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Mechanical Measurements - 3
Mechanical Measurements - 3
Mechanical Measurements - 3
Measurements
(3)
MPE
212
Microprocessor-‐Based
Measurements
and
Control
(Mechatronic
Systems)
MEMs:
Micro-‐Electric
Mechanisms
SBC:
Single
Board
Computer
CRT:
Cathode-‐Ray
Tube
PWM:
Pulse-‐Width
Modulation
PLC:
Programmable
Logic
Controller
Signal
Processing
Process
Monitoring
(DAQ)
Generic
Data
Acquisition
System
1-‐
Sensors:
Detects
any
signal
and
translate
it
to
electric
signal
The
relation
between
O/P
to
I/P
signal
should
be
linear
The
O/P
signal
is
then
processed
by
Modulators:
Amplitude
Modulation
(AM)
/
Frequency
Modulation
(FM)
Function
Generators
3-‐
Analog/Digital
(A/D)
Converters
–
(D/A)
Converters
4-‐
(S/H)
Sample
and
Hold
Signals
Buffer/FIFO: First in First Out Queue organizing data in to the memory for processing
5-‐
Antialiasing
Filters
and
Nyquist
Sampling
Rate
6-‐
Digital
Signals
Connections
(Data
Bus)
Interface
Busses:
Parallel/Serial
-‐RS232-‐GPRB488-‐
UPS
–
Firewire
–
Bluetooth
–
DMA
8-‐
The
Role
of
Programming
in
Data
Acquisition
Systems
and
Control
Fourier
Transform
FFT
and
Reverse
FFT
Signals:
Amplitude
and
Frequency
All
signals
include
periodic
signals
as
!!
and 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = !
Therefore:
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝐴0 + ∞
𝑛=1 𝐴𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡
Where
𝑇
1
𝐴! =
2
𝑇 𝑦 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
DC
Component
𝑇 −
2
𝑇
2
𝐴! = 𝑦(𝑡) cos (𝑛𝜔𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑇
𝑇
−
2
2
𝐵! = 𝑦(𝑡) sin (𝑛𝜔𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑇
𝑇
−
2
Example:
Find
the
Fourier
Coefficients
of
the
function:
y t = −5
for
−π ≤ t ≤ 0
y t = +5
for
0 ≤ t ≤ π
Frequency
Contents:
The
Spectrum
is
the
amplitude
of
each
contributing
sinusoid
at
each
respective
frequency.
Fourier
Transform
As
𝑇 → ∞
the
Fourier
series
sum
becomes
Integral
or:
+∞
−∞
+∞
−∞
And
:
+∞
𝑌(𝑓) = −∞
𝑦(𝑡) 𝑒
−2𝜋𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝑡
(Remember
2𝜋𝑓 = 𝜔 =
!!
!
)
This
is
the
Fourier
Transform
of
y(t).
The
Y(f)
is
function
of
frequency
(f).
𝒚 𝒕 → 𝑭𝑻 → 𝒀(𝒇)
Discrete
Fourier
Transform
If
N
Data
are
measured
for
a
limited
time
with
equally
spaced
time
interval
the
integral
is
replaced
by
sum
as
the
Discrete
Fourier
Transform
(DFT)
as:
𝑁−1
𝑌(𝑓! ) = 𝑦(𝑟𝛿𝑡)𝑒
−𝑗2𝜋𝑟𝑘/𝑁
𝑟=0
Implications:
There
are
tables
of
FT
for
many
standard
functions.
Integrations
using
the
computer
may
decompose
the
input
signal
w.r.t.
frequencies
involved.
Digital
filtrations
lead
to
clearing
the
signal
from
unwanted
frequencies
resulting
cleaner
signals
for
the
prescribed
measured
quantities.
𝑒 !!" ∗ 𝑒 !!" = 𝑒 !!"#