqve, 89v.
51
iqve, 98v.
52
iqve,106v.
53
iqve, 115v.
wmedisZeTa sagvareulos sakuTrebas warmoadgenda da am feodaluri

saxlis kuTvnil erT-erT eklesiasa Tu monasterSi inaxeboda.
samwuxarod, Sesabamisi masalis uqonlobis gamo, jerjerobiT, ar
SemiZlia, vTqva, Tu zustad, rodis da ra viTarebaSi aRmoCnda XI sauku-
nis miwuruls Sav mTaze gadawerili da savaraudod, adgilobriv ekle-
sia-monastrebSi moRvawe qarTveli ber-monazvnebisaTvis gankuTvnili
efrem mciris homiletikuri krebuli taoSi mosaxle wmedisZeTa feo-
daluri saxlis sakuTrebaSi an kidev, ra bedi ewia am xelnawer wigns,
erTi mxriv, XIV-XV saukuneebis Semdgom periodSi anu mas Semdeg, rac is
wmedisZeTa sagvareulos sakuTrebaSi aRar iyo, xolo, meore mxriv, XIX-
XX saukuneebis mijnis winare xanebSi, anu manamde, sanam jer qarTvelTa
Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis, xolo Semdeg xel-
nawerTa erovnuli centris wignTsacavSi moxvdeboda.
sakiTxis Seswavlis am etapze, arc imis Tqma ar SemiZlia, Tu konkre-
tulad, romel eklesiasa Tu monasterSi inaxeboda efrem mciris
homiletikuri krebuli XIV-XV saukuneebSi anu im periodSi, roca is
wmedisZeTa feodaluri saxlis sakuTrebas warmodgenda. Tumca ki,
wmedisZeTa sagvareulos gansaxlebis geografiis gaTvaliswinebiT,
vfiqrob, savsebiT cxadia, rom aRniSnul qronologiur monakveTSi es
xelnaweri wigni taos provinciis erT-erT eklesiasa Tu monasterSi
iyo davanebuli.
Tu es mosazreba sworia da efrem mciris homiletikuri krebuli
XIV-XV saukuneebSi namdvilad taos provinciis erT-erT eklesiasa Tu
monasterSi inaxeboda, maSin dgindeba, rom is istoriul tao-klar-
jeTTan raime saxiT dakavSirebuli, Cvenamde moRweuli sakmaod mcire-
ricxovani qarTuli xelnaweri wignebis ricxvs miekuTvneba, rac aqamde
samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis srulebiT ucnobi iyo.54
maSasadame, irkveva, rom XI saukunis miwuruls Sav mTaze efrem mc-
irisa da sxva sami qarTveli mwignobris mier gadawerili efrem mciris
homiletikuri krebuli XIV-XV saukuneebSi wmedisZeTa feodaluri sax-
lis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda da am sagvareulos kuTvnil erT-erT
savaneSi anu taos provinciaSi mdebare, jerjerobiT, daudgenel ekle-
siasa Tu monasterSi inaxeboda. sakiTxis Seswavlis am etapze, ucnobia,
Tu zustad, rodis da ra viTarebaSi aRmoCnda es xelnaweri wigni Savi
54
tao-klarjeTi, xelnaweri memkvidreoba, Semdgenlebi vladimer kekelia,
nikoloz JRenti, dali CitunaSvili, Temo jojua (Tbilisi-baTumi, 2012).
266 Temo jojua
mTidan (XI s-is miwuruli) taoSi (XIV-XV ss.), an kidev, ra Tavgadasavali

gadaxda mas taodan (XIV-XV ss.) qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gama-
vrcelebeli sazogadoebis wignTsacavSi moxvedramde (XIX-XX ss-is mi-
jna).
efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №1 da №2 minawerebi, wme-
disZeTa feodaluri saxlis garda, fanaskertelTa aristokratuli
sagvareulos istoriis Sesaxebac saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis. davi-
wyeb imiT, rom №1 minawerSi moxseniebulia boco wmedisZis suzereni
amirRambar I fanaskerteli, romelic, mefe giorgi V brwyinvales-
Tan erTad, bocos Seix hasan bozorgTan gagzavnis inciatori iyo da
romelmac, yara daras brZolidan dabrunebul vasalsa da mis Svilebs,
gaweuli erTguli samsaxuris sanacvlod, àma soflis didi pativi~ mia-
go anu uzarmazari wyaloba uboZa: `...da boco, romeli Seiba urdos da...
movida Sina... da patronman amirRambar ama soflisa didiTa pativiTa
mas da misTa SvilTa apativa~.
zemoT ukve aRvniSne, rom №1 minawerSi moxseniebuli amirRambar I
fanaskerteli cnobili istoriuli piria. misi saxeli moxseniebulia
ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris kuTvnili XI saukunis svi-
naqsris №105 aRapSi, romelic sakuTriv amirRambar I-saTvis aris gan-
wesebuli: `[Tuesa dekenbersa z (7)]. amasve dResa wirva¡ da panaS¢di sau-
kuno¡ fanaskertelisa amirRambarisi, Seundven RmerTman~.55 garda
amisa, zemoT isic aRvniSne, rom amirRambar I, №105 aRapis garda, sa-
varaudod, moxseniebulia kidev erT werilobiT ZeglSi – imave ieru-
salimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris svinaqsris №250 aRapSi, romelic
vinme `fanaskertelis~ Tanamecxedris rusudanisaTvis aris ganwese-
buli: `[Tuesa ivnissa id (12)]. am(a)sve dResa wirva¡ da aRapi saukuno¡
fanaskertelisa colisa rusudanisa, Seundven RmerTman~.56
amirRambar I fanaskertelTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs pirvelad
citirebuli aRapebis teqstebis gamomcemeli elene metreveli Seexo.
mkvlevarma 1962 wels gamocemul wignSi `masalebi ierusalimis qar-
Tuli koloniis istoriisaTvis~ Tavdapirvelad gamoTqva mosazreba,
rom amirRambar I-isaTvis ganwesebuli №105 aRapi dawerilia imave
xeliT, romeli xeliTac svinaqsris №22, №29, №30, №53, №97, №121,
№192 da №250 aRapebia Sesrulebuli. amis Semdeg elene metrevelma
55
metreveli, masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis, 88, 145-6.
56
iqve, 102.
dawvrilebiT Seiswavla dasaxelebul rva aRapSi moxseniebuli isto-

riuli pirebis: mandaturTuxuces beqa jayelis vaJebis – yvaryvaresa
(№53) da Salvas (№22), vinme fanaskertelis Tanamecxedris rusudanis
(№250), mirian kopaisZis (№192), patrik kopaisZisa da misi Tanamecx-
edris vaxaxis (№121), aTabag-amirspasalar SanSe II mxargrZelis Zmebis
– vahramisa (№30) da aRbuRas (№29), sargis Tmogvelis Tanamecxedris
Tamarisa da dedis xaTuTas (№97) cxovreba-moRvaweobasTan dakavSire-
buli sakiTxebi da es rvave aRapi, maTTan erTad ki, CvenTvis saintereso
№105 aRapic, XIV saukunis I naxevriT daaTariRa. sabolood, mkvlevarma
daaskvna, rom amirRambar I XIV saukunis I naxevarSi moRvaweobda, XIII sau-
kunis miwurulisa da XIV saukunis damdegis cnobili istoriuli moR-
vaweeebis – taos erisTavis Taya I fanaskertelisa da mandaturTuxuces
beqa jayelis momdevno Taobas ekuTvnoda da imave mandaturTuxuces
beqa jayelis vaJebis Tanamedrove iyo. garda amisa, elene metrevelma
iqve gamoTqva varaudi, rom dasaxelebuli rva aRapidan erT-erTSi –
№250-e aRapSi moxseniebuli vinme fanaskertelis Tanamecxedre rusu-
dani swored amirRambar I-is meuRle unda yofiliyo.57
elene metrevelis Semdeg amirRambar I fanaskertelTan dakavSire-
bul sakiTxebs nodar SoSiaSvili Seexo. mkvlevarma 1986 wels dabeWdil
saenciklopedio statiaSi `fanaskerteli Taya~ aramxolod gaiziara
elene metrevelis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom taos erisTavi Taya
I fanaskerteli da amirRambar I erTmaneTis momdevno or Taobas ekuT-
vnodnen, aramed, erTgvarad, ganavrco kidec es mosazreba da Tavis
mxriv, gamoTqva axali mosazreba, rom amirRambar I Taya I-is vaJi unda
yofiliyo.58
amirRambar I fanaskertelis sakiTxs elene metrevelisa da nodar
SoSiaSvilis Semdeg darejan kldiaSvilic Seexo. mkvlevarma 2002 wels
gamoqveynebul statiaSi `sinas sulTa matiane. fanaskertel-ciciS-
vilTa saqtitoro moRvaweoba wminda miwasa da sinaze~, erTi mxriv, sru-
lad gaiziara elene metrevelis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom amir-
Rambar I XIV saukunis I naxevris moRvawe iyo, meore mxriv, gaiTvaliswina
Tavis 1986 wels dabeWdil wignSi `Tislisa da xaxulis xelnawerebis
minawerebi~ miRebuli daskvna, rom taos erisTavi Taya I fanaskerteli
57
iqve, 124-7, 132, 136-7, 144, 150-1, 162, 170.
58
nodar SoSiaSvili, `fanaskerteli Taya~, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 10
(Tbilisi, 1986), 217.
268 Temo jojua
XIII saukunis bolo meoTxedsa da XIV saukunis damdegs (1313 wlis axlox-
anebSi) moRvaweobda59 da statiisaTvis darTul fanaskertel-ciciS-
vilTa XII-XVI saukuneebis genealogiur cxrilSi Taya I da amirRambar I
erTi da imave Taobis warmomadgenlebad, ufro zustad ki, XIII saukunis
I naxevarsa da SuaxanebSi moRvawe grigol fanaskertelis vaJebad da
Sesabamisad, erTmaneTis Zmebad warmoadgina, romelTa Sorisac Taya I
ufros, xolo amirRambar I umcros Zmad miiCnia. amasTan, rogorc Cans,
mkvlevari Taya I-isa da amirRambar I-is naTesauri urTierTkavSiris
miseuli sqemis marTebulobaSi bolomde ar iyo darwmunebuli da ami-
tom am naTesauri urTierTkavSiris maCvenebeli xazebi genalogiur
cxrilSi ara uwyveti, aramed wyvetili xazebiT aRniSna.60
efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №1 minaweri, erTi mxriv,
mTlianad adasturebs elene metrevelis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas,
romlis Tanaxmadac amirRambar I fanaskerteli XIV saukunis I naxevris
moRvawe iyo, xolo, meore mxriv, mniSvnelovnad azustebs am sakmaod
vrcel qronologiur monakveTs da gvauwyebs, rom amirRambar I misi va-
salis boco wmedisZis 1336 wels gamarTuli yara daras brZolidan Sin
dabrunebis dros anu imave 1336 wels cocxali iyo, bocos `patronad~
anu suzerenad iwodeboda da didi albaTobiT, fanaskertelTa feoda-
luri saxlis Tavkacobasac flobda.
cota ufro sxvagvarad dgas Taya I da amirRambar I fanaskertelebis
naTesauri urTierTkavSiris sakiTxi, romlis Taobazec, erTi mxriv,
elene metrevelsa da nodar SoSiaSvils, xolo, meore mxriv, dare-
jan kldiaSvils erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi aqvT
gamoTqmuli: elene metrevelisa da nodar SoSiaSvilis azriT, Taya I da
amirRambar I erTmaneTis momdevno or Taobas ekuTvnodnen da savarau-
dod, mama-Svili iyvnen, darejan kldiaSvilis mier kiTxvis niSnis qveS
gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad ki, Taya I da amirRambar I erTsa da
59
Tislisa da xaxulis xelnawerebis minawerebi (masalebi XIII-XVI saukuneebis
samxreT saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis), teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva
da saZieblebi daurTo darejan kldiaSvilma (Tbilisi, 1986), gv. 57-8.
60
darejan kldiaSvili, `sinas sulTa matiane, fanaskertel-ciciSvilTa
saqtitoro moRvaweoba wminda miwasa da sinaze~, anamki, istoriul-filologiuri
Ziebani (Tbilisi, 2002), 217-8, fanaskertel-ciciSvilTa genealogia XII-XVI
saukuneebSi. Sdr. darejan kldiaSvili, qarTuli samonastro sulTa matianeebi,
wgn. I, sinas wm. ekaterines monastris qarTvelTa eklesiis sulTa matiane (Tbilisi,
2008), 73-4, fanaskertel-ciciSvilTa genealogia XII-XVI saukuneebSi.
imave Taobas ekuTvnodnen da Zmebi iyvnen. Cemi dakvirvebiT, Taya I-isa

da amirRambar I-is naTesauri urTierTkavSiris sakiTxis metnaklebad
argumentirebulad gadaWrisaTvis, saWiroa, jer SeZlebisdagvarad
zustad ganvsazRvroT, Tu rodis moRvaweobdnen isini.
Taya I fanaskerteli dReisaTvis cnobil sam qarTul da erT somxur
werilobiT ZeglSia moxseniebuli. movitan am werilobiTi Zeglebis Se-
sabamis fragmentebs:
1. qarTveli anonimi JamTaaRmwerlis mier 1336 wlis Semd-
gom xanebSi Sedgenili àswlovani matianis~ erT-erTi fragmenti,
romelSic mcireazieli momTabare Turqi sardlis azat-moses mier
1298 wels taoSi mowyobili I laSqrobis ambebia gadmocemuli61: àmaT
61
JamTaaRmwerlis àswlovan matianeSi~ azat-moses mier taoSi mowyobili ori
laSqrobis ambebia moTxrobili. amasTan, TxzulebaSi dasaxelebuli laSqrobebis
TariRi miTiTebuli ar aris da mxolod isaa naTqvami, rom azat-mosem I laSqroba
Semodgomaze, xolo II laSqroba momdevno wlis zafxulSi moawyo. `JamTaaRmwereli~,
qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT simon
yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959), 310-5. Sdr. JamTaaRmwereli, àswlovani
matiane~, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada giuli alasaniam, qarTlis cxovreba
(Tbilisi, 2008), 641-5. qarTul istoriografiaSi azat-moses laSqrobebis
qronologiis Sesaxeb ramdenime gansxvavebuli mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli. devi
berZeniSvili, `fanaskertelTa feodaluri sagvareulos istoriidan (weraqvis
ucnob warwerasTan dakavSirebiT~, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis krebuli,
I (Tbilisi, 1960), 103; giorgi anCabaZe, `samxreT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis brZola
mcireaziuri momTabare tomebis winaaRmdeg~, didgori, istoriuli samecniero-
popularuli krebuli (Tbilisi, 1991), 52-7; guliko mWedliZe, gudarexis
monasteri, qvemo qarTlis samonastro senioriebis istoriidan (Tbilisi, 2009), 33;
da sxv. Cemi dakvirvebiT, am mosazrebebs Soris yvelaze ufro argumentirebuli
da damajerebelia meri Saduris mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba, romelic man 1976
wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi `cnobebi Turquli tomebisa da xalxebis Sesaxeb
JamTaaRmwerlis TxzulebaSi~ warmoadgina. mkvlevarma dasaxelebul publikaciaSi
Tavdapirvelad yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom JamTaaRmwerlis àswlovan
matianeSi~ azat-moses laSqrobebis amsaxveli epizodi, erTi mxriv, monRolebis
mier aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo taxtze, daviT VIII-is (1293-1311 ww.) nacvlad,
vaxtang III-is dasmis epizodis Semdeg, xolo, meore mxriv, ilxanTa yaenis yazanis
(1295-1304 ww.) mier egviptis sasulTnos winaaRmdeg mowyobili laSqrobebis
epizodamdea warmodgenili. amis Semdeg meri Sadurma gaiTvaliswina is garemoeba,
rom mefe vaxtang III-em aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo taxti 1298 wels daikava,
xolo yaenma yazanma egviptis sasulTnos winaaRmdeg 1299 wels gailaSqra da
sabolood, azat-moses I laSqroba 1298 wlis SemodgomiT, xolo II laSqroba
1299 wlis zafxuliT daaTariRa. meri Saduri, `cnobebi Turquli tomebisa da
270 Temo jojua
JamTa gamoCndes Turqni saberZneTs myofni, romelni daemk¢drnes

zafxulis mTaTa parxlisaTa da zamTris maxlobelad pontosa.
da Sekrba viTar samoci aTasi, romlisa Tavad iyo azat-mose, kaci
m£ne da Zlieri. ese azat-mose warmovida yovliTa ZaliTa misiTa
moo£rebad yovlisa saqarTvelosa. da viTar moiwia basians da taos,
iwyo mZ¢nvared o£reba, £oca da klva; esodeni suli mosra da tyue
iqmna, viTarmed SeuZlebel ars moTxroba, viTar berni, yrmani da
Wabukni uwyalod moisrvodes, da CC¢lTa yrmaTa dedisa ZuZuTa Sina
mohklvidian. rameTu ara hgonebdes TurqTa gamoCenasa, amisT¢s
yoveli sofeli taosa SeuZravad daxuda, da vera-sada-vin ivltoda.
amisT¢s uricxuni moisrnes, da esezom moo£rda tao, romel vaSlova-
niT warsrulni Turqni STavides murRuls da nigalis£evs uvalTa
adgilTa, romelni moisrnes £er£emelis-ZeTa aznaurTagan. maSin eri-
sTavi taosa Taya fanaskerteli uRono iyo, simcrosaT¢s laSqrisa,
garna egreca mcire wyoba yo cixisa TorTomis Zirsa da didad avno.
garna sididisaT¢s TurqTasa queyaniT misiT ver ganasxa, aramed
Turqni umetes ganZ¢ndes da moao£rebdes taosa~.62
2. somexi mwignobris hovhanesis mier taos provinciis sofel Sik-
bakSi gadawerili 1313 wlis somxuri saxarebis anderZi: `dideba [Rmer-
Ts]... vinc me uRirssa da codvils damasrulebina es wm. saxarebis wigni,
somxuri aTvlis `Ckb~ (1313 w.), `¯~ (8) seqtembers, somxebze oSinis me-
fobisas da ufal kostantines kaTalikosobisas, taos qveyanaSi, paron
Tayas mier qveynis flobis dros, sofelSi, romelsac hqvia Sikbaki...~63
3. ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris svinaqsris XIII sau-
kunis miwuruliTa da XIV saukunis I meoTxediT daTariRebuli №65
aRapi64: `[Tuesa noenbersa id (14)]. am(a)T w(mida)Ta marxv(a)Ta qristes
xalxebis Sesaxeb JamTaaRmwerlis TxzulebaSi~, jevanmardi, I (Tbilisi, 1976), 36-

8. winamdebare naSromSi meri Saduris mier SemoTavazebul daTariRebebs srulad
viziareb da azat-moses mier taoSi mowyobili, CvenTvis saintereso I laSqrobis
qronologias 1298 wliT ganvsazRvrav.
62
`JamTaaRmwereli~, 310-11. Sdr. JamTaaRmwereli, àswlovani matiane~, 641-2.
63
somxur xelnawerTa XIV-XV saukuneebis anderZebis (hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Zveli somxuridan Targmna, Sesavali, komentarebi da
SeniSvnebi daurTo aleqsandre abdalaZem (Tbilisi, 1978), 19.
64
№65 aRaps TariRi ar uzis. mis qronologiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
elene metrevelis mier aris Seswavlili. mkvlevarma 1962 wels dabeWdil wignSi
`masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis~ Tavdapirvelad
gaarkvia, rom №65 aRapi dawerilia imave xeliT, romeli xeliTac Sesrulebulia
Sobis(a)Ta da w(mida)Ta didTa m(a)rxv(a)Ta y(ovel)Ta S(a)b(a)T-k(¢ria)

keTa da t(a)Zrad miyv(a)neb(a)sa x(a)reb(a)d da didsa xuTSab(a)Tsa
gag¢Cenia evagresi, rusudanesT¢s da Taya f(a)nask(e)rt(e)lisT(¢)s.
gav(a)CineT C(ue)n, j(ua)risa m(a)m(a)m(a)n s¢m(o)[n] [e]lmeliqis Z(e)m(a)n,
m(o)ZR(ua)rm(a)n aRdg(o)m(is)am(a)n, d(e)k(a)n(o)zm(a)n da ierus(a)lims da
j(ua)rs my(o)fTa Zm(a)Ta erT[su]l(o)biT. gamoegzavna didsa daWir(e)
basa Sig(a)n dem(e)tre m(e)fisa as(u)lsa rusud(a)ns da Taya f(a)nask(e)
rt(e)lsa S¢di[a]T(a)si TeTri da amisT(¢)s m(a)TT(¢)s s(a)l(o)c(a)v(a)d,
rome S(emdgoma)d g(a)mowirvisa T¢To sefiskuÀri da T¢To¡ s(a)sum(e)
li R¢no¡ erTobilsa kr(e)b(u)lsa miecem(o)des da m(a)TT(¢)s S(e)nd(o)
b(a)sa ity(o)den – S(a)b(a)Tsa rusud(a)nisaT(¢)s da k(¢ria)kesa TayasT(¢)
s. da aTasi TeTri sx(u)a¡ g(a)moegz(a)vna m(a)Tve sap(a)naS¢ded, r(o)
me t(a)Zr(a)d miyv(a)n(e)b(a)d rusud(a)nisT(¢)s g(a)rdai£d(e)b(o)des
da Tevdor(o)b(a)d Tay(a)sT(¢)s misiTa g(a)ng(e)biTa. da vinca ese g(a)
rdaagdos r(a)¡sca miz(e)z(i)s(a)T(¢)s sadamdis q(a)rTv(e)lni iyvn(e)n,
unawilomcaa q(ris)t(e)sg(a)n~.65
4. gudarexis monastris mTavari taZris, wm. giorgis eklesiis
samxreT kedelze amokveTili 1310-1330-iani wlebis saaRmSeneblo
warwera:66 `s(a)x(eliT)a R(mrTisa¡)Ta da me[oxebiTa wmidisa g(iorg)i mTa]
imave svinaqsris №206, №227, №239 da №256 aRapebi. amis Semdeg elene metrevelma
yuradReba miaqcia im garemoebas, rom dasaxelebuli oTxi aRapi XIII-XIV saukuneebSi
moRvawe cnobili istoriuli pirebis – aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefis vaxtang
III-isa da misi Tanamecxedris rifsime SaburisZisaTvis (№206), jvris monastris
winamZRvris solomonisaTvis (XIII s-is miwur. – 1300-iani ww.) (№227), dasavleT
saqarTvelos mefis konstantinesa (1293 w. – 1336 w-is Semdg. xan.) (№239) da wm. luka
ierusalimelisaTvis († 1273 w.) (№256) aris ganwesebuli da sabolood, daaskvna,
rom es oTxive aRapi, maTTan erTad ki, CvenTvis saintereso №65 aRapic, XIII
saukunis miwurulsa da XIV saukunis I meoTxedSia dawerili. metreveli, masalebi
ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis, 41-3, 100, 97-8, 102, 164, 168-9, 172.
winamdebare naSromSi elene metrevelis mier SemoTavazebul daTariRebas srulad
viziareb da №65 aRapis qronologias XIII saukunis miwuruliTa da XIV saukunis I
meoTxediT ganvsazRvrav.
65
iqve, 85.
66
gudarexis monastris wm. giorgis eklesiis saaRmSeneblo warweras TariRi ar
uzis. misi qronologia bolo drois samecniero publikaciebSi 1280-iani wlebiT
(guliko mWedliZe, `gudarexis monastris maSenebeli – rusudan dedofali~,
mravalTavi, filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani, XVII (Tbilisi, 1992), 150-1), XIII
saukunis miwuruliTa da XIV saukunis dasawyisiTa (valeri silogava, `qvemo qarTlis
warwerebi (zogadi mimoxilva)~, dmanisi, II (Tbilisi, 2000), 227-8, 249) da 1306-1320
272 Temo jojua
r mowamisa¡Ta. aeSene w(mid)a ese ekl[esia w(midi)sa g(iorg)isi £eliT]a
wlebiT (mWedliZe, gudarexis monasteri, qvemo qarTlis samonastro senioriebis

istoriidan, 27-34) aris gansazRvruli. am sam TariRs Soris pirveli TariRi –
1280-iani wlebi guliko mWedliZes ekuTvnis. mkvlevarma 1992 wels gamoqveynebul
statiaSi `gudarexis monastris maSenebeli – rusudan dedofali~ warweraSi
moxseniebuli dedofali rusudani aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefis demetre II-
is asul rusudanTan gaaigiva, romelic ilxanTa saxelmwifos didmoxelis buRas
vaJze iyo gaTxovili da daaxloebiT, 1284-1289 wlebSi urdoSi imyofeboda.
paralelurad amisa, guliko mWedliZem warweraSi gadmocemuli wm. giorgis
eklesiis agebis ambavi, raime argumentaciis motanis gareSe, dedofal rusudanis
urdoSi yofnis periods miakuTvna da rogorc taZris, ise misi saaRmSenebelo
warweris qronologia, daaxloebiT, 1284-1289 wlebiT gansazRvra. mWedliZe,
`gudarexis monastris maSenebeli – rusudan dedofali~, 150-1. g. mWedliZis Semdeg
gudarexis monastris wm. giorgis saaRmSeneblo warweris daTariRebis sakiTxs
valeri silogava Seexo. mkvlevarma 2000 wels dabeWdil narkvevSi `qvemo qarTlis
warwerebi~ Tavdapirvelad srulad gaiziara guliko mWedliZis mier gamoTqmuli
mosazreba, rom warweraSi moxseniebuli dedofali rusudani da mefe demetre
II Tavdadebulis asuli rusudani erTi da igive piria. amis Semdeg mkvlevarma
gaiTvaliswina is garemoeba, rom mefe demetre II-is asuli rusudani werilobiT
ZeglebSi XIII saukunis bolosa da XIV saukunis dasawyisis ambebTan dakavSirebiT aris
moxseniebuli da sabolood, rusudanis mier agebuli wm. giorgis eklesia, masTan
erTad ki, taZris saaRmSeneblo warwerac, guliko mWedliZisagan gansxvavebiT,
1290-iani wlebiTa da XIV saukunis dasawyisiT daaTariRa. silogava, `qvemo qarTlis
warwerebi (zogadi mimoxilva)~, 227-8, 249. v. silogavas Semdeg gudarexis monastris
wm. giorgis eklesiis saaRmSeneblo warweris qronologiis sakiTxs kidev erTxel
Seexo guliko mWedliZe, romelmac 2009 wels gamocemul wignSi `gudarexis
monasteri~ gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, axali mosazreba gamoTqva.
amjerad mkvlevarma sakuTari mosazrebis amosaval wertilad aiRo pirvelad
valeri silogavas mier SeniSnuli faqti, rom warweris teqstSi dedofal rusudanis
Tanamecxedre Taya I fanaskerteli gardacvlilad aris moxseniebuli. amis Semdeg
guliko mWedliZem JamTaaRmwerlis àswlovan matianeSi~ gadmocemuli, zemoT ukve
ganxiluli istoriuli faqti – Taya I-sa da azat-moses Soris TorTumis cixesTan
gamarTuli brZola, raime argumentaciis motanis gareSe, 1306 wliT daaTariRa da
Sesabamisad, Taya I-is gardacvalebis qveda qronologiuri zRvari imave 1306 wliT
gansazRvra. paralelurad amisa, mkvlevarma yuradReba gaamaxvila im faqtze,
rom dedofali rusudani, misi dakvirvebiT, daaxloebiT, 1273-1274 wlebSi iyo
dabadebuli da gamoTqva mosazreba, rom am ukanasknels, savaraudod, 1320-ian
wlebamde unda ecocxla. sabolood, guliko mWedliZem erTmaneTs Seupirispira
warweraSi moxseniebuli dedofali rusudanisa da Taya I-is gardacvalebis mis mier
dadgenilili TariRebi, erTi mxriv, 1320-iani wlebis winare xanebi, xolo, meore
mxriv, 1306 wlis Semdgomi periodi da sabolood, rogorc gudarexis monastris
wm. giorgis eklesiis, ise misi saaRmSeneblo warweris qronologia 1306-1320
c(o)dv(i)lisa [--] WiWaforisZi[sa¡]Ta, sal[ocve]lad da sad[i]deb(e)lad
wlebiT gansazRvra. mWedliZe, gudarexis monasteri, qvemo qarTlis samonastro

senioriebis istoriidan, 27-34. gudarexis monastris wm. giorgis eklesiis
saaRmSeneblo warweris daTariRebis Taobaze me sakmaod gansxvavebuli mosazreba
maqvs. daviwyeb imiT, rom gansaxilvel sakiTxze msjelobisas, pirvel rigSi,
srulad viziareb guliko mWedliZisa da valeri silogavas mier SemoTavazebul
sam Tezas: 1. gudarexis monastris wm. giorgis eklesiis saaRmSeneblo warweraSi
moxseniebuli dedofali rusudani da mefe demetre II-is asuli rusudani erTi
da igive piria (g. mWedliZe); 2. gansaxilvel warweraSi taZris aRmSenebeli
dedofali rusudani da misi Svilebi cocxlebad arian dasaxelebuli, Taya I ki
gardacvliladaa moxseniebuli (v. silogava); da 3. gudarexis monastris wm. giorgis
eklesiisa da misi saaRmSeneblo warweris qronologiis gansazRvrisas erT-erT
umTavres amosaval wertilad Taya I-isa da dedofali rusudanis gardacvalebis
miaxloebiTi TariRebi unda aviRoT (g. mWedliZe). garda amisa, gansaxilvel
sakiTxze msjelobisas, damatebiT, warmovadgen kidev sam Tezas, romlebic
uSualod me mekuTvnis: 1. JamTaaRmwerlis àswlovan matianeSi~ gadmocemul
istoriul faqts – Taya I-sa da azat-moses Soris TorTumis cixesTan gamarTul
brZolis ambavs adgili hqonda 1298 wels, rogorc es meri Saduris mier aris
garkveuli da ara 1306 wels, rogorc es guliko mWedliZes miaCnda (amis Sesaxeb
vrclad ix. zemoT). Sesabamisad, dgindeba, rom Taya I JamTaaRmwerlis TxzulebaSi
ara 1306 wlis, aramed 1298 wlis ambebTan dakavSirebiT aris moxseniebuli; 2. Taya I
Cvenamde moRweul werilobiT ZeglebSi cocxlad ukanasknelad moxseniebulia 1313
wlis somxuri saxarebis zemoTmotanili anderZis teqstSi da ara JamTaaRmwerlis
àswlovan matianeSi~, rogorc amas guliko mWedliZe fiqrobda. Sesabamisad, Taya
I-is gardacvalebis qveda qronologiuri zRvari ara 1306 wliT, aramed 1310-
iani wlebiT unda ganisazRvros; da 3. elene metrevelis gamoTvliT, dedofali
rusudani, daaxloebiT, 1272-1273 wlebis Semdgom periodSi iyo dabadebuli.
metreveli, masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis, 136.
aRniSnuli faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrob, bevrad ufro logikuri iqneba,
Tuki dedofali rusudanis gardacvalebis zeda qronologiur zRvars 1330-
iani wlebiT ganvsazRvravT da ara 1320-iani wlebiT, rogorc amas g. mWedliZe
fiqrobda. marTlac, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki dedofali rusudanis gardacvalebis
zeda qronologiur zRvars 1330-ian wlebze davdebT, rogorc amas me vfiqrob,
maSin gamova, rom rusudani 50-55 welze meti xnis asakSi gardaicvala, rac savsebiT
realuri Cans, xolo Tuki dedofali rusudanis gardacvalebas, yvelaze gvian,
1320 wliT gansvsazRvravT, rogorc amas g. mWedliZe gvTavazobs, maSin gamova, rom
rusudani gardacvalebis dros, maqsimum, 45 wlisa iyo, rac naklebad sarwmunoa.
amgvarad, winamdebare naSromSi srulad viTvaliswineb zemoT ganxilul eqvs Tezas,
romelTagan pirveli sami Teza guliko mWedliZesa da valeri silogavas ekuTvnis,
bolo sami Teza ki Cems mier aris motanili, am eqvs Tezaze dayrdnobiT, erTgvarad
vazusteb bolo periodis samecniero publikaciebSi gudarexis monastris wm.
giorgis eklesiasa da misi saaRmSeneblo warweris qronologiis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul
274 Temo jojua
d(e)d(a)T[a mn]aT(o)bis rusu[da]n dedoflisa da SvilTa m[isTa dRegrZ]

elobisa[Tu]is, s(u)lisa T(a)y(a)is(a)[T(ui)s]. e[se] ekl(e)s(ia)¡ me, gl(a)
x(a)km[an] ant(o)ni [m(a)ng]l(el)m(a)n v(a)k(u)r[Tx]e ufas(o)d, s(a)l(o)
cv[elad] s(u)lisa C[emisaTuis]~.67
Taya I fanaskertelis saxelTan dakavSirebuli oTxi werilobiTi
Zeglis Sesabamisi fragmentebis citirebis Semdeg aucileblad unda
Sevexo kidev erT werilobiT Zegls – vaCeZoris monastris nangrevebSi
mikvleul 1306 wlis egvteris saaRmSeneblo warweras, romlis erT-
erT, dazianebul fragmentSi, zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, Taya I-ia mox-
seniebuli.
vaCeZoris monastris saaRmSeneblo warweris teqsti misma aRmom-
Cenma da pirvelmkvlevarma eqvTime TayaiSvilma 1908 wels gamocemul
wignSi àrqeologiuri eqspedicia kola-olTisSi da CanglSi 1907 wels~
Semdegi saxiT waikiTxa: `q. qarTvelTa da afxazTa mefisa dimitris
asul(isa)... (patroni)sa rusudanisa dauTaveT (?) y(ovliTa) da maTiTa
safaso¡Ta aReSena ekuteri ese saxelsa zeda yovlad wmidisa RmrTis
mSobelisasa, moZRurobasa Sina uC... goderZis Zisa, qronikonsa fkv
(1306 w.), £eliTa ...a cxo...~68
mogvianebiT, elene metrevelma 1962 wels dabeWdil wignSi `masale-
bi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis~ gamoTqva varaudi,
rom vaCeZoris monastris saaRmSeneblo warweris I nawilis dazianebul
monakveTze, SesaZloa, ikiTxeboda sityvebi – `[fanaskerteli]sa ru-
sudanisa da¢Tv (?) T[a]y[a]~ da ara sityvebi – `(patroni)sa rusudanisa
dauTaveT (?) y(ovliTa)~, rogorc amas eqvTime TayaiSvili pirobiTi aR-
dgenebiT, kiTxvis niSnis qveS kiTxulobda.69
elene metrevelis mier gamoTqmuli varaudi, rom vaCeZoris monas-
tris saaRmSeneblo warweris dazianebul adgilas, SesaZloa, ikiTxe-
boda ori sityva – `fanaskertelisa~ da `Taya~, erTi mxriv, srulad
gaiziara, xolo, meore mxriv, kidev ufro ganavrco guliko mWedliZem.
mosazrebebs da rogorc am taZris agebas, ise warweris amokveTas, 1310-1330-iani

wlebiT vaTariReb.
67
silogava, `qvemo qarTlis warwerebi (zogadi mimoxilva)~, 249.
68
eqvTime TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri eqspedicia kola-olTisSi da CanglSi 1907
wels (parizi, 1938), 58. Sdr.: eqvTime TayaiSvili, àrqeologiuri eqspedicia kola-
olTisSi da sofel CanglSi 1907 wels~, dabruneba, mravaltomeuli, 1. guram SaraZis
saerTo redaqciiT (Tbilisi, 1991), 359.
69
mkvlevarma 2009 wels gamoqveynebul wignSi `gudarexis monasteri~

aRniSnuli ori sityva, elene metrevelisagan gansxvavebiT, ara cal-
calke da Tanac, sityvebis – `rusudanisa da¢Tv (?)~ marcxniv da mar-
jvniv, aramed erTad, erTmaneTis mijriT, sityva `rusudanisa~-s Semdeg
aRadgina. garda amisa, guliko mWedliZem sityva `rusudanisa~-s Semdeg
warmodgenili gaurkveveli sityvis `da¢Tv (?)~-s pirveli ori grafema
`da~ kavSirad miiCnia, amave sityvis danarCeni sami grafema `¢Tv (?)~ si-
tyva `fanaskertelisa~-s miakuTvna, sityva `Taya~ naTesaobiT brunvaSi
gadaiyvana da sabolood, warwera Semdegi saxiT waikiTxa: `qarTvelTa
da afxazTa mefis dimitris asulisa (dedofli)sa rusudanisa da (fa-
naskertelisa Tayasa) da maTiTa safaso¡Ta aReSena ekuteri, ese saxel-
sa zeda yovladwmidisa RvTismSoblisasa, moZRvrobasa Sina... goderZis
Zisa, qronikonsa fkv (1306 w.)~.70
Cemi dakvirvebiT, vaCeZoris warweris dazianebul monakveTze Taya
I fanaskertelis gvarisa da saxelis aRdgena, hipoTeturad, savsebiT
dasaSvebia, Tumca, ki amgvari aRdgenis marTebulad miCnevisa da sab-
olood gaziarebisaTvis warweris teqstis adgilze moxilva da misi
detaluri paleografiul-teqstologiuri Seswavlaa aucilebeli.
xolo vinaidan aseTi kvleva, jerjerobiT, Catarebuli ar aris, elene
metrevelisa da guliko mWedliZis mier SemoTavazebul aRdgenebs ver
gaviziareb da winamdebare naSromSi moxmobil, Taya I-is saxelTan da-
kavSirebul werilobiT Zeglebs Soris, vaCeZoris monastris 1306 wlis
saaRmSeneblo warweris motanisagan Tavs Sevikaveb.
Taya I fanaskertelis saxelTan dakavSirebul, zemoT citirebul
qarTul da somxur werilobiT ZeglebSi misi dabadebis drois Sesaxeb
raime pirdapiri cnoba daculi ar aris. miuxedavad amisa, aRniSnuli
movlenis miaxloebiTi qronologiis gansazRvra maincadamainc rTul
amocanas ar warmoadgens. daviwyoT imiT, rom JamTaaRmwerlis àsw-
lovani matianis~ cnobiT, 1298 wlisaTvis Taya I fanaskertelis gvars
atarebda anu, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli feodaluri etiketis gaTval-
iswinebiT, fanaskertelTa feodaluri saxlis ufrosad iTvleboda,
taos provinciis umaRlesi saqveynod gamrige moxelis – erisTavis sax-
elos flobda da taoSi SemoWrili mcireazieli Turqebis winaaRmdeg
konkretul samxedro moqmedebebs axorcielebda. vfiqrob, JamTaaRmw-
70
mWedliZe, gudarexis monasteri, qvemo qarTlis samonastro senioriebis
istoriidan, 32-3.
276 Temo jojua
erlis TxzulebaSi asaxuli es realiebi calsaxad miuTiTebs im faqtze,

rom 1298 wlisaTvis Taya I, sul mcire, 19-20 wlis Wabuki mainc iyo. Sesa-
bamisad, avtomaturad dgindeba isic, rom Taya I fanaskerteli, yvelaze
gvian, 1260-1270-ian wlebSi iyo dabadebuli.
Taya I fanaskertelis dabadebis miaxloebiTi drois gansazRvrisaT-
vis aranakleb mniSvnelovania misi Tanamecxedris, aRmosavleT saqarT-
velos mefis demetre II-is asulis rusudanis dabadebis drois gaTval-
iswineba. dReisaTvis elene metrevelis mier argumentirebulad aris
garkveuli, rom rusudan bagrationi daaxloebiT, 1272-1273 wlebis
Semdgom periodSi daibada.71 marTalia, saTanado masalis uqonlobis
gamo, zustad ver vityvi, Tu Taya I rusudan bagrationze, konkretu-
lad, ramdeni wliT ufrosi iyo, Tumca, vfiqrob, savsebiT cxadia, rom
maT Soris asakobrivi sxvaoba, 20-25 welze meti ar unda yofiliyo. Sesa-
bamisad, meqanikurad dgindeba isic, rom Taya I fanaskerteli, yvelaze
adre, 1250-1260-ian wlebSi iyo dabadebuli.
amgvarad, Tuki erTmaneTs SevupirispirebT im or faqts, rom Taya I
fanaskerteli, yvelaze adre, 1250-1260-ian wlebSi, xolo, yvelaze gvi-
an, 1260-1270-ian wlebSi daibada, maSin, logikurad mivalT im saboloo
daskvnamdec, rom Taya I fanaskerteli XIII saukunis III meoTxedSi iyo
dabadebuli.
mas Semdeg, rac gavarkvie, rom Taya I fanaskerteli XIII saukunis III
meoTxedSi daibada, Sevecdebi, misi gardacvalebis miaxloebiTi droc
ganvsazRvro. Cemi dakvirvebiT, aRniSnuli sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis
ori ZiriTadi garemoebis gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro: 1. sofel SikbekSi
gadawerili 1313 wlis somxuri saxarebis anderZSi aRniSnulia, rom am
xelnaweris gadaweris dros anu 1313 wlisaTvis Taya I jer kidev cocx-
ali iyo da kvlavindeburad taos `qveynis paronis~ anu taos erisTavis
saxelos flobda. Sesabamisad, irkveva, rom Taya I 1313 wlis Semdeg anu
1310-iani wlebis Semdgom periodSi iyo gardacvlili; da 2. efrem mciris
homiletikuri krebulis #1 minawerSi 1336 wels taoSi momxdar ambebTan
dakavSirebiT, `patronad~ amirRambar I fanaskertelia moxseniebuli,
rac, Tavis mxriv, imaze miuTiTebs, rom 1336 wlisaTvis fanaskertelTa
feodaluri saxlis ufrosad ukve ara Taya I, aramed sxva piri, amirRam-
bar I iTvleboda. Sesabamisad, irkveva, rom Taya I 1336 wlamde anu 1330-
iani wlebis winare xanebSi iyo gardacvlili.
71
vfiqrob, aq warmodgenil or garemoebaze dakvirveba naTlad

aCvenebs, rom Taya I, erTi mxriv, 1310-iani wlebis Semdgom periodSi,
xolo, meore mxriv, 1330-iani wlebis winare xanebSi gardaicvala. Sesa-
bamisad, sabolood irkveva isic, XIV saukunis III meoTxedSi dabadebuli
Taya I fanaskerteli 1320-ian wlebSi, daaxloebiT, 60-70 wlis asakSi iyo
gardacvlili.
amgvarad, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, dgindeba, rom
Taya I fanaskerteli XIII saukunis II naxevrisa da XIV saukunis I meoTxe-
dis moRvawe iyo.
Taya I fanaskertelis cxovreba-moRvaweobis drois gansazRvris
Semdeg ukve amirRambar I fanaskertelis cxovreba-moRvaweobis qro-
nologiasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs Sevexebi. amirRambar I, rogorc
ukve aRvniSne zemoT, dReisaTvis cnobil sam werilobiT ZeglSia mox-
seniebuli. esenia: 1. ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris svi-
naqsris №105 aRapi; 2. imave ierusalimis jvris monastris svinaqsris
№250 aRapi; da 3. efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №1 minaweri.
garda amisa, Cven zemoT vnaxeT isic, rom dasaxelebuli sami werilo-
biTi Zeglidan pirveli ori Zegli – №105 da №250-e aRapebi, romlebic
amirRambar I-isa da misi Tanamecxedris rusudanisaTvis aris ganwese-
buli, XIV saukunis I naxevars miekuTvneba, xolo mesame werilobiTi Ze-
gli – №1 minaweri 1370-1390-ian wlebSia Sesrulebuli, Tumca mis te-
qstSi gadmocemuli, amirRambar I-Tan dakavSirebuli ambebi 1336 wliT
TariRdeba.
rogorc vxedavT, amirRambar I fanaskertelis saxelTan dakavSire-
bul, Cvenamde moRweul sam werilobiT Zegls Soris, pirveli ori weri-
lobiTi Zegli – ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris svinaqsris
№105 da №250 aRapebi, gvauwyebs, rom maT teqstebSi moxseniebuli am-
irRambar I XIV saukunis I naxevris moRvawe iyo, xolo mesame werilobi-
Ti Zegli – efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №1 minaweri am nax-
evarsaukunovan qronologiur monakveTs kidev ufro metad azustebs
da gvamcnobs, rom amirRambar I aqtiur moRvaweobas 1336 wlis axlox-
anebSi anu daaxloebiT, 1320-1340-ian wlebSi eweoda.
Tu es dakvirveba sworia da amirRambar I fanaskerteli aqtiur moR-
vaweobas marTlac XIV saukunis II meoTxedSi eweoda, maSin misi dabadebi-
sa da gardacvalebis qronologiis gansazRvra raime sirTules aRar
warmoadgens: rogorc irkveva, amirRambar I, daaxloebiT, 1290-ian wleb-
Si iyo dabadebuli da daaxloebiT, 1350-ian wlebSi iyo gardacvlili.
278 Temo jojua
amgvarad, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, dgindeba, rom

amirRambar I fanaskerteli XIII saukunis miwurulis, XIV saukunis I nax-
evrisa da imave XIV saukunis Suaxanebis moRvawe iyo.
mas Semdeg, rac Taya I da amirRambar I fanaskertelebis cxovreba-
moRvaweobis qronologia, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul, dReisaTvis
cnobil werilobiT Zeglebze dayrdnobiT, SeZlebisdagvarad zustad
ganvsazRvre, kidev erTxel vubrundebi Taya I-isa da amirRambar I-is na-
Tesauri urTierTkavSiris sakiTxs, romlis Sesaxebac samecniero lit-
eraturaSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSne zemoT, ori gansxvavebuli mosazre-
baa gamoTqmuli: elene metrevelisa da nodar SoSiaSvilis azriT, Taya
I da amirRambar I erTmaneTis momdevno or Taobas ekuTvnodnen da sa-
varaudod, mama-Svili iyvnen, darejan kldiaSvilis mier kiTxvis niSnis
qveS gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad ki, Taya I da amirRambar I erTsa
da imave Taobas ekuTvnodnen da Zmebi iyvnen.
Taya I da amirRambar I fanaskertelebis cxovreba-moRvaweobis Cems
mier gansazRvruli qronologia elene metrevelis, nodar SoSiaSvil-
isa da darejan kldiaSvilis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebebs Soris, cal-
saxad elene metrevelisa da nodar SoSiaSvilis mosazrebas uWers mxars
da TvalnaTliv aCvenebs, rom, erTi mxriv, XIII saukunis II naxevarsa da
XIV saukunis I meoTxedSi moRvawe Taya I, xolo, meore mxriv, XIII sauku-
nis miwuruls, XIV saukunis I naxevarsa da imave XIV saukunis SuaxanebSi
moRvawe amirRambar I erTmaneTis momdevno or Taobas ekuTvnodnen da
rogorc Cans, marTlac mama-Svili iyvnen.
Tu aRniSnuli daskvna sworia da amirRambar I fanaskerteli marT-
lac Taya I fanaskertelisa da Sesabamisad, misi Tanamecxedris dedo-
fali rusudanis vaJi iyo, maSin meqanikurad irkveva fanaskertelTa
feodalur saxlTan dakavSirebuli oTxi saintereso sakiTxi:
1. amirRambar I, dedis, dedofal rusudanis xaziT, lixTamerel
bagratovanTa samefo saxlis Camomavali iyo da aRmosavleT saqarT-
velos mefes, mowameobrivad aRsrulebul da wmidanad Seracxul deme-
tre II Tavdadebuls SviliSvilad ergeboda.
2. amirRambar I aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefis, saxelovani giorgi
V brwyinvalis mamidaSvili iyo da Sesabamisad, fanaskertelTa feoda-
luri saxlis sxva araerTi warmomadgenlis msgavsad, qveynis samefo
karTan axlo naTesauri kavSirurTierTobebi hqonda.
3. amirRambar I, zemoT ganxiluli sami werilobiTi Zeglis garda,
moxseniebulia kidev erT werilobiT ZeglSi – gudarexis monastris
wm. giorgis eklesiis 1310-1330-iani wlebis saaRmSeneblo warweraSi,

romlis teqstSic Taya I-isa da rusudan bagrationis Svilebi saxelis
miTiTebis gareSe arian naxsenebi.
4. amirRambar I-s hyavda, sul mcire, erTi Zma an da mainc, romlebic
gudarexis monastris wm. giorgis eklesiis 1310-1330-iani wlebis saaRm-
Seneblo warweraSi, amirRambar I-Tan erTad, oRond, am ukanasknelis ms-
gavsad, saxelis miTiTebis gareSe arian moxseniebulni.
minawerSi moxseniebuli didi taoeli feodali amirRambar I fanaskerte-
li XIII saukunis miwuruls, XIV saukunis I naxevarsa da imave XIV saukunis
SuaxanebSi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda, savaraudod, cnobili istori-
uli pirebis – XIII saukunis II naxevarsa da XIV saukunis I meoTxedSi moR-
vawe taos erisTavis Taya I fanaskertelisa da dedofal rusudan bagra-
tionis vaJi iyo, sul mcire, erTi Zma an da mainc hyavda, dedis xaziT,
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo kars enaTesaveboda da mefe demetre
II Tavdadebuls SviliSvilad, xolo mefe giorgi V brwyinvales mamidaS-
vilad ergeboda.
winamdebare naSromis bolos amirRambar I fanaskertelTan daka-
vSirebul kidev erT saintereso sakiTxs Sevexebi. dReisaTvis samec-
niero literaturaSi damkvidrebulia mosazreba, rom fanaskertelTa
feodaluri saxlis ori warmomadgeneli – XIII saukunis II naxevarsa da
XIV saukunis I meoTxedSi moRvawe, zemoT ukve araerTgzis naxsenebi
Taya I fanaskerteli da misi erT-erTi Camomavali, dReisaTvis miRebu-
li qronologiiT, XV saukunis I naxevarSi moRvawe zaza I fanaskerteli
taos provinciis umaRlesi saqveynod gamrige moxeleebi – taos eri-
sTavebi iyvnen.72
aRniSnuli garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrob, bunebrivad da-
72
berZeniSvili, `fanaskertelTa feodaluri sagvareulos istoriidan (weraqvis
ucnob warwerasTan dakavSirebiT~, 102-7; metreveli, masalebi ierusalimis
qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis, 137; Tislisa da xaxulis xelnawerebis
minawerebi (masalebi XIII-XVI saukuneebis samxreT saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis),
57-8, 63; nodar SoSiaSvili, `fanaskertelebi~, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.
10 (Tbilisi, 1986), 217; SoSiaSvili, `fanaskerteli Taya~, 217; kldiaSvili, `sinas
sulTa matiane, fanaskertel-ciciSvilTa saqtitoro moRvaweoba wminda miwasa
da sinaze~, 225, fanaskertel-ciciSvilTa genealogia XII-XVI saukuneebSi; mixeil
baxtaZe, erisTavobis instituti saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 2003), 277-80; kldiaSvili,
qarTuli samonastro sulTa matianeebi, 83, fanaskertel-ciciSvilTa genealogia
XII-XVI saukuneebSi; da sxv.
280 Temo jojua
ismis kiTxva – xom ar flobda amirRambar I fanaskerteli taos eri-

sTavis saxelos misi feodaluri saxlis sxva warmomadgenelebis – Taya
I da zaza I fanaskertelebis msgavsad?
marTalia, amirRambar I fanaskerteli mis saxelTan dakavSirebul,
dReisaTvis cnobil oTx werilobiT ZeglSi erisTavis wodebiT ar aris
moxseniebuli, magram, miuxedavad amisa, vfiqrob, rom igi taos eri-
sTavis saxelos namdvilad flobda. aRniSnuli mosazrebisaken ori
garemoeba mibiZgebs: 1. dReisaTvis cnobilia XIII-XV saukuneebSi moRvawe
taos mxolod ori erisTavi – Taya I fanaskerteli (XIII-XIV ss.) da zaza I
fanaskerteli (XV s.).73 rogorc vxedavT, taos orive erisTavi fanasker-
telTa feodaluri saxlis warmomadgeneli iyo. Sesabamisad, safiqre-
belia, rom XIII-XV saukuneebSi moRvawe taos sxva, dReisaTvis ucnobi
erisTavebic, agreTve, fanaskertelTa sagvareulos warmomadgenel-
ebi, ufro zustad ki, am feodaluri saxlis pirveli pirebi iyvnen; da
2. Cven ukve vnaxeT zemoT, rom amirRambar I-is mama Taya I taos erisTavs
saxelos flobda. imavdroulad, cnobilia, rom taos erisTavis Tanam-
debobas flobda zaza I-ic, romelic amirRambar I-is Camomavali iyo.74
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, logikuri iqneba, vifiqroT, rom amirRam-
bar I, misi mamis – Taya I-isa da Camomavlis – zaza I-is msgavsad, agreTve,
taos erisTavi iyo.
samarTlianobisaTvis aucileblad unda aRniSnos, rom mosazreba,
romlis Tanaxmadac amirRambar I fanaskerteli taos erisTavi iyo, Ce-
mamde sxva mkvlevrebis mier aris gamoTqmuli. am mkvlevarTa Soris,
pirvel rigSi, unda davasaxelo aleqsandre abdalaZe, romelmac 1978
wels gamoqveynebul wignSi `somxur xelnawerTa XIV-XV saukuneebis an-
derZebis (hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~ amirRambar
I, Taya I fanaskertelis msgavsad, taos erisTavad miiCnia: `...XIV s-is
73
kldiaSvili, `sinas sulTa matiane, fanaskertel-ciciSvilTa saqtitoro
moRvaweoba wminda miwasa da sinaze~, fanaskertel-ciciSvilTa genealogia XII-XVI
saukuneebSi; baxtaZe, erisTavobis instituti saqarTveloSi, 277-80; kldiaSvili,
qarTuli samonastro sulTa matianeebi, fanaskertel-ciciSvilTa genealogia XII-
XVI saukuneebSi.
74
kldiaSvili, `sinas sulTa matiane, fanaskertel-ciciSvilTa saqtitoro
moRvaweoba wminda miwasa da sinaze~, fanaskertel-ciciSvilTa genealogia XII-XVI
saukuneebSi; baxtaZe, erisTavobis instituti saqarTveloSi, 277-80; kldiaSvili,
qarTuli samonastro sulTa matianeebi, fanaskertel-ciciSvilTa genealogia XII-
XVI saukuneebSi.
pirvel naxevarSi taos mxolod ori erisTavi Cans, Taya da amirRambar

fanaskertelebi~.75 savaraudod, imave daskvnamde mivida nodar SoSiaS-
vilic, romelmac 1986 wels gamoqveynebul saenciklopedio statiaSi
`fanaskertelebi~ gamoTqva mosazreba, rom CvenTvis saintereso peri-
odSi taos erisTavis saxelos fanaskertelTa sagvareulos warmomad-
genlebi flobdnen: `XII-XV s[aukuneebSi] isini (fanaskertelebi – T. j.)
taos erisTavebi iyvnen~.76
samwuxarod, aleqsandre abdalaZesa da nodar SoSiaSvils sakuTari
mosazrebis dasasabuTeblad raime argumenti motanili ar aqvT. miuxe-
davad amisa, safiqrebelia, rom dasaxelebuli mkvlevrebi aRniSnuli
mosazrebis gamoTqmisas, ZiriTadad swored Cem mier zemoT moxmobil
or ZiriTad garemoebas emyarebodnen.
Tu es mosazreba sworia da amirRambar I fanaskerteli taos eri-
sTavis Tanamdebobas namdvilad flobda, maSin misi erisTavobis qro-
nologiis gansazRvra rTul amocanas ar warmoadgens. zemoT ukve
gavarkvie, rom amirRambar I XIII saukunis miwuruls, XIV saukunis I nax-
evarsa da imave XIV saukunis SuaxanebSi moRvaweobda. aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare, vfiqrob, ar Sevcdebi, Tuki amirRambar I-is erisTavobis
qronologias, misi cxovreba-moRvaweobis meore monakveTiT anu, daax-
loebiT, 1320-1350-iani wlebiT ganvsazRvrav.
maSasadame, irkveva, rom amirRambar I fanaskerteli, misi mamis, taos
erisTavis Taya I fanaskertelis msgavsad, taos erisTavi iyo da am sax-
elos 1320-1350-ian wlebSi flobda.
amiT efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulisaTvis (S-1276a) dar-
Tuli 1370-1390-iani wlebis №1 da №2 minawerebis istoriul-wyaroT-
mcodneobiT analizs vasruleb da gamovTqvam imeds, rom rogorc Ta-
vad kolofonebi, ise maTi Cemeuli kvlevis Sedegebi saintereso iqneba
iranis ilxanTa monRoluri saxelmwifosa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
samefos urTierTobebiT, agreTve, taoSi mosaxle Zveli feodaluri
saxlebis – fanaskertelebisa da wmedisZeebis XIII-XIV saukuneebis isto-
riiT dainteresebuli mkvlevrebisaTvis.
75
somxur xelnawerTa XIV-XV saukuneebis anderZebis (hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 19.
76
SoSiaSvili, `fanaskertelebi~, 217.
282 Temo jojua
Accounts About Participation of Botso Tsmedisdze,

Feudal Lord from Tao Province, Vassal of Amirgambar
I Panaskerteli, Eristavi of Tao, in the Qara Darra Battle
Faught in 1336 Between the Mongolian
Commanders-in-Chief Shaikh Hasan Bozorg, Emir of Ulus,
and Emir Ali-Padishah, Found in the Colophon (1370-90s)
From Homiletical Compilation (S-1276A) by Ephrem Mtsire
Temo Jojua
Summary
The paper deals with the results of study of two colophons executed in 1370-90
in Georgian asomtavruli script, and found in the 11th-century manuscript S-1276A,
which is a homiletical compilation by prominent Georgian bookman Ephrem Mtsire. The
manuscript is preserved at Korneli Kekelidze National Center of Manuscripts. Colophon
no.1 concerns historical and biographical issues about Botso Tsmedisdze, grandfather
of Tsmedi Tsmedisdze (41v-43r). Until recently, nothing was known about existence
of this noble family. Colophon no.2 is a supplication of the above-mentioned Tsmedi
Tsmedisdze and his mother (64r).
Of special interest is colophon no.1. It concerns a battle fought between the leaders
of two political-military groups within the Mongol-Iranian Ilkhanate with the aim to
seize state power. The rivals were, on the one hand, emir Ali-Padishah – leader of the
Mongol tribe of Oyrat, ruler of the Vilayet of Iraq, the actual ruler of contemporary Ilkhan
state, and on the other hand, Shaikh Hasan Bozorg – leader of the Mongol tribe of the
Jalayerids, ruler of the Vilayet of Rum, later on the actual ruler of Ilkhan state and founder
of the Jalayerids’ state. On 25 July, 1336 the two rulers faced each other in a battle at
Qara Darra, to the north-east of Lake Van, in Ala Dagh highland. Shaikh Hasan Bozorg
defeated Ali-Padishah, deprived Musa-khan, puppet of the latter, from the throne of the
ruler of Ilkhan state, and installed his protégé, Muhammad Khan, as the ruler.
Until recently, researchers had no idea whether or not the Georgians participated in
the battle at Qara Darra. Colophon no.1 fills the existing knowledge gap. According to
the account found in the colophon, Botso Tsmedisdze, Georgian feudal lord from Tao,
historical province in south-west Georgia, was actively involved in Qara Darra battle
under Shaikh Hasan Bozorg’s flag. Apart from that, colophon no.1 provides unique
historical evidence that emir Ali-Padishah, commander-in-chief of Musa-Khan’s troops,
was captured in the above-mentioned battle personally by Botso Tsmedisdze. In reward,
the feudal lord from Tao received lavish and countless gifts from Shaikh Hasan Bozorg.
Based on the analysis of colophon no.1 we learn that it was Amirgambar I
Panaskerteli, eristavi of Tao, who sent Botso Tsmedisdze to Shaikh Hasan Bozorg on
the order of King Giorgi V the Brilliant of East Georgia. According to colophon no.1,
Amirgambar I highly appreciated devotion of his vassal, and apart from the gifts, granted
Botso Tsmedisdze special honors, which later vested in his sons. Shortly after his return
back to the motherland, Botso Tsmedisdze died from serious bruises and multiple
fractures received in the battle.
Based on the accounts provided by colophons no.1 and no.2, principal issues
associated with activities of the noble families of the Panaskertelis and the Tsmedisdzes
during the XIII-XIV centuries, as well as relations between kingdom of East Georgia and
Ilkhanate in 1330s are studied.
Apart from the above-mentioned, several key issues have been defined in the paper,
including vassal dependence of the kingdom of East Georgia on the Mongols within
the time period under consideration. These issues are discussed in greater depth in
forthcoming publications of the author.
284 Temo jojua
sur. 1 efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №1 minaweri, striqonebi 1-12. xel-

nawerTa erovnuli centris qarTul xelnawerTa fondis S koleqcia, xelnawe-
ri N1276, 41v.
nawerTa erovnuli centris qarTul xelnawerTa fondis S koleqcia, xelnawe-
ri N
# 1276, 42r.

nawerTa erovnuli centris qarTul xelnawerTa fondis S koleqcia, xel-
naweri N
# 1276, 42v.
nawerTa erovnuli centris qarTul xelnawerTa fondis S koleqcia, xel-
naweri N
# 1276, 43r.
sur. 5 efrem mciris homiletikuri krebulis №2 minaweri. xelnawerTa erovnuli cen-
tris qarTul xelnawerTa fondis S koleqcia, xelnaweri N1276, 64r.
XI
XI-XII saukunis bizantiuri yaidis qarTuli monetebi:

mimoqcevis xasiaTi
irakli faRava, roland spanderaSvili
Sesavali
X-XII1 ss. qarTveli dinastebis mier Tavisi saxeliT monetis
gamoSveba unda CaiTvalos eris (numizmatikuri) istoriis erT-erT
yvelaze gamorCeul, SeiZleba iTqvas, TviTmyofad movlenad. erovnuli
qarTuli fulis – Tundac bizantiuri zegavleniT – xelaxali gamoCena,
im dros, rodesac qarTveli erismTavrebis mier moWrili draqmebi
(e.w. qarTul-sasanuri monetebi2) ukve TiTqmis oTxi saukunea, rac
warsuls miekuTvneboda da, safiqrebelia, aRaravis axsovda, qveynis
(qveynebis) mesveurTa mier gatarebul sagulisxmo RonisZiebas
warmoadgenda, romlis mniSvnelobac TanamedroveTaTvis, iqneb,
imaze metic iyo, vidre es dRevandel istoriografias eCvenebodes.
X-XII saukuneebSi qarTuli numizmatikuri evoluciis3 veqtorebis4
1
rogorc gairkva, daviT aRmaSenebeli bizantiuri yaidis (vlaqernis
RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebiT) safases XII saukuneSic uSvebda. Irakli Paghava, “Silver
Coinage of David IV the Builder with no Byzantine Title (Attribution, Dating, Significance),” Pro
Georgia, 22 (2012), 91-109.
2
vgulisxmobT e.w. qarTul-sasanur monetebs anu qarTveli erismTavrebis mier
sakuTari saxelisa Tu jvris (an, jvris asoebiT aRniSvnis) aRniSvniT gamoSvebul
draqmebs. axlaxan daibeWda naSromi, romelSic Zireulad gadamuSavebulia qarTul-
sasanuri safasis klasifikacia da atribuciis sakiTxebi. Irakli Paghava, George Janjgava,
“Revising Georgian-Sasanian Coinage: A New (Third) Type Drama of Gurgen,” American Journal of
Numismatics, 27 (216).
3
Sdr. irakli faRavas sadisertacio naSromi. irakli faRava, `Suasaukunovan
saqarTveloSi numizmatikuri evoluciis analizi (VIII-XIII ss.)~, sadisertacio
naSromi istoriis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis misaniWeblad, ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti (Tbilisi, 2015), 149-83, 191-95, 221-34.
4
am sakiTxs eZRvneba irakli faRavas sagangebo naSromi: irakli faRava,
`saqarTvelos gaerTianeba da numizmatikuri evoluciis veqtorebi (X s. dasasruli
– XII s. dasawyisi)~, axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo (ibeWdeba).
XI-XII saukunis bizantiuri yaidis qarTuli monetebi 287
ganxilva cdeba am statiaSi avtorebis mier deklarirebuli amocanis

farglebs. SemovifarglebiT mxolod imis aRniSvniT, Tu savaraudod
ra datvirTva hqonda iseT RonisZiebas, rogoric qarTveli
monarqebis mier sakuTari safasis moWris wamowyebaa. am etapze
ekonomikur sakiTxebs Tavi romc davaneboT, cxadia, rom samoneto
regaliis gamoyeneba warmoadgenda ara marto Suasaukunovani
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan komponents,
aramed maRali Sua saukuneebis periodis qarTveli mefe-mTavrebis
sakmaod xmamaRal ganacxads suverenobaze – da Sesabamisi ambiciis
gamoxatulebadac unda CaiTvalos.5
miT ufro sakvirvelia, rom (naxevrad-)bizantiuri tipis qarTuli
monetebis emisiis mravali aspeqti dRemde gamoukvlevia. sakmarisia
imis aRniSvna, rom dRemde ar Seqmnila aqamde dagrovili informaciis
SeZlebisdagvarad srulad momcveli, monografiuli tipis naSromi,6
romelic am sakiTxis siRrmiseulad Seswavlas mieZRvneboda.
Inter alia, daumuSaveblad gvesaxeba qarTuli monetebis am jgufis
mimoqcevis sakiTxi. am mxriv, SedarebiT meti yuradREeba eqceoda
daviT kurapalatis X saukunis dasasrulis samoneto emisias.7 rac
5
am TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli safasis (xelaxali) dabadeba SeiZleba SevadaroT
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi erovnuli fulis gaCenas, magaliTad, meSko I-is da
boleslav mamacis polonuri monetebis, aseve kievis ruseTis srebrenikebisa da
zlatnikebis gamoSvebas; ukanasknel safasesTan qarTul-bizantiur monetebs bevri
saerTo aqvs – orives bizantiuri da islamuri samoneto meurneobis zegavlena
etyoba.
6
misi Seqmnis aucilebloba mocemuli naSromis avtorebs jer kidev 2013 wels
hqondaT deklarirebuli. Irakli Paghava, Rolandi Spanderashvili, “Georgian-Byzantine Type
Coins of Giorgi II and Davit IV: New Specimens,” Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 216 (2013), 21.
amgvari naSromis SesaniSnav nimuSs warmoadgens marina sotnikovasa da ivan spasskis
mier momzadebuli kievis ruseTis (`Zvelrusuli~) monetebis SejamebiTi katalogi.
Марина Петровна Сотникова, Иван Георгиевич Спасский, Тысячелетие древнейших монет
России. Сводный каталог русских монет X-XI веков (Ленинград, 1983). amasTanave, rogorc
kievis ruseTis, aseve afxazTa samefos safase (qronologiuri, metrologiuri da
kulturologiur-religiuri TvalsazrisiT) erTmaneTs emsgavseba, da, arsebiTad,
erTi da igive (Savi zRvis auzis) regionis numizmatikur istorias Seadgens.
7
Всеволод Потин, Реваз Кебуладзе, “Монеты Давида куропалата в кладах западноевропейских
денариев,” saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademia, macne, 2 (1970), 215-20; Герман
Зимон, “Монеты Давида куропалата в музеях ГДР,” Экономика, политика и культура в свете
нумизматики. Сборник научных трудов (Ленинград, 1982), 194-200; И.Г. Добровольский, А.Н.
Молвыгин, В.М. Потин, “Новые данные о кладе Вылла (Велла),” Экономика, политика и культура
в свете нумизматики. Сборник научных трудов (Ленинград, 1982), 175-93; Tedo dundua, `X-XII
ss. qarTuli monetebi da saqarTvelos istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi~, Tbilisis iv.
288 irakli faRava, roland spanderaSvili
Seexeba ufro gviandel monetebs RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebiT,

maTdami interesi bolo dros SedarebiT gaRvivda;8 arsebobs
ganZebisa Tu calkeuli monetebis aRmoCenis faqtebisadmi miZRvnili
sakmaod mravalricxovani publikaciebic,9 magram, samwuxarod, maTi
mizandasaxuloba Zalian viwroa – sakiTxi kompleqsurad ar aris
Seswavlili.
swored aqedan gamomdinare, da axalaRmoCenili samoneto
masalis (qarTul-bizantiuri tipis safasis axali egzemplaris)
xelmisawvdomobis gaTvaliswinebiT, miznad davisaxeT – qarTveli
monarqebis bizantiuri yaidis, XI-XII saukuneebSi moWrili monetebis
mimoqcevis buneba Segveswavla. erTi axali monetis (met-naklebad
pasportizirebuli aRmoCenis) pirveladi publikaciis garda,
SevadgineT yvela cnobili aRmoCenis topografia. am sakiTxis irgvliv
Cveni msjelobis Sedegebsac warmovadgenT.
javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, 310 (1992), 18-20.

8
am safases exeba bolo wlebSi gamoqveynebuli ramdenime naSromis avtori. maia
patariZe, `daviT aRmaSeneblis vercxlis moneta mestiis muzeumidan~, saqarTvelos
erovnuli muzuemis moambe, 2 (2010), 276-84; valeri silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis
qarTuli epigrafika (Tbilisi, 2006), 223-52; Paghava, “Silver Coinage of David IV the
Builder with no Byzantine Title (Attribution, Dating, Significance)”, 91-109; Paghava, Spanderashvili,
“Georgian-Byzantine Type Coins of Giorgi II and Davit IV: New Specimens”, 21-3; Irakli Paghava,
Davit Patsia, “A New Variety of a No-Cross Type Silver Coins of Davit IV of Georgia”, Journal of
Oriental Numismatic Society, 198 (2009), 45-7; Александр Акопян, “К чтению легенд на двух
уникальных грузинских монетах,” Государственный Исторический Музей. Нумизматические
чтения 2011 года. Тезисы докладов и сообщений (Москва, 2011), 19-22.
9
Евгений Пахомов, “Неизданные грузинские монеты XI века,” Известия Кавказского Музея,
Т. 4 Вып. 1-2 (1908-1909), 150-52; Давид Капанадзе, “Неизданный вариант грузинской монеты
XI века,” Труды Абхазского института языка, литературы и истории, XXX (1959), 101-4;
Давид Капанадзе, “Новый тип монеты Давида Строителя,” Византийский временник, VIII (1956),
338-43; Константин Голенко, “Монеты из раскопок Анакопийской крепости в 1957-1958 гг.,”
Византийский временник, XXIV (1964), 159-65; Реваз Кебуладзе, “Клад из селения Цихесулори,”
Научная сессия посвященная памяти профессора Д.Г. Капанадзе. Тезисы докладов (Тбилиси,
1972), 8; Реваз Кебуладзе, “Клад из села Цихесулори,” Нумизматический сборник. Посвящается
памяти Д. Г. Капанадзе (Тбилиси, 1977), 98-108; Сергей Шамба, Денежное обращение на
территории Абхазии (V в. до н. э. - XIII в. н. э. (Тбилиси, 1987), 104-14; Izolda Tsukhishvili, George
Depeyrot, History and Coin Finds in Georgia. Late Roman and Byzantine Hoards (4th-13th c.) (Wetteren,
2003), 92-6; maia patariZe, `bagrat IV novelisimosis moneta sofel Senaqodan~,
saistorio krebuli, 1 (2011), 283-90; misive, `svaneTis numizmatikuri ganZebis
specifika~, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi, VIII (2013-2014), 184-207; silogava,
samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika, 223-52.
terminologiuri eqskursi
vfiqrobT, upriani iqneba, pirvel rigSi terminologia ganvixiloT.
rogor unda aRvniSnoT monetebi, romelic Cveni kvlevis sagans
warmoadgens?
metad gavrcelebul termins qarTul-bizantiuri monetebi
lakonurobis didi upiratesoba gaaCnia. amasTan, is iseT STabeWdilebas
tovebs, TiTqosda am safasis gamoSvebaSi bizantiis imperia ufro met
rols TamaSobda, vidre es realurad iyo.
monetebi qarTveli monarqis bizantiuri tituliT – sakmaod
damZimebulad gveCveneba; garda amisa, bizantiuri tituli, rogorc
Cans, ar aris miTiTEebuli daviT aRmaSeneblis erT unikalur monetaze,
romelic aseve vlaqernis RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebas atarebs.10
amrigad, zemoT moyvanili ori termini, Cveni azriT,
araoptimaluria. vfiqrobT, mizanSewonili iqneba gvexmara gamoTqma
bizantiuri yaidis (qarTuli) monetebi.
axlad aRmoCenili egzemplari

pirvel yovlisa, moviyvanT kidev erTi amgvari qarTuli monetis
aRwerilobas.
es aris bagrat IV-is safasis aqamde ucnobi egzemplari; moneta
miekuTvneba qarTveli monarqis im tips, romelzedac moyvanilia
bizantiuri tituli sevastosi. moneta, am jgufis sxva monetebis
msgavsad daTariREebuli ar aris, magram, titulis mixedviT, TariRdeba
1060-1072 wlebiT.11
monetis metrologia (sur 1): wona 1.74 g, kveTa 27-28 mm, siqebis
orientacia 2:45 sT-ze. monetas etyoba ormagi dartymis kvali.
Subli: wertilovan or rkals Soris wriuli qarTulenovani
legenda, asomTavruliT; iwyeba 12:15 sT-ze:
ႵႤႠႣႤႡႢႲႠႴႾႦႧႠႴႤ
anu, qaragmebis gaxsniT,
ႵრისტႤ ႠႣიდႤ ႡაႢრაႲ ႠႴႾაႦႧႠ მეႴႤ12
10
Paghava, “Silver Coinage of David IV the Builder with no Byzantine Title (Attribution, Dating,
Significance),” 91-109.
11
silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika, 234-5, 237.
12
amgvarad (Tavkidura Tanxmovnis gareSe) daqaragmebuli `mefe~ bagrat IV-is
safasis sxva egzemplarebzedac gvxvdeba. iqve, 236-7.
wriuli legenda centrSi grZeldeba:

ႣႠႱ
ႥႠႱ
ႲႭႱႤ
anu, qaragmebis gaxsniT,
ႣႠ Ⴑე/ႥႠႱ/ႲႭႱႤ
zurgi: RvTismSoblis welzeviTi gamosaxuleba, xazovani
SaravandiTa da zeaweuli xelebiT. Tavis marjvniv da marcxniv
(damaxinjebuli) berZnuli legendis narCenebia, mxolod marcxniv,
zemodan qvemoT danamdvilebiT ikiTxeba ΥΘ. irgvliv (ormagi?)
wertilovani rkali.
es moneta, iseve rogorc bizantiuri yaidis qarTuli monetebis
yvela egzemplari, did iSviaTobas warmoadgens. bagrat IV-is
sevastosis titulian13 monetebs rac Seexeba, es mxolod ocdamerve
egzemplaria;14 aqamde cnobili calebi sxvadasxva muzeumSi inaxeboda: 3
moskovis saxelmwifo istoriul muzeumSi, 1 ermitaJSi, 1 saqarTvelos
erovnul muzeumSi, danarCeni 22 lixnis ganZidan15 ki soxumSi, afxazeTis
saxelmwifo muzeumis fondebSi iyo daculi.16 axali moneta amJamad
kerZo koleqciaSi inaxeba, saqarTveloSi.17
aRmoCenis adgili da misi kavSiri bagrat IV-sTan

moneta, gadmocemiT, 1970-ian wlebSia napovni, kaxeTSi, yvarlis
municipalitetSi, mdinare bursis midamoebSi – e.w. juaris cixesTan
(rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, cixis saxelwodeba sadiskusioa).
aucileblad miviCnevT dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT XI saukuneSi am
13
saqarTveloSi sevastosis titulis Sesaxeb sagangebo (metad saintereso)
statiis avtoria leri TavaZe. leri TavaZe, `sevastosis tituli Sua saukuneebis
qarTul politikur realobaSi~, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi, II (2011),154-
84. unda aRiniSnos, rom avtorisTvis ucnobi darCa revaz qebulaZis statia
daviT aRmaSeneblis monetebze jvris gamosaxulebiT, romelzedac sevastosis
titulicaa. revaz qebulaZe, `daviT aRmaSeneblis bizantiurtituliani vercxlis
monetebi~, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XXXIX-B (1987), 45-51.
14
silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika, 235.
15
iqve.
16
samwuxaroa, rom 1992-1993 wlebis cnobili movlenebis dros ver moxerxda maTi
evakuacia. ucnobia, ramdenad Senaxulia.
17
vsargeblobT SemTxveviT da madlobas movaxsenebT mflobels publikaciis
nebarTvisaTvis.
geografiuli punqtis istoria – saqme imaSia, rom pirvelwyaroSi

dasturdeba (marTalia, ramdenadme ufro adreuli epoqisTvis) misi
uSualo kavSiri afxazTa samefosTan da bagrat IV-sTan; aRniSnuli
gamagrebuli punqti naxsenebia qarTlis cxovrebaSi, kerZod, matiane
qarTlisaSi bagrat mefis mier Tavisi uwindeli (umcrosi?)18 mokavSiris
– kaxeT-hereTis mefe gagikis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli brZolis
konteqstSi. afxazTa samefos agresia kaxeT-hereTis mimarT matianeSi
SedarebiT vrclad aris moTxrobili:
„da Semdgomad mciredisa Jamisa azraxa liparit bagrats waReba
tfilisisa. moadges tfilissa mtkuarsa amieriT, zemoT da quemoT,
afxazTa mefisa laSqarni da wyalsa imieriT, isniT kerZo, moadges
18
matiane qarTlisas mixedviT (ix. vrceli citata ZiriTad teqstSi, am sqolios
Semdeg), jer kidev mahmadianTa xelSi myofi Tbilisis alya da, sazogadod,
SemoerTebis mcdeloba, aSkarad ufro afxazTa samefos mesveurTa iniciativas
warmoadgenda, da ara kaxeT-hereTis. zogadqarTul, erovnul interess Tu
ar gaviTvaliswinebT, obieqturad, Tbilisis saamiros afxazTa samefoSi
inkorporireba kaxeT-hereTis samefosTvis sasargeblo ar unda yofiliyo.
sazogadod, Zalauneburad iqmneba iseTi STabeWdileba, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ver
gamovricxavT, rom gagikis monawileoba Tbilisis alyaSi mTlad nebayoflobiTi
arc iyo. xom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom am periodisTvis kaxeT-hereTis samefo
afxazTa samefoze erTgvarad damokidebuli saxelmwifo iyo, ukanasknelTan
garkveuli (vasaluri?) damokidebuleba akavSirebda? aqve SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom
kvirike III didis razmic exmareboda giorgi I-s bizantielebTan omSi – `ganZlierda
giorgi mefe da moirTo Zali kaxeTisa da hereTisa~. `matiane qarTlisa~, qarTlis
cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis
mier, t. I (Tbilisi, 1955), 285. submat daviTis ZesTan identuri cnobaa: `kualad
ganZlierda giorgi laSqriTa, rameTu moiyvanna wanarni da Saqni~. sumbat daviTis
Ze, `cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa~, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I (Tbilisi, 1955),
383. sakiTxavia, warmoadgenda es erovnuli solidarobis niSans, Tu ufro
damokidebulebis gamoxatulebas. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Tbilisis alyis
moxsnis Semdgomma movlenebma anaxa, afxazTa samefo namdvilad seriozul safrTxes
warmoadgenda kaxeT-hereTis suverenitetisaTvis. sazogadod, afxazTa samefo,
uZlieresi iyo am periodis qarTul Tu saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze aRmocenebul
politikur erTeulebs Soris. am garemoebas g. meliqiSvili feodalizaciis
procesebis mxriv am qarTuli saxelmwifos CamorCenilobiT xsnida. giorgi
meliqiSvili, feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba da saqarTveloSi
feodalur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis zogierTi sakiTxi (Tbilisi, 1973), 62-
106, gansakuTrebiT ki 62-71, 102-106. Tumca ki, am mosazrebas yvela mkvlevari
ar iziarebs. saboloo jamSi, rogorc viciT, kaxeT-hereTis damoukidebloba
namdvilad Seewira afxazTa mefeebis sagareo politikas – erwuxis brZolis Semdeg
daviT aRmaSenebelma kaxeT-hereTis samefo SemoierTa.
laSqarni kaxni da herni... mis Jamsa iyo mefe kaxeTs gagik, Ze daviT
somexTa mefisa samS¢ldarisa da Zorakertelisa, diswuli k¢rikesi,
da brZodes or wel tfilissa. da mas Jamsa iyo amirad jafar, Ze alisi.
da esre SeaWirves tfilelTa, romel litra viris £orci xuTas
dramad asyidies, da verRara daudgmides SimSilTa da brZolaTa
ZlierTa. tfilelTa ganizraxes mocema tfilisisa. da amis qalaqisa
brZolasa Sina wauxunes cixeni orbeTi da farcxisi afxazTa mefisa
laSqarTa. da amira Seekazma Tavis laQSqriTa, Seamzada tivebi da
navebi Rame warslvad ganZas laSqarias Tana fadlonis Svilsa. da
romelTame didebulTa afxazTa mefisaTa liparitisagan farulad
gaazraxes mefesa ara ganZeba amirasi, da farulad liparitisagan
dahkides zavi amirasa, gamoacxades da daamk¢dres amira tfilissave
zeda.
da ibirna afxazTa mefeman kaxni, aSot mTavari marileli,
disiZe k¢rike mefisa, da xax¢la gurTa19 juaris-cixiTa;20 da moeyara
afxazTa mefe qalaqsa da emtera kaxTa. da mieriTgan Seiqmna liparit
quegamxedvarad Tavis patronisagan.
gailaSqra afxazTa mefeman kaxeTs, Seeba da Seu£da mTasa zeda
miqel-gabrielTasa. da wyobasa Sina Seipyrna: stefanoz varjanis-Ze,
pankisisa erisTavi; da vaCe, Ze gurgen berisa, xornabujis erisTavi;
da jedi, diswuli goderZisa, Storis erisTavi da maWelisa. gardadga
TianeTs da dawua darbazi bodojisa, saxli saxelovani, didisa k¢rike
mefisa agebuli. da ese erisTavni qenebiT aZlevdes cixeTa maTTA; da
verRara Cavides kaxeTs da Semoiqca, rameTu liparit iwyo sauravTa
guerdqceulTa~. 21
miuxedavad mematianis miTiTebisa, ar aris naTeli, Tu ra erqva
cixes, anda vin flobda mas – ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT daviT
musxeliSvils, rom ìbirna afxazTa mefeman kaxni, ..., da xax¢la gurTa
juaris-cixiTa~ gamarTul frazad ver CaiTvleba.22 cxadia, teqsti
19
sxvadasxva nusxebSi sxva ikiTxvisebic moipoveba – `gurni~ / `guarni~.
20
vaxuSti bagrations igive fragmenti Semdegnairad aqvs gadmocemuli: „da
ibirna mefeman bagrat mTavari marileli siZe k¢rikesi aSot, da xaxul-gurTa
juaris cixisa, moeyara tfiliss da emtera kaxeTs~. vaxuSti batoniSvili,
àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela
ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV (Tbilisi, 1973), 146.
21
`matiane qarTlisa~, 297-298.
22
daviT musxeliSvili, `Sinaklasobrivi brZolis erTi momentis istoriul-
geografiuli safuZveli~, Zeglis megobari, 21 (1970), 25.
Seryvnili unda iyos. samamulo istoriografiaSi is sxvadasxvanairad

aris gaazrebuli.23
niko berZeniSvils cixis patronad miaCnda `xaxvila~, romelsac
pativcemuli mecnieri aigivebda `xaxuilagTan~,24 romelic moxseni-
ebulia giorgi III-is 1170 wlis sigelSi mRvimisadmi, Zvel Sewirulobebs
Soris – àlaWini, xaxuilagisgan Semowiruli~;25 cixis saxelwodebad ki
n. berZeniSvils miaCnda `gorTa juaris cixe~.26
daviT musxeliSvili daeyrdno matiane qarTlisas Zvel nusxebs
(mariam dedofliseuls, WalaSviliseuls da maCabliseuls),
`gurTa~ Seaswora rogorc `gurni~ da miiRo Sesworebuli teqsti
`xaxuilagurni juariscixiTa~ – amgvarad, àzric savsebiT naTeli
xdeba: xaxuilagurTa feodaluri gvari mflobelia juariscixisa
iseve, rogorc aSot mTavari – marilisis~; giorgi III-is sigelSi
moxseniebuli `xauilagi~ ki mematianis `xaxuilagurTa~ eponimia.27
igivenairad gaiazra matianis es fragmenti ilia anTelavamac
(winamorbedebis Sromebi misTvis, Cans, ucnobi darCa).28
valeri silogavam ki gamoTqva mosazreba, rom cixis patronis saxeli
`xaxuilagi~ / `xax¢lag~ iyo da ara `xax¢la~ – pativcemulma mecnierma
samarTlianad aRniSna, rom `matianiseuli forma gviandeli xelnawerebis
viTarebas asaxavs~, maSin rodesac giorgi III-is sigeli dednis saxiTaa Cvenamde
moRweuli. ufro metic, valeri silogavas moSveliebuli aqvs29 agreTve
Zveli SuamTis monastris RvTismSoblis taZris XI saukunis erTi warwera-
grafiti, romelSic, safiqrebelia, igive piri unda moixseniebodes – `qriste,
Seiwyale xaxuilag da daicev caTa da barTa [Sina]~; matianeSi moxseniebuli
cixis saxelwodebas ki mkvlevari aRadgens rogorc òrTajuaris cixe~ – `da
xax¢lag orTajuaris cixiTa~ (da ara `gorTa, an gurTa juarisa~).30
23
am sakiTxis irgvliv gaweuli konsultaciisTvis guliTad madlobas movaxsenebT
Temo jojuas.
24
niko berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VIII (Tbilisi, 1975), 342.
25
qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi IX-XIII ss., Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades
TinaTin enuqiZem, valeri silogavam, nodar SoSiaSvilma (Tbilisi, 1984), 68.
26
berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, 342.
27
musxeliSvili, `Sinaklasobrivi brZolis erTi momentis istoriul-geog-
rafiuli safuZveli~, 25.
28
ilia anTelava, `masalebi matiane qarTlisas” teqstis dadgenisa da interpre-
taciisaTvis~, XI-XIV ss. qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi (Tbilisi, 1988), 24.
29
wyaros miTiTebis gareSe – v. silogavas sakuTari informacia?
30
valeri silogava, anderZi daviT AaRmaSeneblisa SiomRvimisadmi (Tbilisi,
amrigad, matianis Sesabamisi fragmentis Sesworeba-gaazrebis sami

variantia:
. n. berZeniSvili: xax¢la gorTa/gurTa /guarTa juaris cixiTa;
2. d. musxeliSvili: xax¢lagurni juaris cixiTa;
3. v. silogava: xax¢lag orTa juaris cixiTa.
am sami versiidan, n. berZeniSviliseuli yvelaze nakleb sarwmunod
gveCveneba – Tanadroul wyaroebSi namdvilad xax¢lagi moixsenieba da
ara xax¢la, xolo Tanxmovan `ganis~ dublireba – xax¢lag gorTa/gurTa
/guarTa – xelovnur Zaldatanebad gveCveneba. d. musxeliSvilisa da v.
silogavas versiebi ufro damajerebelia; marTalia, zogierT nusxaSi
namdvilad aris `gurni~ – rac d. musxeliSvilis versias Seesabameba;
am SemTxvevaSi TiTqosda ise gamodis, rom cixe im droisTvis ara
erTi konkretuli pirovnebis – xax¢lagis, aramed xax¢lagurTa gvaris
koleqtiur mflobelobaSia, rac nakleb damajereblad gveCveneba. xom
ar aris ufro gamarTlebuli v. silogavas versia, xom ar aris cixis
saxelwodeba namdvilad orTa juaris cixe?
Tumca ki, SegviZlia kidev erTi, meoTxe versiac warvadginoT, rac
mematianis, Tundac gviandeli nusxebiT Cvenamde moRweuli teqstis
naklebad Secvlas gulisxmobs:
4. da ibirna afxazTa mefeman kaxni, aSot mTavari marileli,
disiZe k¢rike mefisa, da [gamotovebulia] xax¢lagurTa juaris
cixiTa – am SemTxvevaSi saubaria dausaxelebeli (an Zveli nusxebis
gadmowerisas gamotovebuli) kaxi didebulis gadmobirebaze,
mis mflobelobaSi myofi juaris cixiT, romelic xax¢lagurTa
cixis saxeliT iyo cnobili (magram am etapze maT xelSi aRar iyo).
amgvari aRdgena efuZneba daSvebas, rom teqstSi gamotovebulia
cixis axali mflobelis saxeli da Sinaarsobrivadac SedarebiT
xelovnuri da nakleb damajerebeli interpretaciis STabeWdilebas
tovebs; miuxedavad amisa, mainc saWirod CavTvaleT es versiac
Camogveyalibebina.
2003), 89. valeri silogavas azriT, sigelSi moxseniebuli alaWini loWini ki

ara, TianeTis raionis sofeli alaWini unda iyos. iqve, sqolio 73. Tumca, unda
aRiniSnos, rom bursis xeobidan TianeTis raionamde daaxloebiT 80 kilometramde
iqneba – ramdenad SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom cixis mflobels esoden vrceli
miwismflobeloba qonda? igive mosazrebebi ucvleli saxiT gamoTqmulia imave
monografiis meore, Sevsebul-Sesworebul gamocemaSic. valeri silogava, anderZi
daviT AaRmaSeneblisa SiomRvimisadmi (Tbilisi, 2010), 73.
mflobelis vinaobisa da cixis saxelis-da miuxedavad, `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ cnoba eWvs ar tovebs, rom 1030-iani – adreuli 1040-iani
wlebisTvis es simagre ukve arsebobda. amrigad, ver daveTanxmebiT
bolo drois erT enciklopediuri xasiaTis naSromSi moyvanil cnobas,
romlis Tanaxmadac, mdinare bursis xeobaSi ganlagebuli `cixisjvari~
XIV-XV saukuneebiT TariRdeba31 – safiqrebelia, rom amJamad arsebuli
cixe ufro gvian aSenebulic rom iyos, iqve ufro adrindeli nagebobebis
naSTebic unda iyos. cixe, naratiuli wyaros mixedviT, calsaxad XI
saukunis I naxevriT mainc unda daTariRdes.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom juaris cixe Tu orTa juaris cixe,
bagrat IV-is epoqaSi sakmaod mniSvnelovani punqti yofila, kaxeT-
hereTis erT-erTi warCinebuli da msxvili feodaluri gvaris
sayrdeni. am feodalisa Tu mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi cixe-simagris
mniSvneloba, Cans, imdenad seriozuli yofila, rom misi `bireba~
sakmaod sityvaZunwma mematianem sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsad ki
CaTvala.
xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom bagrat IV-is moneta, romelic
cixis midamoebSia napovni, iq 1030-40 wleBbSi ver moxvdeboda, vinaidan
am tipis safase (sevastosis titulis miTiTebiT), rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, 1060-1072 wlebSi iWreboda. amrigad, ar gvaqvs safuZveli,
mdinare bursis xeobaSi monetis moxvedra, maincdamainc, dasavleT
saqarTvelos samxedro razmisa Tu diplomatiuri misiis Semosvlas
davukavSiroT. matiane qarTlisas zemoT aRniSnuli cnobis moyvaniT
gvsurda, erTis mxriv, afxazTa samefosa da aRniSnul punqts Soris
arsebuli kavSirisaTvis gagvesva xazi; meores mxriv – am cixe-simagris
mniSvneloba warmogveCina.
SeiZleba garkveuli sifrTxiliT vivaraudoT, rom mdinare bursis
xeobaSi mdebare cixis mniSvneloba 20-30 wlis Semdegac ara naklebi
iyo. ueWvelia, rom am dasaxlebul punqtSi garkveul ekonomikur
saqmianobasac eqneboda adgili, aReb-micemobas, rasac, safiqrebelia,
romeliRac safase unda momsaxureboda (am drois saqarTveloSi
met-naklebad naturaluri mimocvlis paralelurad mosaxleobis
SedarebiT farTo masebSi fuladi urTierTobis SeRweva eWvs,
TiTqosda, ar iwvevs). Cveni azriT, cixe-simagris midamoebSi monetis
31
m. abaSiZe, `cixisjvari~, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa
aRweriloba, w. 1-I, gurjaanis, dedofliswyaros, yvarlis municipalitetebi
(Tbilisi, 2013), 348-9.
aRmoCena ufro adgilobriv ekonomikur cxovrebasa da adgilobrivi

bazris safaseze moTxovnas unda davukavSiroT.
aRmoCenebi da maTi topografia

XI-XII saukuneebis bizantiuri yaidis qarTuli monetebis
aRmoCenebis Sesaxeb cnobebis Segrovebisas yvela maTgani 4 jgufad
davyaviT. amasTan, aRmoCenebis topografia warmodgenili gvaqvs
rukazec (ruka 1). xsenebuli 4 jgufia:
1) pasportis mqone ganZebi:
Sereuli, bizantiuri (upiratesad oqros) da qarTuli vercxlis
monetebis ganZi zufudan / lixnidan; 32
eqskluziurad qarTuli monetebisgan Semdgari ganZi, romelSic
Sedioda mxolod giorgi II-is monetebi sevastosisa da kesarosis
tituliT; ganZi napovnia sofel cixesulorSi, sxvadasxva dros erTsa
da imave venaxSi cal-calke aRmoCenili monetebis saxiT33. saqarTvelos
numizmat-koleqcionerTa wreSi gavrcelebulia xma, rom sabWoTa
periodSi napovni monetebis nawili mpovnelma gadamala, magram
ojaxSi darCenili yvela moneta Seewira uxeSi meqanikuri meTodebiT
monetebis gawmendvis mcdelobebs; Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom 1966, 1969
da 1972 wlebSi monetebi etapobrivad moiZebna, aRniSnuli mosazreba
dasaSvebad migvaCnia;
2) depasportizebuli ganZebi, romlebic, marTalia, ucnob adgilas
aris napovni, magram mainc erTian samoneto kompleqss warmoadgens,
romelic SeiZleba analizs daeqvemdebaros:
sxvadasxva titulis mqone bagrat IV-isa da giorgi II-is monetebis
mravalricxovani (100-200 egzemplari?) ganZi, romelic sadRac
saqarTveloSi ipoves da romelic Semdgom aliSanma SeiZina, misgan ki graf
p. zubovma (amJamad inaxeba moskovis saxelmwifo istoriul muzeumSi);34
3) calkeuli aRmoCenebi, Tundac mxolod nawilobriv paspor-
tizirebuli:
32
Шамба, Денежное обращение на территории Абхазии (V в. до н. э. - XIII в. н. э.), 104-14;
Tsukhishvili, Depeyrot, History and Coin Finds in Georgia. Late Roman and Byzantine Hoards (4th-13th
c.), 92-6; silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika, 223-41.
33
Кебуладзе, “Клад из селения Цихесулори,” 8; Кебуладзе, “Клад из села Цихесулори,” 98-108.
34
Евгений Пахомов, Монетные клады Азербайджана и Закавказья. Труды о-ва обследования
и изучения Азербайджана, вып. 3 (Баку, 1926), 50, N101; Евгений Пахомов, Монеты Грузии
(Тбилиси, 1970), 57-69.
bagrat IV novelisimosis moneta, aRmoCenili Senaqos (qarTvel

mTielTa salocavis) arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas;35
bagrat IV sevastosis moneta mdinare bursis xeobidan (ix. zemoT);
giorgi II kesarosis moneta napovni 1957 wels anakofiis cixis
arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas;36
giorgi II kesarosis moneta da daviT IV aRmaSeneblis 3 moneta
jvris gamosaxulebiT – 1871 wels gamogzavnili kavkasiur muzeumSi
polkovnik geimanis mier; oTxive, rogorc Cans, napovnia qalaq soxumsa
an mis SemogarenSi;37
giorgi II-isa an daviT IV-is moneta sevastosis tituliT (pirveladi
gamoqveynebisas avtorma is ratomRac giorgi II-is monetad CaTvala,
argumentaciis moyvanis gareSe), napovni soxumis raionSi, daba
beSqardaSSi;38
4) monetebi (aRmoCenis adgilis) pirobiTi lokalizaciiT – am
jgufs mivakuTvnebT saqarTvelos mxareTmcodneobiT muzeumebSi,
pirvel rigSi, svaneTSi, Senaxul upasporto monetebs; SeiZleba
CaiTvalos (sapirispiro xasiaTis cnobebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi),
rom am muzeumebis fondebi formirdeboda adgilobrivi aRmoCenebis
safuZvelze, anda, gansakuTrebiT, svaneTis SemTxvevaSi, adgilobrivi
eklesiebidan gadmotanili saganZuris safuZvelze; eklesiebSi ki es
monetebi xvdeboda Sewirulobis saxiT. amave jgufs mivakuTvnebT
literaturul cnobebs ama Tu im dasaxlebul punqtSi monetis
SeZenis Sesaxeb (rac, safiqrebelia, misi adgilobrivad, Sesabamisi
dasaxlebuli punqtis SemogarenSi povnasac aRniSnavs, miT ufro
XIX saukunisTvis, rodesac mosaxleoba naklebi mobilurobiT
xasiaTdeboda):
bagrat IV-is 2 moneta, novelisimosisa da sevastosis tituliT, 1857
wels SeZenili i. barTolomeis mier quTaisSi;39
giorgi II-isa Tu daviT IV-is moneta sevastosis tituliT (pirveladi
35
patariZe, `bagrat IV novelisimosis moneta sofel Senaqodan~, 283-290.
36
Капанадзе, “Неизданный вариант грузинской монеты XI века,” 101-4; Голенко, “Монеты из раскопок
Анакопийской крепости в 1957-1958 гг.,” 159-63; Шамба, Денежное обращение на территории Абхазии
(V в. до н. э. - XIII в. н. э.), 98; silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika, 242.
37
Пахомов, “Неизданные грузинские монеты XI века,” 150-2; Пахомов, Монетные клады Азер-
байджана и Закавказья, 50, N102.
38
Шамба, Денежное обращение на территории Абхазии (V в. до н. э. - XIII в. н. э.), 98-99.
39
Jean Bartholomaei, Lettres Numismatiques et Archéologiques, Relatives a la TransCaucasie (St-
Pétersbourg, 1859), 40-1, 44-5.
gamoqveynebisas avtori ixreboda im azrisken, rom misi emitenti daviT

IV aRmaSenebeli iyo) mestiis muzeumis koleqciidan;40
daviT IV aRmaSeneblis moneta jvris gamosaxulebis gareSe mestiis
muzeumis koleqciidan;41
daviT IV aRmaSeneblis moneta jvris gamosaxulebis gareSe, romelic
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis numizmatikur kabinetSi 1949 wels
moxvda, zemo svaneTidan.42
mimoqcevis xasiaTi da roli samoneto mimoqcevaSi

TvalSi sacemia, rom XI-XII saukuneebis bizantiuri yaidis qarTuli
monetebis dREeisTvis cnobili yvela aRmoCena Semoifargleba Tavad
saqarTvelos teritoriiT.
amaSia maTi principuli gansxvaveba X saukunis dasasrulis, aseve
bizantiuri yaidis, magram sruliad gansxvavebuli ikonografiis
mqone daviT kurapalatis safasisagan; ukanasknelis oTxive, dReisTvis
cnobili egzemplari, aRmoCenilia Sors, CrdiloeTSi – germaniaSi,
estoneTSi, ruseTsa da SvedeTSi.43 rogorc Cans, (saxalifodan)
CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT samoneto vercxlis eqsporti, romlis
nakadmac Tan waritaca daviT kurapalatis monetebic, sabolood Sewyda
(yovel SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelodan) XI saukunis Sua wlebisTvis, Tu
ufro adre ara. alternatiuli ganmarteba iqneboda XI-XII saukuneebis
bizantiuri yaidis qarTuli monetebis vercxlis dabali sinji. ase,
magaliTad, XI saukunis ja‘farianTa monetebi (romelic ukve spilenZis
gaxda Tu Zalian dabali sinjis bilonad iqca), rogorc Cans, praqtikulad
ar tovebs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos farglebs. magram, gansxvavebiT
ja‘farianTa safasisagan, vlaqernis RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebiani
qarTuli monetebis sinji, ramdenadac amaze de visu SeiZleba vimsjeloT,
Seudareblad ufro maRali rCeboda XII saukunis dasawyisSic ki.
amasTan, Cans, rom XI-XII saukuneebis bizantiuri yaidis qarTuli
monetebis mimoqcevis areali ar Semoifargleboda Tavad afxazTa
40
patariZe, `svaneTis numizmatikuri ganZebis specifika~, 200-1.
41
patariZe, `daviT aRmaSeneblis vercxlis moneta mestiis muzeumidan~, 276-84.
42
Капанадзе, “Новый тип монеты Давида Строителя,” 341.
43
Потин, Кебуладзе, “Монеты Давида куропалата в кладах западноевропейских денариев,”
215-20; Зимон, “Монеты Давида куропалата в музеях ГДР,” 194-200; Добровольский, Молвыгин,
Потин, “Новые данные о кладе Вылла (Велла),” 175-93; dundua, `X-XII ss. qarTuli monetebi
da saqarTvelos istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi~, 18-20.
samefos teritoriiT. monetebs, romelsac, rogorc Cans, am qarTuli

saxelmwifos dedaqalaq quTaisSi Wridnen, pouloben kaxeT-hereTis
samefos teritoriazec: vgulisxmobT bagrat IV-is monetebis
aRmoCenebs mdinare bursis xeobaSi da SenaqoSi. zemoT moyvanili
pasaJi qarTlis cxovrebidan – `gailaSqra afxazTa mefeman kaxeTs
... da Semoiqca, rameTu liparit iwyo sauravTa guerdqceulTa~44 –
eWvs ar tovebs, rom bagrat IV-m ver moaxerxa kaxeT-hereTis samefos
(Tundac nawilis) dapyroba-SemoerTeba. amrigad, (orTa) juaris cixe
saboloo jamSi, safiqrebelia, kaxeT-herEeTis SemadgenlobaSi darCa;
iq napovni safase ki, arsobrivad, kaxeT-hereTis samoneto mimoqcevis
elementad unda CaiTvalos. igives vvaraudobT im teritoriis
mimarTac, sadac Senaqo mdebareobs. amrigad, Cveni azriT, dasaSvebia
am or dasaxlebul punqtSi bagrat IV-is monetebis aRmoCenis faqtebis
adgilobriv mimoqcevaSi CarTulobis maCveneblad interpretireba.
Cveni azriT, èTnologiuri~ konteqstis miuxedavad,45 SenaqoSi
aRmoCenili moneta mainc unda CaiTvalos adgilobrivi fuladi
mimoqcevis Semadgenel nawilad; miT ufro, (orTa) juaris cixis axali
aRmoCenis gaTvaliswinebiTac – es ukanaskneli warmoadgens kaxeT-
hereTis samefos teritoriaze bizantiuri yaidis qarTuli monetis
aRmoCenis ukve meore SemTxvevas. bunebrivia, votiuri daniSnulebiT
SeeZloT importirebuli artefaqtebis gamoyenebac, magram ufro
mosalodnelia adgilobrivad mimoqcevaSi myofi monetis Sewirvac.46
amasTan, rasakvirvelia, eWvs ar iwvevs, rom bizantiuri yaidis qarTuli
monetis aRniSnul tipebs gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani adgili ekava
saqarTvelos dasavleTi regionebis fulad mimoqcevaSi.
sainteresoa anakofiis cixis teritoriaze aRmoCenili giorgi II
kesarosis moneta.47 cnobilia, rom 1032-70-ian wlebSi es mniSvnelovani
sayrdeni, safiqrebelia, mimdebare, met-naklebad vrceli teritoriiT,
bizantiis imperias qonda xelSi Cagdebuli.48 magram kesarosis titulis
44
`matiane qarTlisa~, 298.
45
patariZe, `bagrat IV novelisimosis moneta sofel Senaqodan~, 288.
46
Sdr. Сотникова, Спасский, Тысячелетие древнейших монет России. Сводный каталог
русских монет X-XI веков, 52.
47
Капанадзе, “Неизданный вариант грузинской монеты XI века,” 101-4; Голенко, “Монеты из раскопок
Анакопийской крепости в 1957-1958 гг.,” 165; Шамба, Денежное обращение на территории Абхазии (V
в. до н. э. - XIII в. н. э.), 98; silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika, 242.
48
vasili kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-
1070 wlebSi (Tbilisi, 1969), 180, 210-11, 218-9, 282-3.
aRniSvniT giorgi II-is monetebi ukve anakofiis ganTavisuflebis (rac

bizantiis dasustebas moyva) Semdeg iWreboda – kesarosis tituliT
giorgi II pirvelad erTi qarTuli xelnaweris minawer anderZSi
moixsenieba, romelic 1081 wliT aris daTariRebuli; amrigad, SeiZleba
vivaraudoT, rom kesarosis tituliT giorgi II-is monetis moWra
miaxloebiT 1081 wlidan unda dawyebuliyo.49 magram, bunebrivia, ibadeba
SekiTxva, warmoadgenda Tu ara dasavlur-qarTuli saxelmwifos
bizantiuri yaidis monetebi gadaxdis kanonier saSualebas bizantiis
kuTvnil anakofiaSi, sadac, ueWvelia, bizantiuri safase mimoiqceoda.50
XI-XII saukuneebis bizantiuri yaidis qarTuli monetebis aRmoCenebis
topografiisa da, gansakuTrebiT, raodenobis analizs mivyavarT
im azramde, rom am jgufis monetebis daniSnuleba ar iyo mxolod
proklamaciuri,51 aramed isini SesamCnev rols TamaSobdnen qveynis
fulad mimoqcevaSic. uEeWvelia, rom es safase im statusiT sargeblobda,
romelic mis mier ganZis funqciis Sesrulebas uzrunvelyofda –
sakmarisia gavixsenoT lixnisa da depasportizirebuli ganZebi,
romelic am tipis monetebis aTeulobiT calisgan Sedgeboda.
sayuradReboa, aseve, rom zemoT aRwerili samive ganZi gansxvavebuli
da Sereuli Semadgenlobisaa.
lixnis ganZis Semadgenloba (ix. zemoT) adasturebs, rom afxazTa
samefos teritoriaze miRebul-dasaSveb gadaxdis saSualebad, an,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, dagrovebis saSualebad erTdroulad miiCneoda
bizantiuri oqros, bizantiuri vercxlis da qarTuli vercxlis
(bilonis?) monetebi. safiqrebelia, wamyvani mniSvneloba, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, ucxoeTidan Semotanili safasis SemTxvevaSi, eqneboda
monetis SemadgenlobaSi ZvirFfasi liTonis Semadgenlobas. es
ukanaskneli sakmarisi iyo imisTvis, rom monetas miRebuli safasis
statusi moepovebina.
sayuradReboa, rom samive ganZi – lixnis, cixesulorisa da
upasporto, Seicavda sxvadasxva tipis monetas, amasTan, lixnisa da
upasporto ganZebSi warmodgenilia or-ori monarqis monetebic (ix.
cxrili 1). amrigad, ibadeba kiTxva: afxazTa samefos mesveurebis
49
silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika, 244-5.
50
cnobilia anakofiis teritoriaze, miaxloebiT am periodis, bizantiuri
spilenZis monetebis aRmoCenis faqtebi. Голенко, “Монеты из раскопок Анакопийской
крепости в 1957-1958 гг.,” 159-65.
51
patariZe, `svaneTis numizmatikuri ganZebis specifika~, 201.
mier ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi gamoSvebuli monetebi erT-

droulad Tu mimoiqceoda? sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, Tu rCeboda
mimoqcevaSi da Tu warmoadgenda gadaxdis kanonier saSualebas
winamorbedi monarqebis monetebi? am SemTxvevaSi xsenebuli ganZebi
SeiZleba imdroindel samoneto mimoqcevas asaxavdes da mokle drois
ganmavlobaSi iyos dagrovili – fuladi bazris wamier anabeWds
warmoadgendes. Tuki vifiqrebT, rom winamorbedebis monetebi aRar
warmoadgenda gadaxdis kanonier saSualebas, maSin unda gavakeToT
daskvna, rom Cvens winaSe xangrZlivi dagrovebis ganZebia – Tumca
ki aSkaraa, rom isini kvlavindeburad, Tavisi (Zvirfas-)liTonuri
Semadgenlobidan gamomdinare, dagrovebis saSualebis funqcias
asrulebdnen. saboloo pasuxis gacema rTulia; Cveni azriT, ufro
zusti daskvnebis gamotana SesaZlebeli gaxdeba qarTvel bagrationTa
bizantiuri yaidis monetebis metrologiis (woniTi sistemis) Seswavlis
bolomde miyvanis Semdeg.52
cxrili 1. bizantiuri yaidis qarTuli monetebis cnobili ganZebis

Semadgenloba emitentebisa da samoneto tipebis mixedviT
novelisimosi
novelisimosi
sevastosi
sevastosi
bagrat IV
bagrat IV
kesarosi
Ggiorgi II
giorgi II
giorgi II
ujvrod
daviT IV
daviT IV
jvriT
ganZi
uUpasporto Sedis Sedis Sedis Sedis Sedis
Llixnis Sedis Sedis Sedis Sedis

cixesuloris Sedis Sedis
bizantiuri yaidis qarTuli monetebis gaxvretili Dda Semotexili

egzemplarebis arcTu mcire ricxvia cnobili; religiuri
Tayvaniscemis adgilebidan warmomavloba miuTiTebs maT votiur
gamoyenebaze.53 amas, safiqrebelia, samoneto ikonografiac uwyobda
xels – monetebze xom RvTismSoblis, xatismagvari gamosaxulebaa.
52
am sakiTxze amJamad irakli faRava muSaobs.
53
patariZe, `bagrat IV novelisimosis moneta sofel Senaqodan~, 283-90; misive,
`svaneTis numizmatikuri ganZebis specifika~, 198-201.
daudgeneli rCeba, mxolod, Tu ramdenad male iwyeboda am samoneto

artefaqtebis, ase vTqvaT, sikvdilSemdegi cxovreba. SesaZlebelia
varaudis gamoTqma, rom eklesiisTvis am monetebis Sewirva warmoebda
maTi demonetizaciis Semdeg, xolo demonetizacias ki win uZRoda
safasis mier ekonomikuri funqciis dakargva – mniSvnelovanwilad,
srulad Tu ara (srulad es ver moxdeboda, monetebi xom Zvirfasi
liTonisgan Sedgeboda da garkveuli Sinagani Rirebuleba maT
yovelTvis unarCundebodaT). am versias TiTqosda mxars uWers is
garemoebac, rom eklesiebis mier Semonaxuli egzemplarebis umetesi
nawili defeqturia, erTgvarad, iqneb, demonetizirebuladac SeiZleba
CaiTvalos. aseT SemTxvevaSi, bizantiuri yaidis monetebis votiuri
gamoyeneba ufro XII saukuniT unda daTariRdes, rodesac mas fulad
mimoqcevaSi ukve qarTveli mefeebis spilenZis, monoepigrafikuli,
upiratesad arabulenovani safase Caenacvla.54 ama Tu im tipis monetis
votiuri gamoyeneba im dros, rodesac is jer kidev inarCunebs Tavis
monetarul funqcias, sul sxvanairad dagvixasiaTebda am process.
samwuxarod, dReisTvis Cven ar gagvaCnia sakmarisi informacia,
romelic dagvexmareboda mis daTariRebaSi.
Cveni azriT, XI-XII saukuneebis bizantiuri yaidis qarTuli
monetebis mimoqcevis esa Tu is aspeqtebi jer ver CaiTvleba srulad
Seswavlilad. amis gakeTEeba, am etapze mainc, SeuZlebelicaa, vinaidan
ar aris garkveuli Tundac am tipis monetebis metrologiuri
evoluciis buneba, ar aris bolomde miyvanili saxelmwifo istoriul
muzeumSi (moskovi, rusEeTis federacia) Senaxuli depasportizebuli,
magram Zalian mdidari ganZis Seswavla.55 bunebrivia, Semdgomi kvleva
met garkveulobas Seitans bizantiuri yaidis qarTuli monetebis
mimoqcevis sakiTxSi. iqamde ki, imeds vitovebT, rom Cveni naSromi am
mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli kidev erT nabijis rols Seasrulebs.
54
Irakli Paghava, “The First Arabic Coinage of Georgian Monarchs: Rediscovering the Specie of
Davit IV the Builder (1089-1125), King of Kings and Sword of Messiah”, 3rd Assemani Symposium on
Islamic Coins, Roma, 23-24 September 2011, Proceedings, eds. Bruno Callegher and Arianna D’Ottone
(Trieste, 2012), 220-61.
55
dawyebuli aqvs irakli faRavas.
The 11th-12th C. Georgian Coins of Byzantine Type:

Circulation
Irakli Paghava, Roland Spanderashvili
Summary
Minting of national Georgian coinage, albeit strongly influenced by the contemporary

Byzantine currency, constituted one of the prominent phenomena of the medieval
national history: by resuming coin-issuing activities Georgian monarchs overtly declared
their sovereignity and expressed their ambitions, let alone the economic significance of
this action. Nevertheless, this coin series has seemingly been underresearched; single
coin finds and hoards as well as some specific issues have already been published and
discussed; however, this coinage has not been studied in its entirety yet.
By means of this article we made an attempt to discuss circulation of the 11th-12th
Georgian coins with the effigy of the Virgin Mary and Georgian legends, along with
publishing a new specimen of a rare coin type.
Firstly, we analyzed various terms commonly used to designate the coins of this
type. We made a conclusion that the version of (Georgian) coins of Byzantine type was
the most adequate.
We published a new specimen with Bagrat IV’s title of Sebastos (minted in 1060-
1072), constituting the 28th coin of this type.
The coin was discovered accidentally in the valley of the Bursa river, in the vicinity
of the “Jwaris tsikhe” (Cross Castle, though the name is disputable). We discussed various
interpretations of the name, based on its mention in the medieval Georgian chronicle
Mat’iane Kartlisa (Chronicle of Kartli), and political and economic significance of this
11th century castle, as well as its relation to Bagrat IV.
We studied the available topographic data for all the finds (of coins of Byzantine
type) and plotted them on the schematic historical map of Georgia of that period.
We divided the known finds into 4 groups:
1. Hoards (of Georgian coins, or mixed hoards of both Georgian and Byzantine
coins) with established find location (Zupu / Likhni and Tsikhesulori hoards);
2. Hoards with unknown find location, but still available for study as an entity (hoard
preserved in Moscow, Russian Federation);
3. Single finds, at least with (at least approximately) established find location;
4. Single finds, with conventionally established find location.
We analyzed the circulation of Georgian coins of Byzantine type of Bagrat IV –
Davit IV, and concluded that they predominantly circulated within Georgia, and were not
exported abroad. The late 10th century silver currency of Davit the Curopalates, on the
contrary, tended to leave the country. In our opinion, the flow of monetary silver from the
former caliphal territories, including Georgia, had already ceased by mid-11th century.
However, these coins circulated not only within the territory of the West-Georgian realm,
the emitent state, but entered the monetary circulation of the neighbouring Georgian
polities, like the Kingdom of K’akheti-Hereti, as well as possibly also the Georgian
territory seized by the Byzantine Empire. Nevertheless, it is clear that this coinage had
much more significance as a medium of exchange in the former.
We think that the substantial number (hundreds) of the published specimens indicates
that issuing this coinage was not a merely declarative act, but rather a full-fledged attempt
to saturate the monetary market with national currency.
It is still unclear, whether the coins of Byzantine type issued by consequent Georgian
Bagratid monarchs were circulating, or had a legal right to circulate simultaniously. The
forethought metrology study may help us to respond to this question.
We also analyzed the votive application of the 11th-12th century Georgian coins of
Byzantine type.
sur. 1 bagrat IV-is axalRamoCenili moneta. sevastosis tituliT. qveyndeba pirve-

lad
ruka 1 bizantiuri yaidis qarTuli monetebis aRmoCenebis topografia. 1 – dasa-

vleTqarTuli saxelmwifo, 2 – Tbilisis saamiro, 3. kaxeT-hereTis samefo,
4 – lores samefo
XII
sxeulis damcavi saSualebebis erTi tipi Sua

saukuneebSi
mamuka wurwumia
X saukunidan dawyebuli, aRmosavlur Tu dasavlur ikonografiaSi

sxeulis abjarze gvxvdeba iseTi gamosaxulebebi, romelTa raoba jerac
ar aris damajereblad axsnili da romlebic SeiZleba ganvixiloT,
rogorc abjris gamaZliereblebi.
XI saukunis baios gobelenze normanTa jaWvis abjarze mkerdis areSi
raRac oTxkuTxedebi Cans (sur. 1a). aseTive gamosaxulebaa XI saukunis
katalanur manuskriptSi Bible of Rhodes. Carlz aSdounis, jeims manis,
klod bleris, ian pirsis da ian hisis azriT, aq jaWvis gamaZlierebeli
aris gamosaxuli, d. nikolis azriT ki – jaWvis zaradi.1 k. bleri Tvlis,
rom es oTxkuTxedi damatebiTi jaWvis abjaria sxeulis mowyvladi
nawilis dacvis gasaZliereblad;2 C. aSdounis mixedviT, es tyavze
damagrebuli liTonis firfitaa;3 i. pirsis azriT, jaWvis perangze
gamosaxuli marTkuTxa „CarCo“ jaWvis damatebiTi fenaa, romelic
mkerdzea mimagrebuli;4 i. hisic jaWvis gamaZliereblad miiCnevs
am oTxkuTxeds.5 maTgan gansxvavebiT, d. nikoli Tvlis, rom saqme
gvaqvs zuCis jaWvis zaradTan, romelic CamoSvebulia arasabrZolo
mdgomareobaSi.6 amave azrisaa erTi Tanamedrove rekonstruqtoric,
romelmac aseTi zaradis rekonstruqciac ki Seasrula.7 Tumca,
1
Kelly DeVries, Medieval Military Technology (Peterborough, 1992), 66.
2
Claude Blair, European Armour, circa 1066 to circa 1700 (London, 1958), 24.
3
Charles H. Ashdown, European Arms and Armor (New York, 1995), 73-4.
4
Ian Peirce, “The Knight, his Arms and Armour in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries,” in The Ideals
and Practice of Medieval Knighthood I: Papers from the First and Second Strawberry Hill Conferences,
ed. by Christopher Harper-Bill and Ruth Harvey (Woodbridge, 1986), 156.
5
Ian Heath, Armies of the Dark Ages, 600 -1066, 2nd ed. (Worthing, 1980), 111.
6
David Nicolle, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Western Europe and the
Crusader States (London, 1999), 54, fig. 97ah.
7
Egfroth, “The Norman Bib” Reconstructed,” Varangian Voice, 31 (1994), 4-7.
sxeulis damcavi saSualebebis erTi tipi Sua saukuneebSi 307
jaWvis zaradis versias ewinaaRmdegeba is faqti, rom gobelenis erT

scenaze, sadac gemebis datvirTvaa gadmocemuli, calke (Caucmel
mdgomareobaSi) gamosaxuli oTxi jaWvis perangidan oTxives (!) mkerdze
oTxkuTxedi uCans, rac niSnavs, rom aq muzaradis jaWvi ver iqneba
gamosaxuli (sur. 1b).
viTarebas kidev ufro arTulebs is garemoeba, rom zemoT
ganxiluli gamosaxulebebi hgavs e.w. varangul bras (azRuds). is
warmoadgenda mkerdze SemoWeril tyavis samagrs, romelsac ori
samxre Rvedi imagrebda.8 iTvleba, rom es akazmuloba abjris sxeulze
komfortulad morgebas emsaxureboda da V-VII saukuneebis sasanuri
gamosaxulebebidan gamomdinare, mis iranul warmoSobas varaudoben.9
varanguli bra gvxvdeba X saukunis bizantiuri xelovnebis nimuSebSi,
rogoricaa spilos Zvlis zardaxSebi da xelnawerTa miniaturebi10
(sur. 2).
Tuki saukuneebis manZilze gavadevnebT Tvals varanguli bris
gamosaxvas bizantiur xelovnebaSi, erT kanonzomierebas aRmovaCenT.
marTalia, varanguli bra vizualurad sakmaod hgavs normanul mkerdis
abjars, magram is Sekruli oTxkuTxedi mainc ar aris da akazmulobis
saxe aqvs. mdgomareoba icvleba XIV-XV saukuneebidan, rodesac
bizantiur freskebze varanguli bris da oTxkuTxedis kombinirebuli
gamosaxulebebi SeiniSneba: mkerds Zveleburad gaswvriv gasdevs zoli,
romelic axla ufro farToa da samxre Rvedebis nacvlad vxedavT
zolebiT mkerdze Seqmnil oTxkuTxeds. Cans, ikonografiaSi mkerdze
oTxkuTxedis damkvidreba asaxavs aRWurvilobaSi momxdar cvlilebas,
romelsac aRmosavleTSi adgili hqonda XIV saukuneSi.
am dakvirvebis samarTlianobas qarTuli masalac adasturebs:
adreul qarTul ikonografiaSi bra ar gvxvdeba; rogorc Cans,
qarTvelebi mas arc iyenebdnen. qarTul gamosaxulebebSi mxolod
mkerdis areSi abjarze damagrebuli qsovilis naWeri SeiniSneba,
8
Ian Heath, Byzantine Armies 886-1118 (Oxford, 1979), 32.
9
Stephen Wyley, “The Chest Harness known as the Varangian Bra,” Varangian Voice, 28 (1993),
29-30; Heath, Byzantine Armies, 101; Raffaele D’Amato, “A Prôtospatharios, Magistros, and Strategos
Autokrator of 11th century: The equipment of Georgios Maniakes and his army according to the
Skylitzes Matritensis miniatures and other artistic sources of the middle Byzantine period,” Porphyra,
Supplement 4 (2005), 40. aseve fiqroben, rom samxre Rvedebis saSualebiT xdeboda
akazmulobaze abjris wonis gadanawileba. Andrea Babuin, “Later Byzantine Arms and
Armour,” in A Companion to Medieval Arms and Armour, ed. by D. Nicolle (Woodbridge, 2002), 100.
10
Heath, Byzantine Armies, 28, 30, 34-6.
308 mamuka wurwumia
rac bizantiuri praqtikis imitacias warmoadgens. bizantiis armiaSi

meTaurebi abjarze atarebdnen pektorarions – oficris mkerdis
Sarfs, rac Zveli romauli tradiciis gagrZeleba iyo da warmoadgenda
legionis oficris niSans. mas mkerdis an muclis doneze Semoirtyamdnen
da e.w. `herakles naskvis~ saxiT ikravdnen.11 XIV saukunisaTvis
pektorarioni Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobas kargavs da stilizeburad,
liTonis naWris saxiTac ki gamoisaxeba.12
rogorc aRvniSne, qarTul ikonografiaSi samkerde Sarfis
(herakles naskviT Tu mis gareSe) uamravi gamosaxuleba mogvepoveba, bra
ki ar gvxvdeba. is mxolod XIV saukunis bolodan Cndeba gamosaxulebebze
da bizantiuri freskebis msgavsad, samkerde oTxkuTxeds moicavs.
am tipis gamosaxuleba did popularobas ixveWs Semdgom epoqebSic.
magram aseT kombinirebul (bra da oTxkuTxedi) gamosaxulebebs
saqarTveloSi win uZRvis mkerdis abjarze baios tipis oTxkuTxedebis
gamoCena. XIV saukunis meore naxevris H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze
(204r, 213v) meomrebis jaWvis abjarze mkerdze vxedavT oTxkuTxa
struqturas (sur. 3ab). miuxedavad imisa, rom daviTnis gamosaxuleba,
sul mcire, 3 saukuniTaa dacilebuli baios gobelens, is sakiTxis
gadawyvetaSi gvexmareba, radgan igive realobas unda asaxavdes.
qarTuli gamosaxulebebidan garkveviT Cans, rom mkerdis oTxkuTxedi
ar warmoadgens CamoSvebul zarads, radgan misi mflobelebi brZolaSi
monawileoben da zaradi isedac ukeTiaT zuCebze. es oTxkuTxedi
tyaviT dasarCulebuli an Semoqobili jaWvis damatebiTi fena unda
iyos, romelsac mebrZoli win, sxeulis yvelaze mowyvlad adgilas
ikidebda. daviTnis 213v miniaturaze ukve vxedavT im kombinirebul
gamosaxulebas (bra da oTxkuTxedi), romelic aqedan moyolebuli
farTod mkvidrdeba marTlmadideblur ikonografiaSi wminda
meomrebis mkerdis abjris gamosaxvisas. aseTia konstantinopolidan
Camoyvanili manuel evgenikosis mier 1384-96 wlebSi moxatuli da
Semdgom saukuneebSic mudmivad gamSvenebuli walenjixis taZris
freskebi, romlebic TvalnaTliv suraTs gvaZlevs saqarTvelosa
da bizantiaSi SeiaraRebis am detalis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. mkerdze
11
Piotr L. Grotowski, Arms and Armour of the Warrior Saints: Tradition and Innovation in Byzantine
Iconography (843-1261) (Leiden, 2010), 277, 280. pektorarioni abjarsac imagrebda da ar
aZlevda mas zedmeti moZraobis saSualebas. D’Amato, “A Prôtospatharios, Magistros, and
Strategos Autokrator of 11th century,” 39.
12
Grotowski, Arms and Armour of the Warrior Saints, 277, n. 579.
oTxkuTxedebi aqvs gamosaxuli walenjixis taZris XIV saukunis

miwurulis freskebze mTavarangeloz miqaels, qveiTY da cxenosan wm.
giorgis; is gamosaxulia XV saukunis dasawyisis wm. giorgis TaviskveTis
freskazec13 (sur. 4abgd). kombinirebuli oTxkuTxedis gamosaxulebebi
mravlad gvxvdeba gvian paleologosur mxatvrobaSi bizantiur
metropoliasa Tu mis ganapira kuTxeebSi. Cans, gamosaxulebis aseTi
popularoba Zvelma tradiciebmac ganapiroba. qarTul-bizantiuri
kombinirebuli samkerde oTxkuTxedi faqtobrivad axleburad
warmogvidgens Zvel, ukve nacnob struqturas (bras), mxolod sruliad
sxva SinaarsiT: Zvelad is abjris damWeri akazmuloba iyo, axla ki –
damatebiTi abjaria.
saqarTveloSi samkerde oTxkuTxedis gamosaxva bizantiis dacemis
Semdegac grZeldeba. mogvianebiT, gansakuTrebiT XVI saukunidan
mkerdis oTxkuTxedis gamosaxva metad stilizebuli xdeba, is
TiTqosda liTonis furclebisaganaa damzadebuli da ornamentebiT
movarayebuli, rogorc esaa zemo alvanis naTlismcemlis eklesiaSi
1529-31 wlebSi Sesrulebul wm. giorgis da wm. demetres freskebze
(sur. 5). cxadia, rom aseT gamosaxulebebs realobasTan naklebi saerTo
aqvs.
Tumca, gamonaklisebic arsebobs da nikorwmindis taZarSi
gamosaxuli wm. giorgis XVII saukunis freska damatebiT monacemebsac
ki gvawvdis (sur. 6). nikorwmindaSi detalurad gamosaxuli samkerde
oTxkuTxedis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda vivaraudoT, rom damatebiTi
jaWvis fena, romelic tyaviT iyo Semoqobili, ar iyo integrirebuli
ZiriTad jaWvSi da masze zemodan iyo Camocmuli. es xsnis daviTnis
gamosaxulebas: 213v miniaturaze samkerde abjris arSiaze SeimCneva
mokle Tasmebi, rac tyavze (tyavis arSiaze) jaWvis damagrebis meTodze
miuTiTebs. rogorc Cans, jaWvis abjris gaZlierebis aucileblobam
warmoSva iseTi damatebiTi abjris idea, romelic mosaxerxebeli da
mZime ar unda yofiliyo. tyavis sarCulze da akazmulobaze damagrebuli
jaWvis damatebiTi fena ki advilad mosargebi (Camosacmeli) da
praqtikuli gamosavali SeiZleba yofiliyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
manamde, sanam jaWvis abjris gaZlierebis sxva ufro srulyofili
meTodebi iCendnen Tavs.
13
walenjixa: macxovris taZris moxatulobebi, i. lorTqifaniZis da m. janjalias
teqsti (Tbilisi, 2011), 66, 86, 116-7, 135.
310 mamuka wurwumia
One Type of Body Defense in Middle Ages
Mamuka Tsurtsumia
Summary
The article deals with one type of body defense which have been the subject of
debate for a long time and about which there isn’t still any scholarly consensus.
Starting from the 10th century in the West European representations such as Bayeux
Tapestry, Bible of Rodos we can see some rectangles on the breasts of mail hauberks.
They remind us about Byzantine representations of so-called Varangian Bra.
From the 14th century Georgian representations of such rectangles we can assume
that they represent an additional layer of mail armour which was worn on the chest to
protect one of the most vulnerable body part. As it is seen, this additional layer was not
integrated into the mail and was worn separately.
sur. 1 baios gobeleni: a) mxedrebi jaWvis abjarze oTxkuTxedebiT, b) igive jaWvis

abjrebi gemebis datvirTvisas.
312 mamuka wurwumia
sur. 2 isu naves Zis ambis amsaxveli sabrZolo scena spilos Zvlis zardaxSaze,
detali. metropolitenis muzeumi.
b
sur. 3 H1665 daviTni: a) 204r miniaturis detali, b) 213v miniaturis detali. xel-
nawerTa erovnuli centri.
314 mamuka wurwumia
a b
g d
sur. 4 walenjixis freskebi: a) mTavarangelozi miqaeli, b) qveiTiY da g) cxenosani wm.

giorgi da 4) wm. giorgis TaviskveTa.
sur. 5 wm. giorgis freska zemo alvanis naTlismcemlis eklesiaSi.

sur. 6 wm. giorgis freska nikorwmindis taZarSi. avtoris foto.
XIII
qarTuli Tofi ermitaJis muzeumSi
mamuka qafianiZe, mamuka wurwumia
saqarTveloSi damzadebuli cecxlsasroli iaraRi kavkasiuri

iaraRis ojaxs miekuTvneba. qarTul Tofebsa da dambaCebs sapatio
adgili ukaviaT kavkasiuri tipis cecxlsasroli iaraRis istoriaSi.1
kavkasiuri iaraRi, romlis maRali Tvisebebi da garegnuli mxare
ganTqmulia, mravali muzeumis eqspozicias amSvenebs. maT Soris sagangebo
adgili ukavia ermitaJis muzeumSi dacul kavkasiuri iaraRis koleqcias.
ermitaJis koleqcia eqsponatebis xarisxis garda, raodenobrivadac
gamoirCeva da moiTvlis 600-ze met nivTs, romelTa Soris daaxl. 150 satevari
da danaa, amdenive xmali da 200-ze meti Tofi, dambaCa da maTi gawyobiloba;
aq, agreTve, inaxeba TavdacviTi aRWurviloba da cxenis aRkazmuloba.2
ermitaJis kavkasiuri iaraRis koleqcia erT-erTi saukeTesoa msoflioSi
Tavisi sididiT, sisruliTa da mxatvrul-istoriuli mniSvnelobiT.3
ermitaJSi inaxeba gamorCeuli qarTuli Tofi (sainventaro nomeri
В.О.-2084), romlis aRwerilobasac qvemoT viZleviT da romlis Sesaxebac
monacemebis gamogzavnisaTvis madlobas movaxsenebT ermitaJis
muzeumis TanamSromlebs t. kireevas da v. obrazcovs.
am Tofis, romelic qarTvel didgvarovans ekuTvnoda, ermitaJSi
moxvedris istoria cnobili ar aris. garkveul informacias iZleva
i. mileri, romelsac gamoqveynebuli aqvs Tofis foto da mokle
aRweriloba. mileris azriT, Tofi TbilisSi unda iyos damzadebuli
XBVIII saukunis Suaxanebsa Tu meore naxevarSi;4 lula Turqulia,
1
kote ColoyaSvili, mamuka qafianiZe, `qarTuli saWurveli~, eTnologiuri
Ziebani, IV (2010), 49.
2
Yurij A. Miller, Caucasian Arms from the State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. The Art of
Weaponry in Caucasus and Transcaucasia in the 18th and 19th Centuries (Næstved, 2000), 59.
3
iqve, 62.
4
ermitaJis muzeumi gansxvavebulad afasebs Tofis asaks, romelsac XIX saukunes
akuTvneben, Tumc ki kiTxvis niSniT.
qarTuli Tofi ermitaJis muzeumSi 317
qarTveli ostatis mier aris morTuli da Casmulia evropuli (SesaZloa,

rusuli) Tofis kalapotSi.5
mileris da ermitaJis muzeumis mier gamogzavnili monacemebis
SejerebiT Tofis zomebia: mTliani sigrZe – 134 sm; lulis sigrZe –
100.5 sm; kondaxis Rari (kalapoti) – 113.1 sm; lulis Sida d – 12 mm, gare
d – 16 mm.
Tofi Sedgeba lulis, kondaxisa da Caxmaxisagan, axlavs zumba.
lula kondaxis RarSi Camagrebulia sami gamWoli samsWvliT, xolo
lulis kudi saxazino nawilze – xraxniT. Tofi gluvluliania.
lulis zedapirze (safaliesTan da tuCTan) reliefurad gamosaxulia
Seisruli da samyura formis ornamentebi. lulis gare zedapiri
TiTqmis mTlianad oqrozarniSiT Sesrulebuli mcenareuli da
geometriuli ornamentebiTaa morTuli, mravladaa mocemuli
rvaqimiani fifqis formis motivi (msgavsi dekori axasiaTebs Tbilisur
iaraRs). lulaze mocemulia ori samizne (kora), wina kora lulis
tuCzea moTavsebuli da viwro nawiburis formisaa, mooqrulia. ukana
kora ki Seisruli formisaa da erTi samizne naxvreti aqvs. lulaze,
safaliesTan axlos mocemulia oqrozarniSiT Sesrulebuli orrigi
qarTuli warwera. Caxmaxi tipuri kavkasiuri formisaa da miekuTvneba
daRestnuri Caxmaxebis jgufs, romelic XVIII s. I mesamedSi iyo
gavrcelebuli.6 Sedgeba Caxmaxis damWeri dafisagan, zambarisagan,
kvesisagan, kaJis damWer-damcemi meqanizmisagan (sakuTriv Caxmaxi) da
sasxletisagan. kaJiani Caxmaxi dakavSirebulia zambarasTan, romelic
Tavis mxriv kavSirSia sasxletTan, xolo kvesi damWer dafaze anjamiTaa
damagrebuli. sasxletis gamokvris Semdeg, Tavisufldeba zambara da
moqmedebaSi modis kaJis damcemi meqanizmi (Caxmaxi), romelic ecema
kvess da warmoiqmneba naperwkali. kvesi anjamis saSualebiT ukan
gadadis da naperwkali xvdeba safalie dafaze, saidanac aalebuli
denTi gaivlis safalie RarSi da xdeba gasrola. msgavsi konstruqcia
axasiaTebs e.w. xmelTaSuazRvispirul Caxmaxebs, Sesabamisad Turqul
cecxlsasrol iaraRebs da maTi gavleniT XVIII saukunis kavkasiur Tof-
dambaCebs. Caxmaxis damWer dafaze mocemulia mrgvali formis damRa
arabuli warweriT, romelzec mileris mixedviT ikiTxeba òsmanis
5
Miller, Caucasian Arms from the State Hermitage Museum, 124, 316-7.
6
e. astvacaturianis mixedviT daRestnuri Caxmaxis II tipi. Э.Г. Аствацатурян, Оружие
народов Кавказа, 2-е изд. (Санкт-Петербург, 2004), 292.
318 mamuka qafianiZe, mamuka wurwumia
xeloba~.7 kondaxi da kalapoti xisagan aris damzadebuli, qveda mxridan

aqvs zumbis Casadebi TiTberis ornamentuli sami mili, rac axasiaTebs
evropul da rusul iaraRs. kondaxi bolovdeba lomveSapis Zvlis
duglugiT. kondaxze gadakrulia ornamentuli salte, romelic xis
masaze TiTberis samsWvlebiT aris damagrebuli. amave teqnologiiTaa
gawyobili figuruli formis firfitebi sasxletTan da duglugTan.
kondaxis moxazuloba cotaTi Sordeba kavkasiur formebs da ufro
masiuria, kalapoti ki evropuli tipisaa. msgavsi konfiguracia iSviaTia
kavkasiuri iaraRisTvis. zumba damzadebulia xisagan (wverSi SesaZloa
qondes rkinis mili xraxniT, an naCvretiT Cvaris gasayrelad) da aqvs
gafarToebuli cilindruli bolo.
ermitaJis Tofs aqvs damaskuri foladis Turquli lula, romelic
evropul Tofze ufro mZlavri iyo da Sorsac isroda8. Tavisi maRali
xarisxiT cnobili Turquli Tofisa da dambaCis lulebi metad
popularuli iyo rogorc aRmosavleTSi, ise evropaSi. maT xSirad
iyenebdnen adgilobrivi Tofebis asawyobad9.
Tofis asakisa da misi istoriis gasarkvevad didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba masze datanil warweras, romelzec misi mflobelis saxeli
aris aRbeWdili. i. mileri ase kiTxulobs am warweras – Prince Ædisher
Tsmirahorissjvili.10 es wakiTxva swori ar aris, sinamdvileSi aq weria: À,
miraxuris Svili kniaz ediSer. rogorc vxedavT, warweraSi moxse-
niebulia amilaxvris Svili kniaz ediSer an miraxuris Svili kniaz
ediSer. pirvel SemTxvevaSi qarTuli gvari amilaxvari TiTqosda
sparsuli variantiT aris dawerili – eimir axuri. meore SemTxvevaASi
aso-niSani À mxolod teqstis dasawyisSi dasmuli mimarTvis rols
TamaSobs.11 aqedan gamomdinare, pirvel SemTxvevaSi – amilaxvari –
gvaria da Tofis mflobeli am gvarSia mosaZebni.12 meore variantSi –
7
Miller, Caucasian Arms from the State Hermitage Museum, 317.
8
ufro vrclad ix. mamuka wurwumia, `cecxlsasroli iaraRi XVI-XVIII saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi~, saistorio krebuli, 4 (2014), 180-1.
9
Miller, Caucasian Arms from the State Hermitage Museum, 34.
10
iqve, 317.
11
warwerasTan dakavSirebiT konsultaciisa da rCevebisaTvis madlobas vuxdiT
Temo jojuas.
12
amilaxvari (amilaxori) Tavdapirvelad zevdginiZeTa Tanamdebobas aRniSnavda,
romelTac es saxelo XV saukuneSi miiRes. cota xanSi Tanamdeboba sagvareulos
saxelwodebadac iqca. m. qiqoZe, `qarTlis saTavadoebis istoriidan XV-XVIII ss.
(saamilaxoro)~, masalebi saqarTvelos da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, 35 (1963), 99, 110.
miraxori – Tanamdebobaa da am Tanamdebobaze myofi Tavaduri gvaria

saZiebeli, saxeli ediSeriT. milaxvaris saxelo saqarTveloSi XVIII
saukunis meore naxevridan Cans,13 da mefis karis garda, safeodaloebSic
gvxvdeba. es aris sapatio da gavleniani Tanamdeboba, romelsac
sameurneo xasiaTi aqvs da mamulebis marTva-gamgeobas iTvaliswinebs.14
Tumca, es varianti naklebad mosalodnelia,15 radgan XVIII s. meore
naxevris sabuTebSi forma yvelgan aris milaxvari da ara miraxori
an miraxuri.16 rac mTavaria, qarTul sabuTebSi ar Cans milaxvaridan
(miraxuridan) warmoebuli gvari – milaxvarisSvili an miraxurisSvili.
yoveli SemTxevevisaTvis, imasac davazustebT, rom Cven ar vicnobT
arc milaxvris Tanamdebobaze myof amilaxvaris sagvareulos arcerT
warmomadgenels.
cxadia, rom Tofis patronis Zieba amilaxvarTa sagvareuloSi
unda gagrZeldes. am gvaris warmomadgenlebidan mxolod ori ediSeria
cnobili da Cveni amocanac maT Soris Tofis mflobelis identifikaciaa.
pirveli ediSeri XVIII saukuneSi moRvaweobda: ediSer paatas Ze
amilaxvari (-1788) vaxtang VI-is sufraji17 iyo da ruseTSi gadasaxlebaSi
gayva mefes. vaxtang VI-is amalis 1724 wlis nusxaSi is moixsenieba
rogorc Tavadi ediSer paatas Svili amilaxoris Zma, romelsac Tan
axlavs meuRle gulqani da qali marexi 2 aznaurisSvilTan, 7 msaxurTan
da 4 sefeqalTan erTad.18 ediSer amilaxvarma sakmao warmatebebs
miaRwia ruseTSi samxedro samsaxurSi: mas icnobdnen, rogorc Елисей
13
iv. surgulaZe, saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoriisaTvis, t.
1 (Tbilisi, 1952), 224. marTlac, XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi daweril vaxtang VI-is
dasturlamalSi milaxvaris Tanamdeboba ar Cans.
14
surgulaZe, saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoriisaTvis, 224-8.
15
gulaxdilad rom vTqvaT, am mimarTulebiT kvleva-Ziebas Sedegi arc eqneboda:
qarTul sabuTebSi dadasturebuli mravali milaxvaridan nebismiers SeiZleba
hyoloda Svili ediSeri.
16
ix. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni
daurTo prof. i. doliZem, t. IV, 531; t. V, 472; t. VI, 132, 208-9, 214, 223, 350, 436, 438; t.
VII, 182, 541, 737, 744; t. VIII, 279, 369, 393-5, 470, 747.
17
sufraji mefis piradi mosamsaxureebis ufrosi iyo da monarqTan daaxloebul
da gavlenian Tanamdebobis pirs warmoadgenda. surgulaZe, saqarTvelos
saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoriisaTvis, 197-9.
18
g. paiWaZe, ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan (XVIII s. I meoTxedi)
(Tbilisi, 1960), 208. siis mxolod qarTuli nawili, rusuli Sesatyvisisa da
mxlebelTa raodenobis gareASe ix. roland kalandaZe, ruseTis qarTuli
koloniebisa da savaneebis istoriidan (Tbilisi, 2008), 233.
Потапьевич-s, iyo poruCiki (1738), maiori (1742), qarTvel husarTa

polkis meTauri, bolos ki general-leitenanti.19 mas hyavda ufrosi
Zma faremuz paatas Ze amilaxvari, ris gamoc is moixsenieba rogorc
amilaxoris Zma da sabuTebSi daiwereboda, rogorc amilaxvriSvili da
ara amilaxvari, risi privilegiac mxolod gvaris ufross hqonda.20
meore amilaxvari ediSer erastis Zea (1789-1816), romelic XVIII
saukunis damlevis da XIX saukunis dasawyisis moRvawea.21 iTvleba, rom
is 1816 wlis Semdeg gardaicvala.22 ediSeris mama erasti nikolozis
Ze (1750-1808) qarTul sabuTebSi amilaxvriSvilis gvariT gvxvdeba.
1789 wlis sabuTSi, sadac amilaxvrebi erekle mefes sofel orWoSenSi
axaldasaxlebulTa gamosaRebisagan gaTavisuflebas Txoven saxlis
ufrosis oTar amilaxvris gverdiT erasti amilaxvriSvilad ixsenieba.23
1808 wels amilaxvrebis gvari iyofa. 10 TebervliT daTariRebuli
sabuTidan `mediatorTa ganCineba amilaxvarTa yma-mamulis gayofis
saqmeze~ Cans, rom amilaxvrebi 4 saxlad iyofian: mesame saxlad gasulebs
Soris vxedavT oTars, aRaTonikes da erastis Tavisi ZmebiT.24 es faqti
kargad moexseneboda ioane batoniSvilsac, romelic XIX saukunis
dasawyisSi daweril genealogiur naSromSi amilaxvarTa gvars ukve
saxlebad dayofilad moixseniebs da mis erT Stod erastis Svilebs da
mis Zmiswulebs asaxelebs.25
19
Дворянские роды Российской империи (1721-1917), т. IV, Князья, Под редакцией С.В. Думина
(Москва, 1998), 107.
20
saxlis ufrosi pirveli xarisxis Tavadad iTvleboda da amilaxorad iwereboda,
saxlis sxva wevrebi (saxlikacebi) ki amilaxoriSvilebad iwodebodnen. qiqoZe,
`qarTlis saTavadoebis istoriidan XV-XVIII ss. (saamilaxoro)~, 102.
21
iuri Ciqovani, Tavad amilaxvarTa sagvareulo (Tbilisi, 2010), 7.
22
Дворянские роды Российской империи (1721-1917), т. IV, 113.
23
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VII, 793-4. erasti amilaxvriSvilad moixsenieba
mravalricxovan sabuTebSi, romlebic umTavresad mis sagvareuloSi mimdinare davas
asaxavs: 1795 wels erasti amilaxvriSvili erekle II-Tan uCivis beJan amilaxvriSvils.
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VIII, 328-9. 1798 wels erasti amilaxvriSvili giorgi
XII-Tanac uCivis beJans. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VIII, 492. 1799 wels ukve beJan
amilaxvriSvili Txovs giorgi XII-s SeRavaTs erastisagan. qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebi, t. VIII, 555-6. 1800 wels erasti amilaxvriSvili kvlav uCivis beJans giorgi
XII-Tan. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VIII, 668. 1800 wels erasti amilaxvriSvili
gvxvdeba sabuTSi, sadac is mowmed gamodis. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VI, 225-6.
24
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VI, 394-6.
25
ioane batoniSvili, SemoklebiT aRwera saqarTvelosa Sina mcxovrebTa TavadTa
da aznaurTa gvarebisa: masala istoriisaTvis, red. zurab kacelaSvili (Tbilisi,
1997), 19.
verc am gayofis Semdeg daiwereboda erasti amilaxvrad, rad-

ganac mesame saxlis ufrosad oTari Cans, romelic moixsenieba kidec
amilaxvrad sabuTebSi.26 Sesabamisad, amilaxvriSvili iqneboda mi-
si Svili ediSeric, miTumetes rom ediSers hyavda ufrosi Zmac –
avTandili (1775-1814).
moyvanili monacemebidan Cans, rom orive ediSeri Tanabrad
akmayofilebs kvleviT mocemulobas – orive amilaxvriSvilis gvars
atarebs da orive CvenTvis saintereso periodSi cxovrobs. maTi
Semdgomi identifikaciisaTvis ukve Tofis xasiaTisa da warweris
Sinaarsis mixedviT unda vimsjeloT: Tavad TofSi sacnauria, rom is
Turquli lulis, daRestnuri Caxmaxis, qarTuli morTulobisa da
evropuli xis kalapotis erTgvar hibrids warmoadgens; warweraSi
ki yuradRebas ipyrobs is faqti, rom masSi mflobelis tituli
garusulebuli formiT – kniaziT aris gadmocemuli. vnaxoT, ori
ediSeridan romeli ufro Seesabameba am pirobebs.
ediSer paatas Zis sasargeblod metyvelebs Semdegi garemoebebi: is
didxans imyofeboda ruseTSi da Tavisuflad SeeZlo Tofze daewera
rusuli kniazi qarTuli Tavadis nacvlad; saqarTvelodan waRebul
Turqul lulas advilad moargebda rusul xis kalapots. Tumca, isic
saTqmelia, rom mas gauZneldeboda ruseTSi qarTveli xelosnis povna
Tofze qarTuli warweris dasatanad. vaxtang VI-is amalis nusxaSi,
sadac didebul-aznaurTa da sxvadasxva Tanamdebobis pirTa garda,
dasaxelebulia iseTi profesiis pirni, rogoricaa mzareuli, xabazi,
mesaklave, nalbandi, mkeravi, dalaqi da sxva,27 ver vxvdebiT CvenTvis
saintereso profesiis warmomadgenels. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
rus meiaraRes gauWirdeboda misTvis ucxo konstruqciis kavkasiuri
saketis morgeba xis kondaxTan da, saerTod, kavkasiuri tipis kondaxis
damzadeba.
ediSer erastis Zis sasargeblod metyvelebs is garemoeba, rom mas
SeeZlo Tofis TbilisSi SekveTa. Tbilisi iyo is adgili, sadac qarTvel
xelosans advilad SeeZlo rusuli da Turquli Tofis nawilebis
kombinireba erT iaraRSi. amave dros, sakiTxavia, Tu ramdenad SeeZlo
mas 1816 wlamde anu Tavis gardacvalebamde Tavadis nacvlad kniazi
daewera iaraRze. XIX saukunis pirvel dekadebSi qarTul sabuTebSi ar
26
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VI, 395; t. VII, 793.
27
paiWaZe, ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierATobis istoriidan, 214-5, 225, 227, 230.
gamoiyeneba termini kniazi. am periodis sabuTebSi qarTvelebi xels

mxolod Tavadis tituliT aweren, Tundac rom rusuli Tanamdeboba
ekavoT an Cini hqondeT. ase magaliTad, 1806 wels aleqsandre mayaSvili
xels awers rogorc Tavadi koleskis sovetniki;28 1813 wels dimitri
Tumanovi – rogorc sovetniki Tavadi;29 1819 wels abel Colayovi –
rogorc Telavis uezdis marSali Tavadi;30 1819 wels becia falavandovi
– rogorc Tavadi praporSCiki.31 miuxedavad ukve danergili rusuli
terminebisa (koleskis sovetniki, uezdi, praporSCiki), oficialur
dokumentebSi titulis aRniSvnisas qarTvelebi mainc Tavads iyeneben
da ara kniazs. amave dros, kniazi ukve gvxvdeba anton II kaTalikosis
1805 wlis sabuTis teqstSi: `kniazi iwereba am saqmezed wigns CvenTan
iqidam...~32 rac imas unda niSnavdes, rom aRniSnul termins yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi ukve iyenebdnen.
Tuki am monacemebs SevajerebT, davinaxavT, rom naklebad
savaraudoa Tofi ediSer paatas Zes ekuTvnodes da upiratesoba mainc
saqarTveloSi myof amilaxvars unda mieniWos: mas ufro advilad
SeeZlo yvela komponenti im RirsSesaniSnav iaraRSi SeerTebina,
romelic amJamad ermitaJSi inaxeba. Tofi TbilisSi unda iyos
adgilobrivi meiaraRis mier awyobili, romelmac Zvel daRestnur
Caxmaxs da Turqul lulas axali kondaxi moargo, daamSvena is qarTuli
warweriT da amasTanave, gaiTvaliswina axali tendenciebi SeiaraRebaSi
da evropuli an rusuli iaraRis wabaZviT33 teqnologiurad ufro
martivi kalapoti gamoiyena.34 kavkasiuri formis, magram ufro ganieri
kondaxic evropul gavlenaze SeiZleba metyvelebdes.
rogorc Cans, ermitaJSi daculi qarTuli Tofi ediSer erastis
Ze amilaxvars ekuTvnoda da is XIX saukunis dasawyisSi unda iyos
damzadebuli, rodesac qarTveli Tavadi ukve imdenad SeeCvia axal
garemos, rom sakuTari titulis aRsaniSnavad rusuli formulireba
gamoiyena.
28
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, 1097.
29
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VI, 461.
30
iqve, 480.
31
iqve, 483.
32
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, 1094.
33
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi evropuli importirebuli iaraRi ukve moipoveboda
kavkasiaSi.
34
evropuli kalapoti teqnikurad ufro ioli gasakeTebelia, vidre kavkasiuri
meTodiT Txel xeSi zumbis arxis gaWra.
Georgian Gun in the State Hermitage Museum

Mamuka Qapianidze, Mamuka Tsurtsumia
Summary
The State Hermitage Museum houses the splendid collection of Caucasian arms, one
of the best in the world for its size and historical and artistic value.
This collection holds a distinctive Georgian gun, which unite the parts of different
origin: Turkish barrel of damascus steel, Dagestani lock, European stock and wooden butt
more massive than the typical Caucasian one. Gun is decorated with gold engraving by
a Georgian master.
To determine the provenance and history of the gun the inscription it bears is of
great importance. After reading the inscription it was determined that the gun belonged to
Edisher Amilakhvari. Georgian history knows two person bearing this name: Amilakhvari
Edisher son of Paata (-1788), who together with Vakhtang VI went to Russia, and reached
there a general’s rank; second, Amilakhvari Edisher son of Erasti (1789-1816), who was
active in Georgia.
The further study revealed that the Georgian gun preserved in the State Hermitage
Museum belonged to Edisher Erasti Amilakhvari and it should be made in the beginning
of 19th century.
ermitaJSi daculi qarTuli Tofi. k. siniavskis fotoebi.

XIV
stelis fragmenti mcxeTis wm. jvris taZridan
nana sixaruliZe, zaza sxirtlaZe
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis qvis fondSi daculia monac-

risfro feris qva, zomiT 38X21X21 sm, romelic mcxeTis wm. jvris taZ-
ris teritoriaze iqna napovni (sainv. #N482). igi muzeumSi arqiteqtor m.
CxikvaZisagan moxvedrila (sur. 1).1
wiboebCamotexili da Zlier dazianebuli qvis fragmenti qvajvaris
svetis nawils warmoadgens. amaze miuTiTebs qvis forma, qveda waxnagze
amokveTili foso, agreTve misi erTi waxnagis dekori, romelic Sedge-
ba Sveul rigad ganTavsebuli, erTmaneTTan mijriT miwyobili, med-
alionSi Casmuli tolmklava, boloebgafarToebuli jvrebis relief-
uri gamosaxulebebisagan (sur. 4). Sua saukuneebis qarTuli stelebze,
erTi waxnagi, rogorc wesi ceradkveTili bolnuri jvrebiT an orna-
mentuli motivebiTaa gamSvenebuli.2 qvajvaris sam waxnags reliefuri
saxeebi amkobs, meoTxe ki gauformeblad dautovebiaT.
stelis erT, savaraudod wina pirze, zeda nawilSi jvris amaRlebaa
gamosaxuli – wriul medalionSi Casmuli tolmklava jvari, romelsac
ori, erTmaneTis simetriulad ganlagebuli, mfrinavi angelozi aRa-
maRlebs. amJamad, SedarebiT mkafiod mxolod medalions CaWidebuli
xelebis konturuli monaxazi ikiTxeba. imave waxnagis qveda, farTo re-
liefuri xaziT gamijnuli sibrtyis Sua nawilSi axalgazrda mamakacis
saxiT warmodgenilia macxovris figura grZeli, mxrebamde daSvebuli
TmiT; gairCeva misi ovaluri formis pirisaxe da ganzogadoebuli,
sqematuri anabeWdebis saxiTRa SemorCenili Tvalebi, cxviri, tuCebi.
gamosaxulebis qveda nawili Zlieraa dazianebuli, Tumca savaraudoa,
rom reliefze figura sruli taniT unda yofiliyo warmodgenili.
1
aRniSnulis Taobaze muzeumis sainventaro Canawerebidan xdeba cnobili.
2
rogorc es warmodgenilia qarTuli stelebis umetes nawilze. g. javaxiSvili,
adrefeodaluri xanis qarTuli stelebi (Tbilisi, 1998), tab. VI, sur. 2; tab. XVII,
sur. 5; tab. LI, sur. 1.
326 nana sixaruliZe, zaza sxirtlaZe
scenis zeda nawilSi ikiTxeba naTlis sveti, xolo mis gaswvriv sibrtyes
avsebs ori angelozis figura, romelTagan, amJamad, qvis gamoqarul
zedapirze frTebis gamosaxulebaa mqrqalad darCenili (sur. 2 da 5).
stelis marcxena waxnagze, mTeli taniT, frontalurad gamosaxu-
lia wverosani mamakacis figura, romelsac xelebi mkerdTan aqvs mit-
anili; mosavs grZeli, koWebamde daSvebuli kaba; mis mxrebze mosxmuli
mantia welamde eSveba. grZeli, mkerdamde dacemuli wveri bolosken
wawvetebuli aqvs. am garegnuli niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT savaraudo
xdeba, rom aq mowese mamis figura unda gamoesaxaT (sur. 3 da 6).
gamosaxulebasTan warweris kvali ar Cans. welSi odnav moxrili da
marcxniv mimarTuli figura ukavSirdeba (TiTqos Seuvrdeba) momij-
nave waxnagze warmodgenil macxovars. mamakacis gamosaxulebis gver-
diT, marjvniv mimarTuli cxovelebi arian gamokveTilni. stelis zeda
nawilSi mkafio konturiT inakvTeba figuris silueti: Cans wingadgmu-
li fexi, kudi, brWyalebi da Tavis moxazuloba, rqebis gareSe. stelis
qveda nawilSi, mamakacis fexTiT gamosaxul cxovels ukan gadawyobili,
grZeli, moxdenili rqebi aqvs – igi Zlier waagavs TeTriwyaros eklesi-
is samxreT-aRmosavleT burjze warmodgenil antilopas gamosaxule-
bas.3
mcxeTis jvris stelaze kompoziciebi sibrtyidan mcirediT amo-
ziduli saxeebiT iqmneba. erTiani konturuli xaziT Semowerili
gamosaxulebebi amoWris xerxiT – mis garSemo fonis amoRebis meSveo-
biT ikveTeba. figuraTa siluetis Semomweri xazi moqnilia, msubuqi.
amJamad, Zlieri dazianebis gamo, drapirebis, tanisamosis damuSavebis
Taviseburebebze saubari rTulia. Sesamoselze datanili nakecebisa
Tu naoWTa reliefuri naxati Sveul xazTa arc Tu intensiuri wyebiT
unda iyos mocemuli. xazs ara dekoratiuli, aramed, ZiriTadad, for-
mis momsazRvrelis daniSnuleba aqvs. reliefis saerTo foni Tavisu-
falia; ar Cans miswrafeba Seumkoblad darCenili monakveTis dekora-
tiuli xasiaTis sxvadasxva gamosaxulebebiT Sevsebisaken, rogorc
es VII saukunis miwurulidan moyolebuli, e.w. gardamavali periodis
kompoziciebisTvisaa niSandoblivi.4 sxeulTa nawilebis proporci-
3
Н. Чубинашвили, Р. Шмерлинг, “Храмы в Древних Селениях Триалети – Олтиси и Тетри-
цкаро,” Ars Georgica, 2 (1948), 62-3.
4
n. aladaSvili, `VIII-IX saukuneebis qvaze kveTili reliefis adgili Sua sau-
kuneebis qarTuli skulpturis ganviTarebaSi~, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 7-8 (2005),
49-56.
stelis fragmenti mcxeTis wm. jvris taZridan 327
uli ageba, formis, xazis plastikuri xasiaTi, gamosaxulebaTa da-

muSaveba analogias adreqristianul, elinisturs naziareb mxatvrul
tendenciebTan poulobs. cxovelTa saxeebic formis SegrZnebiT,
Tavisuflad gadmocemuli moZraobiT, adreqristianuli xanis gamo-
saxulebebs mogvagoneben. isini TeTriwyaros eklesiis burjze war-
modgenili antilopas figurasa5 da sasanur Tasebze gamoqandakebul
cxovelebTan formiseul Tanagvarobas amJRavneben. stelis reliefe-
bze formaTa gadmocemis niSneulad ara sibrtyobriv-dekoratiuli,
aramed erTgvari plastikuri xasiaTi maT atenis sionis Crdilo-
eT timpanis reliefebTan,6 agreTve garejis mravalmTis wm. ioane
naTlismcemlis monastris,7 lamazi goras,8 bolnisis sionis9 stelaTa
figurebTan anaTesavebs.
gamosaxulebaTa Sesrulebisa da kompoziciis agebis Tavisebure-
bebi SesaZlebels xdis stelis Seqmnis savaraudo periodi VI saukuniT
an VII saukunis dasawyisiT ganisazRvros.
qarTul realobaSi arsebuli magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom qarTlSi
taZris mSeneblobas xSirad qvajvarTa aRmarTva uZRoda win. aRniSnuli
tradiciis Camoyalibebis sawyisebi, rogorc Cans, saTaves unda iReb-
des wm. ninos mier aRmarTuli jvrebidan, rac, Tavis mxriv, mcxeTaSi
agebul pirvel eklesias – sveticxovels ukavSirdeba. qristianuli
sarwmunoebis damkvidrebis beWdad mdgari qvajvrebi adreuli xanis
taZrebs simbolurad ganasaxiereben – isini axladmoqceul qarTvel-
Ta cnobierebaSi axali msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebis gacxadebas
warmoadgenen. amitomac, adreqristianuli epoqis qarTlSi xSirad
jvris aRmarTeba praqtikulad taZris dafuZnebas, misi agebis ganx-
orcielebasac niSnavda. am niSniT sainteresoa VI saukuniT daTariRe-
5
ix. zemoT, Sen. 3.
6
g. abramiSvili, ìrmebis simbolika atenis sionis timpanis reliefze~,
saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis narkvevebi, VI (2000), 61-7; g.
abramiSvili, atenis sioni (Tbilisi, 2012), 113-8.
7
k. maCabeli, adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qvajvrebi (Tbilisi 2008), 14-6; Г.
Чубинашвили, Пещерньие монастыри Давид Гареджи (Тбилиси, 1948), 130; g. CubinaSvili,
qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, I (Tbilisi, 1936), 214, sur. 68.
8
j. amiranaSvili, adrefeodaluri xanis qarTuli arqiteqturisa da reliefuri
qandakebis Zeglebi (Tbilisi, 1968), 28-30.
9
j. amiranaSvili, `bolnisis reliefuri stela da kveTis teqnologia~, sabWoTa
xelovneba, 6 (1976), 33-5; Г. Чубинашвили, “Болнисский Сион,” Известия Института Языка,
Истории и Материальной Културы, IX (1940), 184-92.
buli eZanis sionis aRmosavleTi fasadis sarkmlis qveS amokveTili

samSeneblo warwera, romelic stela-jvris reliefuri gamosaxulebis
Tanmxleb gvxvdeba. warwera amgvarad ikiTxeba: èse jovari me, (Teog)
nade, aRvaSene salocvelad sulisa Cuenisa; vinc amoikiTxos locvasa
myos...~10 warwera ara stela-jvris aRmarTvis Sesaxeb, aramed taZris
aSenebis Taobaze gvauwyebs; mis gverdiT gamosaxuli qvajvari ki imaze
miuTiTebs, rom adreqristianul cnobierebaSi misi aRmarTva xSirad
eklesiis agebis niSnad Tu winapirobad miiCneoda. msgavsi sazrisiTaa
aRbeWdili VII saukuniT daTariRebuli wromis stelac warweriT: èse
jovari qristesi me, mamasaxlisman grigol zeda aRvmarTe salocvelad
Cvenda, mosaxsenebelad...~11 igi wromis taZris aRmSeneblobis winapiro-
bad SeiZleba iqnas miCneuli. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZle-
beli Cans mcxeTis jvris stelis Seqmna-aRmarTvis savaraudo periodis
gansazRvra – es erismTavar stefanoz I-is mier mcxeTis wm. jvris ekle-
siis aSenebis winare periodSi unda momxdariyo, rac, qronologiurad,
VI saukunis meore naxevars Tanxvdeba.
safiqrebelia, rom qvajvari ukve aRmarTuli iyo VI saukunis mi-
wurulisTvis; swored im droiT TariRdeba stefanoz I-is dReisTvis
cnobili monetebi (sur. 18),12 romlebzec gamosaxuli stela-jvari –
niSani erismTavris sarwmunoebriv-erovnuli ganacxadisa, uSualod
ukavSirdeba mis mier aRmarTul qvajvars – winapirobas qarTvelTa
erTianobis simbolod qmnili mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris agebisa. misi
aRmSenebloba xom `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁSic~ amgvaradaa moxseniebuli:
`..aman dadva safuZveli patiosnisa juarisa~,13 rac Tanagvarad niSnavs
10
n. CubinaSvili, `qvemo qarTlis stela-jvrebi~, Zeglis megobari, 30 (1972), 34-49;
n. CubinaSvili, `qvemo qarTlis stela-jvrebi~, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 12 (2008),
353-67.
11
T. barnaveli, ùsaneTisa da wromis stelebis TariRisaTvis~, macne, istoriis,
arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 1 (1969), 191-208.
12
d. kapanaZe, `ramdenime SeniSvna e.w. qarTul-sasanuri dramebis Sesaxeb~,
saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 6 (1945), 81-8; g. dundua, è.w.
qarTul-sasanuri monetebis problema da adrefeodaluri xanis saqarTvelos
istoriis safuZvlebi~, macne, istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis
istoriis seria, 1 (1976), 97-109; g. dundua, T. dundua, qarTuli numizmatika
(Tbilisi, 2006), 149-56; S. H. Rapp Jr., The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes (Farnham, 2014),
328-9.
13
`moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡~, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi,
gamosacemad moamzades il. abulaZem, n. aTaneliSvilma, n. goguaZem, l. qajaiam, c.
qurcikiZem, c. Wankievma da c. jRamaiam, I (Tbilisi, 1963), 95.
taZris mSeneblobis dasawyissac da qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis

ganmtkicebis safuZvel-Cayrasac.
mcxeTis jvris stelis adgils adreuli Sua saukuneebis garkveul
monakveTSi, niSneuli stiluri maxasiaTeblebis garda, masze warmod-
genil saxeTa erTianobiT Seqmnili ikonografiuli programac gansaz-
Rvravs.
stelaze mocemuli scena jvris amaRlebisa didad popularuli da
farTod gavrcelebuli Cans adre Sua saukuneebis qarTul xelovnebaSi
kompozicia, romelsac xSirad macxovris amaRlebis wil gamosaxavdnen
xolme, IV-VI saukuneebis qristianuli xelovnebis wiaRSi Camoyalibe-
bul saxes iZens (Sdr. sur. 7, 8, 9) da saqarTveloSic mkvidrdeba, sadac
aswleulebis manZilze gamorCeul popularobas inarCunebs. angeloz-
Ta mier naTlis SaravandSi moqceuli jvris, macxovris an RmrTismSOo-
blis amaRleba gavrcelebulia mcxeTis jvris stelis Tanadroul
Zeglebze – igi gamosaxulia anCisxatis (VI s.),14 qvemo bolnisis (VI s.),15
eZanis (VI s.)16 da TeTriwyaros (VI s.)17 eklesiebze (sur. 11, 13 da 14). Ta-
vad mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesiis samxreT fasadzec amaRlebis ori re-
liefuri gamosaxulebaa warmodgenili; maTgan erTze angelozebi med-
alionSi moqceul jvars aRamaRleben (sur. 10), xolo meoreze – Tavad
macxovars (sur. 12).18
qarTul qvajvarebze aRbeWdil scenaTa Soris xSiria amaRlebis
kompoziciaTa warmodgena angelozTa mier macxovris, RmrTismSobli-
sa da jvris amaRlebis gamosaxulebiT. igi yvela SemTxvevaSi qvajvaris
svetis zeda nawilSi ikonografiuli programis damasrulebel scenad
gvevlineba. amgvaradaa warmodgenili igi xandisis (VI s.),19 brdaZoris
14
r. gverdwiTeli, ànCisxatis bazilikis aRmosavleT sarkmlis dekori~, Zeglis
megobari, 76 (1987), 6-8; n. aladaSvili, `jvris amaRlebis Tema qarTul xelovnebaSi~,
Zeglis megobari, 17 (1976), 7-12; n. aladaSvili, àdrefeodaluri xanis qarTuli
reliefebis erTi jgufi~, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne, 1 (1978), 134-
46; n. aladaSvili, èZanis eklesiis reliefi~, Zeglis megobari, 29 (1972), 17-25; Н.
Чубинашвили, Р. Шмерлинг, “Храмы в древних селениях Триалети – Олтиси и Тетри-цкаро”, Ars
Georgica, 2 (1948), 62-3.
15
ix. zemoT, Sen. 14.
16
iqve.
17
iqve.
18
Г. Чубинашвили, Памятники типа Джвари (Тбилиси, 1948), 149-53; g. CubinaSvili,
qarTuli xelovnebis istoria (tfilisi, 1936), 112-3; mcxeTis wm. jvris taZari,
gamosacemad moamzada d. xoStariam (Tbilisi, 2008), 22, 68-9, 77.
19
Н. Чубинашвили, Хандиси. Проблема рельефа на примере одной группы грузинских стел
(VI-VII ss.),20 musxis (VI-VII ss.),21 stelebze, agreTve, savaraudod, dava-

Tis qvasvetze (VI-VII ss.).22 amas emateba didi gomareTis qvasvetebi (VI-VII
ss.),23 romelTa Zalze dazianebuli kapitelis waxnagebze mfrinavi ange-
lozebis figurebia Semonaxuli; aRniSnulis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia
stelis wina piras uflis xatis arseboba vivaraudoT, e.i. aqac svetis
sam waxnagze gaSlili uflis amaRlebis erTiani kompozicia unda arse-
buliyo.
kargadaa cnobili, rom qvasvetebis Seqmnisas, eklesiis moxatulo-
bis msgavsad, saRvTo ierarqia da istoriuli qronologia mudam dacu-
li iyo – Sesabamisad, saxarebiseuli Temebi Sveul sibrtyeebze zusti
TanmimdevrobiT, zemodan qvemoT nawildeboda; amgvari principiT,
macxovris amaRlebis kompozicia da, mis kvalad, jvris amaRlebis scena
zeda nawilSi Tavsdeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, safiqrebelia, rom mcx-
eTis jvris stelis SemorCenili fragmenti, masze nakveTi jvris amaR-
lebis gamosaxulebiT, qvajvaras svetis zeda nawils unda warmoadgen-
des.
mcxeTis jvris stelaze jvris amaRlebis gamosaxulebis qvemoT
gamoqandakebuli kompoziciis zusti raobis dadgena Zneldeba. masze
warmodgenilia macxovris, mis Tavs zemoT naTlis svetisa da Tanmxleb
warmodgenili mfrinavi angelozebis figurebi. yovelive amis gaTval-
iswinebiT SeiZleboda aRniSnuli kompoziciis naTlisRebis scenasTan
gaigiveba. marTalia, amJamad reliefze suliwmindis simbolo – mtre-
dis gamosaxuleba ar Cans, magram gamoricxuli ar aris, rom es qvis Zl-
ieri gamoqarvisa da gamosaxulebaTa sagrZnobi dazianebis Sedegi iyos.
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmo Cans ganTiadis stelaze (VI s.)
последней четверти V века, VI и первой половины VII века, (Тбилиси, 1972), 15; k. maCabeli,
adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qvajvarebi (Tbilisi, 2008), 11.
20
k. maCabeli, `qristianuli Temebi Zvel qarTul plastikaSi~, xelovneba, 2 (1993),
43-60; misive, adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qvajvarebi, 11; javaxiSvili,
adrefeodaluri xanis qarTuli stelebi, 33-4.
21
maCabeli, `qristianuli Temebi Zvel qarTul plastikaSi~, 43-60; misive,
adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qvajvarebi, 11; javaxiSvili, adrefeodaluri
xanis qarTuli stelebi, 45.
22
k. maCabeli, `davaTis qvasvetis adgili qarTuli plastikuri xelovnebis
ganviTarebaSi~, macne, istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis
istoriis seria, 1 (1991), 67-85. qvasvetis waxnagis zeda monakveTi Camotexilia;
danarCen nawilze amaRlebis angelozebia gamosaxuli, rac savaraudos xdis, rom
svetis zeda nawilSi amaRlebis siuJeti unda gamoesaxaT.
23
ix. zemoT, Sen. 19.
mocemuli kompoziciac, romelic samecniero literaturaSi naTlis-

Rebis scenadaa ganxiluli.24 isic niSneulia, rom adreqristianuli
epoqis qarTuli saeklesio xelovnebisaTvis, miT ufro ki qvajvarTa
ikonografiuli programebisaTvis, yvelaze gavrcelebuli naTlis-
Rebis scena Cans. igi warmodgenilia brdaZoris (VI s.),25 berijvaris (VI-
VII ss.)26 qvajvrebze; JaleTis sanaTlavze (VI-VII ss.), 27 webeldas kankelsa
(VII-VIII ss.)28 da usaneTis (VIII-IX ss.) stelaze.29 magram scenis gaigivebas
24
k. kaxiani, g. WaniSvili, j. kopaliani, k. maCabeli, z. aleqsiZe, e. RliRvaSvili,
n. patariZe, adreqristianuli arqeologiuri kompleqsi dmanisidan (Tbilisi,
2012), tab. 4 (2), 13, 26 (6, 7), 6 (26). kompozicia, romelic naTlis sxivisa da mtredis
gamosaxulebebs ar Seicavs, Tavisuflad SeiZleboda dagvesaxelebina mcxeTis
jvris stelaze wamodgenili scenis paralelad; Tumca, ganTiadis stelaze
warmodgenili kompoziciis naTlisRebad miCneva saeWvo Cans – aRniSnuli
dResaswaulisaTvis rogorc saRvTismetyvelo SinaarsiT, ise misi ikonografiuli
gamosaxulebiT ucilobeli da ganuyofelia naTlis svetisa da suliwmindis
(mtredis saxiT) warmodgena, ramdenadac naTlisReba RvTis gancxadebis xatia da
maTi kompoziciuri erToba Teofaniis ucilobel niSans warmoadgens. naTlisRebis
dResaswaulis sazrisisa da gamosaxvis tradiciis Taobaze ix. G. Schiller, Iconography
of Christian Art, I (Greenwich, 1971), 127-43. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia,
ganTiadis stelaze aRbeWdili kompozicia ara naTlisRebis dResaswauls, aramed
naTlobis aqts asaxavdes, xolo mis qvemoT mocemuli saero pirTa figurebi –
qristianad moqceuli warCinebuli saxlis warmomadgenlebs. aRniSnuli varaudi
SesaZloa gamoiTqvas im adreqristianuli qarTuli tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT,
romlis mixedviTac qvajvarebi mxaris an, Tanagvaradve, romelime warCinebuli
gvaris moqcevis niSnad aRimarTeboda. am mxriv isicaa niSneuli, rom ganTiadis
stelaze saxarebiseuli scenebi, saxeldobr sauflo dResaswaulebi warmodgenili
ar aris; isic sagulisxmo unda iyos, rom kurTxevis xazgasmuli aqti, romelic
gadidebuli xelis mtevniTaa warmodgenili, erTgvar mfarvelobiT Jestadac
aRiqmeba, rac wm. ioane winamorbedisagan macxovrisadmi mimarTebiT ki nakleb
mosalodneli Cans.
25
k. maCabeli, `qristianuli ikonografiis Camoyalibebis sakiTxisaTvis (Sobisa
da naTlisRebis kompoziciebi adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTul reliefebze)~,
saqarTvelos siZveleni, 9 (2006), 41-52; n. iamaniZe, `qarTuli embazebis tipologiis
sakiTxisaTvis~, Academia, 4 (2002), 66-71.
26
ix. zemoT, Sen. 24; a. Tofuria, `berijvaris stela~, Zeglis megobari, 3 (1987), 33-
9; g. oTxmezuri, `stela naeklesiar „berijvaridan“, macne, istoriis, arqeologiis,
eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 1 (1986), 88-94.
27
ix. zemoT, Sen. 25; n. qadeiSvili, JaleTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zegli (Tbilisi,
1964), 62-3; N. Iamanidzé, Les installations liturgiques sculptées des eglises de Géorgie (VIe-XIIIe siècles)
[Bibliothèque de l’Antiquite Tardive, 15] (Turnhout, 2010), 21-3, 33-43, figs. 6-7; 23-28, 31.
28
maCabeli, `qristianuli ikonografiis Camoyalibebis sakiTxisaTvis (Sobisa da
naTlisRebis kompoziciebi adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTul reliefebze)~, 41-52.
29
ix. zemoT, Sen. 24. qvasvetebze naTlisRebis gamosaxvis amgvari popularuloba,
naTlisRebasTan SeuZlebels xdis kompoziciaSi wm. ioane naTlismcem-

lis figuris ararseboba – scenis ikonografiuli saxesxvaoba, sadac
winamorbedi ar iqneboda gamosaxuli, qristianul xelovnebaSi ar Cans.
aRniSnuli scenis saxeldebisaTvis sayuradRebo Cans stelis frag-
mentis wina waxnagis erTiani reliefuri dekoris sqema, romelic Si-
naarsobrivi da kompoziciuri niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT msgavsebas ad-
reqristianul spilos Zvlis nimuSebTan poulobs – esaa V-VI saukunee-
biT daTariRebuli e.w. sakonsulo diptiqonebi, romlis centralur
nawilze angelozTa an mociqulTa wyviliT garemoculi, saydarze dab-
rZanebuli an fexze mdgomi macxovaria warmodgenili, xolo mis zeda
monakveTze, mcxeTis jvris stelis Tanagvarad, calke registradaa
gamosaxuli ori mfrinavi angelozis mier amaRlebuli medalionSi Cas-
muli triumfaluri jvari.30 yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebe-
lia, rom mcxeTis jvris stelaze jvris amaRlebisa da uflis didebis
scenaTa erToba im kompoziciur saxesxvaobad miviCnioT, romelic
Tanadroul spilos Zvlis nimuSebzea gavrcelebuli (ix. Tundac, mu-
ranos, eCmiaZinis an barberinis diptiqonebi) (sur. 7 da 8).31
savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom mcxeTis jvris qvasvetze, sakonsulo
diptiqebis msgavsad, amaRlebisa da uflis didebis scenebi erTmaneT-
Tan Sinaarsobrivad daekavSirebinaT da stelis es piri uflis sauku-
no sufevis ideiT aRebeWdaT. Sesabamisad, rodesac mnaxvelis Tvali
stelis zeda monakveTidan qvemoT, uflis didebis scenas Camouyveba,
SesaZlebelia, aixsnas Tavad qvajvris funqciidan gamomdinare – xSirad qvajvarebs,

romelTa aRmarTvis Cveuleba adreqristianuli epoqidan iRebs saTaves, axali
sarwmunoebis aRiarebis, moqcevis simbolod aRmarTavdnen. saqarTvelosa
da somxeTis (stelebi yvelaze metad kavkasiis am qveynebSia gavrcelebuli)
ganmanaTleblebma axladmoqceul qveyanaSi jvrebi aRmarTes, rogorc beWedi
warmarTobaze qristianobis gamarjvebisa (wm. ninom TxoTs, mcxeTasa da ujarmas
sami jvari aRmarTa; wm. grigol ganmanaTlebelic somxeTis axladmoqceul
mxareebs jvriT niSnavda xolme; ix. Agathangeolos, History of the Armenians, Translation and
Commentary by R. W. Thomson (Albany, 1976), 311, 319, 321.). aseve sayuradReboa qvajvaraTa
gardamocemiseuli kavSiri naTlisRebasTan – dasaSvebia, rom igi mdinare iordanes
napiras, uflis naTelRebis adgilas kostantine didis mier aRmarTul qvis jvarsac
ukavSirdebodes. ix. g. javaxiSvili, àdre Sua saukuneebis qarTuli stelebis
genezisisaTvis~, Zeglis megobari, 4 (2000), 24-9.
30
W. F. Volbach, Elfenbeinarbeiten der spatantike und des fruhen mittleters [Romisch-germanisches
Zentralmuseum zu Mainz, Katalog 7] (Mainz, 1952), 325; Age of Spirituality, ed. by K. Waitzman (New
York, 1979), 5-6.
31
ix. zemoT, Sen. 30.
saCino xdeba, rom qvajvaris kompoziciur centrs, zeda nawilSi, med-

alionSi Casmuli jvris gamosaxuleba warmoadgens; igi inacvlebs mis
qvemoT, uflis didebis scenaSi gardamosuli sxivis gaswvriv, qristes
figuraze; Sedegad, amaRlebis scenaSi gamosaxuli jvari macxovris
xatovan saxesac atarebs.
uflis didebis scenaSi aRbeWdili macxovris figura kompozici-
urad amaRlebis gamosaxulebaSi warmodgenil, medalionSi Caweril
jvars ukavSirdeba, ris Sedegadac stelis waxnagze asaxul scenebs So-
ris erTiani simetriuli xazi ikvreba; es ki qvajvaris waxnagze warmod-
genil reliefur saxeTa Sinaarsobrivsa da kompoziciur mTlianobas
ganapirobebs – misi mTavari, dasavleTi waxnagi jvris amaRlebasTan
Tanaziari uflis didebis gamosaxulebiT stelis ikonografiul pro-
gramas triumfalur saxes aZlevs.
stelis marcxena waxnagze cxovelebTan erTad warmodgenili mamak-
acis gamosaxuleba, erTi SexedviT, damoukidebeli Cans mTavar fasa-
dze gamokveTil sadResaswaulo xasiaTis scenaTagan. mowesis figuras
da cxovelTa gamosaxulebebs mxolod foni aerTianebs; Sinaarsobri-
vi, TxrobiTi kavSiri scenis calkeul elementebs Soris ar ikveTeba.
gamoricxuli ar aris, rom Tavad kompozicia stelaze erT dros war-
modgenili, naratiulad ganviTarebuli raime ciklis nawili yofili-
yo. gamosaxulebebTan warweraTa kvali ar Cans; amitomac, scenis saxel-
debisTvis aucilebelia masSi warmodgenili mamakacis figuris ikono-
grafiuli saxis gaTvaliswineba da Sinaarsobrivi kavSiris moZieba mis
gverdiT warmodgenili cxovelebis gamosaxulebebTan.
qarTul qvajvrebze saero Tu sasuliero pirTa da, maTTan erTad,
cxovelTa gamosaxva uCveulo ar aris. xSirad gvxvdeba rogorc saero
pirTa Tu wmindanTa calkeuli gamosaxulebebi (bolnisis sionis (VI s.),
dmanisis (VI s., VI-VII ss.), brdaZoris (VI s.), winarexis (VI-VII ss.), wromis (VI-
VII ss), kataulas (IX s.), usaneTis (VIII-IX ss.) stelebi), ise cxovelTa Tu fr-
invelTa figurebi (bolnisis sionis (VI s.), dmanisis (VI-VII ss.), naRvarebis
(VI-VII ss.) stelebi).32 yuradRebas iqcevs VI-VII saukuneebis eklesiebis
dekoratiul sistemaSi CarTuli irmebis mravalricxvovani gamosaxule-
bebi, rasac kavSirebi qristianobis winare xanasTan eZebneba. bolnisis
sionis, wofis, erwos, kawareTis, akaurTas eklesiaTa kapitelebze gamo-
saxulia irmebi, romlebic dganan an moZraoben da mcenaris ylortebs mi-
32
ix. zemoT, Sen. 29.
irTmeven.33 aRsaniSnavia dmanisSi, yizil-qilisas sakurTxevlis samxreT

kedelSi CaSenebuli, VI-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebuli, stelis frag-
mentebi, romelzec warmodgenilia sxvadasxva cxoveli: jixvi, faskunji,
iremi da sxv.34 maTTan erTad gamousaxavT wmindanTaA figurebic; aseve,
dmanisis naqalaqarSi aRmoCenili qvajvaris (VI s.) svetis fragmentzec
gamokveTilia cxovelisa da mamakacis gamosaxuleba,35 Tumca mocemul
magaliTebSi saxeebi mcxeTis jvris stelis scenis Tanagvar erTian kom-
poziciad ar erTiandeba; adamianisa da cxovelis figurebi sxvadaxva
scenebs warmoadgens da isini reliefuri registris xaziT imijnebian.
adamianisa da cxovelebis erT scenad gaerTianebuli kompoziciebis
warmodgenisas, pirveli asociacia meudabnoe moRvaweebTan mimarTe-
biT Cndeba, miT ufro, rom mcxeTis jvris stelaze gamosaxuli mamaka-
cis figura garegnuli niSnebiT – grZeli mantiiTa da mkerdamde daS-
vebuli wveriT meudabnoes, mowese mamas gavs. stelis wina gamokveTili
scenis naTlisRebasTan SesaZlo gaigivebisas, varaudi, pirvelyov-
lisa, meudabnoe mamaTa winamorbeds, wm. ioane naTlismcemels ukav-
Sirdeba. magram, cxovelebTan dakavSirebuli scenebi, sadac wm. ioane
naTlismcemelia gamosaxuli, ar gvxvdeba. garda amisa, wmindanis iko-
nografia sxvagvaria – kargadaa cnobili, rom qristianuli saxviTi
tradicia mas aSlili Tma-wveriT, aqlemis xaleniT mosils warmogvid-
gens. meore mxriv, cxovelebTan erTad beris, meudabnoe mamis gamosax-
vis tradicias asurel moRvaweebTan, qarTuli monasticizmis fuZem-
deblebTan mivyavarT. asurel mamaTa gamosaxulebebi cxovelebTan,
xSirad irmebTan erTad, metnaklebad Camoyalibebuli ikonografiuli
programebis saxiT Semdgomi saukuneebidan Cndeba da gvxvdeba ro-
gorc kedlis mxatvrobaSi, ise qandakebaSi; esaa atenis sionis safasado
reliefi – wm. daviT garejelisa da wm. lukianes mier irmebis wvelis
epizodi (X s.) (sur. 15),36 garejas mravalmTis udabnos monastris mTa-
vari eklesiis mxatvroba wm. daviT garejelis cxovrebis scenebiT (XI
33
abramiSvili, atenis sioni, 132.
34
k. maCabeli, `qvajvara, rogorc spolia Sua saukuneebis qarTul arqiteqturaSi~,
levan rCeuliSvili 100, samecniero konferenciis masalebi (Tbilisi, 2009), 32-42;
k. maCabeli, qvajvara – Spolia qvemo qarTlis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi (Tbilisi, 2014), 24.
35
javaxiSvili, adrefeodaluri xanis qarTuli stelebi, 24.
36
g. abramiSvili, daviT garejelis cikli qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobaSi (Tbilisi,
1972), 90-100; g. abramiSvili, àtenis sionis reliefi~, sabWoTa xelovneba, 9 (1965),
66-71.
s.) (sur. 16),37 garejas mravalmTisave berTubnis monastris satrapezos

moxatuloba aseve wm. daviT garejelis cxovrebis sceniT (XIII saukunis
dasawyisi). 38
savaraudoa, rom qvajvarze warmodgenili meudabnoe mamis gamosax-
uleba wminda asurel mamebs ukavSirdebodes. ramdenadac saqarTvelo-
Si meudabnoeoba siriel moRvaweebTan igivdeba, qarTul xelovnebaSic
moweseTa adreuli gamosaxulebebi asurel mamaTa saxeebs warmogvid-
genen.
saintereso Cans stelis fragmentze SemorCenili gamosaxulebebiT
Seqmnili ikonografiuli programis mimarTeba Tavad mcxeTis wm. jvris
eklesiasTan. es taZari qarTlis moqcevisas, mcxeTaSi wm. ninos mier
aRmarTuli jvris adgilze aigo. mcxeTis jvris mcire eklesiis mSene-
bloba qarTlis pirvel erismTavarma gurgen-guaramma 39 daiwyo, xolo
didi taZari misi memkvidreebis – stefanoz I-is, demetres RvawliT gan-
srulda.40 gumbaTovanma taZarma wm. ninos mier aRmarTuli jvari Tavis
wiaRSi moiqcia.
Cans, mcxeTis wm. jvris taZari erismTavarTa saZvale iyo; im droi-
dan ki, rodesac dedofalma latavrma bagrationTa da erismTavarTa
(kurapalatianTa) sagvareuloebi gaaerTiana, igi bagrationTa saxlis
gansasvenebelic Seiqna – ase iyo manamde, sanam isini mefed ekurTxebod-
nen. amas adasturebs sinas mTaze, wm. ekaterines monasterSi aRmoCenili
qarTuli xelnaweris – Sin. geo. N-50-is CanarTi, romelSic aRwerilia
adarnases mier wm. jvris taZrisTvis Sewiruli saganZuri.41
wm. ninos mier jvris aRmarTva, romelic qarTul realobaSi safuZ-
37
z. sxirtlaZe, e. istmondi, `wminda daviT garejelis cxovrebis cikli udabnos
monastris mTavari eklesiis sadiakvnes moxatulobaSi: axali monacemebi da
dakvirvebebi~, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 2 (2002), 26-49; A. Eastmond, Z. Skhirtladze,
“Udabno Monastery in Georgia: Innovation, Conservation and the Reintrepretation of Medieval Art,”
Iconographica, Rivista di Iconographia Medievale e Moderna, VII (2008), 23-43.
38
abramiSvili, daviT garejelis cikli qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobaSi, 115-21.
39
mkvlevarTa nawili antiiranuli ajanyebis meTaurs gurgensa da qarTlis
pirvel erismTavars guarams erTmaneTTan aigivebs. ix. C. Toumanoff, Studies in Christian
Caucasian History (Washington, 1963), 432-4; Rapp, Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes, 326.
40
ix. zemoT, Sen. 18.
41
sinas mTaze wm. ekaterines monasterSi 1975 wels aRmoCenil qarTul xelnawerTa
aRweriloba, Seadgines z. aleqsiZem, m. SaniZem, l. xevsurianma da m. qavTariam (aTeni,
2005), 283; z. aleqsiZe, `sinas mTis wminda ekaterines monastris xelnawerTa axali
koleqciis Sin-50-is anderZ-minawerebi~, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sro-
mebi, 359 (2005), 122-31.
vlad edeba qvajvarebis arsebobas, qristianobis aRiarebis simbolos

warmoadgenda. votivuri stela-jvaric simboloa qristianobis gamar-
jvebisa, rac naTlisRebis aqtiT mtkicdeba. amitom stela, iseve rogorc
wm. ninos mier aRmarTul jvarTan SewiaRebuli taZari, qtitors, ste-
fanoz I-s, SesaZloa, qarTlis cxovrebisaTvis gardamtexi epoqis, qveynis
ganaxlebuli sulieri cxovrebis momniSvnel niSad aRemarTa. am mxriv,
logikurad Cndeba stelis pirze gamosaxuli Teofania da jvris amaR-
leba – rogorc niSani uflis maradiuli meufebisa da borotis Zlevisa.
am saxiT SerCeul ikonografiul programaSi asureli mamis gamo-
saxulebis CarTva, erTi SexedviT, ucnauri Cans, miT ufro, rom uSualo
mimarTeba asket moRvaweebsa da Tavad mcxeTis wm. jvris taZars Soris
TiTqos ar ikveTeba. mcxeTis jvari Tavisi daarsebis droisaTvis da
Semdgom arsebobis manZilze monasteri arasdros yofila.
amasTanave, asurel mamaTa da mcxeTis wm. jvris taZars Soris kav-
Siris Ziebisas sagulisxmo Cans zemoT ukve damowmebuli Sin. geo. N-50,
romelic paleografiulad, enobrivad, teqstologiurad da masSi
mocemuli istoriuli realiebiT X saukunis dasawyisiT TariRdeba.42
krebulSi `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ qronikis, „wm. ninos cxovrebis~, „wm.
iovane zedaznelisa da mis mowafeTa saqmeTa da sakvirvelebaTa~ da „wm.
abibos nekreselis martvilobis~ dRemde ucnobi redaqciebi Sedis. „wm.
ioane zedaznelisa da mis mowafeTa saqmeTa da sakvirvelebaTa~ da „wm.
abibos nekreselis martvilobas~ Soris ki CarTulia cnobebi, romleb-
sac teqstTan uSualo kavSiri ara aqvT. es aris zedazenis monastris
mamasaxlisTa sia, dasabamidan X saukunis damdegamde, mcxeTis wm. jvris
taZris, zedazenisa da garejis wm. ioane naTlismcemlis monasterTa
wignTsacavebis nusxebi, imave monasterTa saWurWleebis aRwerilobebi
SemwirvelTa vinaobaze miTiTebiT, qarTlis mefeTa da erismTavarTa
saojaxo epitafiebi, zusti genealogiuri da qronologiuri miTiTe-
bebiT. rogorc Cans, asurel mamaTa mier daarsebul, asketuri tipis,
samonastro kerebsa da wm. jvris taZars – samefo eklesia-saZvales –
Soris kavSirebi maT safuZvelCamyrelTa da moamageTa – erismTavarTa
da asurel mamaTa erTobis xatze unda gadiodes.
42
z. aleqsiZe, `sinas mTis wminda ekaterines monastris xelnawerTa axali qarTuli
koleqciis Sin-50-is anderZ-minawerebi~, qristianuli kavkasia, II (Tbilisi, 2011),
205-14; misive, `garejidan sinas mTamde. ucnobi masala samonastro kompleqsis
Sesaxeb sinas mTis qarTul xelnawerTa axali koleqciidan~, qristianuli kavkasia,
II, 57-67.
sayuradReboa, rom Zveli gadmocemebis safuZvelze X saukuneSi Se-

qmnili krebuli „TxrobaÁ saswaulTaTvis wmidisa da RmerTSemosilisa
mamisa SioisTaÁ”43 wm. jvris taZris maSeneblis, stefanoz I-is „moqce-
vas~ asurel mamaTa Rvawls, kerZod, wm. Sios mier movlinebul saswauls
ukavSirebs. Rirsi mamis mier aRsrulebuli saswaulis Semdgom (kre-
bulSi igi merve saswauladaa saxeldebuli) erismTavarma stefanozma,
romelic „iyoca kaci ese ampartavan da borotTa SuriT aRsavse~ Secva-
la sakuTari damokidebuleba eklesiisa da sasuliero pirebis mimarT:
èsreT amieriTganRa iwyo stefanoz keTilisyofad eklesiaTa da pa-
tivis pyrobad episkoposTa... da amanca friadi aRaSena eklesiasa zeda
juarisasa... da mravalsa keTilsa uyofda mierTagan yovelTas eklesi-
aTa stefanoz~.44
krebulSi Semonaxuli gardamocema asureli mamis mier aRsrule-
buli saswauliT – wm. Sio mRvimelisagan stefanozis „moqceviTa~ da
„yoveli qarTlis~ mier wm. jvris taZris mSeneblobiT – wm. ninos mier
qarTlis moqceva-gaqristianebasa da, am movlenis kvalad, misgan jvris
aRmarTvas exmianeba. yovelives gaTvaliswinebiT, asureli moRvaweebi
WeSmariti sarwmunoebis – marTlmadidebluri/diofizituri mrwamsis
ganmtkicebisaTvis brZoliTa da RvawliT wm. ninos sulieri memkvi-
dreebi arian.
qarTlis gaqristianebisa da rwmenis gamyarebis procesi sabolood
siriel mamaTa moRvaweobis dros sruldeba. asurel meudabnoeebs
wilad xvdaT „mTielTa“ gaqristianeba-moqceva. Tuki mefe mirianisa
da wm. ninos dros „da sxuanica mTielni umravlesni ara moiqces“, wm.
abibos nekreselma „moaqcia umravlesni mTiulni aragvsa aRmosavliT-
ni“, xolo wm. ise wilknelma, romelic episkoposad ekurTxa, „queya-
nasa muxranisasa da sofelsa wilkanisa friadni urwmunoni swavlaTa
moaqcivna, moZRureba da qadageba ganfina samwysosa Tvisa“.45
asureli mamebi, moRvaweobis dawyebisTanave, saxeldobr qarTlSi
Semosvlis droidanve ganacxadeben, rom maTi sulieri gza qarTvelTa
ganmanaTleblis kvalze gadis. mcxeTas mosuli meudabnoeebi siwmind-
43
il. abulaZe, asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi [Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, I] (Tbilisi,
1955), 204-5.
44
ix. zemoT, Sen. 43.
45
juanSeri, `cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa~, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, I (Tbilisi, 1955), 212.
eebs moilocaven; maTi winamZRoli, wm. ioane zedazneli Tayvans scems

mcxeTis Zelicxovels da RvTis gangebulebiT samoRvaweod zadenis
mTas irCevs.
zadenis mTasa da mcxeTis wm. jvris taZars Soris kavSiri qris-
tianobamde, kerpTayvanismcemlobis droidan arsebobda, roca mTaze
aRmarTuli uzarmazari kerpi gadmohyurebda meore mTas, sadac, ro-
gorc varaudoben, imave warmarTuli RvTaebis saxelze agebuli taZari
idga. mkvlevarTa umetesoba gamoTqvams varauds, rom mcxeTis wm. jvris
kompleqsi ufro Zveli, savaraudod, qristianobamdeli sakulto nage-
bobis adgilze dgas.46 wm. ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi ki xazgasmiTaa
gacxadebuli, rom Rirsma mamam samonastro kera warmarTuli samsxver-
plos adgilas daaarsa. wm. ninom kerpTayvanismcemluri taZari gaauqma
da mis nacvlad „kldesa zeda“ jvari aRmarTa, rac iyo niSani warmar-
Tobis ngrevisa da axali rwmenis simtkicisa: „da viTarca aRemarTa niSi
juarisa queyanasa mas qarTlisasa, meyseulad mas Jamsa daecnes yovel-
ni kerpni... da Seimusrnes, da sakerponi dairRues...“47 wm. ioane zedazne-
lis da misi mowafeebis moRvaweobam sabolood ganasrula qarTlis
moqcevis procesi, ramdenadac sakralurobiT gamorCeul qarTvelTa
rwmenis niSans – mcxeTis wm. jvars warmarTuli zurgi mouSala da gaa-
magra samonastro keris daarseba-aRorZinebiT, radgan „qristianobasa
Sina Semusres kerpni, aramed kualad ara dascxrnes... aRaSenes maT zeda
mun eklesiani, raTa Tayuaniscen maT da arRara moixsenon kerpni...“48
VI saukunis meore naxevarSi, wm. ioane zedaznelis winamZRolobiT
mamebis saqarTveloSi Semosvlis dros, qarTls rTuli, gardamtexi
dro udgas. mazdeanuri iranis politikuri gavlenis sferoSi moqceu-
li qveyana cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan erTad kavkasiis regionSi sasa-
46
g. abramiSvili, i. gagoSiZe, `mcxeTis jvris restavraciasTan dakavSirebuli
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis angariSi (1975 w.)~, saqarTvelos kulturuli
memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos arqivi, sainventaro NN6730, saqaRalde
48; v. cincaZe, `mcxeTis jvris restavraciis sakiTxebisaTvis~, literatura da
xelovneba, 1 (1990), 209-10; l. rCeuliSvili, `xuroTmoZRvrebis ZeglTa dacva-
aRdgenis Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 9 (2006), 248; i. banZelaZe, mcxeTis
jvari-mcire taZari, restavracia-reabilitaciis proeqti (Tbilisi, 2008); c.
CaCxunaSvili, `kidev erTxel mcxeTis wm. jvris mcire taZris Sesaxeb~, Academia, 2
(2011), 118-25.
47
ix. zemoT, Sen. 43, 120.
48
teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, IV
(Tbilisi, 1973), 690.
nianTa mxardaWeriT gaZlierebul somxeTis eklesiasa da monofizito-

basac ebrZvis.
qarTlSi Semosuli da diofizituri sarwmunoebrivi kur-
sis kvalad moqmedi asureli mamebi samonastro kerebis daarseba-
aRorZinebiT xels uwyoben eklesiisa da rwmenis ganmtkiceba-ga-
Zlierebas. maTi moRvaweoba lokaluri movlena ar yofila – mas sax-
elmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba hqonda. amas adasturebs asurel mamaTa
cxovrebis redaqciebSi daculi cnoba, romlis mixedviTac mcxeTas
Camosul mamebs kaTolikosi evlaviozi episkoposebTan erTad xvdeba
da akurTxebs maT. wm. ioanec irCevs ra samoweseod zadenis mTas, qar-
Tlis kaTolikoss sTxovs dalocvas.49 aSkaraa, asureli meudabnoeebi
qarTlis eklesiis mesveurTa sruli TanxmobiT moqmedeben.
es samisionero moRvaweoba, marTlmadidebluri rwmenis ganmt-
kicebasTan erTad, antiiranul xasiaTs atarebda da, savaraudod, me-
fobagauqmebul qarTlSi erovnuli ganTavisuflebis simbolod unda
qceuliyo. asureli mamebi gvevlinebian eklesiisa da im politikur
ZalTa ideur mekavSireebad, romlebic iranis dampyrobluri poli-
tikis winaaRmdeg da qarTlis, rogorc politikuri erTeulis da-
moukideblobisaTvis iRvwian. am gakafuli gzis gagrZeleba VI saukunis
70-ian wlebSi farTomasStabiani antiiranuli ajanyebaa, rasac Sedegad
erismTavrobis institutis SemoReba mohyva: „neladre Sekrba qarTli
da ganaCines erisTavad guaram didi...~.50 erTi ram cxadia – im etapze
fuZndeba religiur-politikuri erTobis is mTavari xati, romelsac
qveyana damoukidebel erovnul da politikur erTeulad Camoyali-
bebis gzisken mihyavs.51
stefanoz I-is antibizantiuri politikis kvali erovnuli da-
moukideblobis gzaze gadioda da iranis Semrigeblur politikur kurss
iTvaliswinebda. igi, rogorc mmarTveli, Tavisufali Cans sparselTa
politikuri gavlenisagan. bizantielTa mxardaWeriT gamefebuli xos-
49
`moqcevaÁ qarTlisa¡~, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I,
95.
50
iqve.
51
am gzaze meudabnoe mamaTa da saero xelisufalTa erTad svla rom nayofieri
iyo, amas IX saukunis udidesi saeklesio moRvawis – wm. grigol xanZTelisa da
wm. aSot kurapalatis erToblivi moRvaweobac adasturebs – erismTavr nerses
ojaxis wevri, samefo karTan daaxloebuli wm. mama grigoli qveynis gaZliereba-
gaerTianebis gzad monasticizms, saero da sasuliero mmarTvelTa erTi gziT
svlasa da, amis kvalad, eklesiis, rwmenis gaZlierebas saxavs.
ro II (591-628) Tavis imperiaSi da mis gavlenas daqvemdebarebul qvey-

nebSic qristianobisadmi keTilganwyobil atmosferos qmnis; meore
mxriv, bizantia mis Crdilo-aRmosavleT mdebare periferiis, lazikis
usafrTxoebis gamo qarTlis siZlieriTaa dainteresebuli – qarTlis
politikuri damoukidebloba irans xels SeuSlis brZola bizantiis
mosazRvre lazikas dasakuTrebisTvis wamoiwyos da amiT imperiis us-
afrTxoebas daemuqros. erismTavari amgvar saerTaSoriso politikur
viTarebas diplomatiurad iyenebs da qarTlis politikuri damoukide-
blobisaTvis ibrZvis. stefanoz I-is adreul monetebze wrexazSi moq-
ceuli hormizd IV-is (579-590) figuris Tanmxlebi, asomTavruliT qarag-
miT naweri sakuTari saxeli sfns – s(te)f(a)n(o)s mis mier politikuri da-
moukideblobisken mimavali sawyisi nabijia, xolo mogvianod, xosro II-is
zeobisas (591-628) moWril monetebze Sahis nacvlad Tavad stefanozis
figura da asomTavruliT, dauqaragmeblad, srulad naweri misi saxeli,
iseve rogorc mazdeanuri cecxlis nacvlad kvarcxlbekze aRmarTuli
jvris gamosaxuleba, erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis gamomxatvelia (sur.
18). Tu guaramis erismTavrobis periodSi moWril monetebze gamkrTali
qarTuli warwerebi damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis sawyis niSnuls av-
lebs, stefanoz I-is monetebze warmodgenili mkafio asomTavruli warw-
erac da sazeimod aRmarTuli jvaric am brZolis erTgvar apoTeozad
Cndeba.52
erismTavari mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris agebas qarTlis da-
moukideblobis niSnad da ganmcxadeblad iwyebs. am taZris mSene-
blobas imave tipis eklesiebis aRmSenebloba mohyva qarTlSi (ateni),
kaxeTSi (SuamTa) da egrisSi (martvili). saqarTvelos mTels terito-
riaze gabneuli jvari-taZrebi `yovel qarTls~, mTlian qveyanas er-
Tobis niSniT beWdaven. rogorc Cans, stefanoz I-isa da mis TanamoR-
vaweTa Tvali erovnul instituciad saxavs teritoriul erTeuls
„romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvai yoveli
aResrulebis~.53
52
d. kapanaZe, „ramdenime SeniSvna e.w. qarTul-sasanuri dramebis Sesaxeb“,
saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 6 (1945), 81-8; dundua, è.w. qarTul-
sasanuri monetebis problema da adrefeodaluri xanis saqarTvelos istoriis
safuZvlebi~, 97-109.
53
`SromaÁ da moRvawebaÁ grigolisi arqimandritisaÁ xancTisa da Satberdisa
aRmaSeneblisaÁ~, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I (Tbilisi,
1963), 290.
mcxeTis wm. jvris taZari, romelic qveynis sarwmunoebis aRm-

sareblad da qarTlis politikuri arCevanis gamomxatveladac gvev-
lineba, imavdroulad, erismTavarTa zeobis erTgvar iuridiul
niSans warmoadgens. T. xundaZe mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris safasado
saqtitoro reliefebis ganxilvisas aRniSnavs, rom mcxeTis jvris
aRmosavleT fasadze warmodgenili kompozicia macxovrisa da mis
Tanmxleb stefanoz I-is gamosaxulebiT kurTxevis aqts gamoxatavs
da isini sulis xsnisa da vedreba-kurTxevasTan erTad, SesaZloa,
samefo xelisuflebis RvTaebrivi warmomavlobisa da uflis mier
xeldasxmulobis ideis gamoxatulebasac warmoadgendnen.54 marT-
lac, mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris fasadze gamokveTil erismTavarTa
saxlis wevrTa simravle aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom taZris amgebni sa-
kuTar Tavs ganacxadeben rogorc mis qtitorebad, ise RvTivkurTx-
eul samefo xelisufladac. eklesiis aRmosavleT fasadze ganTavse-
buli samnawiledi kompozicia warmogvidgens „mefeTa saydarze
mjdom“, uflis mier kurTxeul erismTavarTa saxls da ganadidebs,
ganacxadebs stefanozs, rogorc saxlis meTaursa da umaRles xe-
lisufals. mis orsav mxares gamosaxuli demetre, adarnase da
qobul-stefanozi, erTi mxriv, uflisken mimarTulni, vedreba-me-
oxebasTan dakavSirebul kompoziciur erTianobas warmogvidgenen,
meore mxriv ki, macxovarTan erTad stefanozsac miemarTebian, ro-
gorc uSualod erismTavarTa dinastiis xazis warmomadgenlebi da
misi memkvidreebi (sur. 18).
savaraudoa, rom mcxeTis jvris stela kompleqsis uSualo siax-
loves, mis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi iyo ganTavsebuli,55 – oSoras,56
54
T. xundaZe, „Sua saukuneebis (VI-IX ss.) qarTuli saqtitoro reliefis
ikonografiuli variaciebi“, Academia, 2 (2011), 112-3.
55
SesaZloa amiT avxsnaT is faqti, rom qvajvaris svetis erTi gverdi Seumkobladaa
datovebuli. rogorc wesi, umetesad, saxeebian stelaze meoTxe gverdi mcenareuli
ornamentiT iyo gamSvenebuli, xolo mis fasads Seumkoblad xSirad im SemTxvevaSi
tovebdnen, Tu danarCeni sami gverdi ara scenebs, aramed mxolod ornaments eWira.
aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom, marTalia, wyaroebi mcxeTis jvris kompleqsis
msazRvravi galavnis mSeneblad erismTavar stefanoz II-s asaxeleben, taZris
teritoriaze winaqristianul xanaSi warmarTuli sataZro kompleqsis arsebobis
faqti (arqiteqtor-restavrator i. banZelaZis cnobiT; ix. zemoT, Sen. 46), ar
gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas, rom isic Tavis droze zRudiT iyo garemoculi.
56
erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreobis programa, saangariSo krebuli (Tbilisi,
1998), 24, nax. 25.
manxutis,57 giorgiwmindas,58 CunCxas,59 agaras,60 abalaras61 da sxva ekle-

siaTa garSemo gamovlenili qvajvarebi cxadyofs, rom isini, rogorc
wesi, taZris aRmosavleT mxares idgmeboda. aRniSnulidan gamomdin-
are, SesaZlo varaudTagan erT-erTi isaa, rom qvajvari wm. jvris taZ-
ris samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, safiqrebelia, misi agebis ganzraxulobis
gaCenis Semdgom aRmarTes; stela, SesaZloa, yofiliyo momlocvelTa
gzis nawili – gamoricxuli ar aris, rom mis siaxloves gadioda biliki,
romliTac momlocvelebi wm. ninos wyaros gavliT taZarSi adiodnen
(Sdr. sur. 28, 29 da 30).
qvajvari, mcxeTis wm. jvris taZarTan da mcire eklesias-
Tan erTad, warmoadgenda rogorc Sinaarsobrivi, ise mxatvruli
TvalsazrisiT gaazrebul erTian kompleqss, romelic Jamiswirvis
monawileT Tu momlocvelT am sakraluri adgilis mniSvnelovanebas
ganucxadebda.
mcxeTis wm. jvris taZari da mis uSualo siaxloves aRmarTuli
stela Sinaarsobrivad erTiandebian – orive simbolurad gamoxatavs
rwmenis aRiarebas, mis triumfs, imavdroulad ki qarTlis erTobas,
damoukideblobasa da erismTavarTa iurisdiqciis niSans warmoad-
gens.
qristianuli qarTlis erTianobis xatad naSeni taZris siaxloves
aRmarTuli qvajvariT (msgavsad missave monetaze gamosaxuli ste-
la-jvrisa) stefanoz I qristianobis gamarjvebis da, amasTan erTad,
erovnuli damoukideblobisaken swrafvas acxadebs. ostati stelaze
uflis gancxadebis/Teofaniis sadResaswaulo elferiT gamsWval-
ul scenas marTlmadideblobis gamarjvebis niSnad gamosaxavs; masve
miusadagebs jvris amaRlebis sauflo-sadResaswaulo scenas – saxe-
niSans uflis meored mosvlisa da saukuno meufebis momaswavebeli
simbolosas. qvajvarze aseve unda gamoesaxaT wminda asureli mama an
ubralod beri, saxed wm. ioane zedaznelisa, romelic wm. ninos gakval-
uli gzis gamgrZeleblad miiCneva – siriel meudabnoeTa winamZRolis
saxe, romelic qarTlSi erovnuli moZraobis erT-erT sulisCamdgme-
57
arqiteqtor-restavrator i. banZelaZis cnobiT.
58
Чубинашвили, Хандиси, 111, табл. 81-82; Чубинашвили, Шмерлинг, “Храмы в древних
cелениях Триалети – Олтиси и Тетри-цкаро”, 49, tab. 30 da 35.
59
javaxiSvili, adrefeodaluri xanis qarTuli stelebi, il. 289.
60
ix. Sen. 40, 124, il. 383.
61
ix. Sen. 40, il. 137.
lad gvevlineba. SesaZlebelia mcxeTis jvris stelaze aRbeWdili mow-

ese mama wm. Sio mRvimelis xatadaa nakveTi – gadmocemis Tanaxmad, misgan
`moiqca~ erismTavari – an ubralod warmogvidgens ganzogadoebuls
saxes meudabnoe asketisas, rogorc niSans mTeli krebulisas, romel-
mac asureli mamebis RvawliTa da mecadineobiT, maT mierve daarsebuli
monastrebis ZaliT, didad Seuwyo xeli qveynis ganmtkiceba-gaerTiane-
bas im rTul istoriul periodSi, roca wydeboda eris sarwmunoebrivi
gezisa da saxelmwifoebriobis sakiTxi.
1938 wels, mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris restavraciis procesSi gvi-

andeli kankelis daSlisas, aRmoCnda kvadratuli formis monacris-
fro qva, zomiT 69X46X37 sm. (sur. 19). igi gviandeli kankelis marcx-
ena (CrdiloeT) kuTxeSi iyo CaSenebuli.62 qvis erT, mTavar, waxnagze
asomTavruliT gamokveTilia mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris maSenebelTa,
stefanoz I patrikiosis, demetre, adarnase vipatosTa da erismTavar-
Ta saxlis mosaxsenebeli aTstriqoniani warwera, xolo mis gverdiT
waxnagze – somxuri warwera sam striqonad (sur. 20-23).63 qvas Camo-
texili aqvs zeda nawili, agreTve marjvena waxnagi, ris gamoc masze
datanili warwerebi srulad ar ikiTxeba – dakargulia maTi dasawy-
isi, saxeldobr, ori striqoni, agreTve qarTuli teqstis striqonTa
marcxena nawili, Sesabamisad – sawyisi ori-sami grafema TiToeul
striqonSi.
warweris Sesrulebis savaraudo periodad, grafemaTa paleo-
grafiis gaTvaliswinebiT, saxeldeba mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris agebis
wina xana (VI saukunis meore naxevari),64 an misi mSeneblobis dro (VI-VII
saukunis mijna,65 VII saukunis dasawyisi66).
62
qva aRmoaCina saqarTvelos ssr xelovnebis saqmeTa sammarTvelos kulturis
gamyofilebis eqspediciam arqeolog al. kalandaZis xelmZRvanelobiT.
63
Чубинашвили, Памятники Типа Джвари, 83.
64
iqve, 83; Sdr. qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada n.
SoSiaSvilma, I (Tbilisi, 1980), 96.
65
epistoleTa wigni, somxuri teqsti TargmaniT, gamokvleviTa da komentarebiT
gamosca z. aleqsiZem (Tbilisi, 1968), 176-80; М. Лордкипанидзе, “К вопросу о надписях
храма Джвари в Мцхета,” macne, istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis
istoriis seria, 4 (1968), 190-200.
66
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis katalogi,
Sedgenili da dasabeWdad momzadebuli a. baqraZisa da s. bolqvaZis mier (Tbilisi,
1953), 24; И. Абуладзе, “Замечания по поводу статьи П. Мурадяна “Армянская надпись храма
qvis Sesaxeb Tavdapirvelad daiwera g. CubinaSvilis monografiaSi

mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris Sesaxeb.67
qvas ori waxnagi Camomtvreuli aqvs; amis gamo asomTavruliT
Sesrulebuli teqsti arasruli saxiTaa moRweuli. al. kalandaZem misi
aRmoCenisTanave amoikiTxa warweris fragmentebSi erismTavarTa sax-
lis warmomadgenelTa saxelebi (sur. 20 da 22):
[…]ad stefa
[no]s patriki
[osi]sa demetr
[e Âp]atosisa a
[drn]erse Âpa
[tosi]sa soÂl
[Ta] da ÃorcT
[a m]aTTa meo
[xad?] da y[ov]lisa
[sax?]lisa mcv
[el?]ad68
[...]ad stefa|[no]]s patriki|[osi]]sa, demetr|[e Âp]]atosisa, a|[drn]-

erse Âpa|[tosi]]sa soÂl|[Ta]] da ÃorcT|[a m]]aTTa meo|[xad?]] da y[ov]-]
lisa | [sax?]]lisa mcv|[el?]]ad.
warweris sruli teqsti mkvlevarTa mier aRniSnuli periodis epi-

grafikuli masalis, saxeldobr, V-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebul ste-
laTa kvarcxlbekebze datanil warweraTa safuZvelze iqna aRdgenili;
Tumca, Tav-bolonakluli teqstis dasawyisisa da daboloebis aRdge-
nasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs garkveuli sxvaobebi.
qarTuli warweris garda, qvis samxreT fasadze amokveTilia somx-
uri warwera, romlisganac darCenilia sami striqoni, agreTve mis qve-
Джвари,” macne, istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis

seria, 4 (1968), 171-89.
67
Чубинашвили, Памятники Типа Джвари, 83; Абуладзе, “Замечания по поводу статьи П.
Мурадяна “Армянская надпись храма Джвари,” 171-89.
68
iqve, 57.
moT, mijriT – msxvili grafema Թ.69 warweras mkvlevarTa nawili70 gra-

fitad miiCnevs (sur. 21 da 23):
[. . .]
[. . .] ՅՐԻ (an ՅՐԲ) ՓՐԿՈՒ[- - - - - - -]
ԱՏ[-]Կ[Ի] ՀՈԳՒ[- - ]
ԱՐՆՈՑ ԵՒՍ[. . .]
[. . .]յրի (an յրբ) փրկու[թեան յիշ]|ատ[ա]կ[ի] հոգւ[ոց] | արնոց եւս[. . .]
[. . .] saxsnelad, saxsenebelad sulTa [- - - - - -]ac71
69
iqve, 57; П. Мурадян, “Армянская надпись храма Джвари,” Լրաբէր Հասարակական
Գիտությունների, 2 (1968), 56-79; misive, Армянская эпиграфика Грузии. Картли и Кахети
(Ереван, 1985), 21, таб. I,1.
70
Чубинашвили, Памятники Типа Джвари, 83-4.
71
somxuri warweris wakiTxva da savaraudo Targmani ekuTvnis armenolog irma
xositaSvils.
arsebobs warweris wakiTxvis sxva ori varianti.
p. muradianis MmixedviT: [...] | [...]ՅՐԻ ՓՐԿՈՒ[- - - - - - -]| ԱՏԿԻ ՀՈԳՒ[- -] | ԱՐՆՈՑ ԵՒՍ
- [...] | [...]ՅՐԻ ՓՐԿՈՒ[ԹԵԱՆ ՅԻՇ] | ԱՏԿԻ ՀՈԳՒ[ՈՑ] | ԱՐՆՈՑ ԵՒՍ - “... во спасение [. . . .]
а, а также в память рода” (Мурадян, “Армянская надпись храма Джвари,” 59; misive, Армянская
эпиграфика Грузии. Картли и Кахети, 21).
il. abulaZis mixedviT: [...] | [...]ՅՍ Ի ՓՐԿՈՒ[Թ~Ի ԵՒ ՅԻՇ]|ԱՏ<Ա>Կ ՀՈԳՒ[ՈՑ ԵՒ
Մ]|ԱՐ(Մ)ՆՈՑ ԵՒ - [ԿԱՆԳՆԵՑԱՒ ԽԱՉՍ Ա]ՅՍ Ի ՓՐԿՈՒ[Թ~Ի ԵՒ ՅԻՇ]ԱՏ<Ա>Կ ՀՈԳՒ[ՈՑ
ԵՒ Մ]ԱՐ<Մ>ՆՈՑ ԵՒ - `[aRemarTa juari e]se sa£snelad (an: sa£srad) da sa£seneblad
sulTa da £orcTa da...~. mkvlevaris azriT, grafema Թ wlis an TariRis aRsaniSnavad
unda amoekveTaT (թուին/թվին/թուականութեան) (Абуладзе, “Замечания по поводу статьи П.
Мурадяна: «Армянская надпись храма джвари»,” 181-2).
il. abulaZe postamentisa da misi warwerebTan dakavSirebiT p. muradianis mier
Seqmnili Teoriis ganxilvisas, sxva mxareebTan erTad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs
somexi mkvlevaris mosazrebaze, romlis mixedviTac somxur warweraSi motanili
sityva ԱՐՆՈՑ aris `արիւն”-is (`sisxlis”) mravlobiTi ricxvis naTesaobiTi brunvis
saxecvlili, dialeqturi forma, radgan gramatikuli normis mixedviT, արիւն-is
mravlobiTi ricxvis naTesaobiTi brunvis forma unda iyos արեանց, p. muradians
ki is dialeqturi formisken mihyavs da ase kiTxulobs: արիւն–›արին/արուն–›արնոյ
(nacvlad literaturuli formisa արեան)–› արնոց (mr.r; naT. br.).
aRiSnuli sityva msgavsi saxiT rom dasturdebodes sxva werilobiT wyarosa
Tu epigrafikul warweraSi, p. muradiani mas iqve moitanda sakuTari mosazrebis
gansamtkiceblad. es garemoeba imaze unda metyvelebdes, rom aRniSnuli wakiTxva
da, Sesabamisad, mosazreba mcdaria.
muradianisgan gansxvavebiT, abulaZe grafemaTa erTobliobas ԱՐՆՈՑ kiTxulobs
rogorc ՄԱՐՄՆՈՑ-s (£orcTa). igi pirvelsa da meoTxe grafemebs Մ-d aRadgens.
imave waxnagis Sua monakveTze, somxuri warweris Camoswvriv, amo-

kawrulia momlocvelis mier qarTuli asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli
ori momcro grafema io – io.
qvaze amokveTilma saqtitoro warweram, mcxeTis wm. jvris aRmSene-
blebis – stefanoz I patrikiosis, demetre da adarnase vipatosebis
moxseniebiT ganapiroba qvis fragmentisa da eklesiis ganxilva erT
mTlianobad; Sesabamisad, g. CubinaSvilma miiCnia, rom igi taZris cen-
trSi, oqtagonalur kvarcxlbekze aRmarTuli jvris postamentis
nawili unda yofiliyo. mkvlevaris azriT, mcxeTis Zelicxoveli idga
qvaze, romelzec erismTavarTa saqtitoro warwera iyo nakveTi, salx-
ineblis qveS moqceul Zelicxovels ki gars evleboda marmarilos
filebiT qmnili, dabali, oqtagonaluri formis, balustrada.72
g. CubinaSvilis varaudi mcxeTis wm. jvris taZarSi Zelicxovlis
balustradis arsebobis Taobaze saeWvo xdeba sxvadasxva garemoebaTa
gaTvaliswinebiT; maTgan umTavresi marmarilos filis adreqristian-
uli zRude-kankelis fragmentad moazrebaa – Cans, mcxeTis wm. jvris
taZars, qristianuli aRmosavleTisa Tu adreuli xanis konstantine-
poluri bazilikebis Tanagvarad, amkobda marmarilos kankeli, ro-
melic eklesiis sivrces sakralur/saRvTismsaxuro da sadag/samrev-
lo nawilebad hyofda.73 meore, mniSvnelovani garemoeba, romelic am
mosazrebis marTebulobas gamoricxavs, Tavad mcxeTis Zelicxovlisa
da postamentad saxeldebuli qvis fragmentis erTobis taZris Sida
sivrcesTan mimarTebaa.
wm. ninos mier mcxeTaSi, TxoTsa da ujarmaSi aRmarTul jvrebs
Cvenamde Tavdapirveli saxiT ar mouRwevia; amasTanave, maTi gareg-
nuli saxis Taobaze mxolod mwiri istoriuli cnobebi moipoveba. wm.
samebis sakaTedro taZarsa da sveticxovlis kaTedralSi dabrZanebuli,
TxoTisa da mcxeTis Zelicxovlis saxeliT cnobili, jvrebi, savarau-
dod, pirvandeli, wm. ninos mier aRmarTuli jvrebis fragmentebia.
aRniSnuls adasturebs X saukunis naratiuli wyaro – kaTolikos arseni-
aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi sruliad logikuria, Tumca sakiTxis sirTulis

gaTvaliswinebiT winamdebare publikaciaSi warweris bolo monakveTi
gauSifravadaa datovebuli.
72
g. CubinaSvili balustradis fragmentad miiCnevda 1938 wels gamovlenil,
mcxeTis jvris sakurTxevlis iatakis filaqnad nageb marmarilos filas; ix.
73
n. sixaruliZe, `mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris Tavdapirveli kankelisaTvis~,
humanitaruli kvlevebi. weliwdeuli, 6 (2015) (ibeWdeba).
seuli `cxovreba wminda ninosi~, sadac mcxeTis Zelicxoveli wm. ninos

vazis jvris sanawiledaa moxseniebuli.74 aRniSnulidan gamomdinare ud-
aoa, rom X saukuneSi jvari zomiT dRevandels bevrad aRemateboda; unda
vivaraudoT, rom pirvandeli saxiT igi sam metrze naklebi simaRlisa ar
unda yofiliyo, rasac, ra Tqma unda, misi aRmarTebis erT-erTi mizanic
ganapirobebda – mTaze aRmarTuli jvari, rogorc simbolo, gacxadeba
qarTlis moqcevisa, yvela mxridan saxilveli unda yofiliyo. aRniS-
nuli ki Zelicxovelisa da mis postamentad nagulvebi qvis fragmentis
urTierTmimarTebisaTvisaa sayuradRebo – qvaSi amokveTili foso masSi
masiuri jvris mosaTavseblad sakmarisi zomisa ar Cans.
warweriani qvisa da mcxeTis Zelicxovlis erT mTlianobad moazre-
ba, teqnikurTan erTad, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiTac saeWvo Cans. mcxe-
Tis wm. jvris taZris mxatvruli saxis kvlevisas gacxadda – xuroT-
moZRvarma eklesia im mizandasaxulobiT dakvala, rom Zelicxoveli
mxilvelisaTvis gumbaTqveSa sivrces SenivTeboda; Sesabamisad,
SemaRlebuli proporciebis mqone qva, mis Tavze masiuri jvari, zemoT
ki ara `zemswrafi~ gumbaTi TvalisaTvis sivrceSi Zlierad gamoxatul
vertikals Seqmnida, rac gawonasworebuli, mwyobri proporciebis
mqone taZris wiaRSi sivrcis mSvidsa da harmoniul aRqmas daarRvevda.
aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT mcxeTis jvris postamentad saxeldebu-
li qvis, Zelicxovlisa da taZris gumbaTis urTierTmimarTeba formisa
da proporciebis gancdis im xasiaTs ar iTvaliswinebs, riTac mcxeTis
jvrisa da misi tipis eklesiebi gamoirCeva. amasTanave, zemoT aRniSnu-
lis sapirispirod, mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris Sida sivrcis mxatvrul
saxes Zelicxovlis kvarcxlbekad oqtagonis warmodgena savsebiT esi-
tyveba – masiuri rvakuTxa nagebobis sibrtyobrioba gumbaTqveS moq-
ceuli jvris vertikalis aRqmas anelebs, rasac, Tavis mxriv, mklavSo-
risebidan trompebiT gardamavali gumbaTis `damjdari” proporciebi
exmianeba – oqtagonaluri postamentis, Zelicxovlisa da rvawaxnaga
gumbaTis urTierTobiT iqmneba is erTiani mxatvruli sivrce, romelic
Zelicxovels eklesiis organul nawilad, xolo taZars mis luskumad
warmoadgens (Sdr. sur. 25 da 26).
wm. ninos mier aRmarTuli jvris postamentad masiuri safuZvlis
warmodgenas, zemoT aRniSnulis garda, ganamtkicebs nageboba, romelic
74
cxovreba wmida ninosi Sedgenili didis arseni qarTlis kaTalikozis mier X
saukuneSi (Tfilisi, 1903), 39.
erwo-TianeTSi, JaleTis taZarSia SemorCenili.75 man mcxeTis jvrisagan

gansxvavebiT, Cvenamde pirvandeli saxiT moaRwia. mkvlevarTa nawili
varaudobs, rom igi eklesiis Tanadroulad unda iyos agebuli;76 Tumca,
arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom Sereuli masaliT – SirimiTa da riyis qviT
nagebi SemaRleba Tavad eklesiaze adreuli iyos.77
niSandoblivia, rom JaleTic, mcxeTis jvris msgavsad, wminda ninos
saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli – `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT, qarTvel-
Ta ganmanaTlebelma erwo-Tianelni am midamoebSi gaaqristiana.78 aRniS-
nulis gaTvaliswinebiT ki gamoricxuli ar aris, rom moqcevis niSnad
iqac aRemarTaT jvari, romelic, mcxeTis Zelicxovlis msgavsad, Ria
cis qveS idga manam, sanam IX saukunis miwuruls JaleTis taZaris wiaRSi
ar moeqca.79 gamoTqmul varauds ganamtkicebs is faqtic, rom JaleTis
eklesiis heqsagoni principulad mcxeTis jvris oqtagonis msgavsia80
– heqsagonis sibrtyeSic, mcxeTis jvris oqtagonis msgavsad, arsebobs
CaRmaveba, romelic, rogorc Cans, jvris an stelis Casadgmelad iyo
gankuTvnili.
mcxeTis jvris postamentis msgavs nagebobad JaleTis heqsagonis
75
n. qadeiSvili, JaleTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zegli (Tbilisi, 1964), 14.
76
nageboba taZris arqiteqturaSia CarTuli, moqceulia aRmosavleTis burjebs
Soris da uSualod dakavSirebulia sakurTxevelTan.
77
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT niSandoblivia JaleTis eklesiaSi aRmoCenili
adreuli xanis sanaTlavi (ix. Sen. 27).
78
Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, 89.
79
Cans, mcxeTis jvris taZris arqiteqtoris msgavsad, JaleTis eklesiis
xuroTmoZRvaric jvarsa da mis kvarcxlbeks taZris Sida sivrceSi organulad
aTavsebs. jvris postamenti odnav gadanacvlebulia afsidisken da safexurebTan
erTad dasavleTidan aRmosavleTiT wagrZelebul moculobas qmnis, rac,
upirvelesad, bazilikuri sivrcis mimarTebiTaa gaazrebuli; amave dros,
safexuris meSveobiT, igi dakavSirebulia sakurTxevelTan da organuladaa
CarTuli liturgiaSi.
80
amasTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa arqiteqtor-restavrator i. banZelaZis
mosazreba. mis mixedviT, TxoTis eklesiis arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas aRmoCnda
CuqurTmiani qvis fragmenti, romelsac igi mcxeTis Zelicxovlis kvarcxlbekis
Tanagvarad jvris postamentis nawilad miiCnevs. aRniSnuli varaudis dadasturebis
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli xdeba saubari garkveuli tradiciis Sesaxeb, romlis
mixedviTac mcxeTis Zelicxovlis kvalad wm. ninos mier aRmarTuli jvrebi,
rogorc relikviebi, maTTvis gankuTvnili sagangebo nagebobiT gamoyofilni,
taZris Sida sivrceSi ikaveben adgils.
aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom mkvlevarTa nawili qvis fragments gumbaTis
SemkulobisaTvis kuTvnilad miiCnevs. ix: g. maxaraZe, d. berekaSvili, àrqeologi-
uri gaTxrebi, TxoTis mTa, wm. ninos eklesia~, Zveli xelovneba dRes, 3 (2012), 3-6.
dasaxva SesaZlebels xdis vivaraudoT, rom taZris agebis dros mcx-

eTis Zelicxovlis safuZveli masiur nagebobas warmoadgenda da dRe-
vandeli oqotogonis formas imeorebda; aRniSnuls ki, sxva danarCen-
Tan erTad, wminda miwisiTvis Cveuli is tradicia ganamtkicebs, rom-
lis mixedviTac Ria cis qveS arsebuli siwmindeebis safarad xSirad
oqtagonaluri gegmis mqone nagebobebi iyo gavrcelebuli.
niSandoblivia, rom g. CubinaSvilis varaudi taZarSi aRmarTuli
jvris garSemo oqtagonaluri balustradis arsebobis Taobaze ieru-
salimur relikviaTa luskumad qmnili nagebobis formebs iTval-
iswinebda. 81 maT Soris, ra Tqma unda, umTavresia qristes saflavis
nageboba (Sdr. sur. 27) da eleonis mTaze agebuli uflis amaRlebis
eklesia, romelic, gadmocemiT, macxovris nafexurebs inaxavs. pili-
grimi qalis, egerias Canawerebis mixedviT (381-384) Cans, rom isini wri-
ul/oqtagonalur nagebobas, svetebian rotondas warmoadgendnen, ro-
melic gumbaTiT iyo gadaxuruli.82 macxovris saxelTan dakavSirebul
siwmindeebze aRmarTuli, adreqristianuli xanis nagebobebi safuZv-
els gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom mcxeTis Zelicxoveli, sxva pirvelqris-
tianuli relikviebis msgavsad, daculi iyo rotondas msgavsi, oqtag-
onaluri gegmis, svetebiT garSemortymuli da gumbaTiT gadaxuruli
nagebobiT; igi, erTi mxriv, Ria cis qveS aRmarTul Zelicxovels atmos-
feruli naleqebisagan icavda, meore mxriv ki xatovnad ganacxadebda
mis kavSirs golgoTas jvarTan da sxva ierusalimur siwmindeebTan.
gamoTqmul varauds ganamtkicebs istoriul wyaroTa monacemebic, sa-
dac vkiTxulobT: `...guls-modgined gumbadi aRaSena mcxeTisaÁ revis
Zeman, da wliTi-wlad movidis da aRasrulis msaxurebaÁ igi patiosnisa
juarisaÁ~;83 aqedan Cans, rom wminda miwis Tanafardad, mcxeTis jvris
relikvariumSic aResruleboda RvTismsaxureba, romelic, qarTuli
liturgikuli tradiciis Sesabamisad, ierusalimuri Jamiswirvis wes-
gangebas iTvaliswinebda.
amgvarad, jvris oqtagonaluri postamentisa da rvawaxnaga gum-
baTis urTierTmimarTeba im organul mTlianobasa da harmoniulobis
aRqmas eTanxmeba, rac mcxeTis wm. jvrisa da misi tipis eklesiebisaT-
visaa niSandoblivi – taZris gumbaTqveSa sivrcis erTianobas ki jvris
81
82
Egeria’s Travels, Newly translated with Supporting Documents and Notes by John Wilkinson,
(Warminster, 1981), 39-42, 49-51, 242-8
83
Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, 123.
saZirkvlisa da mis Tavze arsebuli gumbaTis urTierToba qmnis. Sesa-

bamisad, udaoa, rom mcxeTis wm. jvris taZarSi moqceuli Zelicxovlis
safuZveli Tavidanve rvakuTxa iyo; Cans, manve ganapiroba eklesiis
gumbaTis formac, magram oqtagonaluri postamenti iqmneboda ara
marmarilos dafiT qmnili balustradiT (rogorc amas g. CubinaSvili
varaudobs), aramed ierusalimuri relikvariumebis msgavsi rotondis
saZirkvels warmoadgenda, romelic Ria cis qveS aRmarTul jvars far-
avda manamde, sanam aq didi taZari ar aigeboda.
safiqrebelia, rom mogvianod, roca Zelicxovlis luskumad Ta-
vad mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesia iqca, rotonda daSales, moxsnes TaRi
da svetebi, magram datoves misi rvawaxnaga saZirkveli, radgan adgili,
romelzec jvari aRimarTa, qarTvelTaTvis Tavad mcxeTis Zelicxov-
lis Tanafardi siwminde iyo da wm. ninos mier gamorCeul adgils, jvris
kldovan safuZvels inaxavda.84 Sesabamisad, xuroTmoZRvarma Zelicxov-
lis aRmarTebis adgilis gaTvaliswinebiT dakvala da aago taZari ise,
rom wm. ninos droindeli jvris kvarcxlbeki adgilidan ar dauZvria.
aRniSnuli ki gamoricxavs marTebulobas im varaudisa, romlis mixed-
viTac TiTqos eklesiis agebis Semdgom Zelicxoveli xelaxla aRmarTes
qvaze, romelzec erismTavarTa mosaxsenebeli saqtitoro warwera iyo
amokveTili. garda amisa, isic niSandoblivia, rom nakleb mosalodne-
lia erismTavrebs ara mxolod qarTlis, aramed mTlianad kavkasiisaT-
vis saTayvano siwminde – mcxeTis Zelicxoveli ase erTmniSvnelovnad
ganepirovnulebinaT da mis postamentze datanili warweriT sakuTari
saqtitoro RvawlisaTvis daekavSirebinaT.
warweriani qvis Zelicxovlis postamentad saxeldeba saeWvo xde-
ba mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris interieris mxatvruli saxidan gamomdi-
narec. marTalia, mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris saguldagulod Tlili
qvebisagan qmnili klasikurad cxadi, mTliani Sida sivrce ar iTval-
iswinebda ferwerul `Sesamosels~, magram eklesiis gumbaTSi relief-
urad gamoyvanili jvari ganacxadebs, rom igi sakurTxevelSi warmod-
genil, savaraudod, Teofaniuri sazrisiT aRbeWdil gamosaxulebas-
Tan erTad im kompoziciur erTobas qmnida, rac adreuli Sua sauku-
84
ra Tqma unda, Cven Sors varT im azrisagan, rom dRes taZarSi SemorCenili
nageboba adreqristianuli rotondis saZirkvelia, magram Cans, rom igi imeorebs im
formas, romelic Tavdapirvel, taZris sivrceSi moqceuli jvris postaments unda
hqonoda.
neebis qarTuli mxatvrobisaTvisaa saxasiaTo.85 aRniSnulidan gamom-

dinare, mcxeTis wm. jvris mcire eklesiaSi dadasturebulad cnobili
mozaikis arseboba86 safiqrebels xdis, rom didi taZris sakurTxevel-
ic mozaikiT yofiliyo Semkuli.87 mozaikasTan erTad marmarilos
ornamentirebuli zRude-kankeli eklesiis samkauls zomiers, amas-
Tan erismTavarTa saqtitoro RvawlisaTvis Sesaferi simdidriTa da
brwyinvalebiT warmoaCenda. albaT aRniSnuls Tan erTvoda eklesiis
wiaRSi aRmarTuli jvris Semkulobac, romelic, Zelicxovlis mniS-
vnelovanebidan gamomdinare, gamorCeulad Zvirfasi da daxvewili
unda yofiliyo. mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris interieris bizantiur mx-
atvrul gemovnebasTan Tanaziar morTulobas ki mis fasadebze ganfe-
nil-ganawilebuli, elinisturs naziarebi formaTgancdiT nakveTi da
Zvirfasi saRebaviT gacxovelebuli reliefebi esityveboda. amgvari
brwyinvalebiT warmodgenil garemoSi ki saTuo xdeba taZris gamor-
Ceul adgilas, mdidrulad Semkuli jvris kvarcxlbekad im qvis miC-
neva, romelic mxolod xazgasmuli sisadaviT nakveTi warweriTaa
Semkuli.
Sesabamisad, g. CubinaSviliseuli mosazreba warweriani qvis frag-
mentis mcxeTis Zelicxovlis postamentad miCnevisa mraval kiTxvis ni-
Sans svams, rac, Tavis mxriv, gansxvavebuli varaudis gamoTqmis safuZ-
vels iZleva.
sagulisxmoa, rom samecniero literaturaSi ukve gamoiTqva
varaudi, romlis mixedviTac warweriani qva ara mcxeTis wm. jvris
postamentad, aramed stelis bazisadaa warmodgenili.88 qvis stelis
kvarcxlbekad moazrebiT ki TavisTavadi xdeba taZris teritoriaze
napovni qvasvetis fragmentisa da aRniSnuli qvis urTierTmimarTeba –
Sesabamisad Cndeba kiTxva: xom ar SeiZleba, rom isini erTi qvajvaris
nawilebad miviCnioT.
85
z. sxirtlaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kedlis mxatvroba, Telovanis
jvarpatiosani da misi freskebi (Tbilisi, 2008), 65-6.
86
Чубинашвили, Памятники типа Джвари, 12.
87
Z. Skhirtladze, “Early Medieval Georgian Monumental Painting: Establishment of the System of
Church Decoration,” Oriens Christianus, 81 (1997), 170-1.
88
qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, I, 95; v. jafariZe, adreuli Sua saukunebis
arqeologiuri Zeglebi qvemo qarTlidan (Tbilisi, 1982), 58.
narkvevis pirvel nawilSi mcxeTis wm. jvris taZarSi aRmoCenili,

postamentad saxeldebuli, qvisa da masze amokveTili warwerebis mona-
cemebisgan damoukideblad, mxatvrul-stilisturi analiziTa da isto-
riuli diskursis meSveobiT gamoiTqva varaudi, rom mcxeTis wm. jvris
stelis fragmenti uflis didebisa da mowesis – savaraudod, asurel
mamaTagan erT-erTis – gamosaxulebiT VI-VII saukuneebSi Sesrulda.
stelaze nakveTi mxatvruli saxeebis istoriuli SinaarsiT gaazrebam
da stefanoz I-is politikuri kursis gaanalizebam qvajvaris aRmarTeba
mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesiis maSenebel erismTavars daukavSira. saqarT-
veloSi eklesiaTa agebis win stelebis aRmarTvis Cveulebam qvajvaris
Seqmnis savaraudo qronologiuri monakveTi ufro daaviwrova da igi
mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris agebis wina periodiT gansazRvra. aRniSnuli
mosazrebebi postamentad saxeldebul qvaze Sesrulebulma qarTulma
saqtitoro warweram ufro metad ganamtkica; Sesabamisad, TavisTavadi
gaxda kiTxva – xom araa qvisa da stelis svetis nawili erTi qvajvaris
fragmentebi?
dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad – mcxeTis wm. jvris taZarSi aR-
moCenili warweriani qvisa da stelis svetis erTianobis gasaazreblad
ramdenime aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebaa mniSvnelovani.
a. am mxriv mravalmxriv sagulisxmo Cans qvis jiSi – es im faqtorTa-
gania, romelsac orive fragmentis erTi mTlianobis nawilad gaazrebi-
sas arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmoa
is, rac postamentad saxeldebuli qvisa da stelis svetis petrografi-
ulma analizma cxadyo – orive maTgani oligocenuri qviSaqvaa, ro-
melic, savaraudod, erT karierSi, mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris mimdebare
teritoriaze Cans mopovebuli.89
b. mcxeTis wm. jvris taZarSi gamovlenili warweriani qvis stelis
kvarcxlbekad moazrebas qvis zeda waxnagze arsebuli kvadratuli fo-
soc ganamtkicebs. igi avTenturia. sruli saxiT SemorCenil qarTul
qvajvrebze – afnias, dankalis, aralis, agaras, kumurdos, areSis ste-
lebze90 dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom kvadratuli (zogjer marTkuTxa)
formis qvebze arsebuli amgvari fosoebi stelaTa aRsamarTavad iyo
gamiznuli. msgavsi formisa da zomis fosoebia amokveTili dmanisisa
89
madlobiT gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom aRniSnul sakiTxSi daxmareba gagviwies
geologiis mecnierebaTa doqtorebma – daviT zaqaraiam da onise enuqiZem.
90
g. javaxiSvili, adrefeodaluri xanis qarTuli stelebi (Tbilisi, 1998), tab.
CXX, sur. 1; tab. CXVI, sur. 1, 2, 3; tab. CXIV, sur. 4; tab. CII, sur. 1.
(V-VI ss.),91 wyises (VI s.),92 ukangorisa (VI s.)93 da pantianis (VII s. meore
naxevari)94 midamoebSi gamovlenil qvebzec, romlebic samecniero lit-
eraturaSi stelis bazisebadaa moazrebuli. yovelive aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare savaraudoa, rom mcxeTis wm. jvris taZarSi gamovlenili
warweriani qvac warmoadgens stelis kvarcxlbeks, romelSic foso
stelis svetis Casadgmelad unda amoekveTaT.
g. mcxeTis wm. jvris taZarSi aRmoCenili warweriani qvisa da iqve
napovni stelis svetis fragmentis erT Zeglad warmodgenisaTvis say-
uradReboa maTi zomebi, ramdenadac maT mixedviT xdeba SesaZlebeli
qvajvaris pirvandeli saxisa da misi aRmarTebis adgilmdebareobis
SeZlebisdagvarad warmodgena.
kvarcxlbekis zomaa – 69/74x37x46 sm,95 mis zeda mxares arsebuli fo-
sos siRrme – 14 sm. qvis zeda nawili Camotexilia; dakarguli, sul mcire,
ori striqonis mixedviT qvis zeda nawils daaxloebiT 10 sm unda akldes.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, savaraudoa, rom kvadratuli moxazulobis,
daaxl. 22x22 sm fosos Tavdapirveli siRrme 24 sm unda yofiliyo. stel-
is svetis fragmentis zomaa 38X21X21 sm. Sesabamisad, igi kargad esadage-
ba kvarcxlbekad miCneuli qvis zeda waxnagze arsebuli fosos zomebs.
stelis fragmentis qveda waxnagze amokveTili foso cxadyofs,
rom igi svetis Semadgenel nawilTagan erT-erTi, savaraudod, zeda
unda yofiliyo.96 mis wina pirze, uflis didebis kompoziciis zemoT na-
kveTi registris kvali safiqrebels xdis, rom mas SemorCenili nawilis
Tanagvari zomis naxevari mainc aklia. Sesabamisad, SegviZlia vivarau-
doT, rom ori nawilisagan Semdgari stela, sul mcire, 2 metri simaR-
lisa mainc unda yofiliyo (sur. 24).97
91
qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, I, 92-3, sur. 28, tab. XIV, 1, 2.
92
qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, I, 97-8, sur. 31, tab. XVII, 1; saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
muzeumis qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis katalogi, 19, tab. IV, 2.
93
qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, I, 89-90, sur. 26, tab. XIII, 2; jafariZe, adreuli Sua
saukunebis arqeologiuri Zeglebi qvemo qarTlidan, 58.
94
qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, I, 99-100, sur. 32, tab. XIX, 1-2; Чубинашвили, Хандиси,
53-4; jafariZe, adreuli Sua saukunebis arqeologiuri Zeglebi qvemo qarTlidan,
59.
95
qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, I, 95.
96
aRniSnuls svetis fragmentze Sesrulebuli jvris amaRlebis kompozicia
cxadyofs, romelic, rogorc wesi, Sveulad ganlagebul scenaTa rigSi zeda
adgils iWers.
97
savaraudoa, rom stelis svetis erTi nawili Tavdapirveli saxiT, sul mcire,
80 sm simaRlisa mainc unda yofiliyo. nakleb mosalodnelia, erismTavrebs
mcxeTis jvris qvajvari (kvarcxlbekica da svetis fragmentic)

im mxatvrul-stilisturi niSniTaa aRbeWdili, rac mcxeTis wm. jvris
taZars adreqristianuli qarTuli xelovnebis nimuSTagan niSan-
doblivad gamoarCevs. stelis warmodgenil fragmentze reliefebis
cudi daculobis gamo dRes Znelia msjeloba imis Taobaze, ramdenad
esadageboda misi mamkobi saxeebi formis damuSavebiTa da Sesrulebis
profesionalizmis mxriv qarTlis umaRles xelisufalTa dakveTas,
ramac taZris aRnagobisa da misi dekoris gamorCeulad maRali mxat-
vruli done ganapiroba; Tumca ki, elinisturi formaTgancdiTa da xa-
zis plastikuri xasiaTiT, mcxeTis jvris stela taZris skulpturul
saxeTa mxatvrul niSnebs namdvilad exmianeba. sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
isic niSandoblivia, rom stelebisa da taZrebis reliefTaTvis gansx-
vavebuli saxviTi niSnebia damaxasiaTebeli; stelaTa qvajvrebis aR-
beWdili gamosaxulebebi TvalisTvis Soridan aRsaqmelad naklebadaa
gankuTvnili, fasadebis samkaulad warmodgenili saxeebi ki meti monu-
menturobiT gamoirCeva da kveTis, formis damuSavebis mxriv stelebze
nakveTi figurebisgan gansxvavebul midgomas amJRavnebs. gasaTval-
iswinebelia isic, rom Tavad mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris reliefebis sti-
luri araerTgvarovneba98 kvlevis procesSi erTmniSvnelovan gansaz-
Rvrebas gamoricxavs.
qvajvarisa da eklesiis gamosaxulebebis mxatvrul mimarTebaTa
Sesaxeb msjeloba mxolod formaTgancdis TanagvarobiT ar ifargleba;
stelis kvarcxlbekze nakveTi warwerebis zedmiwevniTi paleografi-
uli msgavseba taZris reliefTa Tanmxleb teqstebTan gaxda safuZveli
mosazrebisa, romlis mixedviTac orive maTganze nakveTi warwerebis
Semsruleblad erTidaigive ostati iqna miCneuli.99 safiqrebelia,
rom qvajvaris Seqmnaze ostatTa is jgufi muSaobda, romelTa nawilic
didi simaRlis stela aRemarTaT; masiuri zomis grZivi nageboba arc mis
adgilmdebareobas mouxdeboda da arc iqve aRmarTul taZars, romlis erT-erTi
Rirseba garemos mimarT zedmiwevniTi Sesabamisobaa. garda amisa, SemorCenili
magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom, rogorc wesi, gamorCeulad didi zomis stelebi
velebzea aRmarTuli.
98
aRniSnuli saCinoa, Tundac eklesiis samxreT fasadze warmodgenili macxovrisa
da jvris amaRlebis saxeebis Sedarebisas; taZris centraluri karibWis reliefi,
samxreTi fasadis dasavleT monakveTze warmodgenili gamosaxulebisagan
gansxvavebiT, kompoziciis Tavisufali agebiT, xazis meti plastikiTa da sirbiliT
xasiaTdeba.
99
Tanadroulad an Semdgom mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris mSeneblobaSi iReb-

da monawileobas. niSneulad es qvismTlelebsa da warweraTa mkveTavebs
exeba. erTi ki udaoa, rom taZrisa da stelis momgebelTa – stefanoz
I-isa da erismTavarTa saxlis garSemo Semokrebili unda yofiliyo
mSenebelTa da xelovanTa garkveuli jgufi, romelic, sakuTriv stel-
isa da wm. jvris taZris garda, qarTlis xelisufalTa sxva dakveTeb-
sac Seasrulebda. erismTavarTa saqtitoro Rvawlis mniSvnelovanebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZloa, maTi ricxvi bevrad meti, Sedegi ki aranak-
leb masStaburi yofiliyo.
mcxeTis wm. jvris taZrisa da qvajvaris urTierTmimarTebis war-
modgenisaTvis, mxatvruli niSnebis TanaziarobasTan erTad, sagulisx-
moa maTi saerTo Sinaarsobrivi konteqstis gaazrebac, romelsac ste-
lis svetze asaxul ikonografiul programasTan erTad kvarcxlbekze
nakveTi warwerac ganapirobebs.
rogorc aRiniSna, stelis bazisis Zlieri dazianebis gamo, masze
datanili teqsti naklulia; amis gamo arsebobs misi aRdgenis ramden-
ime varianti.
warweris pirveli ori striqoni ar Semonaxula, amitom mas,
Tanagvari epigrafikuli Zeglebis mixedviT, sxvadasxvagvarad kiTxu-
loben; arsebobs warweris dasawyisis aRdgenis ori, a. SaniZisa da g.
CubinaSviliseuli versia; maTgan mkvlevarTa umetesoba SaniZis mier
SemoTavazebul variants eTanxmeba:
[SewevniTa RmrTisaÁTa aRxemarTa juari ese salocvel]ad... (a.
SaniZe)100
[SewevniTa RmrTisaÁTa SevamkeviT juari ese salocvel]]ad... (g.
CubinaSvili)101
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmo da niSneuli xdeba
mizezi, ris gamoc g. CubinaSvils a. SaniZiseul wakiTxvaSi cvlileba
unda Seetana – rogorc Cans, es ganpirobebuli unda yofiliyo mo-
sazrebiT, romlis mixedviTac qva Zelicxovlis postamentad iqna
miCneuli. bunebrivia, mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris aRmSenebeli, er-
ismTavari stefanoz I sakuTar Tavs Zelicxovlis aRmmarTvelad ver
moixseniebda, ramdenadac taZris wiaRSi moqceuli jvari ara ste-
fanozisa da misi saxleulis, aramed wm. ninos da wm. mefe mirianis
100
101
iqve, Sen. 26.
mier iqna aRmarTuli. rogor Cans, g. CubinaSviliseul wakiTxvaSi a.

SaniZis mier aRdgenilis teqsti zemoaRniSNuli varaudis Sesabamisad
iqna Secvlili da erismTavarTa saxli ara jvris aRmmarTvelad, ar-
amed Semamkoblad dasaxelebuli. amasTanave, g. CubinaSvilis mier
SemoTavazebuli wakiTxvis marTebuloba saeWvo xdeba ori garemoe-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT:
a) adreqristianuli epoqis dReisTvis cnobil qarTul epigrafi-
kaSi ar Cans msgavsi Sinaarsis saqtitoro teqsti (sadac momgebeli
Semamkobladaa saxeldebuli); Tumca es mainc ar gamoricxavs imas,
rom amgvari warwerebic arsebuliyo – isini, SesaZloa, ubralod ar
Semoinaxa.
b) warweris enobrivi analizis mixedviT, teqstSi `SevamkeviT~102 aq-
tivis (moqmedebiTi gvaris) formis arseboba dauSvebelia, radgan mo-
cemul SemTxvevaSi warwera sxva saxes miiRebda:
SewevniTa RmrTisaÁTa stefanoz patrikiosman, demetre
ÂP patosman, adrnerse Âpatosman SevamkeviT juari ese salocvelad
Cuenda, sulTa da ჴorcTa CuenTa meoxad da yovlisa saxlisa mcve-
lad.
radgan SemorCenili warweris fragmentTa mixedviT stefanoz I da
misi saxleuli ubralo damatebaa, qvemdebared rekonstruirebuli
juari ese ivaraudeba; Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi ufro mosalodneli
unda iyos pasiuri, erTpiriani zmnis aRdgena, rogorc es a. SaniZis mier
iqna SemoTavazebuli.103
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT nakleb savaraudoa, rom warwera,
romelic erismTavar stefanoz I-s da mis saxleuls jvris aRmmarTve-
lad unda ixseniebdes, mcxeTis Zelicxovlis postamentze amoekveTaT;
meore mxriv, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom msgavsi Sinaarsis teqstebi im
xanis stelaTa kvarcxlbekebze mravladaa SemorCenili.104 Sesabamisad,
102
TavisTavad am formis arseboba Zvel qarTulSi SesaZlebelia (Sdr. dadeviT,
davawyeviT, daiceviT, dasdeviT – ix. http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de), magram ara mocemul
konteqstSi.
103
warweris enobrivi analizi ekuTvnis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis Zveli qarTuli
enisa da teqstologiuri kvlevebis departamentis asocirebul profesors lela
cixelaSvils.
104
amgvari Sinaarsis warwerebia amokveTili wromis (VI saukunis meore naxevari
– VII saukunis pirveli naxevari), garejis mravalmTis wm. ioane naTlismcemlis
monastris (VI s. – VII saukunis pirveli naxevari) qvajvarebze, dmanisis (V-VI ss.),
aRniSnulic adasturebs, rom warweriani qva ara Zelicxovlis posta-

menti, aramed stefanozisa da erismTavarTa saxlis mier aRmarTuli
stelis bazisi unda iyos.
postamentze amokveTili teqstis ZiriTadi nawili aseve daziane-
bulia, magram masSi yvela arsebiTi sityvis amokiTxva xerxdeba, garda
boloswina, meTormete striqonisa, romelmac mkvlevarTa Soris dava
gamoiwvia da misi oTxi gansxvavebuli varianti Camoyalibda.
teqstis aRdgenis pirveli varianti, romelic Zeglis aRmoCenisTa-
nave al. kalandaZis mier iqna SemoTavazebuli da g. CubinaSvilisa da a.
SaniZis mier gaziarebuli,105 aseTia:
...sul[Ta]] da ჴorcT[a m]]aTTa meo[xad]] da yovlisa [sax]]lisa mcve-
lad.
warweris am tradiciuladqceuli aRdgenis Taobaze eWvi pirvelad
z. aleqsiZem gamoTqva da `yovlisa saxlisas~ nacvlad warweraSi `yov-
lisa qarTlisa~ amoikiTxa:106
...sul[Ta]] da ჴorcT[a m]]aTTa meo[xad]] da yovlisa [qarT]]lisa mcve-
lad.
mkvlevarTan amgvari varaudis argumentad oTxi garemoeba saxel-
deba:
1. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, juanSeri mcxeTis wm. jvris taZ-
ris qtitorebs stefanozs, adarnasesa da demetres, sumbat daviTis
Zisgan gansxvavebiT, sxvadasxva sagvareulos warmomadgenlebad asaxe-
lebs; amitomac, mkvlevaris azriT, mcxeTis jvris postamentis warwera
maT erTi saxlis wevrebad ver moixseniebs.
2. z. aleqsiZis azriT, teqsti sintaqsurad gaumarTavi iqneba,
Tu masSi aRvadgenT frazas yovlisa saxlisa mcvelad, radgan amgvar
SemTxvevaSi mecamete striqonSi aucileblad saWiro xdeba kuTvnile-
biTi nacvalsaxeli maTisas arseboba, rac warweraSi ar aris.
3. aRsadgeni sityvis Tavze gairCeva qaragmis naSTi. sax marcvlis
daqaragmeba ki ar aris mosalodneli, da romc daqaragmdes, igi ver
Seavsebs teqstisaTvis gankuTvnil ares.
4. mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesia, mis wiaRSi moqceuli, wm. ninos mier
aRmarTuli, ZelicxovliT imgvari mniSvnelobis Zeglia, romlis mfarv-
wyises (VI s.), pantianis (VII saukunis meore naxevari), xunamisis (895 w.) stelaTa
kvarcxlbekebze. ix. qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, I, 93, 98, 100, 108, 115, 132.
105
106
epistoleTa wigni, 176-87.
elobiTi funqcia scildeba erT, Tundac saerismTavro sagvareulos.

warweris am monakveTs ramdenadme gansxvavebuli saxiT aRadgens n.
SoSiaSvili: 107
...sul[Ta]] da ჴorcT[a m]]aTTa meo[xad]] da yovlisa [momav]]lisa
mcvelad.
e. WeliZem wm. ninos mier mcxeTis Zelicxovelis aRmarTvis saxism-
etyvelebiTi SinaarsiT gaazrebisas warweris dasasruli amgvarad war-
moadgina: 108
...sul[Ta]]] da ჴorc[Ta]] m]aTTa meo[xad]]] da yovlisa [sof]l]]isa mcve-
lad.
niSandoblivia, rom z. aleqsiZe aRniSul sakiTxs mogvianebiT, N/Sin-
50-Si CarTuli adarneses epitafiis aRmoCenis kvaladac Seexo da zemoT
dasaxelebuli oTxi argumentidan pirvelze uari Tqva,109 imavadrou-
lad ki n. SoSiaSvilis mier SemoTavazebuli wakiTxvis siswore eWvqveS
daayena.110
z. aleqsiZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs im garemoebaze, rom n.
SoSiaSvilis mier teqsti XII-XIII saukunis istoriuli dokumentebis
mixedviT iqna aRdgenili; garda amisa, misi azriT, teqstSi momavlisas
(iseve rogorc saxlisas) aRdgena, kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis gar-
eSe, SeuZlebelia. z. aleqsiZis pozicia, warweris n. SoSiaSviliseuli
wakiTxvisa da aRdgenis Taobaze, savsebiT marTebulia; amasTanave, aqve
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qvajvaris daniSnulebisa da mis savaraudo ba-
zisze arsebuli warweris Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT, mkvlevaris mier
SemoTavazebul aRdgenasTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli kiTxvebi mainc
rCeba.111
107
108
e. WeliZe, `sveticxovlis Tavze gamocxadebuli cecxlovani jvrisa da mcxeTis
jvris heortologia~, axalgazrdoba, 6 (2009), 9.
109
xelnaweris minawerebi sumbat daviTis Zis mier SemoTavazebul erismTavarTa
genealogias eTanxmeba da adarnarses stefanoz I-is Zed asaxelebs. ix. z. aleqsiZe,
ùZvelesi cnoba bagrationTa dinastiis Sesaxeb, krebulSi: qristianuli kavkasia,
II, 121.
110
z. aleqsiZe, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisa¡” da mcxeTis jvris postamentis warwera~,
qristianuli kavkasia, I, 357-66.
111
marTalia, warweris mecamete striqonSi yoveli saxlisas aRdgenisas,
nacvalsaxel maTisas arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, teqsti ufro gamarTuli iqneboda,
magram mis gareSec igi sintaqsurad gaumarTavi ar aris. ukve moxsenebuli
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli maTTa Sinaarsobrivad rogorc qtitorebs, ise
maT sagvareulos miemarTeba. garkveul koreqtirebas gulisxmobs argumenti,
niSandoblivia, rom mkvlevarTa mier teqstis aRdgenis dRemde

arsebuli SemoTavazebebi Zelicxovlis sakralurobisa da mniS-
vnelovanebis konteqstiTaa moazrebuli; Sesabamisad, maTi marTebu-
loba udao ver iqneba im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom warweriani
qvis fragmenti ara mcxeTis wm. jvris taZarSi moqceuli Zelicxovlis
postamentad, aramed qvajvaris bazisad SeiZleba iqnas miCneuli.
qarTlis erismTavrTa erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi da, amis Sesaba-
misad, politikuri kursis gaTvaliswinebiT, mcxeTis jvris stela masze
aRbeWdili mxatvruli saxeebiT savsebiT esadageba `yoveli qarTlis~
erTobis ideas, xolo mis kvalad aRmarTuli mcxeTis wm. jvris taZari
Tavisi sakralurobiTa da mniSvnelovanebiT `yoveli soflis~ mcvelad
agebuli siwmindea; amasTanave, udaoa,A rom stela da misi warwera qarT-
lis erismTavarTa saxlis mosaxseneblad iqna Sesrulebuli. aRniSnul
mosazrebas ganamtkicebs qarTul qvajvarebsa da maT kvarcxlbekebze
datanili teqstebi, romlebic adastureben, rom stelebi warCinebuli
gvaris an saxlis mosaxseneblad idgmeboda; aRniSnuls emateba is gare-
moebac, rom mcxeTis wm. jvris taZari, romlis agebis winapirobadac
mcxeTis jvris qvajvari aRimarTa, Zelicxovlis relikvariumis fun-
qciis Tanadroulad, erismTavarTa saxlis saZvalesac warmoadgens.
swored amis gaTvaliswinebiT aris marTebuli teqstis a. SaniZiseuli
aRdgena da, Sesabamisad, warweris amgvari wakiTxva:
[SewevniTa RmrTisaÁTa, aRxemarTa juari ese salocvel]]ad

stefa[no]]z patriki[osi]]sa,D demetr[e Âp]]atosisa, a[drn]]erse Âpatosisa,
sul[Ta]] da ჴorcT[a m]]aTTa meo[xad]] da yovlisa [sax]]lisa mcvelad.
romlis mixedviTac aRsadgeni sityvis Tavze qaragmis naSTi gairCeva: warweraze

dakvirvebisas, agreTve misi grafikuli aslis Sesrulebis procesSi, aRsadgeni
sityvis Tavze qaragmis naSTi dadasturebuli ar yofila. sityvis Tavze nakveTi
formis raime naSTi romc yofiliyo SemorCenili, nakleb sarwmunoa, rom mcxeTis
qvajvaris ostats, romelic taZris reliefebisgan gansxvavebiT, samive qtitoris
saxels srulad gamokveTs, daeqaragmebina saxeli (am SemTxvevaSi yoveli qarTli),
romelic mniSvnelovanebiT qtitorTa saxelebs araTu utoldeba, aramed aRemateba
kidec. aRniSnuli argumenti ki uCveuloa im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiTac, rom
ostats sakmarisze meti Tavisufali adgili hqonda, raTa qvaze yoveli qarTli,
rogorc politikuri damoukideblobisa da erovnuli erTianobis ganacxadi,
sruli saxiT amoekveTa. garda amisa niSandoblivia isic, rom yoveli qarTlis
daqaragmebisas ufro mosalodneli iqneboda ara qarTli, aramed yoveli
daeqaragmebinaT, rac, ra Tqma unda, msazRvrel-sazRvrulis mimarTebiTa da Tavad
sityvaTa mniSvnelovanebiTacaa ganpirobebuli.
amgvarad, mcxeTis wm. jvris taZarsa da erismTavarTa saxlis mo-

saxseneblad iqve aRmarTul stelas saerTo Sinaarsi da mizandasaxu-
loba hqondaT – orive ganacxadebda stefaniz I patrikiosisa da qarT-
lis mmarTveli gvaris politikur kurss, romlis mixedviTac, qveynis
gaerTianebisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis mTavar faseulobad qris-
tianobaa moazrebuli. niSandoblivia, rom aRniSnuls Tanagvarad adas-
turebs stefanozis mier moWrili monetebic.112
mcxeTis wm. jvris taZarsa da mis winapirobad aRmarTuli stelis
saerTo Sinaars sami mTavari garemoeba ganapirobebs:
1. eklesiisa da qvajvaris fasadebze nakveTi triumfaluri xasiaTis
scenebi (macxovrisa da jvris amaRlebis kompozicia, uflis didebis
gamosaxuleba) orive maTgans iranis gavlenis qveS moqceul qarTlSi
qristianobis gamarjvebis simbolod asaCinoebs; xolo im viTarebaSi,
roca qveynis damoukideblobas safrTxe mazdeani dampyroblisgan
emuqreba, sarwmunoebrivi TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba erovnuli da-
moukideblobis SenarCunebis gzasa da winapirobas warmoadgens.
2. VI saukunis qarTlSi qristianobis ganmamtkiceblebis, asureli
mamebisa da maT mier gaSlili sabermonazvno moZraobis Tema, romelic
erTi mxriv, mcxeTis jvris stelaze mowese mamis gamosaxulebiTaa war-
modgenili, xolo meore mxriv, taZris istoriasTan Cans dakavSirebu-
li.
3. erismTavarTa saxlisa da mTavari qtitoris, stefanoz I-is moR-
vaweobis Tema, romelic Tavisi arsiT mis mier agebuli taZrisa da qva-
jvaris Sinaarss unda exmianebodes.
amgvarad, mcxeTis jvris stela svetze asaxuli ikonografiuli
programiTa da kvarcxlbekze amokveTili warweris SinaarsiT, mcxeTis
wm. jvris taZarTan mimarTebiT or umTavres faqts ganacxadebs:
a. qarTlisa da sazogadod, kavkasiisaTvis sakralur adgilas mcx-
eTis wm. jvris taZrisa da stelis aRmarTvis mizani im politikur-re-
ligiuri kursis gagrZelebaa, romelsac safuZveli vaxtang gorgasalma
Cauyara, xolo VI saukunis dasawyisSi asurel mamaTa da qarTlis pirvel
erismTavarTa saerTo Rvawlis wyalobiT gacxovelda. aRniSnuli
sarwmunobriv-politikuri kursis mizandasaxulobas gansazRvravda
yoveli qarTlisaTvis erovnuli damoukideblobis mopoveba, romlis
ucilobeli winapiroba, kavkasiis rTuli politikuri da konfesiuri
112
aRniSnulis Taobaze ix. ufro vrclad narkvevis pirvel nawilSi.
viTarebidan gamomdinare, VI saukuneSi gamokveTili aRmsareblobis –

marTlmadideblobis/diofizitobis SenarCuneba da gaZliereba iyo.
b. mcxeTis wm. jvris taZrisa da stelis mTavari qtitori, patriki-
osi stefanoz I, erismTavarTa saxlis warmomadgenlebTan, demetre da
adarnase vipatosebTan erTobiT, iyo Semoqmedi im politikuri kur-
sisa, romelsac qarTlis uzenaesi saero da sasuliero wreebi VI-VII
saukuneebis mijnaze axorcielebdnen; Sesabamisad, igi mxatvruli az-
rovnebis imgvar wessac iziarebda, romelic qarTlisaTvis qristiano-
basTan kavSirSi moazrebuli politikuri damoukideblobis mopovebas
iTvaliswinebda.
qristianobaze moqcevis droidan moyolebuli, samxreTi kavkasiis
saerTo sazrunavs iranTan da cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan brZola
warmoadgenda, ramdenadac igi regionSi Tavis damkvidrebas sakuTari
rwmenis gavrcelebis kvalad gegmavda.113 amitom, V saukuneSi, roca qris-
tianuli samyaro diofizotobasa da monofizitobas Soris arCevanis
winaSe idga, kavkasias, yovelive amasTan erTad, sxva sazrunavi hqonda
– iranisaTvis winaaRmdegoba cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan brZoliTa
da qristianobis SenarCunebiT gaewia.114 viTareba arsebiTad Seicvala
113
mazdeanobasTan brZola rom qarTlisaTvis mTavar amocanas warmoadgenda, amas
werilobiTi wyaroebic adastureben – pirvelmowameebi wm. raJdeni, wm. SuSaniki,
wm. evstaTi mcxeTeli am brZolas ewirebian, xolo maT Rvawls agiografebi
saxelmwifoebriv mniSvnelobas aniWeben. qarTlSi mosul asurel mamebsac aq
ara dogmaturi winaaRmdegobebis daZleva, aramed momZlavrebul cecxlTay-
vanismcemlobasTan brZola uwevT – maTgan erT-erTi wm. abibos nekreseli swored
mazdeanTa mier ewama. ix. `wameba¡ wmidisa SuSanikisa dedoflisa¡~, `martviloba¡
evstaTi mcxeTelisa¡~, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, 11-
29, 30-45; `wameba¡ abibos nekreselisa¡~, asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli
redaqciebi, 188-96.
114
savaraudod, imxanad qarTlSi qristianobis sxvadasxva aRmsareblobebs
Soris Ria dapiripireba ar arsebobda; yovel SemTxvevaSi dogmatur brZolas
saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba ar miuRia. qarTlis mmarTveli saero da
sasuliero wreebi marTalia, politikuri situaciidan gamomdinare kompromisul-
Semrigebluri xasiaTis (vgulisxmobT 506 wlis dvinis saeklesio krebas, roca
kavkasiis eklesiebma zenonis henotikoni aRiares; ix. z. aleqsiZe, `masalebi dvinis
saeklesio krebis istoriisaTvis~, qristianuli kavkasia, I, 121-4), magram ZiriTadad
mainc antimonofizituri/antinestorianuli mimarTulebisa iyvnen da Sesabamisad,
qarTlis saxelmwifoebrivi kursi qalkedonobaze gadioda. ix. z. aleqsiZe,
`religiuri situaciis Sesaxeb VI saukunis kavkasiaSi~, qristianuli kavkasia, I,
124-145. am mxriv sayuradReboa antioqiis patriarqTan polemikisas wm. giorgi
mTawmindelis ganacxadi: àmaT wmidaTa mociqulTagan ganaTlebulni varT da
vinaÁTgan erTi RmerTi gvicnobies, arRara uar-gÂyofies da arca odes wvalebisa
VI saukunis pirveli naxevridan, roca kavkasiis qveynebi qristianobis

am or mimarTulebas Soris oficialuri, saxelmwifoebrivi arCevanis
winaSe aRmoCndnen; sxva garemoebaTa gverdiT, aRniSnulis mizezi ira-
nis Secvlili religiuri politika unda yofiliyo. swored im droidan
moyolebuli, qarTlisaTvis politikuri da sarwmunoebrivi orien-
tirebi erTmaneTs ejaWvebodnen, Tvisobrivad erTiandebodnen da dio-
fizituri aRmsarebloba politikuri damoukideblobisa da erovnuli
TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis winapirobad isaxeboda.
safiqrebelia, rom vaxtang gorgasalis mier dasaxulma antiiran-
ulma gezma irans daanaxa safrTxe, romelsac cecxlTayvanismcemlo-
bis winaaRmdeg SekavSirebuli kavkasia uqmnida; amitom man religiuri
politika Secvala da mazdeanobis nacvlad ara bizantiasTan dakav-
Sirebul qalkedonur aRmsareblobas, aramed mis sapirispirod mono-
fizitobas dauWira mxari. Sesabamisad, qarTlisaTvis arsebiTi gaxda is
garemoeba, rom iranma regionSi sakuTari miznebis ganxorcielebisaT-
vis dasayrdenad somxeTi airCia.
amgvarad ganviTarebuli politikuri procesebis gamo qarTli
erTdroulad ori dilemis winaSe dadga – sakuTari saxelmwifoebri-
oba iranisagan/mazdeanobisgan daecva, xolo meore mxriv erovnuli
identoba somxuri/monofizituri gavlenisagan gadaerCina.115 am viTa-
midrekil ars naTesavi Cueni~. ix. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis

Zeglebi, II (Tbilisi, 1967), 154. ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli imas sulac ar gulisxmobs,
rom qarTlSi mwvalebloba saerTod ar yofila, magram arsebiTi isaa, rom mas
saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba arasdros miuRia.
115
iranis ganzraxuloba – sakuTari miznis misaRwevad somxeTi politikur-
ideologiur dasayrdenad gaexada, kavkasiaSi ZalTa balanss arRvevda, ris gamoc
qarTlisa da albaneTis erovnuli identoba safrTxis winaSe dgeboda. SemdgomSi
amas Seewira albaneTis saxelmwifoebrioba – mocemuli politikuri viTarebisas
man arCevani monofizitobis sasargeblod gaakeTa; Sedegad, albaneTis saeklesio
enam Tavisi erovnuli funqcia dakarga, rac winapiroba gaxda imisa, rom igi, rogorc
saxelmwifo, politikuri rukidan gamqraliyo. aRniSnulis Taobaze ufro vrclad
ix. z. aleqsiZe, àmierkavkasiis qveynebis saerTaSoriso orientacis dogmaturi
safuZvlebi~, qristianuli kavkasia, II, 318-28. somxeTis daJinebuli sarwmunoebrivi
poziciebis miRma rom politikuri interesebi idga, aRniSnuls mose kalankatuelis
cnobac adasturebs; igi VI-VII saukuneebis mijnis qarTul-somxuri saeklesio
ganxeTqilebis mizezad somxeTis eklesiis ierarqiul interesebs asaxelebs. ix. z.
aleqsiZe, `mose kalankatuelis àlbanTa qveynis istoriis~ teqstis kritikisaTvis.
cnoba somexTa da albanTa gaqristianebis TariRis Sesaxeb~, qristianuli kavkasia,
II, 276-93; movses kalankatuaci, alvanTa qveynis istoria, Zveli somxuridan Targmna,
Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo liana davlianiZe-tatiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1985), 285.
rebaSi qarTlSi asurel mamaTa moRvaweobam saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvn-

eloba SeiZina – isini, erTi mxriv, mazdeanobas ebrZodnen, xolo meore
mxriv, maTive daarsebuli samonastro kerebiT ganamtkicebdnen da
avrcelebdnen qristianul swavlebas;116 saqarTvelos eklesia, romelmac
VI saukunidan arCevani sabolood gaakeTa diofizitur aRmsareblobaze,
jer wm. ninos, Semdgom ki asurel mamaTa naqadagebi rwmenis safuZvlebze
idga – yovelive amis kanonzomier Sedegad Seiqna imave saukunis miwu-
ruls sabolood gacxadebuli qarTul-somxuri saeklesio ganxeTqile-
ba da diofizituri mrwamsis politikuri arCevani, ramac qarTlisaTvis
rTul etapze eklesiisa da saxelmwifos TviTmyofadoba gadaarCina.
mcxeTis wm. jvris taZarTan qarTlis erismTavarTa saxlis mosax-
seneblad aRmarTul stelaze asurel mamaTa saxed mowese mamis gamo-
saxva kidev erTi sagulisxmo mowmobaa imisa, rom wm. jvris taZris ageba
VI saukunis qarTlSi mimdinare politikur-sarwmunoebrivi proce-
sebis logikur gagrZelebas warmoadgenda; imavdroulad, stelis iko-
nografiuli programa im xanis qarTlis mmarTveli wreebis, saxeldo-
br, mTavari qtitoris, patrikios stefanoz I-is politikur doqtrinas
ganacxadebda. mcxeTis jvris stela, imave periodis qarTul-sasanur
116
mkvlevrebi asurel mamaTa Sesaxeb msjelobisas Tanxmdebian, rom qarTlSi maTi
moRvaweoba qristianobis ganmtkicebisken iyo mimarTuli; amasTanave, maT Soris
dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa imis Taobaze qristianobis romel mimarTulebas
aRiarebdnen isini. mecnierTa erTi nawili maT monofizitebad miiCnevs (ix. k.
kekeliZe, sakiTxi siriel moRvaweTa qarTlSi mosvlis Sesaxeb (Tbilisi, 1925);
misive, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I (Tbilisi, 1980), 157-63), nawili –
nestorianebad (ix. Н. Марр, “Аркаун, Монгольское название христиан в связи с вопросам об
армянак-халкедониках,” Византийский временник, XII (1906), 3), nawili ki diofizitebad
(ix. i. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, I (Tbilisi, 1979), 411; d. merkvilaZe,
asurel mamaTa qarTlSi mosvlis dro (Tbilisi, 1996); v. goilaZe, asurel mamaTa
samSoblo da saqarTvelo (Tbilisi, 2002); z. aleqsiZe, `sinuri xelnawerebi asurel
mamaTa Sesaxeb~, qristianuli kavkasia, II, 169-75). arsebobs kidev erTi varaudi,
romlis mixedviTac isini nestorianTa im Stos warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, romelic
diofizitobasTan daaxlovebasa da Serwymas gulisxmobda (ix. T. mgalobliSvili,
ÌV-X ss-is qarTlSi mimdinare religiuri procesebi~, mravalTavi, 19 (2001), 331-
42). aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT sayuradRebo Cans rogorc qarTlSi arsebuli
sarwmunoebrivi viTarebis dadebiTi daxasiaTeba aRmsareblobiT diofiziti
prokopi kesarielis mier ix. z. aleqsiZe, `religiuri situaciis Sesaxeb VI saukunis
kavkasiaSi~, qristianuli kavkasia, I, 124-145.), ise asurel mamaTa moRvaweobis
Tanadroulad da Tanmxvedrad qarTlis eklesiis oficialuri sarwmunoebrivi
poziciis diofizitobisaken gadaxra. yovelive es, marTalia, Sidakavkasiuri
socialur-politikuri mdgomareobiT iyo gamowveuli magram, ra Tqma unda,
Tanagvarad ukavSirdeboda qveyanaSi arsebul religiur situaciasac.
monetebTan da wm. jvris taZarTan erTad, Tavis TavSi ikrebs VI-VII sau-
kuneebis qarTlis istoriis mravlismomcvel mxareebs da naratiul
wyaroTa araerTgvarovnebis pirobebSi im drois qarTlSi mimdinare
politikur-aRmsareblobiTi procesebis Taobaze damatebiTi mosaz-
rebebis gamoTqmis saSualebas iZleva.
stefanoz I-is mmarTvelobis periodi, 590-627 ww., adre Sua sauku-
neebis saqarTvelos istoriis mravalmxriv mniSvnelovani monakveTia;
es aris epoqa, roca or did, metoqe imperias – bizantias da irans Soris
ZalTa gadanawileba gamudmebiT cvalebadobs, amgvari arastabiluri
politikuri viTareba ki aRmosavleT-dasavleTis gasayarze mdebare
kavkasiis regionis qveynebisaTvis frTxili da yuradRebiani diplo-
matiuri politikis gatarebas saWiroebs. Sesabamisad, im xanis qveynis
mmarTveli wreebis politikuri Tu sarwmunoebrivi mimarTebebi mTli-
anad gansazRvravs qveynis politikuri cxovrebis wessa da mis momavals.
amdenad, VI-VII saukuneebis qarTlis istoriuli realobis warmod-
genisaTvis erismTavris, stefanoz I-is politikuri kursis gaazrebasa
da kvlevas umTavresi mniSvneloba eniWeba. es ki saSuri xdeba im piro-
bebSi, roca naratiuli wyaroebi misi mmarTvelobis xasiaTis Sesaxeb
erTmaneTisagan principulad gansxvavebul cnobebs gvawvdis;117 miT
ufro, rom igi, Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba am xanis qarTlis istoriis iseT
mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, rogoricaa VI-VII saukuneebis mijnis qarTlisa
da misi mmarTveli saxlis warmomadgenelTa politikuri orientacia,118
117
saistorio wyaroTa nawilSi stefanoz I urwmunod da proiranuli orientaciis
mmarTvelad warmoCndeba. ix. juanSeri, `cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa~, 222-5;
abulaZe, asurel mamaTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi, 203-5; z. sxirtlaZe,
Sio mRvimelis cxovrebis Zveli nusxa (Tbilisi, 2014), 130-4. amasTanave, niSneulia
is garemoeba, rom wyaroTa meore nawili ùcnaurad dums~ rogorc erismTavris
urwmunoebis, ise misi politikuri orientaciis Taobaze da stefanozs `didad~
ixseniebs. ix. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis
Zeglebi, I, 95; sumbat daviTis Ze, cxorebaÁ da uwyebaÁ bagrationTa, teqsti
gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo g. araxamiam
(Tbilisi, 1990), 43.
118
istorikosTa umetesoba, juanSeris cnobebze dayrdnobiT, stefanoz I-isa
da, Sesabamisad, misi mmarTvelobis xanis qarTlis politikur-sarwmunoebriv
orientirad proiranul/prosomxursa da antiqalkedonur orientacias varaudobs.
ix. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, II (Tbilisi, 1973), 276-7; a. bogveraZe, qarTlis
politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba IV-VIII ss-Si (Tbilisi, 1979), 59-
60; epistoleTa wigni, 207-208; v. goilaZe, `qarTlis erisTavT-mTavari stefanozi~,
mnaTobi, 2 (1992); 140-7; misive, abreSumis didi savaWro gza (Tbilisi, 1997), 114;
saqarTvelos mefeebi (Tbilisi, 2000), 251; d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII ss-Si
qarTvel-somexTa Soris saeklesio ganxeTqileba,119 mcxeTis wm. jvris

agebis xanis gansazRvra,120 imperator herakles laSqroba,121 juanSeris
Txzulebis istoriografiuli analizi122 da sxv. Tumca, aqve unda aRi-
niSnos, rom mcxeTis jvris stelaze asaxuli ikonografiuli programa,
romelic sxva aspeqtebTan erTad Tavis TavSi qtitoris, stefanoz I
(Tbilisi, 2003), 309-15; C. Toumanoff, “Iberia Between Chosroid and Bagratid Rule,” in Studies
in Christian Caucasian History (Washington, 1963), 390; S. H. Rapp Jr., Studies in Medieval Georgian
Historiography: Early Texts and Eurasian Context (Lovanii, 2003), 378-379; Rapp, The Sasanian World
through Georgian Eyes, 333.
119
z. aleqsiZe epistoleTa wignSi daculi monacemebis safuZvelze varaudobs,
rom stefanoz I qarTvel-somexTa saeklesio ganxeTqilebis Tanamoazre ar
yofila; metic, mkvlevaris azriT, stefanozi da adarnase sxvadasxva saxlis
warmomadgenlebi da, Sesabamisad, politikuri mowinaaRmdegeni arian – amgvarad,
qarTul istoriografiaSi gaCnda mosazreba stefanoz I-is mmarTvelobis ori
sxvadasxva monakveTis Taobaze. ix. epistoleTa wigni, 207-8.
120
juanSeris cnobebma stefanoz I-is urwmunoebis Taobaze ganapiroba k. Tumanovis
Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris aRmosavleT fasadze
gamosaxul erismTavars igi stefanoz II-sTan aigivebda; Sesabamisad, mcxeTis wm.
jvris taZris agebis periodad miCneul iqna ara VI-VII saukuneTa mijna, aramed ufro
mogviano xana. ix. Toumanoff, “Iberia Between Chosroid and Bagratid Rule,” 396-7. k. Tumanovis
mosazrebis umarTebuloba damajereblad daasabuTa v. jobaZem da, g. CubinaSvilis
kvalad, mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris qtitorad stefanoz I, xolo agebis xanad VI-VII
saukuneebis mijna daasaxela. ix. W. Djobadze, “The Sculptures on the Eastern Façade of the
Holy Cross of Mtzkheta,” Oriens Christianus, 44 (1960), 123.
121
qarTul-somxur-albanur-bizantiuri wyaroebis araerTgvarovnebis pirobebSi
mkvlevarebi verc imis Taobaze Tanxmdebian, ilaSqra Tu ara imperatorma heraklem
Tbilisze da, Sesabamisad, daiRupa Tu ara qarTlis erismTavari stefanoz I masTan
brZolaSi. aRniSnuli sakiTxis irgvliv ix. goilaZe, `qarTlis erisTavT-mTavari
stefanozi~, 140-7; misive, `ratom ar monawileobda imperatori herakle 628 wels
Tbilisis aRebaSi~, mnaTobi, 5 (1997), 148-57; n. lomouri, ìrakli keisris laSqrobebi
iranSi da saqarTvelo~, axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo (Tbilisi, 1991), 111-22; misive,
saqarTvelosa da bizantiis imperiis urTierToba (IV-IX) (Tbilisi, 2011), 225-6; W. E. Kaegi,
Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests (Cambridge, 1992), 181-204; Rapp, Studies in Medieval Georgian
Historiography: Early Texts and Eurasian Context, 378-9; D. Y. D. Shapira, “Armenian and Georgian Sources
on the Khazars: A Re-Evalution,” in The world of the Khazars: New perspectives, ed. by D. Sinor and N. Di
Cosmo (Leiden, 2007), 307-52; Rapp, The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes, 345.
122
mkvlevarTa Soris juanSeris avtorobiT cnobili Txzulebis `cxovreba
vaxtang gorgaslisa~ meore nawilis Taobaze azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa – aRniSnuli
exeba rogorc avtoris vinaobis, ise masSi daculi cnobebis piruTvnelobasa da
marTebulobas. ix. v. goilaZe, vaxtang gorgasali da misi istorikosi (Tbilisi,
1991), 42-61; m. sanaZe, `juanSer juanSeriani da misi moRvaweobis xana~, Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, 338 (2001), 122-8; Toumanoff, “Iberia Between Chos-
roid and Bagratid Rule,” 258; Rapp, Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts and
Eurasian Context, 238-42.
patrikiosis politikuri kursis Sinaarss ikrebs, zemoT dasaxelebul

sakiTxTa gadaxedva-Sevsebis saSualebas iZleva.
mcxeTis jvris stelis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT stefanoz I ara
proiranuli an probizantiuri, aramed erovnuli orientaciis mqone
mmarTvelad isaxeba; igi qarTlis damoukideblobisaTvis moRvawe sae-
ro Tu sasuliero wreebis, upirvelesad ki asurel mamaTa ideologiur
mrwamsi Tanamoziared Cndeba; stefanozis politikuri da aRmsare-
blobiTi mimarTebebi mis ZiriTad mizans pasuxobs – qveynis erovnul
TviTmyofadobas da damoukideblobas.123
qarTlis pirveli erismTavrebis (guaram I-is, stefanoz I-is, ste-
fanoz II-is) mmarTvelobis dros gacxadebuli politikuri damoukide-
blobisa da masTan kavSirSi asurel mamaTa mier ganmtkicebuli aRmsare-
blobiTi orientacia unda yofiliyo safuZveli qarTvelTa erovnuli
TviTSegnebisa jer iranelebis, mogvianod ki arabebis moZalebisas. yove-
live amas safuZveli vaxtang gorgasalma Cauyara, rac Semdgom saero
xelisufalTa da samonastro moZraobis mesveurTa erTobiT, kerZod
ki Tavdapirvelad guaram I-is, stefanoz I-is da asurel mamaTa, xolo
Semdeg aSot I kurapalatis da wm. grigol xanZTelis SeTanxmebuli mo-
qmedebiT gagrZelda. es iyo erovnuli cnobierebis is cocxali xazi,
ramac saboloo Sedegad X saukunis miwuruls erTiani qarTuli saxelm-
wifos Camoyalibeba moitana da Semdgom, misi arsebobis mTel manZilze
uwyvetad gagrZelda.
stefanoz I-is mmarTvelobis xana – VI-VII saukuneebis mijna – iyo
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani etapi qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis Camoya-
libebisa, romelSic warmmarTveli roli marTlmadideblobam ikisra
da saxelmwifoebriobasTan erTad sarwmunoeba erovnuli identobis
safuZvlad warmoadgina. mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris – erismTavarTa saZ-
123
naklebad mosalodnelia, rom im epoqisTvis kavkasiaSi arsebuli viTarebis
Sesabamisad, roca qarTlis oficialuri aRmsareblobiTi gezi uSualod
ukavSirdeboda erovnuli identobis da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
SenarCunebis sakiTxebs, stefanoz I-s, rogorc erovnuli ideologiis gamziarebel
moRvawes politikur kursad proiranul/prosomxur/antiqalkedonuri orien-
tacia daesaxa; ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli rTul politikur situaciaSi qveynis
mmarTvelis mier iZulebiT gadadgmul nabijebs srulebiT ar gamoricxavs, rac
Sesabamisad, arasodes gulisxmobs qveynisa Tu mmarTveli wris mier dasaxuli gezis
arsobriv cvlilebas. vfiqrobT, stefanoz I-is mmarTvelobis analizisas, wyaroTa
Tu nivTier monacemTa araerTgvarovnebis pirobebSi, istoriografiaSi sakiTxi am
mimarTebiTac unda daisvas.
valis maxloblad aRmarTuli stela, nakveTi warwerisa da reliefuri

saxeebis erTobiT qmnili programiT, xatovnad warmogvidgens qarTlis
istoriis im etapze mimdinare kulturul-politikur movlenebs, xolo
stefanoz I-s – erismTavarTa saxlis sxva warmomadgenlebTan, demetre
da adarnase vipatosebTan erTad, am procesis aqtiur monawiled da
warmmarTvelad saxavs.
mcxeTis jvris stelasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi scdeba

qarTvelologiis farglebs – savsebiT naTeli unda iyos misi mniS-
vneloba kavkasiologiisaTvis, radgan adreuli Sua saukuneebis ka-
vkasiis politikuri, eTnokonfesiuri da kulturuli suraTis far-
glebSi igi iseT mravlismomcvel sakiTxs ukavSirdeba, rogoricaa
qarTul da somxur saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrul tradiciaTa urT-
ierTmimarTeba.
gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi mcxeTis jvris stelis bazisad miC-
neul qvaze nakveTi qarTul-somxuri warwerebi, mkvlevarTa Soris mw-
vave polemikis sagani gaxda.
1968 wels p. muradianma gamoaqveyna statia mcxeTis wm. jvris ta-
ZarSi gamovlenili qvis fragmentisa da misi warwerebis Sesaxeb. sta-
tiaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom wm. jvris eklesia somexi xuroT-
moZRvris mier iqna agebuli.124 yovelive amas, Tavis mxriv, safuZvlad
daedo mcxeTis jvris tipis taZris – atenis sionis aRmSeneblobasTan
da, amis kvalad qarTul-somxur saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebasTan da-
kavSirebuli, kargad cnobili hipoTeza, romelic TiTqmis or as-
wleuls iTvlis da romlis Taobazec araerTxel dawerila: atenis si-
onis samxreTi fasadis aRmosavleT niSaSi Sesrulebul somxur warw-
eraSi moxseniebuli Todosaki, xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi
damkvidrebuli TvalsazrisiT, taZris xuroTmoZRvrad, Tavad taZari
ki somex xelosanTa jgufis mier agebulad iqna gacxadebuli.125
124
Мурадян, “Армянская надпись храма Джвари,” 56-79; P. Muradian, “Encore au sujet de
l’inscription armenienne de l’église de Djvari,” Revue des études armeniennes, VI (1969), 408.
p. muradianis mosazrebebi mogvianod gaimeora a. eremianmac, romelic ecada
damatebiT ganemtkicebina winamorbedis `Teoria“. ix. А. Еремян, “К вопросу о дотировке
кафедралной церкви в Аване,” Լրաբէր Հասարակական Գիտությունների, 3 (1968), 59.
125
amis Taobaze Tanamimdevrulad da naTlad ix. В. Беридзе, “Еше раз о храме Джвари,
о взаимоотношениях Грузинской и Армянской архитектуре и некоторых статьях, касаюшихся
этих вопросов,” macne, istoriis arqeologiis eTnografisa da xelovnebis istoriis
seria, 6 (1970), 287-94.
wm. jvris taZarSi gamovlenili qvis fragmenti, masze arsebuli qa-

rTuli da somxuri warwerebiT, amis kvaladve gaxda safuZveli p. mu-
radianis `Teoriisa~, romlis mixedviTac, mcxeTis wm. jvrisa da atenis
sionis taZrebi erTsa da imave pirovnebas, Todosaks unda aego. mkvl-
evaris azriT, qvis gverdiTa, samxreT waxnagze amokveTili somxuri
warwera qarTuli teqstis Targmania, xolo somxuri teqstis qvemoT,
sxva grafemaTagan gansxvavebulad nakveTi Թ aso ara qvismTlelis ni-
Sani an TariRis aRmniSvneli simbolo, aramed xuroTmoZRvris – To-
dosakis iniciali unda iyos. atenis sionis agebis savaraudo periodis
gaTvaliswinebiT, Tavisi `Teoriis~ gansamtkiceblad, p. muradiani eca-
da daemtkicebina, rom mcxeTis wm. jvris taZari ara VI-VII saukuneebis
mijnaze, stefanoz I-is mmarTvelobis dros, aramed ufro mogvianod,
uSualod atenis sionis agebis winaxanebSi iyo agebuli.
sakuTari `Teoriis~ Camoyalibebisas, sxva argumentebTan erTad, p.
muradiani eyrdnoboda mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac warweriani qva
mcxeTis Zelicxovlis postamentad iqna moazrebuli.126 am gziT igi eca-
da, qvaze amokveTili somxuri warwera uSualod mcxeTis wm. jvris taZ-
ris agebis procesTan yofiliyo dakavSirebuli da Sedegad, kavkasiaSi
tetrakonqis tipis taZrebis gavrceleba somex xuroTmoZRvarTa moR-
vaweobasTan mimarTebiT warmoCenili iyo. Sesabamisad, p. muradianis
umTavres mizans warmoadgenda g. CubinaSvilis im mosazrebis uaryofa,
romlis Tanaxmadac kavkasiaSi tetrakonqis tipis taZarTa gavrcele-
ba ara mxolod qarTlisaTvis, aramed mTlianad kavkasiisaTvis Tavisi
sakralurobiT gamorCeul salocavTan – mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesias-
Tan dakavSirebiT iqna moazrebuli.
rogorc aRiniSna, p. muradianis mosazrebas aTwleulebis siRrme-
Si mimavali wanamZRvrebi hqonda – igi qarTuli saeklesio xuroTmoZ-
Rvrebis somxurTan gaigivebis mcdelobis sakmaod didi xnis istorias
iTvlis.
qarTuli saeklesio arqiteqturis somxurTan dakavSireba da misi
eTnokulturuli identobis uaryofa f. diubua de monperes mier
gamoTqmul mosazrebebs ukavSirdeba.127 miuxedavad imisa, rom mogvi-
anod n. kondakovis mier qarTuli saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba gansaz-
126
127
F. Dubois de Montpereux, Voyage autour du Caucase, III (Paris, 1838-1839), 214. Sdr. M.
Brosset, Rapports sur un Voyage archéologique dans la Géorgie et dans l’ Arménie, VI Rapp. (Saint-
Petersbourg, 1850), 21.
Rvrul iqna, rogorc qristianuli xelovnebis mkafiod TviTmyofadi

movlena,128 somxur, rusul Tu evropul istoriografiaSi subieq-
turad, zogjer angariSmiucemlad, zogjer ki politikur Tu sxva
mizezTa gamo, diubua de monperes Tezas dafuZnebuli mosazrebebi aT-
wleulebis ganmavlobaSi meordeboda.129
1948 wels g. CubinaSvilma mcxeTis wm. jvrisa taZrisa da misi tipis
ZeglTa Sesaxeb gamosca fundamenturi naSromi, sadac sxva sakiTxebTan
erTad ganxilul da dasabuTebul iqna qarTul da somxur saeklesio xu-
roTmoZRvrebasTan mimarTebiT xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi ar-
sebuli TvalTaxedvis umarTebuloba. g. CubinaSvilis kvlevam qarTuli
saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis kanonzomieri gza warmoad-
gina da, imavdroulad, iqamde gavrcelebuli mosazreba qarTuli arq-
iteqturis somxuri warmomavlobis Taobaze arsebiTad Secvala – cxadi
Seiqna, rom qarTul saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebas ara Tu hqonda sakuTari
saxe da TavisTavadoba, aramed metic, qarTul mxatvrul gemovnebasTan
Tanaziari arqiteqturuli formebi kavkasiis sxva regionTa saekle-
sio xuroTmoZRvrebaSic vrceldeboda. mosazrebebi qarTul-somxuri
saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis urTierTmimarTebis Taobaze mkvlevarma
1967 wels somxuri arqiteqturis Taobaze gamoqveynebul monografiaSi
kidev ufro gaaRrmava da masStaburad warmoaCina.130
p. muradianis mier gamoqveynebuli, zemoT dasaxelebuli, statia,
romelSic mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesiaSi gamovlenil qvis fragmentze
nakveTi somxuri warweris interpretaciiT igi ecada taZari somxur
saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebasTan daekavSirebina, Tavisi arsiTa da
mimarTebiT zemoT aRniSnuli tendenciis Tanaziari iyo. swored amis
gamo iyo, rom p. muradianis mier gamoTqmuli debulebebis usafuZvloba
qarTvel mecnierTa mier umalve argumentirebulad iqna uaryofili;131
128
Н. Кондаков, “Древняя Архитектура Грузии,” Древности. Труды Московсково Архео-
логическово Общества, т. VI (Москва, 1876), 7-8.
129
J. Strygowski, Die Baukunst der Armenier und Europa, I (Wien, 1918), 235; Н. Токарский,
Архитектура Древней Армении (Ереван, 1946), 132-4.
130
Г. Чубинашвили, Разыскания по армянской архитектуре (Тбилиси, 1967).
131
Абуладзе, “Замечания по поводу статьи П. Мурадяна “Армянская надпись храма Джвари,”
171-89; gadabeWdilia krebulSi: Некoторые вопросы истории Грузии в армянской
историографии, ред. Д. Мусхелишвили (Тбилиси, 2009), 62-92; Лордкипанидзе, “К вопросу о
надписях храма Джвари в Мцхета,” 190-200; gadabeWdilia krebulSi: Некoторые вопросы
истории Грузии в армянской историографии, 92-107; m. lorTqifaniZe, p. zaqaraia,
`SeniSvnebi erTi werilis gamo~, literaturuli saqarTvelo, 20 dekemberi (1968), 6;
SemdgomSi gairkva sadao TemasTan dakavSirebuli, principulad mniS-

vnelovani sakiTxic – aRmoCnda, rom atenis sionis samxreTi fasadis
somxur warweraSi moxsenebuli Todosaki ara taZris xuroTmoZRvari,
aramed restavratori iyo; misi moRvaweobis xanad ki ara VII, aramed X
saukunis miwuruli ganisazRvra, ris Sedegadac yovelive es mcxeTis
wm. jvrisa da misi tipis taZrebis mSeneblobis periods mniSvnelovnad
daSorda.132 amis miuxedavad, p. muradianma adre gamoTqmuli mosazreba
mogvianod, saqarTvelos somxuri epigrafikis Sesaxeb gamocemul mono-
grafiaSi ucvlelad Seitana133 da, Sesabamisad, sakiTxisadmi sakuTari
subieqturi mimarTeba ganacxada – miuxedavad, mTeli rigi samecniero
siaxleebisa, muradiani, sakuTari xelovnuri `TeoriiT~, XIX saukunis
siZveleTmcodneobis Tvalsawieris farglebSi darCa.
naTeli unda iyos, rom winamdebare narkvevis mizani araa p. mura-
dianis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis detaluri ganxilva – mis cdebs,
Tavis droze, qarTvel mkvlevarTa mxriv Rirseuli, dasabuTebuli da
damajerebeli pasuxebi gaeca, mogvianod ki amgvari cdebis usafuZv-
loba atenis sionis sagangebo kvlevam erTmniSvnelovnad daadastura.
amasTanave, qvaze nakveTi somxuri warwerisa da mcxeTis wm. jvris
taZris urTierTmimarTebis konteqstSi sakiTxi erTmniSvnelovnad ar
gadaWrila. mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis are-
alSi moqcevasTan dakavSirebiT p. muradianis mier Seqmnili `Teoria~
Tvisobrivad erT winapirobas efuZneba – qva, romelzec qarTulTan er-
Tad somxuri warweracaa nakveTi, uciloblad taZarTan erTobiT unda
iqnas ganxiluli; saqme isaa, rom eklesiis xuroTmoZRvris saxelTan
dakavSirebuli `Teoriis~ (Tundac xelovnurad SeTxzul-Seqmnilis)
arseboba, uSualod miemarTeba aRniSnuli qvis Tavdapirveli adgilis
gansazRvras taZris gamorCeul arealSi – misi interieris centrSi Tu
ara, gansakuTrebiT saCino adgilze mainc. amasTan dakavSirebiT ar-
sebiT mniSvnelobas iZens is garemoeba, rom warweriani qvis ganxilva
Беридзе, “Еше раз о храме Джвари, о взаимоотношениях Грузинской и Армянской архитектуре и

некоторых статьях, касаюшихся этих вопросов,” 287-94; z. aleqsiZe, atenis sionis somxuri
warwerebi (Tbilisi, 1978), 25-7.
132
Г. Абрамишвили, “Два строительных периода Атенского Сиона,” macne, istoriis
arqeologiis eTnografisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 1 (1972), 32-55; g.
abramiSvili, daviT garejelis cikli qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobaSi (Tbilisi, 1972),
172; aleqsiZe, atenis sionis somxuri warwerebi, 8-27; abramiSvili, atenis sioni, 48-
56.
133
Мурадян, Армянская эпиграфика Грузии. Картли и Кахети, 14-37.
mcxeTis jvris stelis kvarcxlbekad mas taZrisa da misi mSeneblobis

procesisagan ganyenebulad warmoaCens; Sesabamisad, warweriani qvis
ara mcxeTis jvris taZarSi moqceuli Zelicxovlis postamentad, ar-
amed qvajvaris kvarcxlbekad moazreba p. muradianis mier gamoTqmul
mosazrebas safuZvels am mxrivac aclis. yovelive es, erismTavarTa
sagvareulo saZvalis maxloblad qtitorTa mosaxseneblad aRmar-
Tul stelaze taZris xuroTmoZRvris saxelis datanis ganzraxulobas
sruliad gaugebarsa da usafuZvlos xdis. niSandoblivia isic, rom p.
muradianis sawinaaRmdegod, g. CubinaSvili134 da il. abulaZe135 somx-
uri teqstis ara avTentur warwerad, aramed mogviano xanis grafi-
tad miiCneven. qvis warmodgena stelis bazisad am mosazrebas kidev
ufro ganamtkicebs – safuZvels moklebuli ar iqneboda imis varaudi,
rom erTiani kavkasiis gamorCeuli siwmindis, regionSi gamorCeulad
Tayvancemuli samomlocvelo centris – mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris
maxloblad Ria cis qveS aRmarTul stelaze erovnebiT somexma da, sa-
varaudod, aRmsareblobiT diofizitma momlocvelebma sulis mosax-
senebeli warwera amokawres, xolo qvis waxnagi masze nakveTi somxuri
grafemis (qvismTlelTa niSani)136 mixedviT SearCies.
mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesiisa da kavkasiis regionSi gavrcelebuli tet-
rakonqis tipis taZarTa mimarTebebis kvlevisaTvis arsebiTi Cans kidev
erTi garemoeba – mcxeTis jvris stelis ikonografiuli programa, iseve
rogorc qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblis, wm. ninos mier qarTlis moqcevis
dros CvenebebiTa da saswaulebiT niSandebul adgilas agebuli taZris um-
Tavresi arsi VI-VII saukuneebis qarTlis kulturul-politikur realo-
134
135
il. abulaZe somxur teqsts VIII-IX saukuneebSi Seqmnil piligrimul, nakawr
warwerad miiCnevs. ix. Абуладзе, “Замечания по поводу статьи П. Мурадяна “Армянская
надпись храма Джвари”,” 171-89. i. abulaZis mosazrebas eTanxmeba z. aleqsiZec; mkvle-
vari, ganixilavs ra èpistoleTa wignSi~ dacul cnobebs mcxeTis jvrisa da vrkanis
marzpanis, smbat bagratunis Sesaxeb, varaudobs, rom mcxeTis wm. jvris taZari
is saerTo kavkasiuri salocavi iyo, romlis mosalocad qarTvelebTan erTad
somexi piligrimebic dadiodnen. z. aleqsiZis azriT, swored aRniSnuli faqti
unda yofiliyo postamentze Sesrulebuli somxuri warweris gaCenis mizezi. ix.
z. aleqsiZe, `mcxeTis jvari – mcveli yovlisa qarTlisa~, qristianuli kavkasia, II,
333-4.
136
mkvlevarTa azriT, somxuri grafema Թ qvismTlelTa niSans warmoadgens; misi
msgavsi niSnebis mqone kvadrebi mcxeTis wm. jvrisa da mogvianod atenis sionis
kedlis wyobaSi mravlad moipoveba. ix. Чубинашвили, Памятники Типа Джвари, 83;
lorTqifaniZe, zaqaraia, `SeniSvnebi erTi werilis gamo~, 6.
bas ganacxadebs, rac aRniSnul Zeglebs gamorCeulad qarTuli erovnuli

identobis niSniT aRbeWdavs. mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris xuroTmoZRvruli
saxe (romelic wm. ninos mier aRmarTuli jvris adgilis gaTvaliswinebiT
iqna dakvaluli), Tanadroulad ki sivrculi gaazreba eklesiisa (romelic
Zelicxovlis luskumad iqna gadawyvetili), cxadyofs, rom tetrakonqis
tipis es nageboba originaluri, sakuTriv ZelicxovlisaTvis Seqmnili arq-
iteqturuli formaa. safiqrebelia, rom masTan somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis
garkveuli nimuSebis Tanagvaroba, iseve rogorc mcxeTis Zelicxovlis
saerTokavkasiuri mniSvneloba somexTa da qarTvelTa moqcevis droinde-
li kavSirebis konteqstSi unda iqnas ganxiluli; amasTan mimarTebiT niSan-
doblivi unda iyos is garemoeba, rom somxuri tetrakonqebi – wm. rifsimes,
avanis eklesiebi – mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris Tanafardad, qveynis gaqris-
tianebis TemasTanaa dakavSirebuli; SemTxveviTi ver iqneba isic, rom somx-
uri saeklesio tradiciis Sesabamisad, es dakavSireba ara wm. grigol gan-
manaTleblis, aramed wm. ninos TanamegzurTa – wm. rifsimesa da wm. gaianes
saxelebTan mimarTebiT isaxeba. yovelive aRniSnuli ki adreqristianul
xanaSi qarTul-somxuri interkulturuli urTierTobebis niadagad
orive qveyanaSi qristianobis damkvidrebisa da gavrcelebis sawyisebis
Tanaxmianobaze unda metyvelebdes.
The Fragment of Stela from the Jvari Church of Mtskheta
Nana Sikharulidze, Zaza Skhirtladze
Summary
A grayish stone, found on the premises of the Jvari church of Mtskheta in 1948,
today is housed in the Georgian National Museum (Inv. No 482). The heavily damaged
fragment of stone with ribs broken off is a part of the stela, which is evidenced by the
shape of the stone and a cavity carved on its upper facet presumably intended for the
installation of a relief cross. This is also substantiated by the decoration on one of the
facets of the stone: similar to other Georgian stelae it is decorated with equal arm crosses
inserted in medallions and placed in a vertical row.
In the facet of the stela which is presumably the front one there is a representation
of the Escention of the Cross. Below it, in a register delimited with a wide relief line,
the composition of the Glory of Christ is given – depicted is the Savior with an angel on
each side. These images created a certain program that is based on the tradition of early
Christian fine arts – scenes imprinted with glory of Christ and signs of His triumph are
identical to the iconography of the images of consular diptychs.
The figure of a bearded man – a clergyman, with animals on his side, is depicted on
the left facet of the fragment of the stela. The nature of the composition as well as the
iconography of the image make it clear that the relief composition should be represent the
image of an ecclesiastic. Considering Georgian medieval artistic tradition, the image of
the monk depicted on the stela should be related to Assyrian Fathers and their monastic
activities.
Considering the stylistic and iconographic characteristics, the fragment of the stela
should be dated back to the 6th-7th cc. and related to the epoch of the construction of the
Jvari church.
The iconographic program on the fragment of the stela is a visual representation
of the political and confessional reality in Kartli in that epoch – the consolidation of
Christianity and the process of formation of national identity interpreted in the context of
these circumstances. Depicting a local monk, presumably an Assyrian Father on a stela
erected in close proximity to the ossuary of the erismtavaris of Kartli in the Jvari church
of Mtskheta points to the coincidence of interests of clerical and secular authorities on the
way of the independence and unification of the country. The first erismtavaris (Guaram
I, Stepanos I) striving for the political independence of Kartli emerge as the ideological
allies of Assyrian Fathers – spiritual heirs of St. Nino; while the Assyrian hermits – the
strengtheners of Christianity appear as figures fighting for the national identity of the
country. The stela and the Jvari church are unified in terms of the content they convey
both of them symbolically represent the recognition of Christianity, the triumph of Chris-
tian faith and the unity and independence of Kartli at the same time.
In 1938, in the process of the restoration of the Jvari church, the breakdown of
the later period chancel screen revealed a stone with dedicatory inscriptions carved in
the Asomtavruli script, devoted to the erismtavaris who built the monastery – Patrikios
Stephanos I as well as Hypatoses Demetre and Adarnase. This fragment of the stone,
considered by Giorgi Chubinishvili as the base of the Holy cross erected during the con-
vertion of Kartli, drew the attention of scholars in no time and raised heated debate.
Through his erroneous interpretation of Armenian and Georgian inscriptions carved
in the stone, Paruir Muradyan made an attempt to prove that the Jvari and the Ateni Sioni
Churches were constructed by the same person, namely, Armenian Todosak.
The analyses of the stela and the stone have shown that the stone with the inscription
could have been the base of a stela erected close to the Jvari church, and not the base of
the cross erected in the period of conversion of Kartli. Accordingly, it has become possi-
ble to reconstruct the stela of the Jvari church. Considering all the above, the construction
of the Jvari church as well as the historical and political background are to be interpreted
in a different way.
A number of Georgian scholars (I. Abuladze, M. Lortkipanidze, P. Zakaria, V. Berid-
ze) rebutted the opinion of Muradyan at the very outset. Yet there was still ambiguity
over the issue. Understanding the piece of stone and the fragment of the stela in a single
context added another significant proof to arguments expressed against the position of
Muradyan – the stone considered to be the base of the cross now appeared as having no
connection with the Jvari church of Mtskheta and its construction, which disproves the
opinion of the Armenian scholar.
Thus, the stela of the the Jvari church of Mtskheta, along with the iconographic pro-
gram depicted on it, is a visual representation of the cultural and political events of Kartli
in the turn of the 6th-7th cc., as well as the local program developed based on an ideologi-
cal agreement between clerical and secular leaders of Kartli. The dedicatory inscription
on the base of the stela presents Stepanos I – the main ktetor of the church and the stela,
along with some other Erismtavaris – Hypatoses Demetre and Adarnase – as an active
participant and the leader of the process.
1 2
3 4
sur. 1 mcxeTis jvris stela. saerTo xedi. m. kilaZis foto, 2016 w.

sur. 2 mcxeTis jvris stela. wina waxnagi. ufali didebiTa, jvris amaRleba. m. kila-
Zis foto, 2016 w.
sur. 3 mcxeTis jvris stela. marcxena waxnagi. mowese mama. m. kilaZis foto, 2016 w.
sur. 4 mcxeTis jvris stela. ukana waxnagi. m. kilaZis foto, 2016 w.
sur. 5 mcxeTis jvris stela. wina waxnagi. sqema. n. CakvetaZis naxazi.

sur. 6 mcxeTis jvris stela. marcxena waxnagi. sqema. n. CakvetaZis naxazi.
sur. 7 eCmiaZinis saxarebis yda. erevani, matenadarani.

sur. 8 muranos diptiqi. ravena, erovnuli muzeumi.
10
11
sur. 9 sakonsulo diptiqi. fragmenti – jvris amaRleba. berlini, bodes muzeumi.

sur. 10 mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesia. samxreTi karis timpani. jvris amaRleba. s. melaZis
foto, 2016 w.
sur. 11 TeTriwyaro. RmrTismSoblis eklesia. samxreTi karis zRudari. jvris amaR-
leba. r. Smerlingis naxazi.
12
13
14
sur. 12 mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesia. samxreTi fasadis dasavleTi monakveTi. macxovris
amaRleba. s. melaZis foto, 2016 w.
sur. 13 qvemo bolnisis eklesia. macxovris amaRleba.
sur. 14 eZani. RmrTismSoblis eklesia. dasavleTi karis timpani. RmrTismSoblis
amaRleba. n. sixaruliZis foto, 2015 w.
15
16
sur. 15 atenis sioni. CrdiloeTi fasadis dasavleTi kuTxe. wm. daviT garejelis
cxovrebis ciklis scena _ wm. lukianes mier irmebis wvela, samsonisa da lo-
mis SeWideba. z. sxirtlaZis foto, 2014 w.
sur. 16 garejis mravalmTis udabnos monastris mTavari eklesia. darbazis Crdi-
loeTi kedlis dasavleTi monakveTi. wm. daviT garejelis cxovrebis ciklis
scena – irmebis Civili wm. daviTis winaSe. z. sxirtlaZis foto, 1999 w.
17
18
sur. 17 erismTavar stefanos I-is moneta. m. kilaZis foto, 2003 w.

sur. 18 mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesia. qarTlis erismTavarTa saqtitoro gamosaxulebe-
bis rigi aRmosavleT fasadze. s. melaZis foto, 2016 w.
19
20 21
sur. 19 mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesia. postamentis qva. saerTo xedi. s. melaZis foto,
2016 w.
sur. 20 mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesia. postamentis qva. centraluri waxnagi qarTuli
saqtitoro warweriT. s. melaZis foto, 2016 w.
sur. 21 mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesia. postamentis qva. marjvena waxnagi somxuri sa-
momlocvelo warweriT. s. melaZis foto, 2016 w.
22
23
sur. 22 mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesia. postamentis qva. centraluri waxnagi qarTuli saq-
titoro warweriT. sqema. z. sxirtlaZis naxazi.
sur. 23 mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesia. postamentis qva. marjvena waxnagi somxuri samomlo-
cvelo warweriT. sqema. z. sxirtlaZis naxazi.
24
24 25
sur. 24 mcxeTis jvris stela. savaraudo rekonstruqcia. n. CakvetaZis da z. sxirtla-

Zis naxazi, 2016 w.
sur. 25 mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesia. interieri. z. sxirtlaZis foto, 2009 w.
26
sur. 26 mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesia. Zelicxo-

vlis postamenti. gegma da xedebi. i.
banZelaZis naxazi, 2006 w.
sur. 27 uflis saflavis rotonda. savarau-
27
do rekonstruqcia, j. uilkinsonis
mixedviT.
28
29
sur. 28 mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesiis kompleqsi. gengegma. i. banZelaZis naxazi, 2006 w.
ruxi feriT miniSnebulia savaraudo areali, sadac SeiZleba aRmarTuli yo-
filiyo stela.
sur. 29 mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesiis kompleqsi. VI-VII ss. retrospeqtiuli gengegma. i.
banZelaZis naxazi, 2006 w.
30
sur. 30 mcxeTis wm. jvris eklesiis kompleqsi VI-VII ss. mijnaze. v. cincaZis re-
konstruqcia.
mxedari
tiraJi 150 cali
gamomcemloba `mxedari~
mkhedari@mkhedari.ge

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saistorio

Tbilisi 2015 Tbilisi

II kidev erTi ucnobi aRmosavluri wyaro 62

IV Savi Wiris epidemia saqarTveloSi 1802-1804 wlebSi 97

VI yivCaRuri kvali Sua saukuneebis 138

I Monetary Emission of Mansur II, the Ja‘farid in 58

V Byzantine-Lazic Phalanx at the Battle of the Tskhenistskali (550 A.D.) 137

mansur II ja‘farianis samoneto emisia maliq-Sahis

ja‘farianTAa da Semdgomi periodis, muslimTa xelSi myofi Tbili-

sisTvis bagrationebisa da didi selCukebis, regionis sxva politikuri

epoqis istoriografiuli mimoxilva

qarTul istoriografiaSi, al-asirze dayrdnobiT, bolo dromde

vili, mansuri da abul-heija,10 magram taxti, dasawyisSi mainc, arcerTs

calke amonabeWdi (Tbilisi, 1952), 197; pavle Tofuria, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis

partiam scada Sinagani uTanxmoeba12 1046 wels qalaqis bagrat IV-sTvis13

iswinebiT, Zalauneburad pasiur xasiaTs atarebda – mefe, marTalia,

mosces tfilisi bagrats, da Seiyvanes Sina. da iyo sixaruli da mS¢doba

tfilisi da rusTavi amas samefosa (kursivi Cvenia);~35 sxva wyaros mixed-

da, vinaidan mis imdroindel mmarTvels (SadadianTa mier daniSnuls?),

absoluturad ucnobia, Tu ra drois ganmavlobaSi marTavda es siT-

rom aq unda igulisxmebodes “sayyid al-‘Arab.” Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History,

mier samSvildis aREebaze: `da movida sultani maliq-Sa mterad yovel-

erT qronologiur reperul wertils am periodis Tbilisis istori-

waruRo samS¢lde...~63; Tuki matianis CamonaTvalSi – `ama Jamadmde qa-

Sihnas gamogzavna SeiZleba arc niSnavdes qalaqSi did selCukTa

al. lekiaSvilis Targmanic: `mefe daviTma, qarTvelTa da afxazTa mefem, Zlier

Savad, romelTame pirni, romelTame £elebi, da romel[Ta]me sruliad

tyuebuli Turqni saboloo jamSi damarcxdnen.79 rogorc CAans, daviT

axali numizmatikuri monapovrebis zogad-istoriuli Rirebuleba

– ‘ali b. ja‘faris (II) 2 axali samoneto tipi;85

kuri istoriisaTvis imdenad mniSvnelovani ar aris, magram adasturebs

axlad aRmoCenili egzemplari

Subli: zedwerilis fragmenti, sam striqonad

çÆ _énv Ë äjbÜ çÇÆC ËC çÆC Ë

moneta SemTxveviT aris napovni Tbilisis SemogarenSi, 2015 wels.

miTiTeEbuli istoriuli pirebis vinaoba

Zad qceuli monetebi ki moWris adgils didad ver scildeboda; Tbiliss

samoneto tipis daTariReba

samoneto tipis atribucia

ar gvaqvs aranairi safuZveli vamtkicoT, rom es samoneto tipi man-

samoneto tipis rekonstruqcia

a. al-kaimi (çÇÆC nÕDL ×éD¿ÆC) h. 467 (1075) wlamde da mas Semdgom,

monetis dasaxeleba (nominali)

numizmatikuri aRmoCenis srulfasovani analizis mizniT, aucile-

qarTuli safasis tipologiuri rigi

mansur II b. ja‘faris samoneto emisiebi

– ramdenime samoneto tipis gamoSveba am ja‘fariani amiras daqvem-

mansur II b. ja‘faris zeobis qronologia

axla ki ukve aranair eWvs ar iwvevs, rom mansur II b. ja‘faris amiro-

mizeziT ver daeufla mamis (gvaris) memkvidreobas, maSin, gamodis, rom

Tbilisi, qvemo qarTli da didi selCukebi

ufro metic, numizmatikuri masala, Tundac iribad, magram mainc,

selCukebs daemorCila an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, maTi gavlenis sferoSi

tonomia? imasac ver gamovricxavT, rom did selCukTa xelisuflebis

uli daviT aRmaSeneblis uzenaesoba ecnoT da mis sasargeblod xarkic

vigulisxmoT, aseve rusTavi, dmanisi, samSvilde; daviTis istorikoss

samxreT kavkasiis qalaqebis antiqarTuli koalicia

rTvel bagratovanTa da, gansakuTrebiT, did selCukTa agresiis, oRuz-