Table of Contents

1. PART A...............................................................................................................................................2
1.1. Initial understanding of tasks...........................................................................................................2
1.2. Timeline and Work Breakdown Structure.......................................................................................2
1.3. Resources.........................................................................................................................................2
2. PART B...............................................................................................................................................3
2.1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................3
2.2. Description and Manual Calculation................................................................................................4
2.2.1. Question 1................................................................................................................................4
2.2.2. Question 2................................................................................................................................5
2.2.3. Question 3................................................................................................................................6
2.2.4. Question 4................................................................................................................................6
2.2.5. Question 5................................................................................................................................7
2.3. Discussion and conclusions.............................................................................................................8
2.4. References.......................................................................................................................................9

1
 1. PART A

1.1. Initial understanding of tasks

All the tasks are on hydraulics principles. In part B, apply the hydraulic principles to solve the
numerical problems in the real life situations. The basic objective is to understand the application
of hydraulic principles. In the first question, calculate the hydrostatic force. The force is due to
water pressure on the submerged bodies (i.e., gate). Next have to apply Bernoulli equation to
calculate discharge velocity at the end point E of the pipeline. Water flow through the pipeline.
At some point there is some drastic head reduction. Next there is a water jet striking the disk in
vertical plate. The resultant force is determined that prevent the plate from moving towards
horizontally. There is also a venture meter installed vertically. In this task, discharge and
pressure head have to be calculated. For the discharge of rainwater, there is a storm water
collection system with open channel. The velocity of water in the channel is to be determined.

1.2. Timeline and Work Breakdown Structure

1.3. Resources
2. Book: Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow (Second Edition)
3. Article: Hydraulics fluid mechanics
4. Journal: The principle and applications of Bernoulli equation

2
 2. PART B

2.1. Introduction
To distribute water to building users, all water supply systems require a combination of
pipes, valves, and outlets. Storage tanks and pumps are also used in some water supply systems.
Getting all of these components correct when designing a water supply system ensures that clean
water is given to the user at the right rate and temperature [3]. Piping systems are used to carry a
range of liquids for a variety of purposes. Because of the strong cohesive interactions between
the molecules, groupings of molecules can move relative to each other in a liquid, but the volume
remains essentially constant. As a result, in a gravitational field, a liquid takes the shape of the
container it is in and forms a free surface in a bigger container [5]. Water service for buildings to
complicated two-phase flow systems in industrial plants are examples of these uses. The design
of these systems necessitates taking into account a variety of specialties and accessories that will
be required to make the system work. The Bernoulli Equation can be thought of as a formulation
of the energy conservation principle for flowing fluids. The reduction of fluid pressure in
locations where the flow velocity is enhanced is the qualitative phenomenon that is commonly
characterized as the "Bernoulli effect." This reduction of pressure in a flow route constriction
may appear paradoxical at first, but it becomes less so when you regard pressure as energy
density. Kinetic energy must grow at the expense of pressure energy in the high-velocity flow
through the constriction [2]. We frequently meet three types of challenges while designing and
analyzing pipe systems that use the Moody chart: pressure flow, flow rate and pipe diameter.
Head loss is the conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy. The frictional resistance of the
pipe system causes head losses [4]. Moody-type friction loss determined for the length of pipe in
any pipe system. Most pipe systems are made up of more than just straight pipes. These other
components contribute to the system's overall head loss. Minor losses are commonly referred to
as such, with the inference that the majority of the system loss is due to friction in the straight
sections of the pipes, referred to as significant losses or local losses. This is true in many
circumstances. Minor losses are often greater than major losses in other instances [1].

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 2.2. Description and Manual Calculation
2.2.1. Question 1

(a) The force on the gate due to the water pressure

Y = 1000 x 9.81

A = 7.8 x 6 = 48.6

Hc = (12.5-6) + 6/2 = 9.5m

Fr = y A hc = 9.81 x 1000 x 48.6 x 9.5 = 4529.277 kN

(b) The distance between the centre of gate and location of force act.

−1 6
θ=tan =50.19
5

hc 9
yc = = =11.75 m
sin θ sin 50

I x , c=b d 3=5 x 7.83=2372.76

I x,c
Yr = + y c = 2372.76 +11.75=15.90 m
yc A 11.75 x 48.6

D = yr - y c = 15.90 – 11.75 = 4.15 m

4
 2.2.2. Question 2

a) Calculate the total head at water surface A.

Total head at the water surface is the sum of potential head (altitude), kinetic head (velocity
head) and the pressure head. As there is no pressure head and velocity head at water
surface A. So,
2
p v
Total head = +z+ = 17m
pg 2g

b) Apply Bernoulli’s equation to calculate the discharge velocity at E

As there are no major and minor losses

2
v
=17 m
2g

v 2=17 x 2 x g=17 x 2 x 9.8=333.2

V = √ 333.2=1 8.25 m/sec

c) What causes the drastic head reduction at C

Hydraulic gradient line, which represent the pizometric head at C. The pizometric head dropped
at zero.

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 2.2.3. Question 3

Determine the force needed to prevent the plate from moving horizontally due to the water
stream.

Using momentum equation

∑ F=∑ BmV −¿ ∑¿ BmV ¿

out

-Fr = Bm(0) – BmV1 = (1)(13)(23) = 299 N

2.2.4. Question 4

a) Calculate the discharge?

2
( π d 1 ) ( π 362)
For inlet, A1 = = = 1017.36 cm2
4 4

( π d 22) ( π 182)
For throat, A2 = = = 254.34 cm2
4 4

6
H = hm ( γm
γ ) (
−1 =29
13.6
0.9
−1 =409.2 )
Here, h mis the head of mercury, 13.6 is the special gravity of mercury and 0.9 is weight of the
liquid as given.

A 1 A 2 √ 2 gH 1017.36 X 254.34 √ 2 x 9.8 x 409.2

Q= = = 23524.74
√A 1
2 2
−¿ A 2 ¿ √ 1017.362−¿ 254.34 2 ¿
b) Determine the pressure head between inlet and throat?

P1 P2
- isthe difference between the pressure head
γ γ

P1 P
H = ( Z1+ ¿- ( Z2+ 2 ¿
γ γ

P2
409.2 = (Z1- Z2) + ¿ - ¿
γ

P2
409.2 = 0 – 36 + ¿ - ¿
γ

P2
409.2 + 36 = ¿ - ¿
γ

P1 P2
- = 445.2 cm
γ γ

2.2.5. Question 5

7
Qmac = 5m3/sec

Size of trapezoid =15m x 7.5m

Height Y = 7.5m

Base B = 15m

Cross sectional area of the flow

A = (15+2x7.5)7.5 = 225 m2

Velocity of water in a channel = Q / A

V = 5 / 225 = 0.02m/sec

Longitudinal slope

Flow depth D = A/T

Top width T = y + 2b = 7.5 + 15 x 2 = 37.5m

D = 225/37.5 = 6

S = D√ 1+n2= 6√ 1+0.0152= 6

2.3. Discussion and conclusions

The main objective of this report to understand the hydraulic principles theory and application in
the real life situations and identify the fluid problems encountered in practice. The first questions
is on hydrostatic force on the submerged bodies. The computation of the resultant hydrostatic
force for a submerged surface is more complicated because it often needs the integration of
pressure forces that change direction along the surface. Because of the complex shapes involved,
the pressure prism notion isn't much use in this scenario. In the second one, total head loses are
calculated. The total head losses along any streamline is H = v 2/2g + z + P/pg, v is local fluid
velocity, z is attitude and p is the pressure. In the third one, resultant force is calculated using
momentum equation. In the fourth one, discharge is calculated and pressure head between inlet
and throat. In the last one, the longitudinal slop, area, dimensions and velocity of water in the

8
channel is calculated. The channel was in trapezoid in shape. It is a storm water collection
system with open channel.

Question Data Formula Results

1. Y = 1000 x 9.81 F r = y A hc F = 4529.277 kN
A = 7.8 x 6 = 48.6 D = yr - y c
Hc = (12.5-6) + 6/2 = 9.5m hc
yc = D=4.15m
Tetha = 15.19 sin θ
Base = 5m I x,c
d = 7.8m Yr = + yc
yc A
2. Attitude = 9m + 8m p v2 H = 17m
Total head = +z+ V = 18.25m/sec
pg 2g
3. m = 13 kg/s Using momentum equation 299N
v = 23 ∑ F=∑ BmV −¿ ∑ BmV ¿ ¿
out
4. D1 = 36 A 1 A 2 √ 2 gH 23524.74
D2 = 18 Q=
h = 29 √A 2
−¿ A 2 ¿
1
2
P1 P2
P P - = 445.2 cm
H = ( Z1+ 1 ¿- ( Z2+ 2 ¿ γ γ
γ γ
5. Qmac = 5m3/sec S = D√ 1+n 2
S=6
Size = 15m x 7.5m Q V = 0.02
V= A = 225 m2
A
A = y(b+2y)

2.4. References
[1] Kudela, H., 2012. Hydraulic losses in pipes. Wroclas University of Science and.

[2] Nave, R. (2019). Pressure. [online] Gsu.edu.

[3] scholar.google.com. (n.d.). Google Scholar.

[4] Sciencedirect.com. (2014). Head Loss - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics.

[5] Hacışevki, H., Cengel, Y. and Cimbala, J. (2010). Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC
CONCEPTS Lecture slides by Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition.