Solutions 12(a) 1

Complete solutions to Exercise 12(a)

1. We have
12kN
θ 5kN
R
By Pythagoras
R = 122 + 52 = 13 kN
The angle θ is given by
⎛ 5⎞
θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 22.62°
⎝ 12 ⎠
R is the force of magnitude 13kN and at an angle of 22. 62° below the
horizontal.
2. Let F x and F y be the horizontal and vertical components of F .

10kN
Fy
30°
Fx
By (4.5)
F x = 10 cos(30°) = 8.66 kN horizontal
By (4.4)
F y = 10 sin(30°) = 5kN vertical
3. Let F x and F y be the horizontal and vertical components of F .

F
Fy
45°
Fx
Remember 12000 = 12kN . Applying (4.5) and (4.4) gives
F x = 12cos(45°) = 8.49 kN
F y = 12 sin(45°) = 8.49 kN
The force F has the components 8. 49 kN horizontally and 8. 49 kN vertically.
4. The angle θ is given by
θ = tan −1 (7 3) = 66.80°
Since F = 10 kN we have
F x = 10cos(66.80°) = 3.94kN
F y = 10 sin(66.80°) = 9.19kN
3.94 kN horizontally and 9.19kN vertically.

(4.4) o = h sin (θ )
(4.5) a = h cos (θ )
 Solutions 12(a) 2

5. We have
→ → → → → 1 1
AM = AO + OM = − OA+ OM = −a + b = b − a
2 2
6. We have
→ → →
MN = MC+ CN (†)
Since M is the midpoint of AC
→ 1 →
MC = AC
2
→ 1 → → →
Similarly CN = CB . Also CB = − BC . So
2
→ 1 →
CN = − BC
2
By observing Fig 26
→ → →
AC = AB + BC
which gives
→ 1⎛ → →
⎞
MC = ⎜ AB + BC ⎟
2⎝ ⎠
→ 1 → → 1⎛ → →
Substituting CN = − BC and MC = ⎝ AB+ BC ⎞⎠ into († ) gives
2 2
→ 1⎛ → →
⎞ 1 →
MN = ⎜ AB + BC ⎟ − BC
2⎝ ⎠ 2
1 → 1 → 1 → 1 →
= AB + BC − BC = AB
2 2  
 2
2
=0

7. Drawing F 1 , F 2 and F in a triangle we have

θ C 40°
F1 F 2 where F 2 = 10
60°
A F B
θ = 180° − ( 60° + 90° ) = 30°
angle C = 30° + 40° = 70°
We label a and c to the sides opposite the angles A and C respectively.
a c
To find F we can use the sine rule =
sin(A ) sin(C )
Substituting a = 10, A = 60°, C = 70° into the sine rule gives
10 c
=
sin ( 60° ) sin ( 70° )
10
c= × sin ( 70° ) = 10.851
sin ( 60° )
F is 10.85N horizontally.
 Solutions 12(a) 3

8. We have
C

20°

R B
180° − (20° +45°) = 115°
45° 12

A
To find the magnitude of R we use the sine rule (4.16). Substituting
c = 12, angle C = 20° and angle B = 115° into (4.16) gives
b 12
=
sin (115° ) sin ( 20° )
12
b= × sin (115° ) = 31.80
sin ( 20° )
The magnitude of R is 31.80 kN
9. We can rotate the forces as follows:
F2

20kN
60°
F1
O
7kN
By shifting F 2 to the end of F 1 we have the resultant force, R , given by:
C
R
20kN
180° −60° = 120°
A 7kN B
We can find the magnitude of R by using the cosine rule (4.18). We have
a = 20, c = 7 and angle B = 120° . Substituting into (4.18) gives
b 2 = 202 + 7 2 − ( 2 × 20 × 7 × cos (120° ) ) = 589
b = 589 = 24.27
R = 24.27kN . Need to find angle A. We can use the sine rule(4.16).
Substituting a = 20, B = 120° and b = 24.27 into (4.16) gives
20 24.27
=
sin ( A ) sin (120° )
20 × sin (120° )
sin ( A ) = = 0.7137
24.27
A = sin −1 ( 0.7137 ) = 45.54°
a b c
(4.16) = =
sin ( A) sin ( B ) sin ( C )
(4.18) b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos ( B )
 Solutions 12(a) 4

The resultant force has a magnitude of 24. 27kN and is at an angle of

45.54° from force F 1 . Plotting the resultant on the original diagram gives:
R
F1
F2

45.54°

10. The resultant force is determined by F 1 + F 2 .

F A
1

180° −45° = 135°

B
R
F2

C
Consider the triangle ABC. We can find R by using the cosine rule on
ABC.
The magnitude of R is represented by b . Substitute a = 10, c = 15 and B = 135°
into
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos ( B )
gives
b 2 = 102 + 152 − ( 2 × 10 ×15 ) cos (135° ) = 537.132
b = 537.132 = 23.18
So R = 23.18kN . How can we find angle A?
Use sine rule (4.16). Substituting a = 10, b = 23.18 and B = 135° gives
10 23.18
=
sin ( A ) sin (135° )
10
sin ( A ) =
× sin (135° ) = 0.305
23.18
Hence taking the inverse sin gives
A = 17.76°
We have
F1
17.76°

F2 R

a b
(4.16) =
sin(A ) sin(B)
 Solutions 12(b) 1

Complete solutions to Exercise 12(b)

1. (a) Putting F 1 and F 2 into i and j components gives
F1 = 20i
F2 = ⎡⎣30 cos ( 60° ) ⎤⎦ i + ⎡⎣30sin ( 60° ) ⎤⎦ j
R = F1 + F2 = ⎡⎣ 20 + 30 cos ( 60° ) ⎤⎦ i + ⎡⎣30sin ( 60° ) ⎤⎦ j = 35i + 25.981j
The magnitude of R is determined by Pythagoras;
R = 352 + 25.9812 = 43.59 kN
By using trigonometry
R −1 ⎛ 25.981 ⎞
25.981 θ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 36.59°
θ ⎝ 35 ⎠
35
So R has a magnitude of 43. 59kN at an angle of 36. 59° to the horizontal.
(b) Writing F 1 and F 2 into i and j components,
F1 = 5i
F2 = ⎡⎣6 cos ( 30° ) ⎤⎦ i − ⎡⎣ 6sin ( 30° ) ⎤⎦ j
minus because
F2 is down

F = F1 + F2 = ⎡⎣5 + 6 cos ( 30° ) ⎤⎦ i − ⎡⎣ 6sin ( 30° ) ⎤⎦ j = 10.196i − 3j

10.196
θ 3
F
The magnitude, F , and angle θ are
F = 10.1962 + ( −3) = 10.63 kN
2

θ = tan −1 ( −3 10.196 ) = −16.40°

2. We have
F = 31(4i − 6j) − 3(7i − 12j)
= [(31× 4)i − (31× 6)j] − (3 × 7)i − (3 × (−12 ))j
= [124i − 186 j] − 21i + 36 j = 103i − 150 j
By using Pythagoras, F = 1032 + ( − 150) = 181.96kN
2

3. We first put F 1 , F 2 and F 3 into i and j components by using our

calculator.
F 1 = 5∠30°= 4.33i + 2.5j
F 2 = 7∠60°= 3.5i + 6.062 j
Note that F 3 is − 160° from the positive horizontal axis. The minus sign
signifies the angle is measured clockwise from the positive horizontal axis.
F 3 = 10∠ (−160°) = −9.397i − 3.42 j
R = F1 + F 2 + F 3
= ( 4.33 + 3.5 − 9.397)i + (2.5 + 6.062 − 3.42 ) j
= −1.567i + 5.142 j = 5.38∠106.95°
by calculator
 Solutions 12(b) 2

5.38kN 106.95°

P
4. Writing each force into polar form:
F 1 = 12 ∠10° , F 2 = 15∠80° , F 3 = 18∠160° , F 4 = 19∠ (−150°), F 5 = 16 ∠(−110°)
and F 6 = 5∠ (−40°) .
Using a calculator to add these forces gives a resultant force of magnitude
21.13kN and angle of −167.04° . Remember the minus sign indicates the
angle is measured clockwise from the positive horizontal axis as shown:
21.13kN
167.04°
 Solutions 12(c) 1

Complete solutions to Exercise 12(c)

1. Since in each case the particle is in equilibrium then
F 1 + F 2 + F3 + F4 = 0
F 4 = −(F1 + F 2 + F 3 ) (*)
(a) Using (*) we have
F 4 = −[(2i − j− 3k) + (7i − 7j − 7k) + (9i − 6 j− k)]
= −[18i − 14 j− 11k]
F 4 = −18i + 14 j + 11k
(b) Using (*) again we have
F 4 = −[(61i − 64 j − 89k) + (93i − 98j) + (22i − 41j+ 43k)]
= −(176i − 203j − 46k) = −176i + 203j + 46k
2. Since the body is in equilibrium
F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 = 0
Hence
F 1 = − (F2 + F 3 + F 4 )
= − [(3i + j − k) + (−2i − 3j − 10k) + (−i − 5j + 3k)]
= − [0i − 7j − 8k] = 7j + 8k
3. We have
F 1 + F 2 + F3 + F4 = ( 2 + 12 + 7 − 9)i + (−1 − 3 + 1 − 4) j + (10 + 22 − 7 + 5)k
= 12i − 7j + 30k
Hence
F = 12i − 7j + 30k
4. We first find the unit vectors of 12i + 5k , 2i − 2 j + k and 4i − 4 j − 2k and
then multiply each unit vector by the corresponding magnitude. The unit
vector in the direction of 12i + 5k is
1 1
( 12i + 5k ) = (12i + 5k )
122 + 52 13
Hence
1
F 2 = 26 × (12i + 5k ) = 2(12i + 5k ) = 24i + 10k
13
The unit vector in the direction of 2i − 2j + k is
1 1
( 2i − 2 j + k ) = ( 2i − 2 j + k )
22 + ( −2 ) + 12 3
2

Thus
1
F 3 = 18 × (2i − 2 j + k ) = 6(2i − 2 j + k ) = 12i − 12 j + 6 k
3
Similarly the unit vector in the direction of 4i − 4 j − 2k is
1 1
( 4i − 4 j − 2k ) = ( 4i − 4 j − 2k )
4 2 + ( −4 ) + ( −2 ) 6
2 2

Therefore
1
F 4 = 12 × (4i − 4j − 2k) = 2(4i − 4j − 2k) = 8i − 8j − 4k
6
 Solutions 12(c) 2

Collecting these forces together gives (in N)

F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 = ( i − j + 3k ) + ( 24i + 10k ) + (12i − 12 j + 6k ) + ( 8i − 8 j − 4k )
= (1 + 24 + 12 + 8 ) i + ( −1 + 0 − 12 − 8 ) j + ( 3 + 10 + 6 − 4 ) k
= ( 45i − 21j + 15k ) N
5. We have
A

B
→ → →
AB = OB− OA (†)
→ →
The vector OA with A = ( 7, 5,14) is written as OA = 7i + 5j + 14k
→
and OB with B = ( −1,1,15)
→
OB = −i + j + 15k
Substituting these into (†) gives
→
AB = ( −i + j + 15k ) − ( 7i + 5 j + 14k )
= −8i − 4 j + k
→
The unit vector, u , in the direction of AB = −8i − 4 j + k is found by using
(12.5)
1 1
u= ( −8i − 4 j + k ) = ( −8i − 4 j + k )
( −8) + ( −4 ) + 12 9
2 2

Hence the force F in kN is

1
F = 36 × (−8i − 4j + k)
9
= 4(−8i − 4j + k) = (−32i − 16j + 4k)kN
6. Similar to solution 5.
B

A
O
→ → →
AB = OB − OA
= ( 2.2i + 5.6 j + 7.1k ) − (1.1i − 2.6 j − 4.3k )
= 1.1i + 8.2 j + 11.4k
The unit vector, u , is
1 1
u= (1.1i + 8.2 j + 11.4k ) = (1.1i + 8.2 j + 11.4k )
1.1 + 8.2 + 11.4
2 2 2 14.086

1
(12.5) u= ( ai + bj + ck )
a + b2 + c2
2
 Solutions 12(c) 3

The force F in kN is
1
F = 11.3 × (1.1i + 8.2 j + 11.4k )
14.086
= 0.802(1.1i + 8.2j + 11. 4k ) = 0.88i + 6.58j + 9.14k
7. Plotting the vectors:
C = (−1,27, −31) A = (−16,30,19)

B = (−12, −17,−23)

O
→ → →
AB = OB − OA
= ( −12, −17, −23) − ( −16,30,19 )
= ( 4, −47, −42 )
Similarly we have
→ → →
AC = OC − OA
= ( −1, 27, −31) − ( −16,30,19 )
= (15, −3, −50 )
→ →
Next we find the unit vector in the directions of AB and AC . Rather than
work through the laborious arithmetic, it is easier to use a calculator. To
→
find the unit vector , v , in the direction of AB = (4, − 47, − 42) we use a
calculator and obtain:
v = 0.063i − 0.744 j − 0.665k
To find the force F AB we multiply this, v , by 850:
FAB = 53.833i − 632.535 j − 565.244k
Similarly we find F AC . The unit vector, u , in the direction of
→
AC = (15, − 3, − 50) is
u = 0.287i − 0.057j − 0.956k
Hence
F AC = 700 × u = 200.812i − 40.162 j − 669.374k
F = FAB + FAC
= ( 53.833 + 200.812 ) i + ( −632.535 − 40.162 ) j + ( −565.244 − 669.374 ) k
F = ( 254.645i − 672.697 j − 1234.618k ) kN
The magnitude F = 1428.86 kN .
 Solutions 12(d) 1

Complete solutions to Exercise 12(d)

1. Using (12.13) in each case
(a) (3i + j + k )⋅ (5i + j + 7k ) = (3 × 5) + (1 × 1) + (1× 7) = 23
(b) (−i + j − k) ⋅ (3i + 2 j − k) = (−1× 3) + (1 × 2) + (−1 × (−1)) = 0
(c) (10i − 15j + k) ⋅ (−21i − k) = (10 × (−21)) + (−15 × 0) + (1× (−1)) = −211
2. Applying (12.15)
w = (100i + 220 j − 250k ) ⋅ (150i + 200 j) = (100 ×150 ) + ( 220 × 200 ) = 59000 = 59 kJ
3. The displacement vector, s, from A = i + j + k to B = 5i − j + 2k is given by
s = ( 5i − j + 2k ) − ( i + j + k )
= ( 5 − 1) i + ( −1 − 1) j + ( 2 − 1) k = 4i − 2 j + k
The work done, w , is found by using (12.15):
w = ( 5i + 3j − 2k ) ⋅ ( 4i − 2 j + k ) = 20 − 6 − 2 = 12 J
4. We first obtain the unit vector in the direction of 3i + j + k . The
magnitude of this vector is
3i + j + k = 32 + 12 + 12 = 11
By (12.4) the unit vector, u , is
1
(3i + j + k)
u=
11
The force, F , along this direction is given by
1 20
F = 20 × ( 3i + j + k ) = ( 3i + j + k )
11 11
→
Next we determine AB in (i, j,k ) components.
A

→ → →
AB = OB− OA (*)
O
B
We have A = (3,−1,5) and B = (−1,7,10) , so
→ →
OB = −i + 7j + 10k, OA = 3i − j + 5k
Substituting these into (*) gives
→
AB = (−i + 7j + 10k) − (3i − j + 5k) = −4i + 8j + 5k
By (12.15) we have
20
work done = ( 3i + j + k ) ⋅ ( −4i + 8 j + 5k )
11
=
20
11
( )
( 3 × ( −4 ) ) + (1× 8) + (1× 5) = 6.03 J
1
(12.4) u= ( ai + bj + ck )
a 2 + b2 + c2
(12.13) (ai + bj + ck)⋅ (d i + ej + f k) = ad + be + cf
(12.15) Work done = F ⋅ r
 Solutions 12(d) 2

5. (i) We have
r ⋅ r = (x i + yj + zk)⋅ (x i + yj + zk) = x + y + z
2 2 2

(ii) The magnitude of the vector r is given by

r = x i + yj + zk = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
Squaring both sides
r = x i + yj + zk = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
2 2

2
Notice that r = r ⋅ r .
6. We have
v⋅ a
cos(θ ) = (*)
va
Finding the scalar product and magnitude gives
v ⋅ a = (2i + 3j) ⋅ (2i + 2j) = 4 + 6 = 10
v = 2i + 3 j = 22 + 32 = 13
a = 2i + 2 j = 2 2 + 2 2 = 8
Substituting these into (*)
10 ⎛ 10 ⎞
cos (θ ) = which gives θ = cos −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 11.31°
13 8 ⎝ 13 8 ⎠
7. (i) Differentiating r with respect to t gives the velocity and acceleration:
v = r = ( 3t 2 − 2t ) i + 4t 3 j
r = ( 6t − 2 ) i + 12t 2 j
a = 
(ii) Substituting t = 1 into v and a gives
v = (3 − 2) i + 4j = i + 4j
a = ( 6 − 2 ) i + 12 j = 4i + 12 j
To find the angle, θ, between the velocity and acceleration we use:
v⋅ a
cos(θ ) = (†)
va
We find v ⋅ a and v a and then substitute into († ) :
v ⋅ a = (i + 4j)⋅ (4i + 12j) = (1× 4) + ( 4 × 12) = 52
v = i + 4 j = 12 + 42 = 17
a = 4i + 12 j = 42 + 122 = 160
Thus using († )
52 ⎛ 52 ⎞
cos (θ ) = which gives θ = cos −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 4.399°
17 160 ⎝ 17 160 ⎠
The angle between velocity and acceleration is 4. 4° .
 Solutions 12(e) 1

Complete solutions to Exercise 12(e)

1. (i) Using (12.24) to find r × s gives
⎛i j k ⎞
( 5i + j + 3k ) × ( 2i − 3j − 4k ) = det ⎜⎜ 5 1 3 ⎟⎟
⎜ 2 −3 − 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎡ ⎛ 1 3 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 5 3 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 5 1 ⎞⎤
= i ⎢ det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ − j ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + k ⎢det ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ −3 −4 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 −4 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 −3 ⎠ ⎦
= i ( −4 + 9 ) − j ( −20 − 6 ) + k ( −15 − 2 ) = 5i + 26 j − 17k
(ii) Remember r × s = − ( s × r) = − (5i + 26 j − 17k ) = −5i − 26 j + 17k
2. We need to find (r1 × F1 ) + (r 2 × F 2 ) + (r 3 × F 3 ) (*)
Applying (12.24) to find r1 × F1 gives
⎛i j k ⎞
( i + 3j + k ) × ( 2i + j − 3k ) = det ⎜⎜ 1 3 1 ⎟⎟
⎜ 2 1 −3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎡ ⎛ 3 1 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 1 3 ⎞⎤
= i ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ − j ⎢ det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + k ⎢ det ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 1 −3 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 − 3 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 1 ⎠⎦
= i ( −9 − 1) − j ( −3 − 2 ) + k (1 − 6 ) = −10i + 5 j − 5k
Similarly we find r 2 × F 2
⎛i j k⎞
( i − j + 2k ) × ( 3i − 4 j + 6k ) = det ⎜⎜ 1 −1 2 ⎟⎟
⎜ 3 −4 6 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎡ ⎛ −1 2 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 1 2 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 1 −1 ⎞ ⎤
= i ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ − j ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + k ⎢ det ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ −4 6 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 3 6 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 3 −4 ⎠ ⎦
= i ( −6 + 8 ) − j ( 6 − 6 ) + k ( −4 + 3) = 2i − 0 j − k
Also r 3 × F 3 is
⎛i j k⎞
⎡ ⎛ 4 2 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛1 2 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛1 4 ⎞ ⎤
( i + 4 j + 2k ) × ( i + 10 j + 7k ) = det ⎜1 4 2 ⎟⎟ = i ⎢det ⎜
⎜
⎟ ⎥ − j ⎢ det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + k ⎢ det ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎜ 1 10 7 ⎟ ⎣ ⎝ 10 7 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 1 7 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 1 10 ⎠ ⎦
⎝ ⎠
= i ( 28 − 20 ) − j ( 7 − 2 ) + k (10 − 4 ) = 8i − 5 j + 6k
Substituting these into (*) gives
(−10i + 5j − 5k) + (2i − k) + (8i − 5j + 6k) = (−10 + 2 + 8)i + (5 + 0 − 5)j + (−5 − 1 + 6)k
T
= 0i + 0 j + 0k = 0
hus the body is in equilibrium.

⎛i j k⎞
(12.24) ( ai + bj + ck ) × ( d i + ej + f k ) = det ⎜⎜ a b c ⎟⎟
⎜d e f ⎟
⎝ ⎠
 Solutions 12(e) 2

3. Similar to solution 2. We need to find the vector products in each case.

⎛ i j k⎞
( 3i + j + 5k ) × ( 2i − j + k ) = det ⎜⎜ 3 1 5 ⎟⎟ = 6i + 7 j − 5k
⎜ 2 −1 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛i j k ⎞
( 5i − 2 j − k ) × ( 8i − 6 j + 6k ) = det ⎜⎜ 5 −2 −1⎟⎟ = −18i − 38 j − 14k
⎜ 8 −6 6 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ i j k⎞
( i − 6 j + 7k ) × ( 4i + 3k ) = det ⎜⎜ 1 −6 7 ⎟⎟ = −18i + 25 j + 24k
⎜4 0 3⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛i j k ⎞
( i + 6k ) × ( i − 5 j ) = det ⎜⎜1 0 6 ⎟⎟ = 30i + 6 j − 5k
⎜1 −5 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Thus the body is in equilibrium because
( 6i + 7 j − 5k ) + ( −18i − 38 j − 14k ) + ( −18i + 25 j + 24k ) + ( 30i + 6 j − 5k )
= 0i + 0 j + 0k = 0
4. (a) We have
B
→ → →
O BA = OA− OB
F
A
The position vectors of A and B are given by
→ →
OA = i + 2 j + 3k , OB = 5i + 7 j + 9k
Thus
→
BA = (1 − 5 ) i + ( 2 − 7 ) j + ( 3 − 9 ) k = −4i − 5 j − 6k
Using (12.25)
⎛ i j k⎞
⎜ ⎟
M = ( −4i − 5 j − 6k ) × ( 2i − j + k ) = det ⎜ −4 −5 −6 ⎟ = −11i − 8 j + 14k
⎜ 2 −1 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
→ →
(b) Similarly we have OA = i − j, OB = 3i − j − k ,
→ → →
BA = OA −OB = ( i − j) − ( 3i − j − k ) = −2i + k
Applying (12.25)
⎛ i j k⎞
⎜ ⎟
M = ( −2i + k ) × ( 4i − 3 j − 6k ) = det ⎜ −2 0 1 ⎟ = 3i − 8 j + 6k
⎜ 4 −3 −6 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

(12.25) M = r×F
 Solutions 12(e) 3

5. We have
→ → →
S SR = OR − OS
O
F = ( i − j − k ) − ( 7i + j − 9k ) = −6i − 2 j + 8k
R
Moment about S is
→
SR× F = ( −6i − 2 j + 8k ) × (14i + 2 j − 18k )
⎛ i j k ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= det ⎜ −6 −2 8 ⎟
⎜ 14 2 −18 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎡ ⎛ −2 8 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ −6 8 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ −6 − 2 ⎞ ⎤
= i ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ − j ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + k ⎢ det ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 −18 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 14 −18 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 14 2 ⎠ ⎦
= i ( 20 ) − j ( −4 ) + k (16 ) = 20i + 4 j + 16k
6. Applying (12.24) we have
⎛ i j k⎞
⎡ ⎛ b 0 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ a 0 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ a b ⎞⎤
( ai + bj) × ( ci + d j) = det ⎜⎜ a b 0 ⎟⎟ = i ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ − j ⎢ det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + k ⎢det ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎜ c d 0 ⎟ ⎣ ⎝ d 0 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ c 0 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ c d ⎠⎦ T
⎝ ⎠
= i ( 0 ) − j ( 0 ) + k ( ad − cb )
hus we have the required result:
( ai + bj) × ( ci + d j) = k ( ad − cb )
7. We have
⎛i j k⎞
⎜ ⎟
r × s = ( ai + bj + ck ) × ( d i + ej + f k ) = det ⎜ a b c ⎟
⎜d e f ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎡ ⎛ b c ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ a c ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ a b ⎞⎤
= i ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ − j ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + k ⎢ det ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ e f ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ d f ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ d e ⎠⎦
= i ( bf − ec ) − j ( af − dc ) + k ( ae − db )
Examining s × r gives
⎛i j k⎞
⎜ ⎟
s × r = ( d i + ej + f k ) × ( ai + bj + ck ) = det ⎜ d e f ⎟
⎜a b c ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎡ ⎛ e f ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ d f ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ d e ⎞⎤
= i ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ − j ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + k ⎢ det ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ b c ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ a c ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ a b ⎠⎦
= i ( ec − bf ) − j ( dc − af ) + k ( db − ae )

⎛i j k⎞
(12.24) ( ai + bj + ck ) × ( d i + ej + f k ) = det ⎜⎜ a b c ⎟⎟
⎜d e f ⎟
⎝ ⎠
 Solutions 12(e) 4

We can rewrite s × r as
s × r = i ( ec − bf ) − j ( dc − af ) + k ( db − ae )
= −i ( bf − ec ) + j ( af − dc ) − k ( ae − db )
= − ⎡⎣i ( bf − ec ) − j ( af − dc ) + k ( ae − db ) ⎤⎦ = − ( r × s )
Hence we have shown the required result, r × s = − ( s × r) .