RESEARCH DESIGN

ENRIQUEZ R. CAYABAN, RN, LPT, MAN

Clinical Instructor
 OBJECTIVES
1. define what study design is,
2. explain the meaning of reliability and validity in research,
3. identify and describe the different kinds of validity threats and how to
handle each,
4. describe the different kinds of research design and distinguish the
experimental from the non- experimental designs,
5. determine the appropriate research design/s for specific types of
research problems, and
6. select an appropriate design for their own research problem.

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 WHAT IS DESIGN ?

• a set of instructions for the researcher; to

gather and analyze data in certain ways that
will control who and what are to be studied
(Brink).
• Thus, the choice of design is made when the
question is finalized.

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 GUIDING PRINCIPLES IN RESEARCH
DESIGN
RESEARCH DESIGN
• refers to a plan of action for meeting the objectives
• a blueprint for conducting a study that maximizes control over
factors that could interfere with the validity of the findings.

the researcher’s plan

– how the study will be conducted,
– type of data that will be collected, and
– the means to be used to obtain these data, (which are
determined after variables are identified and quantified.)
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 GUIDING PRINCIPLES IN RESEARCH
DESIGN
RESEARCH DESIGN
• Purpose
– to provide a plan in answering research question.
• Each design has its own applicability depending on the
problems and objectives of the study.
• Important consideration
– to minimize possible errors and maximize the reliability and
validity of data.
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 REALIABILITY AND VALIDITY

RELIABILITY
• refers to the consistency, stability, or dependability of the data.
• A research method should yield the same results, even if conducted twice or
more

VALIDITY
• refers to data that are not only reliable but also true and accurate.
• It refers to which extent an instrument is able to actually measure what it is
supposed to measure

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 THREATS TO VALIDITY
HISTORY

SELECTION

TESTING

INSTRUMENTATION

MATURATION

MORTALITY
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 HISTORY

• Refers to the events that may occur during the

time frame of the study which are not actually
part of the study.
• They produce effects that influence the results
of the study, either increasing or decreasing
the expected results.

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 SELECTION

• Occurs when respondents of the study are

chosen not only individually but as a group.

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 TESTING
• refers to the pre-test given that results in an
improved performance in the post-test.
• To avoid this threat, a pre-test may not be needed
for administration.
• However, if a pre-test is given, another measure is
recommended to use an as an alternate form of
instrument.

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 INSTRUMENTATION

• It refers to unreliability in measuring instruments

that may result to an invalid measurement of
performance.
• The change in instrument used between the
pre-test and post-test may result in an effect
not caused by a treatment introduced

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 MATURATION

• This factor refers to the physiologic and

psychological changes that may happen to the
respondents of the study over a period of time.
• If the time frame of a training program is quite long
and rigid, the participants may experience some
psychological discomfort due to boredom,
tiredness, hunger and the like.

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 MORTALITY
• It refers to loss of participants during the post-test
stage or even during the implementation of the time
frame of the study
• when the same group of individuals is studied over a
long period of time.
• By the time a follow-up study is conducted on the
same group, some members may have dropped out
or may refuse to cooperate further in the study.
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 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
DESIGN
1. THE SETTING BY WHICH THE
RESEARCH OCCURS:
a. Laboratory Studies –
Designed to be more highly
controlled in relation to both
the environment in which
the study is conducted and
the control of extraneous
and intervening variables.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
DESIGN
1. THE SETTING BY WHICH THE RESEARCH OCCURS:
a. Field Studies - occur outside laboratory
setting.
• This occurs in natural settings and use a
variety of methods such as:
• field experiments,
• participant’s observations in village or
hospital wards,
• interviews in the home or office,
• questionnaires,
• anything at all that does not occur in a
controlled laboratory setting.
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 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
DESIGN
3. THE SUBJECTS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE RESEARCH

• The sample size or number of subjects in the study

• The method used to collect the data
• The researcher’s plan for communicating the findings

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
DESIGN
2. TIMING OF DATA COLLECTION

a. Prospective or Longitudinal studies – events that are

underway or expected to occur in the future.
b. Retrospective, ex post facto or historical studies – have
occurred in the past.
c. Cross-sectional studies – Those in which data collection is
strictly in the present time.

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 TYPES OF BASIC RESEARCH

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

QUALIATIVE METHOD
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 DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
• Most common method used in researches.
• used when the purpose of the study is to inquire
about the prevailing conditions of events, objects or
people.
• The method describes “what is” in relation to the
variables under consideration.

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 DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
1. It ascertains prevailing conditions of facts in a group or case study.
2. It gives either a quantitative or qualitative, or both, description of the general
characteristics of the group or case under study.
3. What caused the prevailing conditions is not emphasized.
4. The study of conditions at different periods of time may be made and the change
that took place between the periods may be evaluated for any value it gives.
5. Comparison of the characteristics of two groups may be made to determine their
similarities and differences.
6. The variables involved in the study are not usually controlled.
7. Studies on prevailing conditions may or can be repeated for purposes of
comparison and verification.

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 TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN

Exploratory Descriptive
Correlational
Descriptive Survey
Design
Design Design

Comparative Feasibility
Case study
Design Study

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 EXPLORATORY DESCRIPTIVE
DESIGN
• This provides an in-depth exploration of a single
process, variables, or concept.
• The word “exploratory” indicates that not much is
known
• means that a survey of the literature failed to reveal
any significant research in the area.

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 DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY DESIGN
• used when you intend to gather a relatively limited
data from a relatively large number of subjects.
• This is used to measure existing phenomenon without
inquiring into why it exists.

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 CORRELATION DESIGN
• studies the relationship of two or more variables.
• has a conceptual base and is looking for cause and
effect relationships in the results
• but can not specify the direction of the relationship
at the beginning of the study.

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 COMPARATIVE DESIGN
• examines and describes differences in variables in
two or more groups that occur naturally in the
setting.
• specifies cause and effect at the beginning of a
study and is based on a theoretical framework.

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 CASE STUDY
• extensive exploration of a single unit of study, such
as:
• Persons
• family groups
• communities or institutions
• very small number of subjects who are examined
intensively

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 FEASIBILITY STUDY
• study tries to determine the viability of an
undertaking or a business venture like establishing an
institution or constructing an infrastructure.

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 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
• central characteristic:
• manipulating the independent variable and
measuring the effect on the dependent variable.
• The classical experimental designs consist of the
experimental group and the control group.

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 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Experiment Group
• independent variable that can be manipulated
• while in the control group, the dependent variable is
measured when no alteration has been made on
the independent variable.

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 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Control Group
• The dependent variable is measured in the
experimental group the same way, and at the same
time, as in the control group.

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 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

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 MANIPULATION
• Means the researcher works on the independent
variables so that some of the subjects are affected.
• Some variables in the experiment may not be
manipulated.

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 CONTROL
• The researcher uses one or more measures to control
the experiment, including the use of an
unmanipulated control group that is compared with
an experimental group.

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 CONTROL
• Control is attained by:
• Allowing for no variables
• Specifying the variations to be allowed
• Distributing the variations equally

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 TYPE OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Pre- Experimental

True- Experimental

Quasi- experimental
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 PRE- EXPERIMENTAL
• One-Shot Case Study - involves one group that is
exposed to a treatment (x) and then post- tested
(o).
• None of the threats to validity that are relevant is
controlled.

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 PRE- EXPERIMENTAL
• One Group Pre-Test Post-Test Design – involves one
group that is pre-tested (o), exposed to a treatment
(x), and post-tested (o).
• Although it controls several sources of validity not
controlled by one-shot case study, a number of
additional factors are relevant to this are not
controlled.

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 TRUE EXPERIMENT

Pre-Test Post-Test Control Group Design

• involves at least two groups,
• both of which are formed by random assignment;
• both groups are administered a pre-test of the
dependent variable,
• one group receives a new or unusual treatment and
• both groups are post-tested.
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 TRUE EXPERIMENT

Post-Test Only Control Group Design

• same as the pre-test post-test control group design
except that there is no pre-test;
• subject are randomly assigned to groups,
• exposed to the independent variable and
• post-tested.

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 TRUE EXPERIMENT

Solomon Four-Group Design

• It involves random assignment of subjects to one of
the four groups.
• Two groups are post-tested and the other two are
not;
• one of the pre-tested groups and one of the unpre-
tested groups receive the experimental treatment.

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 QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL

Non-Equivalent Control Group Design

• like the pre-test post-test control group design;
• does not involve random assignment.
• The lack of random assignment adds a source of
invalidity not associated with the pre-test post-test
control group design

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 QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL

Time Series Analysis

• it is an elaboration of the one-group pre-test pos-test
design in which one group is:
• repeatedly pre-tested,
• exposed to a treatment, and
• Repeatedly post-tested.

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 QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL

Counter-Balance Design
• all groups receive all treatments but in a different
order.
• The only restriction is that the number of groups
equals the number of controlled

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 QUALITATIVE METHOD

Historical Method
• this method is past oriented
• objective is to interpret events in the light of the
present situation.

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 QUALITATIVE METHOD
Ethnographic Method
• defined as the environment or setting where the behavior occurs
(Hutchinson, 1906);
• as the larger domain of which a given phenomenon is a part (Wards, 1900);
• as immediately relevant aspects of a situation (Miles and Huberman, 1904);
• as lack of experience that incorporates thoughts, acts, and the past (Kuhms
and Martorana, 1902); and
• as a frame of reference that directly influences current decision-making
about specific issues (Weshmer and Carp, 1909).

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 QUALITATIVE METHOD

Phenomenological Method
• described as an approach in sociology that is based
on human character as the subject matter of the
discipline.
• It is also described as an interpretative, intuitive, and
dialectic approach.

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 THANK YOU

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