Syllabus PE

PE 4063/6463
Well Completion
Dr. Evren Ozbayoglu

Lecture Hours: TTh : 2:00 – 3:15pm

Office Hours: TTh 3:30 – 6:00am (SH2265)

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Syllabus PE

• Well planning & construction basics

• Types of well completions
• Casing string design
• Well cementing design
• Skin concept
• Perforation
• Tubing design
• Sand control
• Completion fluids
• Hydraulic fracturing
• Acidizing fundamentals

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

1
 Syllabus PE

References
• “Well Completion and Servicing”, Denis Perrin, ISBN 2-7108-0765-3
• “Applied Drilling Engineering”, T. Bourgoyne et al., SPE 1986, ISBN 1-55563-
001-6
• “Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering”, R. Mitchell and S.Z. Miska, SPE 2011,
ISBN 978-1-55563-207-6
• “Petroleum Well Construction”, Edited by M. Economides et al., John Wiley
and Sons, 1998, ISBN 0-471-96938-9.
• “Well Design - Drilling and Production”, B.C. Craft et al. Prentice-Hall, 1962,
Catalog card number: GL-9949-95002-C.
• “Oil Well Stimulation”, R.S. Schechter, Prentice Hall, 1992, ISBN 0 13
949934-2
• “Advanced Well Completion Engineering”, W. Renpu, Elsevier GPP, 2011, ISBN
978-0-12-385868-9
• Technical papers related with the topics to be covered
PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Syllabus PE

• Home Assignments :5%

• Quizzes : 25 %
• Midterms : 30 %
• Final : 30 %
• Project Work : 10 %

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

2
 Grading PE

• A – 85.00 and above

• B – 75.00 – 84.99
• C – 65.00 – 74.99
• D – 55.00 – 64.99
• F – 54.99 and below

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Introduction PE

What is “well completion” ?

• Schlumberger oilfield glossary:
“The hardware used to optimize the production of
hydrocarbons from the well. This may range from
nothing but a packer on tubing above an openhole
completion ("barefoot" completion), to a system of
mechanical filtering elements outside of perforated
pipe, to a fully automated measurement and control
system that optimizes reservoir economics without
human intervention (an "intelligent" completion).”

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

3
 Introduction PE

What is “well completion” ?

• Schlumberger oilfield glossary:
“A generic term used to describe the assembly of
downhole tubulars and equipment required to enable
safe and efficient production from an oil or gas well.
The point at which the completion process begins
may depend on the type and design of well. However,
there are many options applied or actions performed
during the construction phase of a well that have
significant impact on the productivity of the well.”

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Well Completion
“frame” PE

• The “link” between drilling and production

phases
• Involves all of the operations designed to make
the well produce
connecting the borehole and the pay zone
treating the pay zone
equipping the well
putting it on stream and assessing it
 any workover jobs
• Completion begins with well positioning and ends
only at well abandonment
PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

4
 Well Completion
Performance of a Well PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Well Completion
Team Work PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

5
 Well Completion PE

• A completion system must provide a

means of oil or gas production (or
injection) which is
Safe
Efficient
Economic

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Cost of Well Completion

10,000 ft well PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

6
 Well Completion PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Well Planning PE

• In accordance with all relevant legislation

• In accordance with company standards
• Timely manner
• The relevant departments are involved in the
decision making process
• Necessary approvals obtained
• Sufficient resources in place
• Implementation is carried out in a safe,
efficient manner and that deviations are easily
identified
PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

7
 Well Completion
Design PE

• Success of each completion system is

based on the individual requirements of
each well
• Generic design or installation procedures
should be carefully reviewed
• Importance of completing a thorough
design and engineering process must be
stressed

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Well Construction
Design PE

• Principal phases of the general sequence for

completion design and installation
Establishing the objectives and design basis
Determining the optimum well performance
Establishing the conceptual completion designs
Reviewing the strategy for life of the well and field
Developing detailed completion design
Planning of associated components, and service
activities
Preparation of offsite and onsite
Installation
Evaluation
PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

8
 Well Completion
Stages PE

• Completion fluid is pumped into the well

• Logs are run
• Remedial cementing
• Perforating
• Well testing
• Treating the pay zone
• Equipment installation (packer, miscellaneous downhole equipment,
tubing, wellhead) plus artificial lift equipment
• Putting the well on stream and assessing performance
• Later operations: measurements, maintenance, workover and
abandonment
• Monitoring well behavior

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Well Completion
Significance of Optimization PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

9
 Well Planning
Documents and Signature Requirements PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Well Planning
Preplanning Phase PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

10
 Well Planning
Detailed Planning Phase PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Well Planning
Programming Phase PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

11
 Well Construction
Data Gathering PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Design Stage PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

12
 Design Stage PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Design Stage PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

13
 Design Stage PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Design Stage PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

14
 Design Stage PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Design Stage PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

15
 Design Stage PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Design Stage PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

16
 Design Stage PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

How Construction is
Designed PE

• Desicion on main purpose of the well

Exploration, development, production / injection, etc
• Design the best possible system to
Optimize productivity or injectivity performance
Optimize the implementation of an artificial lift
process
Optimize equipment lifetime
Make it possible to change some or all of the well's
equipment at a later date without too much difficulty
Minimize initial investment, operating costs and the
cost of any workover jobs
PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

17
 Well Construction PE

• animation

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

PE

REVIEW OF SOME BASIC

CONCEPTS

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

18
 Pressure Loss Distribution
During Production PE

• PRES is the initial or average pressure within that wellbore drainage area of the
reservoir
• DPRES is the pressure loss caused by the flow of fluid within the reservoir to the
wellbore
• DPBHC is the total pressure loss generated by the design of the fluid entry into the
wellbore, i.e., the bottom hole completion configuration
• DPVL is the vertical lift pressure loss caused by fluid flowing up the production
tubing string
• DPSURF is the pressure loss generated in exiting the Xmas tree and surface
flowlines
• DPCHOKE is the pressure loss across the choke
• PSEP is the required operating pressure for the separator

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Pressure Loss Distribution

During Production PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

19
 Well System Analysis PE

• The objectives of system analysis

Optimize the completion system to the
reservoir deliverability
Identify restrictions or the limiting
factors of production
Identify means of increasing the
production efficiency

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Nodal Analysis PE

• Nodal analysis (into – out of a node)

 Pressure into the node is equal to the pressure out of the node
 Flowrate into the node is equal to the flowrate out of the node

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

20
 Nodal Analysis PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Nodal Analysis PE

• Nodes can be selected on completion and

performance components such as
Inflow ability
Perforations
Restrictions
Safety valves
Surface chokes
Tubing size
Flow line size
Separator or header pressures
PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

21
 System Analysis PE

• Only a few parameters can be effectively

changed to enhance the performance of most
well systems
Tubing or flowline
Wellhead or separator pressure (compression)
Choke or restriction size
Perforation density (shots per foot)
Perforation geometry (length and diameter)
Perforated interval length
Skin (stimulation)
Artificial lift

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Inflow Performance
Relation PE

• Relationship between the reservoir response

and the sandface pressure is IPR

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

22
 Outflow Performance
Relation PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Phases PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

23
 2-Phase Vertical PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

2-Phase PE

• The flow pattern is determined by

several factors
liquid flowrate
gas flowrate
liquid density
gas density
interfacial tension
tubular geometry
PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

24
 2-Phase PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Multiphase Flow PE

• Volumetric flow rate ( qg , qL )

• Superficial velocities ( vSg , vSL )
• Input volume fraction (g , L )
Nominal, no-holdup, apparent
• Holdup (Hg , HL )
• Slip
• Mass fraction
PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

25
 Taitel-Dukler Flow
Regime Map PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Multiphase Flow PE

• Total Pressure Gradient

dp  dp   dp   dp 
      
dz  dz  PE  dz  KE  dz  F

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

26
 Multiphase Flow PE

• Hagedorn and Brown (Duns and Ros,

Orkiszevski) are still reliable methods
(mostly oil, mostly vertical)
• Beggs and Brill for near horizontal
• Ansari overall good for 2 phase, possibly
deviated
• Continuity is still not quite OK
• Taitel and Barnea etc. and other
"mechanistic" models still not quite there
PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Reservoir Properties PE

• Production rate
High (1500-10000 bpd, 35-140 MMscfd)
Low (<30 bpd, <1 MMscfd)
• Pressure
Very high (10000-25000 psi)
High (3000-10000 psi)
Low (<3000 psi)
• Deep wells

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

27
 Rock & Fluid Properties PE

• Permeability
Very low (< 1 md)
Low (1-50 md)
Moderate (> 50 md)
High (> 1 d)
• Fluid properties
H2S, CO2, water

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Permeability & Porosity

Oil Reservoirs PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

28
 Permeability & Porosity
Gas Reservoirs PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Flow PE

Q k P
u 
A  l

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

29
 Productivity Index PE

• A measure of the capability of a reservoir to

deliver fluids to the bottom of a wellbore for
production is PI
Q 2 kh
St st incompressible PI 
PR  Pwf

r 
 ln  e 
 rw 

2 kh
Pseudo st st incompressible
Q
PI  
P  Pwf  r 3
 ln  e  
 rw 4 

Q 2 kh
Gas (st st) PI 
PR  Pwf
2 2

r 
T  Z ln  e 
 rw 
PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

IPR 2-Phase PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

30
 IPR 2-Phase PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Optimization PE

• The most common wellbore

components varied for optimization
include
tubing size
packer depth
restrictions
annular flow
GLR (gas-liquid-ratio)
PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

31
 Optimization PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Perforation PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

32
 Tubing Size PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Tubing Size PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

33
 Tubing Size PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Material Balance PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

34
 Material Balance PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Material Balance PE

• Nomenclature
N = stock tank oil originally in place
Np = stock tank oil produced
Rsi = initial solution gas oil ratio
Gpc = gas produced from gas cap
Bgi = initial gas formation volume factor
We = water encroached from aquifer
Gps = gas produced from solution

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

35
 Reservoir Mechanisms PE

• Drive mechanisms
Depletion
Water
Compaction
Gravity

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Depletion Type PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

36
 Water Drive PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Compaction Drive PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

37
 Gravity Drive PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Water Drive PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

38
 Solution Gas Drive PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

Gas Cap Drive PE

PE4063/6463, Well Completion – Dr. Evren OZBAYOGLU Chapter 1

39