GASCalc™ 5.

0 Calculation Reference
Hoop Stress
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Background Information
Equations
Example Calculation
General Calculation Procedures
Notes & Considerations
Screen Description
See Also

General Calculation Procedures

To calculate the various values associated with the hoop stress calculation, complete the following steps:

! Select the Hoop Stress menu item from the Pipe menu list. The Hoop Stress calculation screen will be
displayed.

! Select the Clear command button to set all of the values to an empty (null) value.

! Select an appropriate method from the Calculation Method data list.

! Click on the red label associated with the item to be calculated (the unknown) until the label is underlined.

! Click on the blue label associated with the item to be calculated (the unknown) until the label is
underlined.

! Select the desired dimensional units for all of the data items.

! Enter a value for all known data items.

! Select the Calculate command button.

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Example Calculation

Calculate the hoop stress associated with the following pipe values and operating conditions, using the Outside
Diameter (Traditional) based calculation method:

Pipe Data = 6 Inch standard wall steel, API 5L - Grade B

Operating Pressure = 150 Psig [10 Bar].

To perform the calculation, complete the following steps.

! Select the Hoop Stress menu item from the Pipe menu list. The Hoop Stress calculation screen will be
displayed.

! Select the Clear command button.

! From the Calculation Method list, select Based On Outside Diameter Value (Traditional Industry).

! In the Pipe Data section, click on the Hoop Stress label until it is underlined. From the Hoop Stress
dimensional units list, select Psi [MPa].

! In the Pipe Strength section, click on the Percent SMYS label until it is underlined

! In the Pipe Data section:

! For the Outside Diameter, select 6S-STD Inches [Millimeter]. The Wall Thickness value will
automatically be entered.

! For the Pressure, enter 150 Psi [10 Bar].

! In the Pipe Strength section:

! From the Specified Minimum Yield Strength dimensional units list, select Psi [MPa].

! Select the ? command button next to the Specified Minimum Yield Strength label. The Specified
Minimum Yield Strength screen will be displayed.

! Select API 5L (B) from the data list. A value will automatically be entered in the Selected
Value data field.

! Select the Apply command button to close the selection screen and assign the value.

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! Select the Calculate command button.

Results - The results should be similar to the following:

Wall Thickness: 0.280 Inches [7.112 Millimeter]

Hoop Stress: 1774.55 Psi [11.83 MPa]

Percent SMYS: 5.07 [4.91]

Longitudinal Pressure Stress - Restrained Pipe: 532.37 Psi [3.55 MPa]

Longitudinal Pressure Stress - Unrestrained Pipe: 887.28 Psi [5.92 MPa]
Radial Stress: 150 Psi [10 MPa]

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Screen Description

The various values associated with the circumferential or hoop stress for a pipe segment may be calculated using the
Hoop Stress calculation routine. To perform a calculation, select the Hoop Stress menu item from the Pipe menu list.
The Hoop Stress calculation screen will be displayed. The features associated with the screen are described as
follows.

Data Items

Average Diameter - A data list used to enter, select, or display the average diameter of the pipe segment. If the value
is known, either select an item from the list, enter a value by typing it into the data field, or select the ? command
button to select a size using the Pipe Selection screen. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected
dimensional unit. This item is only used for certain calculation methods.

Calculation Method - A drop-down list used to select which method is to be used to perform the calculation. Select
an item from the list. The unknown value should be recalculated if the method is changed.

Hoop Stress - A data field used to enter or display the hoop stress value for the segment. If the value is known, enter
a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.

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Inside Diameter - A data list used to enter, select, or display the inside diameter of the pipe segment. If the value
is known, either select an item from the list, enter a value by typing it into the data field, or select the ? command
button to select a size using the Pipe Selection screen. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected
dimensional unit. This item is only used for certain calculation methods.

Nominal Diameter - A data list used to enter, select, or display the nominal diameter of the pipe segment. If the
value is known, either select an item from the list, enter a value by typing it into the data field, or select the ?
command button to select a size using the Pipe Selection screen. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected
dimensional unit. This item is only used for certain calculation methods.

Outside Diameter - A data list used to enter, select, or display the outside diameter of the pipe segment. If the value
is known, either select an item from the list, enter a value by typing it into the data field, or select the ? command
button to select a size using the Pipe Selection screen. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected
dimensional unit. This item is only used for certain calculation methods.

Percent SMYS - A data field used to enter or display the ratio of the hoop stress to the specified minimum yield
strength. If the value is known, enter a value by typing it into the data field. The value must be expressed as a
percentage.

Pressure - A data field used to enter or display the operating pressure value of the segment. If the value is known,
enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.

Specified Minimum Yield Strength - A data field used to enter, select, or display the specified minimum yield
strength of the pipe material. If the value is known, either enter a value by typing it into the data field, or select the
? command button next to select a value using the associated screen. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the
selected dimensional unit.

Wall Thickness - A data field used to enter or display the wall thickness of the pipe. If the value is known, enter a
value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit. If the
outside diameter is set by selecting a size from the associated diameter list, the Wall Thickness value will
automatically be set. The outside diameter value must be manually entered (not selected) if the wall thickness is
manually entered.

Calculated Values

Longitudinal Pressure Stress - Restrained Pipe - Displays the calculated longitudinal stress due to internal
pressure, in the case where the pipe is restrained from expanding in length.

Longitudinal Pressure Stress - Unrestrained Pipe - Displays the calculated longitudinal stress due to internal
pressure, in the case where the pipe is unrestrained and allowed to expand in length.

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Radial Pressure Stress - Restrained Pipe - Displays the calculated radial stress due to internal pressure.

Command Buttons

? - A command button used to display a data selection screen for the associated item. Use the various data lists on
the screen to select a value, then select the Apply command button to assign the selected value and return to the
calculation screen.

i - A command button used to display information about the associated item. The contents of the information screen
generally reflects the various data values contained in the associated Property Table. Select the Close command
button to return to the calculation screen.

Calculate - A command button used to calculate the value of the unknown (underlined) parameter.

Cancel - A command button used to close the screen without saving any changes.

Clear - A command button used to set all of the data items to blank (null) values.

Close - A command button used to close the screen and save the current data values.

Help - A command button used to display this Calculation Reference.

Notes - A command button used to display the Calculation Notes editor screen for the current calculation.

Open - A command button used to open a previously saved calculation file. When selected, the File Selection screen
will be displayed. Enter or select the desired File name, then select the Open command button.

Print - A command button used to print the contents of the calculation screen. When selected, the Print Settings
screen will be displayed. Make any desired changes to the printer settings, then select the Print command button.

Save - A command button used to save the contents of the calculation screen to a calculation file. When selected,
the File Selection screen will be displayed. Enter or select the desired File name, then select the Save command
button.

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Notes & Considerations

! The Calculation Notes editor screen allows the User to add a specific title and/or notes to the current calculation
values.

! The red colored labels indicate which items may be calculated. An underlined label identifies it as the item for
which the value is unknown. Only one item at a time may be selected to be calculated, the remaining items must be
known. To identify which item to calculate, click on the label associated with the desired item until the label is
underlined.

! The blue colored labels indicate which items may be calculated. An underlined label identifies it as the item for
which the value is unknown. Only one item at a time may be selected to be calculated, the remaining items must be
known. To identify which item to calculate, click on the label associated with the desired item until the label is
underlined.

! When the pipe diameter is set by selecting a size/type code from the associated diameter list, the appropriate
average, inside, nominal, or outside diameter and wall thickness values will be read from the Pipe Property Table and
used as required by the calculation.

! Pressure values displayed or entered using this calculation screen, are represented in gauge pressure values.

! The stress values calculated by this routine are only valid for circular pipe.

! To specify the number of digits to display to the right of the decimal indicator, double-click in the associated data
field. The Decimal Specifications screen will be displayed. Enter or select the desired number of digits, then select
the Apply command button to save and apply any changes.

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Background Information

One of the criteria used to establish the working stress on a pipe segment is the circumferential or “hoop” stress. This
value represents the stress created by the internal pressure in the pipe. Basically it represents the force or pressure
trying to stretch or pull the pipe apart around its circumference. There are several approaches or methods to calculate
the hoop stress used in the industry. Generally all of the methods use the same basic formula, but vary which diameter
value to use in the formula. The basic formula is derived from the historical Barlow’s Formula.

Reference 3

Theoretically the inside diameter should be used to calculate the stress value, however traditionally the outside
diameter has been used. Occasionally the “nominal” diameter has been used based on certain interpretations of
wording in the US DOT 192. The nominal diameter refers to the IPS size rating. For example, the nominal diameter
of a 12 Inch pipe is 12 Inches, as opposed to the actual outside diameter value of 12.750 Inches. The API 1102
specifies that the average of the outside and inside diameter values to be used.

Using the outside diameter yields the highest stress value and provides the most conservative results.

The hoop stress serves as the basis for a number of regulatory requirements, including establishment of the MAOP
value, and establishment of testing and other requirements.

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Equations

GASCalc supports several methods for calculating the hoop stress values associated with a pipe segment. The various
methods are described on the following pages.

Hoop Stress

As used by GASCalc, the pipe Hoop Stress values are calculated using the following basic formula. The definition
of the diameter parameter varies depending on the selected calculation method.

Reference 1, 2, 3, 4

Longitudinal Stress

As used by GASCalc, the longitudinal stress values are calculated using the following basic formula.

Reference 5

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Radial Stress

As used by GASCalc, the radial stress values are calculated using the following basic formula.

Reference 4

Average Diameter

When required, the average diameter value is calculated using the following equation. The equation is only valid for
circular pipe.

Reference 4 - Section 4.7.3

Equation Variables

Unless noted otherwise, the following base units and variable definitions apply to all of the methods and equations
described in this section:

DAVE = Average Diameter value, Inches

OD = Outside Diameter of Pipe, Inches
P = Operating Pressure of the Pipe Segment, Psig
SHOOP = Hoop Stress on the Pipe Segment, Psi
SLP = Longitudinal Pressure Stress on the Pipe Segment, Psi
SR = Radial Stress on the Pipe Segment, Psi
TWALL = Wall Thickness for the Pipe Segment, Inches

References

1. American Gas Association, Gas Engineering and Operating Practices - System Design, GEOP Series Book D-1,
1990.
2. Industrial Press, Gas Engineers Handbook, 1965.
3. None - Derived.

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4. American Petroleum Institute, Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads and Highways, API Recommended Practice
1102, Sixth Edition, 1993.
5. American Society Of Mechanical Engineers, Gas Transmission And Distribution Piping Systems, ASME Code
for Pressure Piping, ASME B31.8 -2007, 2007.

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See Also

MAOP Calculation Reference

Total Stress Calculation Reference

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