Cellular Telephony

Cellular telephony is designed to

provide communications between
two moving units, called mobile
stations (MSs), or between one
mobile unit and one stationary
unit, often called a land unit.
Satellite Network
• A satellite network is a combination
of nodes, some of which are
satellites, that provides
communication from one point on
the Earth to another.
• A node in the network can be a
satellite, an Earth station, or an end-
user terminal or telephone
Orbits
• The path of satellite revolving
around the earth is known as
orbit
• The orbit can be equatorial,
inclined, or polar
Categories of Satellites
• Based on the location of the
orbit, satellites can be divided
into three categories:
geostationary Earth orbit (GEO),
low-Earth-orbit (LEO), and
middle-Earth-orbit (MEO)

10
Categories of Satellites

• The following figure shows the satellite altitudes with respect to the
surface

Below an altitude
of 2000 km
GEO Earth Orbit Satellites
• A satellite in a geostationary orbit
appears to be in a fixed position to an
earth-based observer.
• A geostationary satellite revolves around
the earth at the same angular velocity of
the earth itself, 360 degrees every 24
hours in an equatorial orbit, and
therefore it seems to be in a fixed
position over the equator.
GEO Earth Orbit Satellites
• To provide full global
transmission, a minimum of
three satellites equidistant
from each other is needed.
• GEO Satellites are used for
weather forecasting, satellite
TV, satellite radio and other
types of global
communications.
 MEO Satellites
• Medium-Earth-orbit (MEO) satellites are positioned between the two
Van Allen belts.
• A satellite at this orbit takes approximately 6-8 hours to circle the Earth.
• Signals transmitted from a MEO satellite travel a shorter distance.
• Ten or more MEO satellites are required in order to cover entire earth.
• One example of a MEO satellite system is the Global Positioning System
(GPS)
MEO Satellites -- GPS
• Constructed and operated by the US Department of Defense.
• Orbiting at an altitude about 18,000 km (11,000 mi) above the Earth.
• The system consists of 24 satellites in six orbits.
• are designed in such a way that, at any time, four satellites are visible from any point on Earth
• is used for land, sea, and air navigation to provide time and locations for vehicles and ships.
 • Low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites have polar
orbits.
• The altitude is between 500 and 2000 km,
with a rotation period of 90 to 120 min.
• The satellite has a speed of 20,000 to
25,000 km/h.
LEO Satellites
• The footprint normally has a diameter of
8000 km.
• Because LEO satellites are close to Earth,
the round-trip time propagation delay is
normally less than 20 ms, which is
acceptable for audio communication
 • LEO satellites are mainly classified into
three categories:
little LEOs, big LEOs, and Mega-LEOs.
• The little LEOs operate under 1 GHz. They
are mostly used for low-data-rate
messaging.
LEO Satellites • The big LEOs operate between 1 and 3
GHz.
• Mega-LEOs operates in the 20-30 GHz
range. They are mostly used for of real-
time, low delay video transmission
 ▪ Radio broadcasting and voice
communications
▪ TV broadcasting such as Direct To Home
(DTH)
Applications of ▪ Internet applications such as providing
Satellite Internet connection for data transfer, GPS
applications, Internet surfing, etc.
Communication
▪ Military applications and navigations
▪ Remote sensing applications
▪ Weather condition monitoring &
Forecasting
Unguided Media: Wireless
• Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical
conductor.
• This type of communication is often referred to as wireless communication.
• Signals are normally broadcast through free space and thus are available to
anyone who has a device capable of receiving them.
• Electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from 3 kHz to 900 THz, used for wireless
communication.
• Unguided signals can travel from the source to destination in several ways:
ground propagation, sky propagation, and line-of-sight propagation.
Propagation Methods of Wireless Transmission
Types Of Wireless Transmission Waves

• Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio and
television, and paging systems. They can penetrate through walls. Highly
regulated. Use omni directional antennas.
• Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular
telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs. Higher frequency
ranges cannot penetrate walls. Use directional antennas - point to point
line of sight communications.
• Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a closed
area using line-of-sight propagation.
Bands of Wireless transmission Propagation
Types of Antenna for Wireless Transmission

• Omnidirectional Antenna: Radio waves use omnidirectional

antennas that send out signals in all directions..
• Unidirectional Antenna: Microwaves need unidirectional
antennas that send out signals in one direction. Two types of
antennas are used for microwave communications: the
parabolic dish and the horn.