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Chapter 3. Preoperative Consideration of The Surgical Patient
Chapter 3. Preoperative Consideration of The Surgical Patient
Preoperative consideration of the surgical patient is cost effective because it prevents or predicts
costly complications
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CHAPTER 3: PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
Total body
Intracellular Water 60% 40
fluid 40%
Food
30
Insensible
Loss
20 (30 ml/kg/day)
Solids 40%
10 Metabolism
Feces
Body fluid distribution in Intake Output
an average dog
Volume
a. Acid-base balance
o A state of equilibrium b/w acidity and alkalinity of body fluids. It is primarily the
result of hydrogen ion (H+) production and elimination to maintain an
optimum pH (7.35-7.45)
o Acid base balance is controlled by 3 major regulatory systems mainly chemical
(the buffer system), biological (blood and cellular activity) and biological
(kidney and lung function)
o Disturbances in acid-base balance can lead to conditions of acidosis (pH<7.30)
and alkalosis (pH>7.5)
1. Metabolic acidosis
o Occurs in diarrhea, obstructed GIT, diabetes mellitus, septic shock, tissue
hypoxia, renal dysfunction, excessive administration of acidifying or
isotonic saline sol’n, poisoning, dehydration and starvation
2. Metabolic alkalosis
o Vomiting, K depletion, parenteral administration of bicarbonate and its
precursors, use of diuretics.
3. Respiratory acidosis
o Due to respiratory impairment and retention of carbon dioxide.
4. Respiratory alkalosis
o Excessive excretion of CO 2 through the lungs (hyperventilation) in cases
of pain, hypoxia, fever, high environmental T°, poisoning, pulmonary
embolism, CNS diseases
9. Special Considerations
o Age, allergies, previous and existing illness
a) Cardiovascular system
Monitor the heart rate, CRT, character of the pulse, urine output and signs of shock
(delayed reflexes, tachycardia, weak pulse, prolonged CRT, subnormal T°, cold
extremities).
b) Respiratory system
Observe for changes in the rate, depth, character and effort during breathing, cyanosis.
c) Urinary system
d) Hepatic system
e) Musculoskeletal system
Observe for signs of nervous dysfunction (vomiting, convulsion)