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Intermolecular Force AS
Intermolecular Force AS
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hydrogen bond
CHCH, CH,CH
HO
lone pair
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hydrogen bond
HO*
H
Ne- IIH Ne11
H
H
lone pair
hydrogen bond
Hd+
H Ho+
H
F
H
H
SII H /338 17 449
H
NIi H-NNH
H
H
H H
22
498 29 373
H-F H=
H
55 373 H
ClI -O 98
F I UlH
151
169 169
-0 HIl F-
table C
Strengths of some hydrogen bonds.
You will notice that, in
most
much weaker than the full bonds. cases,
the hydrogen bornds are
very
You can also see that
of the the strengths
hydrogen bonds increase with the electronegativity
elementto which the hydrogen is attached. Hydrogen of the
strength increases as follows: bonding
HS<NH, <H,0<HF
Also note that the
hydrogen
that to a neutral molecule.
bond to an ion is much stronger than
The strongest
hydrogen bond shown in the table is that between HF
and F. In this species the two bond
identical. The resulting ion, lengths and bond sttengths are
as the solid sodium
[F-H-FJ, is so stable that it is obtainable
salt, sodium hydrogen difluoride, NaHF2
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BRANCHED ALKANES
than their unbranched isomers (table A).
Branched chain alkanes have lower boiling temperatures
H H H
H CH, H H
H 301
2-methylbutane
H
CH,
CH -CH 283
2,2-dimethylpropane
CH
table A
The more branching in the molecule, the fewer points of contact between adjacent molecules; 1.e.they
do not pack together as well. This leads to a decrease in the overall intermolecular force of attraction
between molecules and a decrease in boiling temperature.
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Theenthalpy change of vaporisation is á measure of the amount
enerzy that is reguired to completely separate the molecules of
a liquid and convert it into a gas at the same temperature.
therefore, a direct measure of the Lt 1S,
strength of the intermolecular
interactions. The greater the enthalpy change of vaporisation,
the
greater the forces of attraction between the inolecules.
HI is e a k e y in
HBr
HCI
HE de fo
4
(ess ns
A
fig C
Number of period
Boiling temperatures of the
elecfr0n3
hydrogen halides.
hydncdey gro
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3P Nlh 1s
ngh dL h tR preseme
S ro ng
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Erplsnao
ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES OF WATER
Water has some anomalous properties. The following two are
particularly important
1 It has a relativelyhigh meltingand boiling temperature for a
molecule with so few electrons.
2 The density of ice at 0°Cis less than that of water at 0 °C.
In NH, molecule, there are 3N-H bonds but only one unshared pair of electron
on nitrogen atom. This means that there can be an average
of only one
hydrogen bond permolecule (like HF), however the electronegativity of fluorine
is more than that of nitrogen. Therefore, the strength
of hydrogen bond is more
in HF than in NH, hence the boiling
point of HF is more than NH
lce is less dense than water and it floatswater. Water molecules are joined
on
together in an extensive 3-dimensional network, in which each oxygen atom is
bonded to 4 hydrogen atoms, 2 by hydrogen bonds and 2
by normal covalent
bonds in a nearly tetrahedral configuration.
Ice has highly ordered 3-dimensional hydrogen bonded structure which has
a
H-0-H-O
H-t-9-
4
CH,CH H
lone pair
figF Hydrogen bonding between ethanol and water.
Ethanol and water mix in all proportionshe-hyerogen honding between the ethanol and water
molecules is similar in strength to the hydrogen bonding in pure ethanol and in pure water
The solubility of alcohols in water decreases with increasing hydrocarbon chain length as London
forces predominate between the alcohol molecules.
Halogenoalkanes (see Topic 10) are also not very soluble in water loI Similar reasons. They are
much more solublt in ethanoi, and thiS IS why some reactions of halogenaalkanes.are carried out in a
Iedium ol aqueous ethanol.
CHOOSING SUITABLE SOLVENTS
For
asubstance to dissolve, the following two conditions must be met.
The solute particles must be separated from each other and then become surrounded by solvent
parhcdes
I h e forces of attraction between the solute and
solvent particles must be strong enough to
overcome the solvent-solvent forces arnd the solute-solute torces.
0 H 5
H
dissolved chloride
on surrounded by
water molecules
H
Na H
C C Na
Nat
Na Na
a a
C C
Na Na C NaC
Na crNa C
H C NaNa
H
5+ HO
+ la
+ H O.
+
H
6+
In an ionic solid, the positive and negative ions are held together by strong
electrostatic forces, therefore energy is required to break the lattice (lattice
energy)
atoms have and oxygen
Water molecules are polarized so that the hydrogen
atoms have d'charges.
cnergy. f the
There is a balance between the lattice energy and hydration
need to break up the lattice,
hydration energy is enough to balance the energy
R H
The solubility
of alcohois in water decreases with increase in chain
length of
alcohol. This is because a smaller proportion of the molecule is
polar and the
other part is non-polar.
Carboxylic acids are soluble in water due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds
with water due to the presence of polar OH group.
Eg
O H H
Forces between the non-polar molecular (eg: hexane) are much weaker than the
hydrogen bonds between water molecules, therefore, the non-polar molecules
are unable to disrupt the hydrogen bonded structure of water molecule and
hence remain as separate layer.
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VolatilityY:
It is a measure of how easily the molecules escape from a liquid. A volatile liquid
loses molecules from the surface very easily so it will have a low boiling point.
Effect of branching in the carbon chains on the boiing and melting temperature
of alkanes-
Branching of the molecules lower the boiling temperature because the side
chain interfere with the packing together of molecules and reduces the
formation ofintermolecular forces between the induced dipoles. 7e mere tKA
Ch * e e y tKa- p0int3 Confech hewem h aag ap
mtaculis Thns /eaads o am Gveyail Ae CALEALe 1n 1nfeymatè Cnlan bY
Branching of molecules increases the meiting temperature of alkanes (or other
hydrocarbons)
Solubility:
solvents other than water are known as non-aqueous solvents)
Highly polar substances such as NaCl, KCI, etc. (ionic solids) dissolves in polar
solvents Iike water but not in non-polar solvents like hexane.
Polar organic substances such as sucrose, glucose, etc. are soluble in water due
to their ability to form H bonds with water, but not in hexane
Non-polar solids such as candle was doesn't dissolve in water but dissolves in
hexane.
A polar liquid and a non-poiar iiquid such as water and petro! are immiscible and
form separate layers with one floating over another. All these points prove that
Like dissolves like'
BAMBOIR8AO RiGN
instantaneous dipole induced dipole
ondon 1orces
interaction