AUTOMATIC TWO WHEEL SIDE STAND REMOVAL

SYSTEM
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of
Diploma in Mechanical Engineering
of Directorate of Technical Education, Chennai
Submitted By
A. MATHAN
M. MOHANAKANTH
V. MAHALINGAM
P. ARUN
T. ARUMUGAPERUMAL
S. KATHERESON
Under the Guidance of
Mr.N. NAGARAJAN B.E.,

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VIVEKANANDA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
AGASTEESWARAM-629701

Kanyakumari Dist

April-2013
 VIVEKANANDA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
AGASTEESWARAM - 629 701
KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT

PROJECT REPORT
SUBJECT : PROJECT WORK SUBJECT CODE : 12066
NAME : A. MATHAN REGISTER NO : 11235188

Certified that this is the bonafide report of the project work done by A.
MATHAN of final year Diploma in Mechanical Engineering,
At Vivekananda Polytechnic College – During the year 2012 – 2013

Head of Department Internal Guide

Mr.P.Selvakumar, B.E Mr.N.NAGARAJAN , B.E.,

Certified that this report has been submitted for the project work
Examination held on ………….April – 2013

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER -1

Types

1.1 Side stand

1.2 Center stand

Construction

1.3 Materials

1.4 Locking mechanism

1.5 Length and angle

CHAPTER 2

MOTOR

2.1 Electric motor

CHAPTER 3

CATEGORIZATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS

Comparison of motor types

3.1 Servo motor

3.2 Synchronous electric motor

3.3 Induction motor

CHAPTER 4

4.1 STEPPER MOTORS

4.2 Linear motors

CHAPTER 5

FEEDING AND WINDINGS

5.1 Doubly-fed electric motor

5.2 Singly-fed electric motor

5.3 MOTOR STANDARDS

5.4 USES

CHAPTER 6

6.1 SWITCH

6.2 CONTACTS

CHAPTER7

SPECIAL TYPES

7.1 Mercury tilt switch

7.2 Knife switch

7.3 Footswitch

CHAPTER 8

CONTACT BOUNCE
CHAPTER 9

ELECTRONIC SWITCHES

ADVANTAGES

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPY

PHOTOVIEW
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our first and fore most praises and thanks to god the almighty for his

valuable grace upon us to complete this project.

We are highly indebted and grateful to our secretary

Dr.R.ARUNKUMAR, Executive Members & Board of Directors in

Vivekananda Educational Society for the ample facilities made available

to proceed with the project works.

We would like to express our heartful thanks to our principal

Mr.R.I.RAMKUMAR, M.E, for kind cooperation and valuable

encouragement and help while developing this project work.

We offer our since and grateful thanks to our internal project Guide

Mr.N.NAGARAJAN, B.E (INSTRUCTOR) for his valuable guidance and

suggestion without which the project work could not be complete in time.

We would like thank our project adviser Mr.P.SELVAKUMAR ,B.E,

Head of the department &project coordinate for able guidance and valuable

suggestion at all stage of the project.

We also offer special thanks to our parents who have sacrificed

greatly in making this possible. We thanks all those who have helped

directly and indirectly in our project.

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 ABSTRACT

A side stand is a device on a bicycle or motorcycle that allows the bike to be

kept upright without leaning against another object or the aid of a person. A

side stand is usually a piece of metal that flips down from the frame and

makes contact with the ground. It is generally located in the middle of the

bike or towards the rear.

Automatic side stand removal system consists of two systems one is the

mechanical system and the other is the electrical system. The mechanical

system consists of a metallic stand structure with the spring attachment. The

electrical system consists of a electric motor and a switch. When the switch

gets turned on electric circuit closed and the electric gets power. Then the

electric motor rotates and gives pushing force to the stand, which lifts the

stand.

If the key gets switched off the electric motors turns in opposite

direction which pulls the side stand and keep in original position. By means

of this automatic side stand removal system we can provide a safety and

automatic system in two-wheeler.

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CHAPTER 1
TYPES

3
 TYPES

1.1 Side stand

A side stand style kickstand is a single leg that simply flips out to one

side, usually the non-drive side, and the bike then leans against it. Side

stands can be mounted to the chain stays right behind the bottom bracket or

to a chain and seat stay near the rear hub. Side stands mounted right behind

the bottom bracket can be bolted on, either clamping the chain stays, or to

the bracket between them, or welded into place as an integral part of the

frame.

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1.2 Center stand

A center stand kickstand is a pair of legs or a bracket that flips

straight down and lifts the rear wheel off the ground when in use. Center

stands can be mounted to the chain stays right behind the bottom bracket or

to the rear dropouts. Many motorcycles feature center stands in addition to

side stands.

The center stand is advantageous because it takes most of the

motorcycle's weight off its tires for long-term parking, and it allows the user

to perform maintenance such as chain adjustments without the need for an

external stand. Center stands are found on most "standard" and "touring"

motorcycles, but are omitted on most high-performance sportbikes to save

weight and increase ground clearance.

Construction

1.3 Materials

Kickstands can be made of steel or cast aluminum.

There may be a rubber cap on the end.

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1.4 Locking mechanism

Kickstands can lock in place, either up or down, by several means:

 A spring that is stretched when the kickstand is partway deployed and

less stretched when it is stowed or all the way deployed.

 A detent mechanism, which usually also employs its own spring.

1.5 Length and angle

The length and angle of the kickstand, especially a side stand, needs to

be appropriate for the bike on which it is mounted. Too long or steep, and

the bike does not lean far enough. Too short or shallow, and the bike leans

too far. Cast aluminum kickstands can be shortened by cutting the end off.

Steel kickstands with some care may be bent to adjust length slightly.

However it is not advisable to bend "cast" aluminum types of

kickstand (which are most common today) as they are quite brittle.

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CHAPTER 2
MOTOR
 MOTOR

2.1 Electric motor

Electric motors

An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical

energy, very typically through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-

carrying conductors. The reverse process, producing electrical energy from

mechanical energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo. Many types

of electric motors can be run as generators, and vice versa. For example a

starter/generator for a gas turbine or Traction motors used on vehicles often

perform both tasks.

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 Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans,

blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and

disk drives. They may be powered by direct current (for example a battery

powered portable device or motor vehicle), or by alternating current

from a central electrical distribution grid. The smallest motors may be found

in electric wristwatches. Medium-size motors of highly standardized

dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for

industrial uses. The very largest electric motors are used for propulsion of

large ships, and for such purposes as pipeline compressors, with ratings in

the millions of watts. Electric motors may be classified by the source of

electric power, by their internal construction, by their application, or by the

type of motion they give.

The physical principle of production of mechanical force by the

interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field was known as early as

1821. Electric motors of increasing efficiency were constructed throughout

the 19th century, but commercial exploitation of electric motors on a large

scale required efficient electrical generators and electrical distribution

networks.

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 Some devices, such as magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers, although

they generate some mechanical power, are not generally referred to as

electric motors, and are usually termed actuators[1] and transducers,[2]

respectively.

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 CHAPTER 3

CATEGORIZATION OF ELECTRIC

MOTORS

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 CATEGORIZATION OF ELECTRIC

MOTORS

The classic division of electric motors has been that of Alternating

Current (AC) types vs Direct Current (DC) types. This is more a de facto

convention, rather than a rigid distinction. For example, many classic DC

motors run on AC power, these motors being referred to as universal motors.

Rated output power is also used to categorise motors, those of less

than 746 Watts, for example, are often referred to as fractional horsepower

motors (FHP) in reference to the old imperial measurement.

The ongoing trend toward electronic control further muddles the

distinction, as modern drivers have moved the commutator out of the motor

shell. For this new breed of motor, driver circuits are relied upon to generate

sinusoidal AC drive currents, or some approximation thereof. The two best

examples are: the brushless DC motor and the stepping motor, both being

poly-phase AC motors requiring external electronic control, although

historically, stepping motors (such as for maritime and naval gyrocompass

repeaters) were driven from DC switched by contacts.

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 Considering all rotating (or linear) electric motors require

synchronism between a moving magnetic field and a moving current sheet

for average torque production, there is a clearer distinction between an

asynchronous motor and synchronous types. An asynchronous motor

requires slip between the moving magnetic field and a winding set to

induce current in the winding set by mutual inductance; the most ubiquitous

example being the common AC induction motor which must slip to generate

torque. In the synchronous types, induction (or slip) is not a requisite for

magnetic field or current production (e.g. permanent magnet motors,

synchronous brush-less wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine.

COMPARISON OF MOTOR TYPES

3.1 Servo motor

Main article: Servo motor

A servomechanism,or servo is an automatic device that uses error-

sensing feedback to correct the performance of a mechanism. The term

correctly applies only to systems where the feedback or error-correction

signals help control mechanical position or other parameters.

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 For example, an automotive power window control is not a

servomechanism, as there is no automatic feedback which controls position

—the operator does this by observation. By contrast the car's cruise control

uses closed loop feedback, which classifies it as a servomechanism.

3.2 Synchronous electric motor

Main article: Synchronous motor

A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by a rotor

spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the alternating

current and resulting magnetic field which drives it. Another way of saying

this is that it has zero slip under usual operating conditions. Contrast this

with an induction motor, which must slip to produce torque. A synchronous

motor is like an induction motor except the rotor is excited by a DC field.

Slip rings and brushes are used to conduct current to rotor. The rotor poles

connect to each other and move at the same speed hence the name

synchronous motor.

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3.3 Induction motor

Main article: Induction motor

An induction motor (IM) is a type of asynchronous AC motor where

power is supplied to the rotating device by means of electromagnetic

induction. Another commonly used name is squirrel cage motor because the

rotor bars with short circuit rings resemble a squirrel cage (hamster wheel).

An electric motor converts electrical power to mechanical power in its rotor

(rotating part). There are several ways to supply power to the rotor. In a DC

motor this power is supplied to the armature directly from a DC source,

while in an induction motor this power is induced in the rotating device. An

induction motor is sometimes called a rotating transformer because the stator

(stationary part) is essentially the primary side of the transformer and the

rotor (rotating part) is the secondary side. Induction motors are widely used,

especially polyphase induction motors, which are frequently used in

industrial drives.

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 CHAPTER 4

STEPPER MOTORS

16

STEPPER MOTORS

4.1STEPPER MOTORS

Main article: Stepper motor

 Closely related in design to three-phase AC synchronous motors are

stepper motors, where an internal rotor containing permanent magnets or a

magnetically-soft rotor with salient poles is controlled by a set of external

magnets that are switched electronically. A stepper motor may also be

thought of as a cross between a DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid. As

each coil is energized in turn, the rotor aligns itself with the magnetic field

produced by the energized field winding. Unlike a synchronous motor, in its

application, the stepper motor may not rotate continuously; instead, it

"steps" — starts and then quickly stops again — from one position to the

next as field windings are energized and de-energized in sequence.

Depending on the sequence, the rotor may turn forwards or backwards, and

it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down arbitrarily at any time.

Simple stepper motor drivers entirely energize or entirely de-energize

the field windings, leading the rotor to "cog" to a limited number of

17

positions; more sophisticated drivers can proportionally control the

power to the field windings, allowing the rotors to position between the cog

points and thereby rotate extremely smoothly.

 This mode of operation is often called microstepping. Computer

controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms of positioning

systems, particularly when part of a digital servo-controlled system.

Stepper motors can be rotated to a specific angle in discrete steps with

ease, and hence stepper motors are used for read/write head positioning in

computer floppy diskette drives. They were used for the same purpose in

pre-gigabyte era computer disk drives, where the precision and speed they

offered was adequate for the correct positioning of the read/write head of a

hard disk drive. As drive density increased, the precision and speed

limitations of stepper motors made them obsolete for hard drives—the

precision limitation made them unusable, and the speed limitation made

them uncompetitive—thus newer hard disk drives use voice coil-based head

actuator systems. (The term "voice coil" in this connection is historic; it

refers to the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker. This structure

was used for a while to position the heads. Modern drives have a pivoted

18

coil mount; the coil swings back and forth, something like a blade of a

rotating fan. Nevertheless, like a voice coil, modern actuator coil conductors

(the magnet wire) move perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force.)

 Stepper motors were and still are often used in computer printers,

optical scanners, and digital photocopiers to move the optical scanning

element, the print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the

platen. Likewise, many computer plotters (which since the early 1990s have

been replaced with large-format inkjet and laser printers) used rotary stepper

motors for pen and platen movement; the typical alternatives here were

either linear stepper motors or servomotors with complex closed-loop

control systems.

So-called quartz analog wristwatches contain the smallest

commonplace stepping motors; they have one coil, draw very little power,

and have a permanent-magnet rotor. The same kind of motor drives battery-

powered quartz clocks. Some of these watches, such as chronographs,

contain more than one stepping motor.

Stepper motors were upscaled to be used in electric vehicles under the

term SRM (Switched Reluctance Motor).

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4.2Linear motors

Main article: Linear motor

 A linear motor is essentially an electric motor that has been "unrolled"

so that, instead of producing a torque (rotation), it produces a straight-line

force along its length by setting up a traveling electromagnetic field.

Linear motors are most commonly induction motors or stepper

motors. You can find a linear motor in a maglev (Transrapid) train, where

the train "flies" over the ground, and in many roller-coasters where the rapid

motion of the motorless railcar is controlled by the rail. On a smaller scale,

at least one letter-size (8.5" x 11") computer graphics X-Y pen plotter made

by Hewlett-Packard (in the late 1970s to mid 1980's) used two linear stepper

motors to move the pen along the two orthogonal axes.

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 CHAPTER 5

FEEDING AND WINDINGS

 FEEDING AND WINDINGS

5.1 Doubly-fed electric motor

Main article: Doubly-fed electric machine

Doubly-fed electric motors have two independent multiphase

windings that actively participate in the energy conversion process with at

least one of the winding sets electronically controlled for variable speed

operation. Two is the most active multiphase winding sets possible without

duplicating singly-fed or doubly-fed categories in the same package. As a

result, doubly-fed electric motors are machines with an effective constant

torque speed range that is twice synchronous speed for a given frequency of

excitation. This is twice the constant torque speed range as singly-fed

electric machines, which have only one active winding set.

A doubly-fed motor allows for a smaller electronic converter but the

cost of the rotor winding and slip rings may offset the saving in the power

electronics components. Difficulties with controlling speed near

synchronous speed limit applications.[19]

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5.2 Singly-fed electric motor

Main article: Singly-fed electric machine

Singly-fed electric motors incorporate a single multiphase winding set

that is connected to a power supply. Singly-fed electric machines may be

either induction or synchronous. The active winding set can be electronically

controlled. Induction machines develop starting torque at zero speed and can

operate as standalone machines. Synchronous machines must have auxiliary

means for startup, such as a starting induction squirrel-cage winding or an

electronic controller. Singly-fed electric machines have an effective constant

torque speed range up to synchronous speed for a given excitation

frequency.

The induction (asynchronous) motors (i.e., squirrel cage rotor or

wound rotor), synchronous motors (i.e., field-excited, permanent magnet or

brushless DC motors, reluctance motors, etc.), which are discussed on this

page, are examples of singly-fed motors. By far, singly-fed motors are the

predominantly installed type of motors.

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5.3MOTOR STANDARDS

The following are major design and manufacturing standards covering

electric motors:

 International Electrotechnical Commission: IEC 60034 Rotating

Electrical Machines

 National Electrical Manufacturers Association (USA): NEMA MG 1

Motors and Generators

 Underwriters Laboratories (USA): UL 1004 - Standard for Electric

Motors

5.4 USES

Electric motors are used in many, if not most, modern machines.

Obvious uses would be in rotating machines such as fans, turbines, drills, the

wheels on electric cars, locomotives and conveyor belts. Also, in many

vibrating or oscillating machines, an electric motor spins an irregular figure

with more area on one side of the axle than the other, causing it to appear to

be moving up and down.

23
 Electric motors are also popular in robotics. They are used to turn the

wheels of vehicular robots, and servo motors are used to turn arms and legs

in humanoid robots. In flying robots, along with helicopters, a motor causes

a propeller or wide, flat blades to spin and create lift force, allowing vertical

motion.

Electric motors are replacing hydraulic cylinders in airplanes and

military equipment.

In industrial and manufacturing businesses, electric motors are used to

turn saws and blades in cutting and slicing processes, and to spin gears and

mixers (the latter very common in food manufacturing). Linear motors are

often used to push products into containers horizontally.

Many kitchen appliances also use electric motors to accomplish

various jobs. Food processors and grinders spin blades to chop and break up

foods. Blenders use electric motors to mix liquids, and microwave ovens use

motors to turn the tray food sits on. Toaster ovens also use electric motors to

turn a conveyor to move food over heating elements.

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CHAPTER 6

SWITCH

25
 SWITCH

6.1 SWITCH

In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an

electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor

to another.[1][2] The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated

electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts. Each

set of contacts can be in one of two states: either 'closed' meaning the

contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or 'open',

meaning the contacts are separated and nonconducting.

A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal

to a system, such as a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in

a circuit, such as a light switch. Automatically-operated switches can be

used to control the motions of machines, for example, to indicate that a

garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine tool is in a

position to accept another workpiece. Switches may be operated by process

variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force,

acting as sensors in a process and used to automatically control a system.

26
 For example, a thermostat is an automatically-operated switch used to

control a heating process. A switch that is operated by another electrical

circuit is called a relay. Large switches may be remotely operated by a motor

drive mechanism. Some switches are used to isolate electric power from a

system, providing a visible point of isolation that can be pad-locked if

necessary to prevent accidental operation of a machine during maintenance,

or to prevent electric shock.

Three pushbutton switches (Tactile Switches). Major scale is inches.

6.2 CONTACTS

27
A toggle switch in the "on" position.

In the simplest case, a switch has two pieces of metal called contacts that

touch to make a circuit, and separate to break the circuit. The contact

material is chosen for its resistance to corrosion, because most metals form

insulating oxides that would prevent the switch from working. Contact

materials are also chosen on the basis of electrical conductivity, hardness

(resistance to abrasive wear), mechanical strength, low cost and low

toxicity[3].

Sometimes the contacts are plated with noble metals. They may be designed

to wipe against each other to clean off any contamination. Nonmetallic

conductors, such as conductive plastic, are sometimes used.

Actuator

The moving part that applies the operating force to the contacts is

called the actuator, and may be a toggle or dolly, a rocker, a push-button

or any type of mechanical linkage (see photo).

28
Arcs and quenching

When the wattage being switched is sufficiently large, the electron

flow across opening switch contacts is sufficient to ionize the air molecules

across the tiny gap between the contacts as the switch is opened, forming a

gas plasma, also known as an electric arc. The plasma is of low resistance

and is able to sustain power flow, even with the separation distance between

the switch contacts steadily increasing. The plasma is also very hot and is

capable of eroding the metal surfaces of the switch contacts.

Where the voltage is sufficiently high, an arc can also form as the

switch is closed and the contacts approach. If the voltage potential is

sufficient to exceed the breakdown voltage of the air separating the contacts,

an arc forms which is sustained until the switch closes completely and the

switch surfaces make contact.

In either case, the standard method for minimizing arc formation and

preventing contact damage is to use a fast-moving switch mechanism,

typically using a spring-operated tipping-point mechanism to assure quick

motion of switch contacts, regardless of the speed at which the switch

control is operated by the user.

29
 Movement of the switch control lever applies tension to a spring until

a tipping point is reached, and the contacts suddenly snap open or closed as

the spring tension is released.

As the power being switched increases, other methods are used to

minimize or prevent arc formation. A plasma is hot and will rise due to

convection air currents. The arc can be quenched with a series of

nonconductive blades spanning the distance between switch contacts, and as

the arc rises its length increases as it forms ridges rising into the spaces

between the blades, until the arc is too long to stay sustained and is

extinguished. A puffer may be used to blow a sudden high velocity burst of

gas across the switch contacts, which rapidly extends the length of the arc to

extinguish it quickly.

Extremely large switches in excess of 100,000 watts capacity often

place the switch contacts in something other than air to increase the

resistance against arc formation, such as enclosing the switch contacts in a

vacuum, or immersing the switch contacts in mineral oil.

30
CHAPTER7

SPECIAL TYPES
 SPECIAL TYPES

Switches can be designed to respond to any type of mechanical

stimulus: for example, vibration (the trembler switch), tilt, air pressure, fluid

level (the float switch), the turning of a key (key switch), linear or rotary

movement (the limit switch or microswitch), or presence of a magnetic field

(the reed switch).

7.1 Mercury tilt switch

The mercury switch consists of a drop of mercury inside a glass bulb

with 2 or more contacts. The two contacts pass through the glass, and are

connected by the mercury when the bulb is tilted to make the mercury roll

on to them.

This type of switch performs much better than the ball tilt switch, as

the liquid metal connection is unaffected by dirt, debris and oxidation, it

wets the contacts ensuring a very low resistance bounce-free connection, and

movement and vibration do not produce a poor contact. These types can be
used for precision works.It can also be used where arcing is dangerous (such

as in the presence of explosive vapour) as the entire unit is sealed.

31

7.2 Knife switch

Knife switches consist of a flat metal blade, hinged at one end, with

an insulating handle for operation, and a fixed contact. When the switch is

closed, current flows through the hinged pivot and blade and through the

fixed contact. Such switches are usually not enclosed. The parts may be

mounted on an insulating base with terminals for wiring, or may be directly

bolted to an insulated switch board in a large assembly. Since the electrical

contacts are exposed, the switch is used only where people cannot

accidentally come in contact with the switch.

Knife switches are made in many sizes from miniature switches to

large devices used to carry thousands of amperes. In electrical transmission

and distribution, gang-operated switches are used in circuits up to the

highest voltages.

The disadvantages of the knife switch are the slow opening speed

anparts. Metal-enclosed safety disconnect switches are used for isolation of

circuits in industrial power distribution. Sometimes spring-loaded auxiliary

blades are fitted which momentarily carry the full current during opening,

then quickly part to rapidly extinguish the arc.

32

CHAPTER 8

CONTACT BOUNCE
 33

CONTACT BOUNCE

Contact bounce (also called chatter) is a common problem with

mechanical switches and relays. Switch and relay contacts are usually made

of springy metals that are forced into contact by an actuator. When the

contacts strike together, their momentum and elasticity act together to cause

bounce. The result is a rapidly pulsed electrical current instead of a clean

transition from zero to full current. The effect is usually unimportant in

power circuits, but causes problems in some analogue and logic circuits that

respond fast enough to misinterpret the on-off pulses as a data stream[4].

Sequential digital logic circuits are particularly vulnerable to contact

bounce. The voltage waveform produced by switch bounce usually violates

the amplitude and timing specifications of the logic circuit. The result is that

the circuit may fail, due to problems such as meta stability, race conditions,

runt pulses and glitches.

The effects of contact bounce can be eliminated by use of mercury-

wetted contacts, but these are now infrequently used because of the hazard
of mercury release. Contact circuits can be filtered to reduce or eliminate

multiple pulses.

34

In digital systems, multiple samples of the contact state can be taken

or a time delay can be implemented so that the contact bounce has settled

before the contact input is used to control anything. One way to implement

this is by using an SR Latch.

 35

CHAPTER 9

ELECTRONIC SWITCHES
 36

ELECTRONIC SWITCHES

Since the advent of digital logic in the 1950s, the term switch has

spread to a variety of digital active devices such as transistors and logic

gates whose function is to change their output state between two logic levels

or connect different signal lines, and even computers, network switches,

whose function is to provide connections between different ports in a

computer network.[6] The term 'switched' is also applied to

telecommunications networks, and signifies a network that is circuit

switched, providing dedicated circuits for communication between end

nodes, such as the public switched telephone network. The common feature

of all these usages is they refer to devices that control a binary state: they are

either on or off, closed or open, connected or not connected.

 37

ADVANTAGES

1. SIMPLE IN CONSTRUCTION

2. AVOID ACCIDENCE

3. REDUCE MANUAL EFFORT

4. LEADS TO AUTOMATION

5. LESS COST

6. APPLICABLE TO ALL TWOWHEELERS

 38

CONCLUSION

 The project has come out as a grand success.

 We learn more and more in our project.

 It is different experience to our self we well

 Successfully finish the project.

 We well to step by step testing in that the

 Result all so very well.

 This project is useful for all the peoples.

39

BIBLIOGRAPY

 WORK SHOP TECHNOLOGY = R K JAIN

 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY =PL THEREJA

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