Topic 07 Fir

Topic 07: Finite Impulse Response Filter Design
Dr. Hilal M. El Misilmani
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COME 480 − Discrete-time Signals and Systems

Dr. Hilal M. El Misilmani
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Finite Impulse Response Filter Design
Fourier Transform Design
Window Method
Design for Customer Specifications in Practice

Lectures Schedule
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Lecture Topics
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Topic 00 Course description, evaluation and regulations
Topic 01 Introduction to DSP
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Topic 02 DSP scheme, sampling, signal reconstruction, anti-aliasing filter, quantization
Digital sequences, LTI systems, causal systems, difference equation and impulse
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Topic 03
responses, BIBO stability, digital convolution
Fourier series & Fourier transform, Discrete Fourier transform, Fast Fourier transform
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Topic 04
(decimation in time and frequency methods)
Topic 05
equation using Z-transform
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Z-transform, properties, convolution, inverse Z-transform
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Difference equations and digital filters, Z-plane pole-zero plot stability, digital filter
Topic 06
frequency response, basic filtering and realization of digital filters
Finite impulse response (FIR) filter design, Fourier transform design, window method,
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Topic 07
design for customer specifications
Infinite impulse response (IIR) filter design, Bilinear transformation (BLT) design method,
Topic 08
digital Butterworth and Chebyshev filter designs
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Topic 09 Realization of digital filters, FIR filter realization, IIR filter realization
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Dr. Hilal M. El Misilmani Topic 07: Finite Impulse Response Filter Design 2/62
Window Method

Outline of Topics
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1 Finite Impulse Response Filter Design
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2 Fourier Transform Design
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3 Window Method ub
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4 Design for Customer Specifications in Practice

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Window Method

Current Section
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3 Window Method ub
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Window Method

An FIR filter is completely specified by the following
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input-output relationship:
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k
X
y (n) = bi x(n − i)
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i=0
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= b0 x(n) + b1 x(n − 1) + b2 x(n − 2) + · · · + bk x(n − k)
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where bi represents FIR filter coefficients and k + 1 denotes
the FIR filter length
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Y (z) = b0 X (z) + b1 z −1 X (z) + · · · + bk z −k X (z)

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Hence, the transfer function that depicts the FIR is:

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Y (z)
H(z) = = b0 + b1 z −1 + · · · + bk z −k
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X (z)
Window Method

Example 2
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Given the following FIR filter,
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y (n) = 0.1x(n) + 0.25x(n − 1) + 0.2x(n − 2)
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determine:
1
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the transfer function
filter length
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3 nonzero coefficients
4 impulse response
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Window Method

Example 2
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Window Method

Remarks on FIR Filters
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1 The transfer function has a constant term, all the other terms
have negative powers of z, and all the poles are at the origin
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on the z-plane. Hence, FIR filters are always stable. Their
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impulse responses have only a finite number of terms
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2 The FIR filter operations involve only multiplying the filter
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inputs by their corresponding coefficients and accumulating
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them → the implementation of FIR filters in real time is
straightforward
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Window Method

Design Objectives
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Y (z) = b0 X (z) + b1 z −1 X (z) + · · · + bk z −k X (z)
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Y (z)
H(z) = = b0 + b1 z −1 + · · · + bk z −k
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X (z)
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Design Objective ub
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To obtain bi coefficients for the FIR filter such that the magnitude
frequency response of the FIR filter H(z) will approximate the
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desired magnitude frequency response, such as that of a lowpass,

highpass, bandpass, or bandstop filter
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Window Method

Current Section
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3 Window Method ub
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Window Method

Fourier Transform Design: Ideal LPF Design
Assuming an ideal lowpass filter with a normalized cutoff
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frequency Ωc , whose magnitude frequency response in terms
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of the normalized digital frequency Ω
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(
1, 0 ≤ |Ω| ≤ Ωc
H(e jΩ ) =
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0, Ωc ≤ |Ω| ≤ π
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Window Method

Z π
1
h(n) = H(e jΩ )e jΩn dΩ for − ∞ < n < ∞
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2π −π
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(
jΩ 1, 0 ≤ |Ω| ≤ Ωc
H(e ) =
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0, Ωc ≤ |Ω| ≤ π
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(
Ωc
π , n=0
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h(n) = sin(Ω c n)
πn , n 6= 0
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Window Method

Theoretically, h(n) exists for −∞ < n < ∞ and is
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symmetrical about n = 0 → h(n) = h(−n)
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The amplitude of the impulse response sequence h(n)
becomes smaller when n increases in both directions
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The z-transfer function is noncausal
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Window Method

The FIR filter design must first be completed by truncating
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1
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the infinite-length sequence h(n) to achieve the 2M + 1
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dominant coefficients using the coefficient symmetry
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H(z) = h(M)z M +· · ·+h(1)z 1 +h(0)+h(1)z −1 +· · ·+h(M)z −M
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2 The truncated impulse response h(n) is then delayed by M
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samples to yield the following causal FIR filter, where the
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delay operation is given by
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bn = h(n − M), for n = 0, 1, · · · , 2M

H(z) = b0 + b1 z −1 + · · · + b2M z −2M
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Window Method

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Example 3 Table
Window Method

Example 2
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a. Calculate the filter coefficients for a 3-tap FIR lowpass filter
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with a cutoff frequency of 800 Hz and a sampling rate of
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8,000 Hz using the Fourier transform method
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b. Determine the transfer function and difference equation of the
designed FIR system ub
c. Compute and plot the magnitude frequency response for
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Ω = 0, π/4, π/2, 3π/4, and π radians

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Window Method

Example 2
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Window Method

Example 2
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Window Method

Example Notes
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Window Method

Example Notes
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Window Method

Example Notes
In general, the FIR filter with symmetric coefficients has a
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linear phase response (linear function of Ω) as follows
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∠H(e jΩ ) = −MΩ + possible phase of 180◦
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The 3-tap FIR filter does not give an acceptable magnitude

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frequency response
Window Method

Example 3-tap (M =1) and 17-tap (M = 8)
The magnitude and phase responses of 3-tap (M = 1) and
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17-tap (M = 8) FIR lowpass filters with a normalized cutoff
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frequency Ωc = 0.2π radians
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Window Method

Example Notes
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1 Gibbs effect
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The oscillations (ripples) exhibited in the passband (main lobe)
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and stopband (side lobes) of the magnitude frequency response
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constitute the Gibbs effect
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The Gibbs oscillatory behavior originates from the abrupt
truncation of the infinite impulse response
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To remedy this problem, window functions are used
2
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Using a larger number of the filter coefficients will produce
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the sharp roll-off characteristic of the transition band
but may increase computational complexity for implementing
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the designed FIR filter

The phase response is linear in the passband
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Window Method

Example 3
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a. Calculate the filter coefficients for a 5-tap FIR bandpass filter
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with a lower cutoff frequency of 2,000 Hz and an upper cutoff
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frequency of 2,400 Hz and a sampling rate of 8,000 Hz
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b. Determine the transfer function and plot the frequency
responses
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Table
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Window Method

Example 3
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Window Method

Example 3
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Window Method

Example 3
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Window Method

Example 3
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Window Method

Example Notes
The magnitude frequency response demonstrates the Gibbs
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oscillatory behavior existing in the passband and stopband
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Main lobe and SLL:
The peak of the main lobe in the passband is dropped from 0
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dB to approximately −10 dB
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while for the stopband, the lower side lobe in the magnitude
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response plot swings approximately between −18 dB and −70
dB ub
and the upper side lobe swings between −25 dB and −68 dB
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This is due to the abrupt truncation of the infinite impulse
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sequence h(n)
⇒ The oscillations can be reduced by increasing the number
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of coefficients and using a window function, which will be

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studied next
Window Method

Current Section
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3 Window Method ub
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Window Method

Window Method
Developed to remedy the undesirable Gibbs oscillations in the
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passband and stopband of the designed FIR filter
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Recall that the Gibbs oscillations originate from the abrupt
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truncation of the infinite-length coefficient sequence
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Window function is symmetrical and can gradually weight the
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designed FIR coefficients down to zeros at both ends for the
range −M ≤ n ≤ M ub
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Applying the window sequence to the filter coefficients gives:
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hw (n) = h(n) · w (n)

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where w (n) designates the window function

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Window Method

Window Method
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Figure: Shapes of window functions for the case of 2M + 1 = 81.

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Triangular window (O line), Hanning window (+ line) , Hamming window

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(solid line), Blackman window (dashed line)

Window Method

Window Method
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Example 4 Example 5
Window Method

Comparison Between Different Window Functions
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The Blackman window offers the lowest side lobe, but with an
increased width of the main lobe
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The Hamming and Hanning windows have a similar narrow

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width of the main lobe, but the Hamming window

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accommodates a lower side lobe than the Hanning window

Window Method

FIR filter design via the window method
1 Obtain the FIR filter coefficients h(n) via the Fourier
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transform method Table
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2 Multiply the generated FIR filter coefficients by the selected
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window sequence Window
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hw (n) = h(n)w (n), n = −M, · · · , 0, 1, · · · , M
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where w (n) is chosen to be one of the window functions listed
in Equations
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3 Delay the windowed impulse sequence hw (n) by M samples to

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get the windowed FIR filter coefficients

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bn = hw (n − M), for n = 0, 1, · · · , 2M
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Window Method

Example 4
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Given the calculated filter coefficients:
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h(0) = 0.25, h(−1) = h(1) = 0.22508
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h(−2) = h(2) = 0.15915, h(−3) = h(3) = 0.07503
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a. Apply the hamming window function to obtain windowed
coefficients hw (n)
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b. Plot the impulse response h(n) and windowed impulse
response hw (n)
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Window
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Window Method

Example 4
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Window Method

Example 4
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Window Method

Example Notes
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Hamming window does its job and weights the FIR filter
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coefficients to zero gradually at both ends ⇒ reduced Gibbs

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effect in the magnitude frequency response

Window Method

Example 5
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a. Design a 3-tap FIR lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of
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800 Hz and a sampling rate of 8, 000 Hz using the Hamming
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window function
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b. Determine the transfer function and difference equation of the
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designed FIR system
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c. Compute and plot the magnitude frequency response for
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Ω = 0, π/4, π/2, 3π/4, and π radians
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Table Window
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Window Method

Example 5
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Window Method

Example 5
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Window Method

Example 5
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Window Method

Example 6 (Using Matlab)
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1 Design a lowpass FIR filter with 25 taps using Matlab. The
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cutoff frequency of the filter is 2,000 Hz, assuming a sampling
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frequency of 8,000 Hz.
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The rectangular window and Hamming window functions are
used for each design
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Plot the frequency responses along with those obtained using
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the rectangular window and Hamming window for comparison
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Window Method

Example 6 (Using Matlab)
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Figure: Frequency responses using the rectangular and Hamming windows

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Window Method

Current Section
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3 Window Method ub
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Window Method

Given the required stopband attenuation and passband ripple
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specifications, the appropriate window can be selected based
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on the performance of the window functions
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(a) (b)
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Window Method

The normalized transition band is defined as:
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|fstop − fpass |
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∆f =
fs
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The passband ripple is defined as:
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δp (dB) = 20log10 (1 + δp )
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The stopband attenuation is defined as:
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δs (dB) = −20log10 (δs )
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The cutoff frequency used for the design will be chosen at the
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middle of the transition band, determined by:

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fpass + fstop
fc =
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2
Window Method

Example 7
A lowpass FIR filter has the following specifications:
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Passband 0 − 1850 Hz, Stopband 2150 − 4000 Hz
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Stopband attenuation 20 dB, Passband ripple 1 dB
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Sampling rate 8000 Hz
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Determine the FIR filter length and the cutoff frequency to be
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used in the design equation
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Window Method

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Example 8 Example 9 Example 10
Window Method

Example 7
The normalized transition band:
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|2150 − 1850|
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∆f = = 0.0375
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8000
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Selecting the rectangular window will result in a passband
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ripple of 0.74 dB and stopband attenuation of 21 dB
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→ This would satisfy the design requirement for a passband
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ripple of 1 dB and stopband attenuation of 20 dB.
Next, we determine the length of the filter as:
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0.9 0.9
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N= = = 24
∆f 0.0375
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We choose the odd number N = 25. The cutoff frequency is

determined by 1850+2150
N
2 = 2000 Hz
Window Method

Example 7
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Window Method

Example 8
A highpass FIR filter has the following specifications:
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Stopband 0 − 1500 Hz, Passband 2500 − 4000 Hz
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Stopband attenuation 40 dB, Passband ripple 0.1 dB
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Determine the FIR filter length and the cutoff frequency to be
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used in the design equation
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ub
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Design Table
Window Method

Example 8
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Window Method

Example 8
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Window Method

Example 9
Design a bandpass FIR filter with the following specifications:
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Lower stopband 0 − 500 Hz, Upper stopband 3500 − 4000 Hz
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Passband 1600 − 2300 Hz
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Design Table
Window Method

Example 9
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Window Method

Example 9
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Window Method

Example 9
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Window Method

Example 10
Design a bandstop FIR filter with the following specifications:
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Lower cutoff freq. 1250 Hz, Lower transition width 1500 Hz
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Upper cutoff freq. 2850 Hz, Upper transition width 1300 Hz
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Design Table
Window Method

Example 10
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Window Method

Example 10
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Topic 07: Finite Impulse Response Filter Design

Dr. Hilal M. El Misilmani

COME 480 − Discrete-time Signals and Systems

4 Design for Customer Specifications in Practice

4 Design for Customer Specifications in Practice

Y (z) = b0 X (z) + b1 z −1 X (z) + · · · + bk z −k X (z)

Hence, the transfer function that depicts the FIR is:

desired magnitude frequency response, such as that of a lowpass,

4 Design for Customer Specifications in Practice

Assuming an ideal lowpass filter with a normalized cutoff

The FIR filter design must first be completed by truncating

bn = h(n − M), for n = 0, 1, · · · , 2M

Ω = 0, π/4, π/2, 3π/4, and π radians

The 3-tap FIR filter does not give an acceptable magnitude

the designed FIR filter

The magnitude frequency response demonstrates the Gibbs

of coefficients and using a window function, which will be

4 Design for Customer Specifications in Practice

Developed to remedy the undesirable Gibbs oscillations in the

hw (n) = h(n) · w (n)

where w (n) designates the window function

Figure: Shapes of window functions for the case of 2M + 1 = 81.

Triangular window (O line), Hanning window (+ line) , Hamming window

(solid line), Blackman window (dashed line)

The Hamming and Hanning windows have a similar narrow

width of the main lobe, but the Hamming window

accommodates a lower side lobe than the Hanning window

1 Obtain the FIR filter coefficients h(n) via the Fourier

3 Delay the windowed impulse sequence hw (n) by M samples to

get the windowed FIR filter coefficients

coefficients to zero gradually at both ends ⇒ reduced Gibbs

effect in the magnitude frequency response

Figure: Frequency responses using the rectangular and Hamming windows

4 Design for Customer Specifications in Practice

Given the required stopband attenuation and passband ripple

middle of the transition band, determined by:

Example 8 Example 9 Example 10

We choose the odd number N = 25. The cutoff frequency is

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