Pal

ayanCi
tyNat
ionalHi
ghSchool

At
ate,
Pal
ayanCi
ty

Oxi
dat
ion-
Reduct
ionofPr
otot
ypeI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)

Cat
aly
ticConv
ert
erf
orEngi
neExhaust

BRAVO,
Cat
her
ineF.

BUDTAN,
Lii
l
aB.

FI
GUEROA,
NikkoAngel
oA.

TERSOL,
FrancesAl
l
yssaP.

Resear
cher
s

Ver
gieA.Nueda

Resear
chTeacher

i
 ABSTRACT

Vehi
clesar
egr
eatcont
ri
but
edl
argel
ytoai
rpol
l
uti
ongi
vi
ngadv
erseef
fecti
nthe

env
ironment
.Theaut
omobi
l
eengi
neexhausti
scomposedoft
oxi
candhazar
dous

gasesl
i
kecar
bonmonoxi
de(
CO)andhy
drocar
bon(
HC)
,tonameaf
ew.AsPUJengi
ne

ages,t
heconcent
rat
ionofgasesl
i
kewi
sei
ncr
eases.Theconcent
rat
ionofgasesi
nthe

engi
neex
haustal
soi
ncr
easesduet
oincompl
etecombust
ion.

As a r
esul
t,l
arge v
olumes oft
oxi
c and hazar
dous gases emi
tt
ed i
nthe

at
mospher
ecanpossi
blyaf
fectheal
th,t
hequal
i
tyofl
i
fe,andt
henat
uralf
unct
ioni
ngof

ecosy
stems.Thi
sst
udyai
mst
odesi
gn,f
abr
icat
eandev
aluat
etheef
fi
ciencyofa

Pr
otot
ypeI
ronoxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
ci
um car
bonat
e(CaCO3)Cat
aly
ticConv
ert
er.TheI
ron

oxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)ser
vedast
hecat
aly
stsi
nthechemi
cal

r
eact
ionof2CO +O2=2CO2;and2C6H6 +3O2 =12C +6H2O i
ntheconv
ert
er.I
ts

ef
fi
ciency i
s ev
aluat
ed t
hrough t
he r
educt
ion ofCO concent
rat
ion (
%)and HC

concent
rat
ion(
ppm)af
tert
heengi
neexhaustpassedt
hrought
hecat
aly
ticconv
ert
er

andanal
yzedusi
ngt
heNDI
Rgasanal
yzer
.

Fi
ndi
ngsr
eveal
edt
hatt
heI
ronoxi
de+Cal
cium car
bonat
ecat
aly
ticconv
ert
er

r
educed10% and24ppm ofCO andHC concent
rat
ionemi
ssi
on,r
espect
ivel
y.Thi
s

i
mpl
i
est
hatI
ronoxi
de+Cal
cium car
bonat
eser
vedasanef
fect
ivecat
aly
stdur
ing

oxi
dat
ion-
reduct
ionpr
ocessoccur
ri
ngi
ntheconv
ert
er.Ther
efor
e,t
hePr
otot
ypeI
ron

oxi
de+Cal
cium car
bonat
eCat
aly
ticConv
ert
ercanbeut
il
izedt
oef
fi
cient
lyr
educeCO

andHC concent
rat
ionemi
ssi
onsi
ntheat
mospher
e.Thi
sisanew dev
icet
hatcan

possi
blybecommer
cial
i
zedf
oruseandpossi
blemandat
oryi
nst
all
ati
oni
nPUJs.Thi
s

i
i
coul
d bedonei
nthef
utur
etor
educet
oxi
cand hazar
dousgasesemi
tt
ed i
nthe

env
ironment
.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Ther
esear
cherwoul
dli
ket
oexpr
esst
hei
rdeepestappr
eci
ati
ont
oSi
rFr
anci
sco

F.Baut
ist
a(school
pri
nci
pal
),f
orhi
sencour
agementt
ofi
nisht
hisf
iel
dwor
k;

ToMa’
am Gl
ori
aN.Li
sing,
ourHeadTeacherVISci
enceDepar
tment
,forut
most

suppor
tandf
orgui
dingt
hem t
hroughoutt
hei
rjour
ney

Tot
hedi
l
igentandami
abl
eresear
chadv
iser
,Ma’
am Ver
gieA.Nueda,
who

admoni
shedt
her
esear
cher
swhi
l
ewr
it
ingt
hei
rinv
est
igat
orypr
oject
;

Toourbel
ovedpar
ent
s,especi
all
ytoMr
.Genar
oTer
sol
fort
heunwav
eri
ng

suppor
tgi
vent
ousi
nthepr
ocessofmaki
ngt
hisst
udy
.

ToourAl
might
yGod,
forhi
sgui
dance,
lov
e,wi
sdom,
str
engt
handendl
ess

bl
essi
ngst
hathav
egi
vent
ous,
andf
orwhom Ibel
i
evegr
eat
lyhel
pedi
nourst
udy
.

Si
ncer
ethankst
oev
ery
one,

i
i
i
 Tabl
eofCont
ent
s

Ti
tl
epage ………………………………………………………….
.………………….
……… i

Abst
ract .
…………………………………………….
.………….
.…………………………….
ii

Acknowl
edgement………………………………………………….
.……………………….
..
ii
i

Tabl
eofcont
ent
s ………………………………………………….
.…….
…….
.….
.……….i
v

Li
stofFi
gur
es ……………………………………………………………………….
…….
.….
vi

Li
stofTabl
es………………………………………………………………….
..
…………….v
ii

Resear
chPl
an/Pr
ojectSummar
y….
..
…………………………………………….
….…….
.vi
ii

Def
ini
ti
onoft
erms………………………………………………………………….
……….
.….
xi

I
ntr
oduct
ion ……….
………………………………………………….
…….
……….
….………1

St
atementoft
hePr
obl
em ………………………………….
…….
.…….
…….
…….
..
2

Hy
pot
heses …………………………………….
……….
……….
..
……….
……3

Obj
ect
ivesoft
heSt
udy .
.…………………………………….
..
.…….
..
.…….
.….
..
..
.3

Si
gni
fi
canceoft
heSt
udy .
.…………………………………….
..
…….
..
..
.………….
4

ScopeandLi
mit
ati
on ……………………………….
.……….
.…….
…..
………4

i
v
Mat
eri
alsandMet
hods…………………………………………………….
..
..
.…….
.….
.…….
..
.5

A.Gat
her
ingt
heMat
eri
als ……………………….
.…….
.…………………….
5

B.Assembl
ingandConnect
ingal
lPar
ts ……………………………….
..
..
..
…..
..
..
6

C.Fi
nishi
ngt
heDev
ice …………….
……………….
..
..
..
.……….
..
..
..
8

D.Test
ingt
heDev
ice ………………………………………….
.….
..
.…….
..
.9

Fl
owchar
tPr
ocedur
e……………………………….
.…….
…………………….
.….
…….
..
..
..
10

Resul
tandDi
scussi
on……………………………………………………………….
.……….11

Concl
usi
onandRecommendat
ion…………………………………………………….
..
…….
.15

Bi
bli
ogr
aphy
…………………………………………………….
.……………….
.………….
..
16

Appendi
ces…………………………………………………………………….
.….
……………18

Appendi
xA………………………………………………………………………………18

Appendi
xB………………………………………………………………………………19

v
 LI
STOFFI
GURES

Fi
gur
e1:Shapi
ngt
heGal
vani
zedSheet
……………………………………………………….
.6

Fi
gur
e2:Measur
ingt
heDi
amet
er…………………………………………………….
……….
.6

Fi
gur
e3:Put
ti
ngi
tint
oaTi
ghtPosi
ti
on…………………………………………,
,
,,
,,
……….
6

Fi
gur
e4:Dr
il
li
ngt
heGal
vani
zedSheet
………………………………………….
.…,
,
,,
,,
…….
6

Fi
gur
e5:Put
ti
ngsomeRi
vet
sScr
ewt
omakei
tTi
edUp…………………………,
,
,,
,………6

Fi
gur
e6:Maki
ngHol
esi
ntheCan………………………………………………,
,
……………6

Fi
gur
e7:At
tachi
ngt
heI
nletTube………………………………………………….
..
…………7

Fi
gur
e8:At
tachi
ngt
heOut
letTube…………………………………………………,
……….
.7

Fi
gur
e9:Measur
ingt
heCal
cium Car
bonat
e……………………………………….
.……….
..
7

Fi
gur
e10:Measur
ingt
heI
ronOxi
de………………………………………………………….
.7

Fi
gur
e11:Mi
xingt
heI
ronOxi
deandCal
cium Car
bonat
e…………………………,
,
,…….
.7

Fi
gure 12: Mixed Fe2O3 and
CaCO3.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.7

Fi
gur
e13:Spr
eadi
ngt
heChemi
cal
s…….
.…………………………….
..
…………………….
.7

Fi
gur
e14:Ref
ini
ngt
heDev
ice………………………………………………………………….
.8

Fi
gur
e15:Pai
nti
ngt
heDev
ice………………………………………………………………….
.8

Fi
gur
e16:Pr
otot
ypeI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)
……………….
8

Fi
gur
e17:Test
ingt
heDev
ice……………………………………………….
.………….
……….
9

v
i
 LI
STOFTABLES

Tabl
e1:TheConcent
rat
ionoft
heCOi
nDi
ff
erentTr
ial
sUsi
ngI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+

Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)Pr
otot
ypeaf
terNDI
Rgasanal
yzer
.

Tabl
e2:TheConcent
rat
ionoft
heHCi
nDi
ff
erentTr
ial
sUsi
ngI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+

Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)Pr
otot
ypeaf
terNDI
Rgasanal
yzer
.

v
ii
 RESEARCHPLAN/PROJECTSUMMARY

PRODUCTI
ONOFPROTOTYPEI
RON(
II
I)
OXI
DE(
FE2O3)
+CALCI
UM CARBONATE(
CACO3)
CATALYTI
CCONVERTERFORENGI
NEEXHAUST

A.Rat
ional
e

Engi
neexhaustf
umesi
soneoft
hemostsour
ceofai
rpol
l
uti
on,
whi
chhappent
o

r
eleasehi
ghamountofhazar
dousgasest
hatcanbehar
mful
ift
oomuchofi
tar
e

r
eleasedi
nthev
ehi
cleexhaust
.Ther
esear
cher
sconductt
hisst
udyt
oreducet
he

hazar
dousgasesi
nourenv
ironmentcomi
ngf
rom t
hev
ehi
cleexhaust
.Ital
soai
mst
o

i
nnov
ateasi
mpl
e,usef
ulandcheapengi
neexhaustt
hathasacheapmat
eri
alsandnot

t
oxi
c.

B.Hy
pot
heses/Resear
chQuest
ion/Goal
s/Expect
edOut
comes

B1.Hy
pot
heses

Ha:Ther
eisasi
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erencebet
weent
heconcent
rat
ionofCO(
%)andHC

(
ppm)af
tert
heengi
neexhaustpassedt
hrought
heI
ronoxi
de(
Fe2O5)
+Cal
cium

car
bonat
e(CaCO3)
cat
aly
ticconv
ert
erandanal
yzedusi
ngt
heNDI
Rgasanal
yzer
.

Ho:Ther
eisnosi
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erencebet
weent
heconcent
rat
ionofCO(
%)and

HC (
ppm)af
tert
heengi
neexhaustpassed t
hrought
heI
ron oxi
de(
Fe2O5)
+

Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)
cat
aly
ticconv
ert
erandanal
yzedusi
ngt
heNDI
Rgas

anal
yzer
.

Ha:Ther
eis a si
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erence bet
ween t
he Pr
otot
ype I
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de
v
ii
i
 (
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)Cat
aly
ticConv
ert
eroncommer
cial
l
yand

expensi
vemadedev
icei
nter
msoft
heconcent
rat
ionofCO(
%)andHC(
ppm)i
t

wi
l
llessen.

Ho: Ther
eis no si
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erence bet
ween t
he Pr
otot
ype I
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de

(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)Cat
aly
ticConv
ert
eroncommer
cial
l
yand

expensi
vemadedev
icei
nter
msoft
heconcent
rat
ionofCO(
%)andHC(
ppm)i
t

wi
l
llessen.

B2.Resear
chQuest
ions

Thi
sst
udyai
mtopr
oducePr
otot
ypeI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e

(
CaCO3)Cat
aly
ticConv
ert
erf
orEngi
neExhaust
.

Speci
fi
cal
l
y,t
hisst
udywi
l
lseekanswert
othef
oll
owi
ngquest
ions:

1.
Ist
her
easi
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erencebet
weent
heconcent
rat
ionofCO(
%)andHC(
ppm)

af
tert
heengi
neexhaustpassedt
hrought
heI
ronoxi
de(
Fe2O5)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e

(
CaCO3)
cat
aly
ticconv
ert
erandanal
yzedusi
ngt
heNDI
Rgasanal
yzer
?

2.I
sther
easi
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erencebet
weent
hePr
otot
ypeI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium

car
bonat
e(CaCO3)Cat
aly
ticConv
ert
eroncommer
cial
l
yandexpensi
vemadedev
icei
n

t
ermsoft
heconcent
rat
ionofCO(
%)andHC(
ppm)i
twi
l
llessen?

B3.Engi
neer
inggoal
s

Ther
esear
cherconduct
edt
hisst
udyi
nor
dert
ohel
ptheenv
ironmentr
aise

awar
enessi
nreduci
nghazar
dousgasesandt
odev
elopaconv
eni
entandcheapengi
ne

exhaustt
hathasasaf
eandendpr
oduct
.

i
x
B4.Expect
edOut
comes

Ther
esear
cher
sexpect
edt
hatt
hei
rst
udywi
l
lbesuccessf
ulandt
hei
r

pr
oductcanbemor
eaf
for
dabl
e,bet
terandcanr
educehazar
dousgasest
hatt
he

v
ehi
clesr
eleases.

C.Met
hodol
ogy

A.Mat
eri
als

Themat
eri
alst
hatar
eneededar
ethef
oll
owi
ng:Cal
cium Car
bonat
e,I
ronOxi
de,Gauze

Bandage,
Smal
lcan,
Gal
vani
zedsheet
,Met
alt
ube,
Riv
ets,
Scr
ews,
andGal
vani
zedi
ronr
ing.

B.Met
hods

a.Gat
her
ingt
heMat
eri
als

Thecal
cium car
bonat
eandi
ronoxi
dewi
l
lbeboughti
nchemi
cal
’
sst
ores

orcan beboughtt
hrough onl
i
neshoppi
ng,t
heot
hermat
eri
alscan beboughti
n

har
dwar
eshopsandt
heot
her
sar
erecy
clabl
eandcanbeseenany
wher
e.

Const
b. ruct
ion of t
he Pr
otot
ype I
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)

Cat
aly
tic

Thepr
otot
ypei
smadeofusedanddi
ff
erentsi
zesofgal
vani
zedsheet
,

met
alt
ubesandcanf
ort
hemai
nbodypar
tandcasi
ng/
chamber
.

c.Fi
nishi
ngt
heDev
ice

Remov
ingr
oughandext
rawel
dingmet
alsandpai
nti
ngt
hedev
ice.

x
d.Test
ingt
heDev
ice

A NDI
Rgasanal
yzerwasusedt
odet
ermi
net
heconcent
rat
ionoft
hecar
bon

di
oxi
de(
%)andhy
drocar
bon(
ppm)
.AMot
orcy
clehasbeenused.Theconcent
rat
ionof

COandhy
drocar
bonwi
thoutt
hepr
otot
ypewasmeasur
ed.Theconcent
rat
ionofCOand

HC wi
tht
hepr
otot
ypewasal
so measur
ed.Dat
awer
ecol
l
ect
ed and r
esul
tswer
e

compar
edandst
ati
sti
cal
l
ycomput
ed.

Def
ini
ti
onOfTer
ms

Oxi
dat
ion-
Reduct
ion-
isanychemi
cal
react
ioni
nwhi
cht
heoxi
dat
ionnumberofa

mol
ecul
e,at
om ori
onchangesbygai
ningorl
osi
nganel
ect
ron.

Pr
otot
ype-ar
epl
i
caofapr
oductasi
twi
l
lbemanuf
act
ured,
whi
chmayi
ncl
udesuch

det
ail
sascol
or,
graphi
cs,
packagi
ngandi
nst
ruct
ions.

Cat
aly
tic-r
elat
ingt
oori
nvol
vi
ngt
heact
ionofacat
aly
sts

Cat
aly
sts-asubst
ancet
hatcausesachemi
cal
react
iont
ohappenmor
equi
ckl
y.

xi
 I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Theexhaustsy
stem oft
hecari
sver
yimpor
tanti
ndi
ssi
pat
inggasest
hatar
e

cr
eat
edbyt
heengi
ne’
soper
ati
on.Thesegasesar
epot
ent
ial
l
yhar
mfult
ocaroccupant
s

andt
heenv
ironment
.Ifnotdeal
tpr
oper
ly.Tounder
standhow t
heexhaustsy
stem

wor
ks,onemustbeawar
eoft
hei
ndi
vi
dualcomponent
sthatmakeupt
hesy
stem asa

whol
e.

Theai
rpumpf
orcescompr
essedai
rint
otheexhaustmani
fol
d.Theoxy
geni
n

t
hisai
rai
dsi
nbur
ninganyoft
heunbur
nedf
uelandt
husconv
ert
inghar
mfulcar
bon

monoxi
dei
ntocar
bondi
oxi
de.Abel
tconnect
edt
otheengi
nedr
ivest
heai
rpump.

Thepr
oduct
soft
hecompl
etecombust
ionofhy
drocar
bonsoroxy
gender
ivat
ives

ofhy
drocar
bonsar
ecar
bondi
oxi
deandwat
er,
ist
ypi
caloft
hecompl
etecombust
ionof

hy
drocar
bon,whi
char
ethemaj
orconst
it
uent
sofgasol
i
ne.Unf
ort
unat
ely
,ev
eni
nthe

bestt
unedi
nter
nal
combust
ionengi
nes,
combust
ionofgasol
i
nei
snev
ercompl
ete.

TheCombust
ionPr
ocess

Gasol
i
neand Di
eself
uel
sar
emi
xtur
esofhy
drocar
bons,compounds,whi
ch

cont
ainhy
drogenandcar
bonat
oms.Hy
drocar
bonsar
ebur
nedbycombi
ningt
hem wi
th

oxy
gen.Ni
tr
ogenandsul
furat
omsar
eal
sopr
esentandar
ecombi
nedwi
thoxy
gent
o

pr
oducegases.Aut
omot
iveengi
nesemi
tsev
eral
typesofpol
l
utant
s.

Ther
ecentecol
ogi
calpr
obl
em i
sther
api
ddest
ruct
ionoft
heozonel
ayer
.Thi
s

pr
obl
em hadgai
nedi
tspopul
ari
tywhenpeopl
est
art
edt
oinv
est
igat
etheat
mospher
e

l
ayer
.Lot
sofr
esear
cheshaddonet
oknowt
hepr
oper
ti
esoft
heozonel
ayerandt
her
e

1
wasonet
hingi
ncommonaboutt
hest
udi
esandt
hatwast
hecause.Forel
ement
ary

pupi
l
stheyar
enow awar
ethatCO2 emi
ssi
oncanr
api
dlycauset
het
hinni
ngoft
he

pr
otect
ivel
ayer
.Theycanal
soenumer
ateahar
mfulofsomeoft
hecont
ri
but
ingf
act
ors

ofCO2 t
othe env
ironmentand we cannotr
elyon t
he conv
ent
ionalant
i-
pol
l
uti
on

becauseoft
hewast
ebyt
heendpr
oduct
sandr
eact
ions.

Wi
thsomuchconcer
nofsav
ingt
heat
mospher
e,t
her
esear
cherhav
ecomeup

wi
thapr
ojectofr
ecy
cli
ngt
hecar
bondi
oxi
de,car
bonmonoxi
de,ni
tr
ogendi
oxi
deand

sul
furdi
oxi
deemi
ssi
onf
rom v
ehi
clesexhausti
ntot
hei
rpr
eci
pit
atedf
orml
i
kesodi
um

bi
car
bonat
e.Thepr
ojectent
it
led“
Oxi
dat
ion-
Reduct
ionofPr
otot
ypeI
ronoxi
de(
Fe2O3)+

Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)Cat
aly
ticConv
ert
erf
orEngi
neExhaust
”

St
atementoft
hePr
obl
em

1.Whati
stheCO concent
rat
ion(
%)andHC concent
rat
ion(
ppm)af
tert
he

engi
neexhaustpassedt
hrought
heI
ronoxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e

(
CaCO3)cat
aly
ticconv
ert
erandanal
yzedusi
ngt
heNDI
Rgasanal
yzer
?

2.I
sther
e a si
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erence i
nthe CO concent
rat
ion (
%)and HC

concent
rat
ion(
ppm)af
tert
heengi
neexhaustpassedt
hrought
heI
ronoxi
de

(
Fe2O3)+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)cat
aly
ticconv
ert
erandanal
yzedusi
ng

t
heNDI
Rgasanal
yzer
?

2
Hy
pot
heses

Ha:Ther
eisCOconcent
rat
ion(
%)andHCconcent
rat
ion(
ppm)af
tert
heengi
ne

exhaustpassedt
hrought
heI
ronoxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)

cat
aly
ticconv
ert
erandanal
yzedusi
ngt
heNDI
Rgasanal
yzer
.

Ho:Ther
eis no si
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erence i
nthe CO concent
rat
ion (
%)and HC

concent
rat
ion(
ppm)af
tert
heengi
neexhaustpassedt
hrought
heI
ronoxi
de

(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)cat
aly
ticconv
ert
erandanal
yzedusi
ngt
he

NDI
Rgasanal
yzer
.

Ha:Ther
eisasi
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erencebet
weent
heconcent
rat
ionofCO(
%)andHC

(
ppm)af
tert
heengi
neexhaustpassedt
hrought
heI
ronoxi
de(
Fe2O5)
+Cal
cium

car
bonat
e(CaCO3)
cat
aly
ticconv
ert
erandanal
yzedusi
ngt
heNDI
Rgasanal
yzer
.

Ho:Ther
eisnosi
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erencebet
weent
heconcent
rat
ionofCO(
%)and

HC (
ppm)af
tert
heengi
neexhaustpassedt
hrought
heI
ronoxi
de(
Fe2O5)
+

Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)
cat
aly
ticconv
ert
erandanal
yzedusi
ngt
heNDI
Rgas

anal
yzer
.

Obj
ect
ivesoft
heSt
udy

1)Todet
ermi
net
heCOconcent
rat
ion(
%)andHCconcent
rat
ion(
ppm)af
tert
he

3
 engi
neexhaustpassedt
hrought
heI
ronoxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e

(
CaCO3)cat
aly
ticconv
ert
erandanal
yzedusi
ngt
heNDI
Rgasanal
yzer
.

2)Todet
ermi
net
hesi
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erencei
ntheCOconcent
rat
ion(
%)andHC

concent
rat
ion(
ppm)af
tert
heengi
neexhaustpassedt
hrought
heI
ronoxi
de

(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)cat
aly
ticconv
ert
erandanal
yzedusi
ng

t
heNDI
Rgasanal
yzer

Si
gni
fi
canceoft
heSt
udy

TheOxi
dat
ion-
Reduct
ionofPr
otot
ypeI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e

(
CaCO3)Cat
aly
ticConv
ert
erf
orEngi
neExhausti
sdesi
gnedt
oreduceCOandHC.Thi
s

pr
ojecti
sfort
hebet
tersol
uti
onf
oref
fect
iveandef
fi
cientt
oreduceCOandHCgases

pol
l
uti
onf
rom carexhaust
.

Thedev
icei
snotonl
yappl
i
cabl
etocar
bonmonoxi
de,hy
drocar
bon,butal
sot
o

ot
hergases.Car
bon,sul
furorni
tr
ogenandot
hergaseswhencombi
nedwi
thwat
er

behav
einsi
mil
arway
.Agai
nitpr
esent
saconcr
etechemi
calchangeoft
hegases

t
hroughaser
iesofchemi
cal
react
ions.

Thi
spr
oject
/inv
ent
ioni
sal
sousef
ulf
orf
act
ori
es,househol
dexhaust
,gar
bage

i
nci
ner
ator
s,powerpl
antexhaustandot
heri
ndust
ri
alpl
ant
sexhaust
,si
ncet
hisdev
ice

usesl
ocal
,andcheapmat
eri
alsandnott
oxi
c.

ScopeandLi
mit
ati
on

Sev
erall
i
mit
s wer
e met by t
he r
esear
cher
s dur
ing t
he conduct
ion of

exper
iment
/test
ingt
hedev
ice.Thel
ackofsuppl
i
esandot
hermat
eri
alst
obeused

4
r
esul
tedi
nthemi
nimum accumul
ati
onofgasest
hatar
ecol
l
ect
ed.Howev
er,
thepr
oject

consi
der
edaspr
otot
ype,t
her
eisev
idencet
hatt
hisdev
icet
urnt
obebi
gindust
ri
al

appar
atusandst
il
loni
mpr
ovementanddev
elopmentst
age.

MATERI
ALSANDMETHODS

A.Mat
eri
als

Themat
eri
alst
hatar
eneededar
ethef
oll
owi
ng:Cal
cium Car
bonat
e,I
ronOxi
de,Gauze

Bandage,
Smal
lcan,
Gal
vani
zedsheet
,Met
alt
ube,
Riv
ets,
Scr
ews,
andGal
vani
zedi
ronr
ing.

Cal
cium Car
bonat
e I
ronOxi
de GauzeBandage

Smal
lcan Gal
vani
zedsheet Met
alt
ube

5
 Ri
vet
s
Gal
vani
zedi
ronr
ing Scr
ews

B.Met
hods

A.Gat
her
ingt
heMat
eri
als

Thecal
cium car
bonat
eandi
ronoxi
dewi
l
lbeboughti
nchemi
cal
’
sst
oresorcan

beboughtt
hroughonl
i
neshoppi
ng,t
heot
hermat
eri
alscanbeboughti
nhar
dwar
e

shopsandt
he

ot
her
sar
erecy
clabl
eandcanbeseenany
wher
e.

B.Const
ruct
ionoft
hePr
otot
ypeI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)

Cat
aly
tic

Conv
ert
erandPr
epar
ati
on

Thepr
otot
ypei
smadeofusedanddi
ff
erentsi
zesofgal
vani
zedsheet
,met
al

t
ubesandcanf
ort
hemai
nbodypar
tandcasi
ng/
chamber
.Theusedgal
vani
zedsheet

measur
ing12”
x16”wasf
itandwel
dedwi
thadi
amet
eroff
ivei
nches.

6
Fi
gur
e1:
Shapi
ngt
heGal
vani
zed Fi
gur
e2:
Measur
ingt
he Fi
gur
e3:
Put
ti
ngi
tint
oat
ight

Thegal
vani
zedsheetwasdr
il
ledwi
thf
ourhol
esi
nonesi
deandwasl
ockedwi
thr
ivet
s

t
omakei
tti
edup.

Fi
gur
e4:
Dri
l
li
ngt
heGal
vani
zed Fi
gur
e5:
Put
ti
ngsomer
ivet
sscr
ewt
omakei
t

Per
for
atedmedi
um-
sizecan,wer
ewel
dedi
noneend.Thi
swast
hemai
nbodyoft
he

cont
ainer
.

Fi
gur
e6:
Maki
ngHol
esi
nthe

At
tachi
ngt
hei
nletandt
heout
lett
ubeoft
hecont
ainer
.Thei
nletmeasur
ing3.
5”x2”
is

at
tachedi
ntheonesi
deoft
hemai
nbodyoft
hecont
ainerandt
heout
letwi
thameasur
e

of3.
5”x1”
isat
tachedi
ntheot
hersi
de

7
 Fi
gur
e7:
Att
achi
ngt
he Fi
gur
e8:
Att
achi
ngt
heOut
let

Thet
wochemi
cal
shav
ebeenmeasur
edwi
thameasur
ementofbot
h5gr
ams.

Fi
gur
e9:
Measur
ingt
heCal
cium Fi
gur
e10:
Measur
ingt
heI
ronOxi
de

TheI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de (
Fe2O3)
+ Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)wasmi
xed and wer
e

spr
eadont
hegauzebandageandr
oll
edov
ert
heper
for
atedcan.

Fi
gur
e11: Mixi
ngtheI
ron Fi
gur
e12:
Mi xedFe2O3and Fi
gur
e13: Spr
eadingt
he
OxideandCalci
um CaCO3 Chemical
s

C.Fi
nishi
ngt
heDev
ice

Remov
ingr
oughandext
rawel
dingmet
alsandpai
nti
ngt
hedev
ice.

8
 Fi
gur
e14:
Ref
ini
ngt
heDev
ice Fi
gur
e15:
Pai
nti
ngt
heDev
ice

Fi
nishedPr
oduct
:

Fi
gur Pr
e16: ot
oty
peI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de
(
Fe2O3)
+Calcium car
bonate(CaCO3)
Thenewl
ydesi
gnedandrenovateddevicewit
hmechanical
l
yai
rfl
ow t
hrough

di
str
ibut
ionr
ingsi
stor
egul
atet
hef
lowandpr
essur
edsmoke,
wher
ether
egul
atedf
low

andpr
essur
edsmokei
sthemai
ncauseofdamageoft
heconv
ent
ionaldev
ice.Thi
s

desi
gn(
Airf
lowdi
str
ibut
ionRi
ngsNi
ckelPl
ated)andf
unct
ioni
stodi
str
ibut
eequal
l
ythe

smokei
ntot
her
eact
ant
schamber
/compar
tment
,thusassur
anceoff
ullr
eact
ionof

car
bonmonoxi
deandhy
drocar
bont
othecat
aly
stsusedsuchasNi
ckel
-Ti
n.

D.Test
ingt
heDev
ice

A NDI
Rgasanal
yzerwasusedt
odet
ermi
net
heconcent
rat
ionoft
hecar
bon

di
oxi
de(
%)andhy
drocar
bon(
ppm)
.AMot
orcy
clehasbeenused.Theconcent
rat
ionof

COandhy
drocar
bonwi
thoutt
hepr
otot
ypewasmeasur
ed.Theconcent
rat
ionofCOand

HC wi
tht
hepr
otot
ypewasal
so measur
ed.Dat
awer
ecol
l
ect
ed and r
esul
tswer
e

compar
edandst
ati
sti
cal
l
ycomput
ed.

9
 Fi
gur Test
e17: ingt
heDev
ice

Gat
her
ingMat
eri
als

Const
ruct
ionofthePrototypeI
ron
Oxi
deandCalcium Carbonat
e

Fi
nishi
ngt
heDev
ice
10
 Test
ingt
heDev
ice

Resear
chDesi
gn

RESULTSANDDI
SCUSSI
ONS

Aut
omobi
l
esgr
eatcont
ri
but
elar
gel
ytoai
rpol
l
uti
ongi
vi
ngadv
erseef
fecti
nthe

env
ironment
.Theaut
omobi
l
eengi
neexhausti
scomposedoft
oxi
candhazar
dous

gasesl
i
kecar
bonmonoxi
de(
CO)andhy
drocar
bon(
HC)
,tonameaf
ew.AsPUJengi
ne

ages,t
heconcent
rat
ionofgasesl
i
kewi
sei
ncr
eases.Theconcent
rat
ionofgasesi
nthe

engi
neex
haustal
soi
ncr
easesduet
oincompl
etecombust
ion.

As a r
esul
t,l
arge v
olumes oft
oxi
c and hazar
dous gases emi
tt
ed i
nthe

at
mospher
ecanpossi
blyaf
fectheal
th,t
hequal
i
tyofl
i
fe,andt
henat
uralf
unct
ioni
ngof

ecosy
stems.Thi
sst
udyai
mst
odesi
gn,f
abr
icat
eandev
aluat
etheef
fi
ciencyofa

Pr
otot
ypeI
ronoxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)Cat
aly
ticConv
ert
er.TheI
ron

oxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)ser
vedast
hecat
aly
stsi
nthechemi
cal

r
eact
ionof2CO +O2=2CO2;and2C6H6 +3O2 =12C +6H2O i
ntheconv
ert
er.I
ts

11
ef
fi
ciency i
s ev
aluat
ed t
hrough t
he r
educt
ion ofCO concent
rat
ion (
%)and HC

concent
rat
ion(
ppm)af
tert
heengi
neexhaustpassedt
hrought
hecat
aly
ticconv
ert
er

andanal
yzedusi
ngt
heNDI
Rgasanal
yzer
.Fi
ndi
ngsr
eveal
edt
hatt
heI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de+

Cal
cium car
bonat
e cat
aly
tic conv
ert
err
educed 10% and 24ppm ofCO and HC

concent
rat
ion emi
ssi
on,r
espect
ivel
y.Thi
simpl
i
es t
hat I
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de + Cal
cium

car
bonat
eser
vedasanef
fect
ivecat
aly
stdur
ingoxi
dat
ion-
reduct
ionpr
ocessoccur
ri
ng

i
ntheconv
ert
er.Ther
efor
e,t
hePr
otot
ypeI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de+Cal
cium car
bonat
ecat
aly
tic

conv
ert
ercanbeut
il
izedt
oef
fi
cient
lyr
educeCOandHCconcent
rat
ionemi
ssi
onsi
nthe

at
mospher
e.Thi
sisanew dev
icet
hatcanpossi
blybecommer
cial
i
zedf
oruseand

possi
blemandat
oryi
nst
all
ati
oni
nPUJs.Thi
scoul
dbedonei
nthef
utur
etor
educet
oxi
c

andhazar
dousgasesemi
tt
edi
ntheenv
ironment
.

Tabl
e1.TheConcent
rat
ionoft
heCO i
nDi
ff
erentTr
ial
sUsi
ngI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de

(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)Pr
otot
ypeaf
terNDI
Rgasanal
yzer
.

No.ofTr
ial
s Concent
rat
ionoft
heCO(
%) Di
ff
erencebet
ween

Wi
thoutPr
otot
ype Wi
thPr
otot
ype r
esul
ts

1 16 6 10(
%)

2 15 9 6(
%)

Tabl
e1showst
heconcent
rat
ionoft
heCOi
ndi
ff
erentt
ri
alsusi
ngConcent
rat
ion

oft
heHCi
nDi
ff
erentTr
ial
sUsi
ngI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)

Pr
otot
ype af
terNDI
R gas anal
yzer
.Resul
ts showed t
hatt
he I
ron oxi
de (
Fe2O3)
+

Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)pr
otot
ypecanr
educet
heconcent
rat
ionofcar
bondi
oxi
de

12
r
angi
ngf
rom 6% t
o10% atdi
ff
erentt
ri
als.Whi
l
e,t
hecont
rolwi
thoutpr
otot
ype,t
he

concent
rat
ionsofCO r
angi
ngf
rom 15% t
o16%,whi
char
enotal
l
owabl
eint
heset

st
andar
dbyt
heEnv
ironment
alManagementBur
eau(
EMB-
DENR)

Tabl
e2.TheConcent
rat
ionoft
heHCi
nDi
ff
erentTr
ial
sUsi
ngI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+

Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)Pr
otot
ypeaf
terNDI
Rgasanal
yzer
.

No.ofTr
ial
s Concent
rat
ionoft
heHC(
ppm) Di
ff
erencebet
ween

Wi
thoutPr
otot
ype Wi
thPr
otot
ype r
esul
ts

1 179 155 24

2 188 179 9

Tabl
e2showst
heConcent
rat
ionoft
heHCi
nDi
ff
erentTr
ial
sUsi
ngI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de

(
Fe2O3)
+ Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)Pr
otot
ype af
terNDI
R gas anal
yzer
.Resul
ts

showedt
hatI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)Pr
otot
ypecanr
educe

t
heconcent
rat
ionofhy
drocar
bon,r
angi
ngf
rom 9ppm t
o24ppm atdi
ff
erentt
ri
als.For

t
hecont
rol
,wi
thoutpr
otot
ypeconcent
rat
ionsr
angi
ngf
rom 179ppm t
o188ppm and

hav
ingdi
ff
erencesofr
angi
ng9–24.

Gaseshav
ever
yhi
ghf
lui
dpr
oper
tyandt
hatt
her
esear
cher
scannotcont
rolt
he

l
argeamountofgasest
hatescapesdur
ingcombust
ion.Al
though,
thesi
mpl
emat
eri
als

usedi
ntheconst
ruct
ionoft
hesy
stem andi
mpr
ovi
ngt
hesmokeaccumul
ati
onchamber
,

13
wi
tht
hehel
pofsomeexper
tsbuti
tmadev
erywel
ltomi
nimi
zet
heescapeofgases

andhadal
sor
esul
tedi
nat
ri
alander
rormet
hodst
hatl
engt
henst
hef
inal
i
zingoft
he

pr
oject
.Af
tersev
eral
tri
alsmaki
ngt
hesy
stem i
smor
eaccur
ate.

Bymer
eobser
vat
ionoft
hel
i
mit
edsour
ces,t
her
esear
cher
shadconcl
uded

r
esul
ts;howev
er,t
he concl
usi
ons ar
e al
way
s gui
ded by wor
king pr
inci
ples and

equat
ions.

Technol
ogy
/Pr
inci
plesoft
heSt
udy
/Pr
oject
:

Usi
ng Cat
aly
st– A cat
aly
sti
sa subst
ance t
hati
ncr
easest
he speed ofa

chemi
calr
eact
ionwi
thouti
tsel
funder
goi
ng aper
manentchemi
calchange.I
nthi
s

pr
ojectwi
thI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de+Cal
cium car
bonat
eascat
aly
sti
sthoughtt
oinf
luencet
he

speedofchemi
cal
react
ionbyabsor
pti
onasshownonequat
ionbel
ow:

I
ronoxi
deandCal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)

2CO +O2 2CO2

Theoxi
dat
ionofcar
bonmonoxi
det
o car
bon di
oxi
deon aI
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de i
s

anot
hercasei
nwhi
chacat
aly
sti
ncr
easest
hespeedofar
eact
ionbyabsor
pti
on,as

shownonequat
ionbel
ow:

I
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de 2CO +O2 2CO2

Tabl
e3.Dur
ati
onoft
hepr
otot
ypei
nthemot
orcy
cle.

Measur
ementof(
Cal
cium T1 T2 T3
Car
bonat
e+I
ronOxi
de)
10g 15mi
ns. 30mi
ns. 45mi
ns.

20g 30mi
ns. 45mi
ns. 1hr
.

30g 45mi
ns. 1hr
. 1hr
.&15mi
ns.

14
 CONCLUSI
ONSANDRECOMMENDATI
ONS

CONCLUSI
ONS

1.Base on t
he st
ati
sti
calanal
yses t
her
eis si
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erence i
nthe CO

concent
rat
ion(
%)andHCconcent
rat
ion(
ppm)af
tert
heengi
neexhaustpassed

t
hrought
heI
ronoxi
de(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)cat
aly
ticconv
ert
er

15
 andanal
yzedusi
ngt
heNDI
Rgasanal
yzer
.

2.Ther
e i
s a si
gni
fi
cant di
ff
erence bet
ween t
he Pr
otot
ype I
ron(
II
I)
oxi
de

(
Fe2O3)
+Cal
cium car
bonat
e(CaCO3)Cat
aly
ticConv
ert
eroncommer
cial
l
yand

expensi
vemadedev
icei
nter
msoft
heconcent
rat
ionofCO(
%)andHC(
ppm)i
t

wi
l
llessen.

RECOMMENDATI
ONS

Thef
oll
owi
ngr
ecommendat
ionswer
ebasedonsomeobser
vat
iont
hatoccur
red

dur
ingt
hewhol
epr
ocess.Thebi
ggerpr
otot
ypebodyf
orgast
rapi
sneededwhi
ch

woul
dhel
pint
heaccumul
ati
onofl
argeamountofgasemi
tt
ed.Mor
ecat
aly
stshoul
dbe

usedi
nor
dert
omaxi
mizesuf
fi
cientamountofcombust
edgases.Obser
veandr
ecor
d

t
het
imewhent
hesy
stem i
snecessar
ytodi
schar
geandcl
ean.

Ani
ntensi
veandt
hor
oughr
esear
chandexper
imentnotonl
yqual
i
tat
ivebutal
so

quant
it
ati
ve anal
yze t
he ot
her gases and chemi
cal
s pr
esent
. An i
mmedi
ate

i
mpl
ement
ati
onandappl
i
cat
ionoft
hispr
ojecti
srecommended.

BI
BLI
OGRAPHY

Cl
ement
e,Ar
mando,
Ph.
D.(
1965)Gener
alChemi
str
y,

Macar
aigPubl
i
shi
ngCompany
.Inc.Mani
l
a,Phi
l
ippi
nes.

DeNev
ers,
Noel
(1995)
,Ai
rPol
l
uti
onCont
rol

Engi
neer
ing,
Mc.Gr
awHi
l
l.I
nc.

16
Keenan,
Char
lesW.et
.al
,(1980)Gener
alCol
l
egeChemi
str
y,

Si
xthEdi
ti
on,
JMCPr
ess.I
nc.QuezonBl
vd.Ext
.Phi
l
s.

Mapa,
Amel
i
aPh.
D.et
.al
,(2001)Chemi
str
yText
bookSci
ence

AndTechnol
ogy
,Thi
rdy
ear
,SDPubl
i
cat
ionI
nc.p.262

Met
cal
fe,
Clar
ke,
(1970)Moder
nChemi
str
yMol
t,Ri
nehar
t

andWi
nst
on,
Inc.

Sci
ence&Technol
ogyDi
gest(
1997)“
Chemi
cal
&The

Env
ironment
”Chemi
str
yEdi
ti
on,TheSci
enceandTechnol
ogy
,Magazi
ne

ofSt
udent
’sDi
gestPubl
i
cat
ion,
Januar
y.

St
ern,
Art
hurC.(
1973)Fundament
alofAi
rPol
l
uti
on,

Academi
cPr
ess,
NewYor
k.

Weber
,Manni
ng,
et.
al,
(1977)Oceanogr
aphy
:Bi
ochemi
cal

St
udy
,Mc.Gr
awHi
l
l,BookCompany
,NewYor
k.

Nor
man,
M.Tr
ief
f,(
1981)Pol
l
uti
on,
Env
ironmentand

Heal
th,
AnnAr
ban,
Michi
ganSci
encePubl
i
shi
ngI
nc.

Dai
l
yInqui
rer(
1980)“
Heal
thandEnv
ironment
”

Env
ironment
alSect
ion,
Sept
ember

Sci
etech(
1987)“
WhatGoesUpMustComeDown”AMagazi
neon

Sci
ence&Technol
ogy
,DanePubl
i
shi
ngHouse,
Inc.Vol
VIno.4May
,p.11

Pi
nca,
RicM.(
1993)
,DAJNewsSer
vice,
Toxi
cFume,

Phi
l
ippi
neDai
l
yInqui
rer

PRI
MER:
TheMet
roMani
l
aAi
rQual
i
tyI
mpr
ovementSect
or

Dev
elopmentPr
ogr
am byt
heDENR

17
 Tur
k,Amos.et
.al
(1972)Ecol
ogy
,Pol
l
uti
on,
Env
ironment

W.
B.Saunder
sCompany
,Phi
l
adel
phi
a,U.
S.A.

(
www.
car
insur
ance.
com/
Art
icl
es/
cont
ent
164,
2006)
.

APPENDI
CES

Appendi
xA

COSTANALYSI
S

Mat
eri
als Pr
ice

GauzeBandage(
x2) 50

18
Cal
cium Car
bonat
e 40

I
ron(
II
I)
Oxi
de 85

Scr
ews(
x6) 15

Ri
vet
s(x15) 22.
5

Met
alTube 45

Gal
vani
zedSheet 45

TOTAL 302.
5

Appendi
xB

St
ati
sti
calAnal
ysi
s

19
20