CHEMICAL REACTION

• There are 6 types of chemical reactions that we consider:

1. Synthesis/Combination
2. Decomposition
3. Single-Displacement
4. Double-Displacement
5. Combustion
6. Neutralization

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SYNTHESIS/COMBINATION
• Synthesis or combination reaction is a chemical reaction wherein a
new product is synthesized by combination of two or three reactants.
A + B → AB
• Combination reactions can involve different types of reactants:
1. Between elements - Na + Cl → NaCl
2. Between compounds - CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
3. Between elements and compounds - 2CO + O2 → 2CO2

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DECOMPOSITION
• Decomposition reaction is the separation of a single chemical
compound into its two or more elemental parts or to simpler
compounds.
AB → A + B
Examples:
1. NH4NO3 → NH4+1 + NO3-1
2. Cr(SCN)3 → Cr+3 + 3SCN-1
3. Si(MnO4)4 → Si+4 + 4MnO4-1
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SINGLE DISPLACEMENT
• A single-displacement reaction, is a chemical reaction in which one
element is replaced by another in a compound.
A + BC → AC + B
Examples:
1. Mg + CuSO4 → MgSO4 + Cu
2. SeCl6 + O2 → SeO2 + 3Cl2
3. Pb + FeSO4 → PbSO4 + Fe

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 Li Element Reactivity

SINGLE DISPLACEMENT K
Na
Ca
Mg
• Activity Series of Metals is a series of metals, in Al
Mn
Halogen Reactivity
order of reactivity from highest to lowest. It is used Zn F2
Cl2
Cr
to determine the products of single displacement Fe Br2
I2
reactions, whereby metal A will replace another Ni
Sn
metal B in a solution if A is higher in the series. Pb
H2

• Activity series of some of the more common metals Cu

Bi
is listed in descending order of reactivity. Sb
Hg
Ag
Pt
Au

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DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT
• A double displacement reaction, also known as a double
replacement reaction, is a type of reaction that occurs when the
cations and anions switch between two reactants to form new
products.
AB + CD → AD + CB
Examples:
1. MgCl2 + Li2CO3 → MgCO3 + 2 LiCl
2. Na3PO4 + 3 KOH → 3 NaOH + K3PO4
3. 2 MgI2 + Mn(SO3)2 → 2 MgSO3 + MnI4
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COMBUSTION
• Combustion is a chemical reaction where mostly an organic
compound burns in the presence of oxygen to yield mostly CO2 and
H2O.
Hydrocarbons + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Examples:
1. C3H6O + 4 O2 → 3 CO2 + 3 H2O
2. C6H12 + 9 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
3. C15H28 + 22 O2 → 15 CO2 + 14 H2O
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ACID–BASE REACTION
• Acid-base reaction is a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base
combines to give salt and water. This reaction is also called
neutralization reaction.
HX + BOH → BX + HOH
acid base salt water
Examples:
1. HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl
2. HNO3 + KOH → H2O + KNO3
3. CH3CO2H + NaOH → NaCH3CO2 + H2O
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EXAMPLES
1. Pb + FeSO4 → PbSO4 + Fe
2. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
3. P4 + 3 O2 → 2 P2O3
4. 2 RbNO3 + BeF2 → Be(NO3)2 + 2 RbF
5. 2 AgNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag
6. Na3PO4 + 3 KOH → 3 NaOH + K3PO4
7. Ca(OH)2 + H2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2 H2O
8. C6H12 + 9 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

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 CHM01 – General Chemistry 1 10

MASS RELATIONSHIP IN CHEMICAL

REACTIONS

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STOICHIOMETRY
• It is the study of mass relationships in chemical reaction
• It provides quantitative information about reactions.
• Mass must be conserved in a chemical reaction.
Total Mass of reactants = total mass of products
• Chemical equations must therefore be balanced for mass.
Number of atoms on Number of atoms on
=
the reactant side the product side

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STOICHIOMETRY
• The stoichiometric coefficients are the numbers in front of the
chemical formulas
• They give the ratio of reactants and products.

Ratio → Conversion factor

• The stoichiometric coefficients allow us to convert the number of

moles between reactants and products

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STOICHIOMETRY
For Mass to mole relationship:
Grams Molar Moles Mole Moles Molar Grams
reactant A mass A reactant A ratio product B mass B product B
1 mol A y mol product B gB
X( ) X( ) X( )
gA x mol reactant A 1 molB
• It is not possible to relate masses in reactions without going through
moles.

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STOICHIOMETRY
Given the following reaction:
2C2H6 + 7 O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O
How many moles of water are produced when 3 mols of oxygen react?
mol O2 → mol H2O
6 mol H2 O
3.O mol O2 x = 2.57 mol H2O
7 mol O2
exact conversation
factor

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STOICHIOMETRY
Given the following reaction:
2C2H6(l) + 7 O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O
How many moles of C2H6 must react to produce 1.75 mols of CO2

2 mol C2 H6
1.75 mol CO2 x = 0.875 mol C2H6
4 mol CO2

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STOICHIOMETRY

Example: If 454 g of solid ammonium nitrate decomposes to form

dinitrogen monoxide gas and liquid water, how many grams of
dinitrogen monoxide and water are formed?
Solution:
Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation
NH4NO3(s) → N2O (g) + 2H2O (l)
Step 2: Convert mass of reactant to moles
1 mol NH4NO3
454g NH4NO3 x = 5.6707 mol NH4NO3
80.06gNH4NO3
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STOICHIOMETRY

Example: If 454 g of solid ammonium nitrate decomposes to form

dinitrogen monoxide gas and liquid water, how many grams of
dinitrogen monoxide and water are formed?
Solution:
Step 3: Using the balanced chemical equation, convert moles of
reactant to moles of product
1 mol N2O
5.6707 mol NH4NO3 x = 5.6707 mol N2O
1 molNH4NO3
2 mol H2O
5.6707 mol NH4NO3 x = 11.3414 mol H2O
1 molNH4NO3
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STOICHIOMETRY
Example: If 454 g of solid ammonium nitrate decomposes to form
dinitrogen monoxide gas and liquid water, how many grams of
dinitrogen monoxide and water are formed?
Solution:
Step 4: convert the moles of products to grams using the molar mass of
each.
44.02g N2O
5.6707 mol N2O x = 249.62 g N2O
1 mo l N2O
18.02g H2O
11.3414 mol H2O x = 204.37 gH2O
1 mol H2O
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EXAMPLES
1. Methanol burns in air according to the equation:
2CH3OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 4H2O. If 209 g of methanol are used up in
the combustion, what mass of water is produced?
2. If 24 grams of sodium chloride reacts with an excess amount of
magnesium oxide, how many grams of sodium oxide will be
produced? NaCl + MgO → Na2O + MgCl2
3. How many grams of HCl are consumed by the reaction of 2.50
moles of magnesium? Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
4. How many moles of water (H2O) are produced when 25.0 grams of
C2H2 burns completely? 2C2H2(g)+5O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
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LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANT
• Limiting Reactant - the reactant that runs out first in a chemical
reaction, thus determining the amount of product produced
• Excess Reactant - the reactant that there is a quantity of left over
after a chemical reaction

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PERCENT YIELD
• Theoretical yield – the maximum mass of product that can be
obtained from a chemical reaction.
• Actual yield – the mass of material that is actually obtained in the
laboratory or a chemical plant. It is always less than the theoretical
yield.
• Percent yield – specifies how much of the theoretical yield was
obtained and defined as:
Actual Yield (in grams or moles)
% yield = x 100%
Theoretical Yield (in grams or moles)
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 LIMITING REACTANT & PERCENT YIELD
• Steps in calculating the limiting reactant and percent yield.
1. Find the amount of each reactant.
2. Find the limiting reactant.
3. Calculate the mass of the limiting reactant. The mass of the limiting
reactant is now the theoretical yield.
4. Use the formula to get the percent yield.

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 LIMITING REACTANT & PERCENT YIELD
Example: Which is the limiting reactant if we start with 50 g Al and 50 g
O2? If 48.5 g of Al2O3 was collected at the completion of the reaction
(actual yield), what is the % yield for the reaction?
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)
Solution: Limiting
1 mol Al 2 mol Al2O3 Reactant
For Al: 50g Al x x = 0.9266 mol Al2O3
26.98g Al 4 mol Al Excess
1 mol O2 2 mol Al2O3 Reactant
For O2: 50g O2 x x = 1.0416 mol Al2O3
32.00g O2 3 mol O2
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 LIMITING REACTANT & PERCENT YIELD
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)
Calculate the moles and grams of product based on the limiting
reactant.
101.96 g Al2O3
0.9266 mol Al2O3 x = 94.48 g Al2O3
1 mol Al2O3
To solve the percent yield,
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield
48.5 g Al2O3
% Yield = x 100 = 51.33%
94.48 Al2O3
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EXAMPLES
Chlorobenzene, C6H5Cl, is used in the production of chemicals such as
aspirin and dyes. One way that chlorobenzene is prepared is by
reacting benzene, C6H6, with chlorine gas according to the following
BALANCED equation.
C6H6 (l) + Cl2 (g) → C6H5Cl (s) + HCl (g)
a. What is the theoretical yield of chlorobenzene if 45.6 g of benzene
reacted?
b. If the actual yield is 63.7 g of chlorobenzene, calculate the percent
yield.
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EXAMPLES
When carbon disulfide burns in the presence of oxygen, sulfur dioxide
and carbon dioxide are produced according to the following equation.
CS2 + 3 O2 → CO2 + 2 SO2
a. What is the percent yield of sulfur dioxide if burning of 25 g of
carbon disulfide produces 40.5 g of sulfur dioxide?
b. What is the percent yield of carbon dioxide if 2.5 mol of oxygen gas
reacted and 32.4 g of carbon dioxide are produced?

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