MATH 10 QUARTER 3 Week 8

Competency:
The learner finds the probability of (A∪B). (M10SP-IIIg-h-1)

Expectations

This module is designed to help you master the following skills:

• Differentiate Mutually Exclusive Events from Mutually Inclusive Events ;

• Determine if two events are Mutually Exclusive Events;

• Determine if two events are Mutually Inclusive Events;

• Determine the P ( A ∪ B ) when Events A and B are Mutually Exclusive Events and;

• Determine the P ( A ∪ B ) when Events A and B are Mutually Inclusive Events.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. differentiate mutually exclusive and inclusive events;

2. find the probability of mutually exclusive events;

3. find the probability of mutually inclusive events;

Pre-test
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A box contains 15 red balls, 15 green balls, 15 black balls, 3 silver balls and 2 gold balls.
What is the probability that a person would draw a silver or gold ball from the box?
1 3 1 3
a. 10
b. 1250
c. 6
d. 10
2. Which refers to two events that cannot occur at the same time?
a. Dependent Events
b. Joint Events
c. Mutually Exclusive Events
d. Non- Mutually Exclusive Events
3. What is the probability of randomly selecting a card from a standard 52 – card deck that is a
heart or an ace?
1 4 1 17
a. 13
b. 13
c. 4
d. 52
4. Which refers to two events that may occur at the same time?
a. Dependent Events
b. Disjoint Events
c. Mutually Exclusive Events
MATH 10 QUARTER 3 WEEK 8 P a g e 1|9
 d. Non- Mutually Exclusive Events
3 1 4
5. If P(A) = 10
, P(B) = 2, and P (A ∪ B) = 5, then Events A and B are mutually exclusive events.

a. True, since P (A ∪ B) is not equal to 0.

b. True, since P(A) + P(B) = P (A ∪ B)
c. False, since P (A ∪ B) is equal to 0
d. Cannot be determined, since P (A ∩ B) is not provided.

Looking Back at your Lesson

From your previous lesson, you have learned about the union of two events. By definition, if A and
B are events in a sample space U, then then union of events A and B, denoted as A ∪ B is defined as
: A ∪ B = {𝑒 ∈ 𝑈|𝑒 ∈ 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑒 ∈ 𝐵}. The illustration below shows

Illustration 1: Venn Diagram Illustrating A ∪ B

Introduction
Lesson 1 : Probability of Mutually Exclusive Events
Investigate:
In a party game you are asked to draw a card from a standard deck of cards, you win the
game if you are able to draw an ace or a king, what is the probability that you will win the
game?

1. First separate all the ace cards. How many ace cards were you able to separate?
2. If there are four aces in the ordinary deck of cards, what would be the probability of
getting an ace when drawing a card from the deck of cards?
3. Do the same for the king cards. How many king cards were you able to separate? What is
the probability of drawing a king card?
4. Let’s use a Venn diagram to illustrate the problem.
Illustration 2: Venn Diagram of Events drawing an Ace (A) or King (B)

MATH 10 QUARTER 3 WEEK 8 P a g e 2|9

 A B

5. Have you noticed that you cannot draw a card that is both an ace and a king?

From the activity, one can assume that drawing a card that is both a king and an ace is
impossible, therefore the two events cannot happen at the same time.

Mutually Exclusive Events:

When two events A and B cannot happen at the same time, it is said to be Mutually exclusive
events. Also P ( A ∩ B ) = 0.

Exploring the Formula

In getting the P(A U B) when P(A) and P(B) are mutually exclusive we follow the formula:

𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩)

Let us explore the formula.

1. 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) denotes the probability of the union of two events happening.

2. P(A) denotes the probability of event A to happen.

3. P(B) denotes the probability of event B to happen.

Let’s try the formula:

Example #1:

A box contains paper cut outs of different shapes. What is the probability of getting a square or
circle paper cut out if the box contains 10 squares, 14 rectangles, 4 triangles, and 7 circles paper
cut outs?

First, let’s determine all the information given in the problem;

There are:

10 square paper cut-outs

14 rectangle cut-outs

4 triangle cut-outs

7 circle cut-outs

In total, there are a total of 35 paper cut-outs.

Second, let’s determine and analyze what the problem is requiring us to do;
MATH 10 QUARTER 3 WEEK 8 P a g e 3|9
 The problem wants us to find the probability of drawing a square or a circle. Since the
conjunction used is “or” means that either getting a square or circle will satisfy the problem. One
can observe that drawing a square and drawing a circle cannot happen at the same time, therefore
we can safely say that the two events are Mutually Exclusive Events.

Let us now try to apply the formula;

Let drawing a square be event “A” and drawing a circle be event “B”.

Since there are 10 square cut-outs 7 circle cut-outs, therefore the probability of event A or
10 7
P(A) = 35
the probability of and event B or P(B) = 35
.

Let us now apply the formula:

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)

10 7
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 35
+ 35

17
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) =
35

17
Therefore, the probability of drawing a square or circle is 35
.

Example #2:

In a soccer match, the sports analyst predicted that there is a 20% probability that the first half of
the game will end with both teams having no score at all and 15% probability that only one team
will be able to score a single goal. What is the probability that both teams will not be able to score a
goal or only one will be able to score a goal at the end of the first half?

This problem is straight forward. You will notice that the probability is already given for both
events. In that case, you will only need to apply the formula:

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 20% + 15%

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 35%

Therefore, the probability of the first half ending without any team scoring or only one
tame scoring a goal is 35%.

Activities

Activity 1.1: The Card Game

In a separate piece of paper, find the probability of drawing a card in a standard deck of 52 cards
given the following conditions: (note: Express your answer in lowest form)
1. Diamond card or spade card
2. Face card or a number card lower than 5
3. Black card or a diamond card
4. Face card or an even number card
5. Jack or King
Activity 1.2: Words & Problems
In a separate piece of paper, solve each problem. (Use the 5-steps method in solving the problems)
1. In a box having 6 light switch, the probability of having a defective switch is 0.3 and the
probability of having no defective switch is 0.6. Find the probability that there is at most 1 defective
light witch in a box.

2. After considering numerous project proposals, the CEO of the company hinted that the
probability of him choosing the project proposed by his son is five times that of the probability of

MATH 10 QUARTER 3 WEEK 8 P a g e 4|9

choosing the project proposed by the head of the Research and Development (R&D). If the
probability that the CEO would choose either his son’s or the head of R&D is 0.18, what is the
probability that the CEO would choose his son’s proposal?

Lesson 2: Probability of Non-Mutually Exclusive Events

Investigate:
In a party game you are asked to draw a card from a standard deck of cards, you win the
game if you are able to draw a heart or a king, what is the probability that you will win the
game?

1. Separate all hearts card. How many heart cards were you able to get?

2. Separate all kings card. How many king cards were you able to get?

3. From the information that you were able to obtain, what is the probability

of getting a hearts card? King card? Heart or king card?

4. Let’s use Venn diagram to illustrate the problem.

5. Let us try to use the formula: 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵).

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)

13 4
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 52
+ 52

17
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 52

Is the answer correct? Let’s take a closer look at the process. There are 13 hearts
card (an ace, numbered cards from 2 – 10, and face cards Jack, Queen, and King), therefore,
13
the probability of drawing a hearts card is 52
. On the other hand, there are 4 king cards (the
king of diamonds, king of hearts, king of clubs, king of spades), then, the probability of
4
drawing a kings card is 52
. But we can notice that the king of hearts is a common card
between the two events. What does this implies? This only means that drawing a king of
hearts will happen in both events, these condition between the given events are called Non-
Mutually Exclusive events or Mutually Inclusive Events.

Mutually Inclusive Events:

When two events A and B can happen at the same time, it is said to be Non-mutually
exclusive events. Also P ( A ∪ B ) > 0.

MATH 10 QUARTER 3 WEEK 8 P a g e 5|9

Exploring the Formula
In getting the 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) when P(A) and P(B) are non - mutually exclusive we follow the formula:

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

Let us explore the formula.

1. 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) denotes the probability of the union of two events happening.

2. P(A) denotes the probability of event A to happen.

3. P(B) denotes the probability of event B to happen.

4. 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) denotes the intersection of the two events or the events happening at the same time.

Let’s Try the Formula:

Let’s go back to the problem, we have a deck of cards and in order to win the game, we need
to draw a hearts card or a king card. What are our chances of winning?

Let’s analyze:

Let us denote the event of drawing a hearts card and drawing a king card as event A and B
13
respectively. From the given information the probability of getting a hearts card is 52
or P (A)
13 4 4
= 52
. On the other hand the probability of getting a kings card is 52
or P(B) = 52
. The card
1
King of Hearts is the intersection of A and B, denoted as (A ∩ B) and P(A ∩ B) = 52
since there
is only one of that card in a deck. Substituting everything to the formula:

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

13 4 1
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 52
+ 52
− 52

16 4
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 52
𝑜𝑟 13

Let’s try another one:

A box contains 50 tickets numbered 1 – 50. If a ticket is drawn at random, what is the
probability that the number is a multiple of 6 or greater than 40?

Let’s analyze:

First, let’s list all multiples of 6 found from 1 – 50:

6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48

The total number of multiple of 6 is 8

8
If we denote that the event of drawing of a number that is a multiple of 6 is A, then P(A) =
50
4
or 25
.

Let’s list all numbers greater than 40 found from 1 – 50

41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50

The number of tickets whose number is greater than 40 is 10

10 1
If we denote that the event of drawing of a number greater than 40 is B, then P(B) = 50
or 5.

Between the two lists the common entries are 42 and 48. Those two numbers both satisfies
2 1
the two events, therefore those two are the intersection of the two events. Thus P(A U B) = 50
or 25
.

Applying the formula:

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

MATH 10 QUARTER 3 WEEK 8 P a g e 6|9

 4 1 1
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 25
+ 5
− 25

8
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 25

Therefore, the probability of drawing a ticket whose number is a multiple of 6 or greater than 40 is
8
25
.

Activities

Activity 2.1: The Card Game Part 2

Find the probability of drawing the card given the following conditions: (note: Express your answer
in lowest form)
1. Diamond card or an odd number card
2. Face card or Spade card
3. Black card or an Ace
4. Red card or a Face card
5. Black card or an even number card.

Activity 2.2: Tackle the Problems

In a separate piece of paper, solve each problem. (Use the 5-steps method in solving the
problems)

1. In a room with 28 people, there are 5 women wearing red and 7 wearing blue, and there
are 6 men wearing red and 10 men wearing purple. What is the probability of randomly
picking one person who is either wearing red or is a male?

2. A bag contains 26 balls with a letter written on each, one ball for each letter of the
alphabet. What is the probability that when you get a ball at random, the letter written on
the ball is either a vowel or one of the first five letters of the alphabet?

Remember

When two events, A and B, cannot happen at the same time, those events are said to
be Mutually Exclusive events.

The probability of the union of Mutually Exclusive events is given by the formula:

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)

On the other hand, when two events, A and B, can happen at the same time, those events are
said to be Non-Mutually Exclusive events.

The probability of the union of Non-Mutually Exclusive events is given by the

formula:

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

MATH 10 QUARTER 3 WEEK 8 P a g e 7|9

 Check your Understanding

A. In a separate piece of paper, find the probability of (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) given the following

conditions:

1. Events A and B are mutually exclusive, P(A) = 0.25 and P(B) = 0.15.
2. Events A and B are mutually inclusive, P(A) = 0.17, P(B) = 0.30, and P(A ∩ B) = 0.09.
3. Events A and B are mutually exclusive, P(A) = 13% and P(B) = 45%.
4. Events A and B are mutually inclusive, P(A) = 30%, P(B) = 23%, and P(A ∩ B) = 15%.
7 1
5. Events A and B are mutually exclusive, P(A) = and P(B) = . (in lowest term)
22 2
11 2 1
6. 4. Events A and B are mutually inclusive, P(A) = 25
, P(B) = 5, and P(A ∩ B) = 5.
B. In a separate piece of paper, determine if the events described are mutually
exclusive or inclusive then solve each problem. (Use the 5-steps method in solving the
problems)

1. A bag contains 26 balls with a letter written on each, one ball for each letter of the
alphabet. What is the probability that when you get a ball at random, the letter written on
the ball is either a vowel or one of the last five letters of the alphabet?

2. In a room with 28 people, there are 5 women wearing red and 7 wearing blue, and there
are 6 men wearing red and 10 men wearing purple. What is the probability of randomly
picking one person who is either wearing red or is a female?

7 1 3
3. Prove that if P( A ) = 50
, P(B)= 4
and P(A U B) = 10
, then A and B are inclusive events.

Post-test
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A box contains 15 red balls, 15 green balls, 15 black balls, 3 silver balls and 2 gold balls.
What is the probability that if a person would be able to draw at random a silver or gold ball
from the box?
1 3 1 3
a. 10
b. 1250
c. 6
d. 10
2. Which refers to two events that cannot occur at the same time?
a. Dependent Events
b. Joint Events
c. Mutually Exclusive Events
d. Mutually Inclusive Events
3. What is the probability of randomly selecting a card from a standard 52 – card deck that is a
heart or an ace?
1 4 1 17
a. 13
b. 13
c. 4
d. 52
4. Which refers to two events that may occur at the same time?
a. Dependent Events
b. Disjoint Events
c. Mutually Exclusive Events
d. Mutually Inclusive Events
3 1 4
5. If P(A) = 10
, P(B) = 2, and P (A ∪ B) = 5, then Events A and B are not mutually exclusive events.

a. True, since P (A ∪ B) is not equal to 0.

b. True, since P(A) + P(B) = P (A ∪ B)
c. False, since P (A ∪ B) is equal to 0
d. Cannot be determined, since P (A ∩ B) is not provided.
MATH 10 QUARTER 3 WEEK 8 P a g e 8|9
 MATHEMATICS 10
Quarter 3 Week 8
ANSWER
e.
f.
SHEET
Name: Math Teacher:
Section: Score:

MATH 10 QUARTER 3 WEEK 8 P a g e 9|9