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MEE 181
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering
3 Credit
N U RU ZZAMAN S A KIB
L E CTU RER
D E PT. O F M E E , S U ST

INTRODUCTION
 The gas turbine was developed primarily for the aircraft industry and for
ICE superchargers
- These units operate at high speeds and are reduced to the electrical
generator synchronous speeds of 3600 rpm, or 3000 rpm by reduction gears
 Larger power generating units are physically larger than the higher
speed units
 In a GT, air is compressed to about 10 to 25 atm in the compressor
 About two-thirds of the power produced in GT is used to drive the
compressor and the remaining is for power generation
 Such arrangement is known as the simple cycle GT characterized by
large exhaust loss (less efficiency - 25 to 30%)

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INTRODUCTION
 Major advances in the size and efficiency of large gas turbines took
place during the 1980s - building on the experience of turbine construction
and operation for both aerospace and industrial power applications
 The major manufacturers - GE, Siemens, ABB and Westinghouse - all
developed turbines with a power output in excess of 200MWe
- Units such as the GE Frame 7 and 9F, along with the equivalent models
from Siemens, Westinghouse and ABB, proved their reliability
- Availabilities of 99%+ on line over a period of 2 years continuous
operation are typical of their performance

GT CYCLE : BRAYTON CYCLE

The Brayton cycle was first proposed by George Brayton for use in the
reciprocating oil-burning engine that he developed around 1870. Today, it is
used for gas turbines only where both the compression and expansion
processes take place in rotating machinery.
The ideal cycle that the working fluid undergoes in this closed loop is the
Brayton cycle, which is made up of four internally reversible processes:
1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)
2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection

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GT CYCLE : BRAYTON CYCLE

GT CYCLE : BRAYTON CYCLE

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GT CYCLE : BRAYTON CYCLE

Gas turbine performance can be improved by intercooling, reheating

and/or regeneration. Multistage compression with intercooling saves
compressor work as well as increases volumetric efficiency. Reheating is
done by using two turbines. After partial expansion in the high pressure
turbine the gas is again heated to initial temperature and then finally
expanded in the low pressure turbine. Regeneration is accomplished by
utilizing some of the heat of the waste gas leaving the turbine.
Considerable saving of energy is possible by regeneration leading to
increased cycle efficiency.

BRAYTON CYCLE WITH REGENERATION

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BRAYTON CYCLE WITH REHEAT, REGENERATION & INTERCOOLING

GAS TURBINE
A common method of increasing the mean temperature of heat
reception is to reheat the gas after it has expanded in a part of the gas
turbine. By doing so the mean temperature of heat rejection is also
increased, resulting in a decrease in the thermal efficiency of the plant.
However , the specific output of the plant increases due to reheat.
The cooling of air between two stages of compression is known as
intercooling. This reduces the work of compression and increases the
specific output of the plant with a decrease in the thermal efficiency.
The loss in efficiency due to intercooling can be remedied by employing
exhaust heat exchange as in the reheat cycle.

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GAS TURBINE
Following assumptions are made to analysis an ideal gas turbine cycle.
(a) The working fluid is a perfect gas with constant specific heat.
(b) Compression and expansion process are reversible and adiabatic, i.e.
isentropic.
(c) There are no pressure losses in the inlet duct, combustion chamber, heat
exchanger, intercooler, exhaust duct and the ducts connecting the components.
(d) The mass flow is constant throughout the cycle.
(e) The change of kinetic energy of the working fluid between the inlet and
outlet of each component is negligible.
(f) The heat-exchanger, if such a component is used, is perfect.

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GAS TURBINE
A gas turbine is a type of turbine that uses pressurized gas to spin it in
order to generate electricity or provide kinetic energy to an airplane or jet.
The process to do so is called the Brayton cycle. In all modern gas turbines,
the pressurized gas is created by the burning of a fuel like natural gas,
kerosene, propane or jet fuel.
Gas turbines are theoretically simple, and have three main parts ---
Compressor- Takes in air from outside of the turbine and increases its
pressure.
Combustor- Burns the fuel and produces high pressure and high velocity
gas.
Turbine- Extracts the energy from the gas coming from the combustor.

GAS TURBINE

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GAS TURBINE

GAS TURBINE
In the industrial field, the competitors of gas turbines are steam turbines and
reciprocating internal combustion engines.
The advantages of gas turbines over steam turbines:
1. A steam turbine consists of a boiler for the supply of steam and a condenser to
condense the exhaust steam. It, therefore, requires an additional space than that of
required by a gas turbine. This makes the steam turbine heavier than the gas turbine.
2. The gas turbine is suitable, where the supply of water for the boiler is not an easy
one.
3. Water required for the boiler of a steam turbine imposes a serious problem, when it
is used as a portable thermal plant. Even in ships, when it is floating over a vast
amount of water, it produces much difficulty for the supply of water to the boiler, as
sea water is totally unsuitable for the purpose.
4. For equal powers, gas turbines are more compact.

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GAS TURBINE
The advantages of gas turbines over IC engines:
1. It has a lower fuel and lubrication cost.
2. It may be even operated with low grade liquid fuel. In some cases even solid, fuels
may also be used.
3. As a rotary engine, it has several other advantages over internal combustion engines
such as perfect balancing, less friction losses etc.
Disadvantages of gas turbines:
1. Compressor work required is quite high (about 60% of the power produced).
2. High air rate is required to limit the maximum GT inlet temperature. This results in
high exhaust loses unless waste heat recovery system is installed.
3. Efficiency varies with ambient conditions.

JET ENGINES

The jet engine is a special type of gas turbine, with a nozzle at the end. The turbine
of the unit is sized so that it only produces enough power to drive the compressor.
The remaining energy of the burnt gases is expanded in the nozzle creating an
outgoing high velocity jet of exhaust gases from the unit. The jet caused a reaction
thrust on the GT-unit called the jet engine, which propels it in a direction against
the jet.
Thrust developed in a turbojet engine is the unbalanced force that is caused by the
difference in the momentum of the relative low-velocity air entering the engine
and the high velocity exhaust gases leaving the engine. The power developed
from the thrust of the engine is called “Propulsive Power”.

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TURBOJET ENGINES
 These were the first jet engines.
 The fans in the front does the work
of compressor. The compressed air is
then forced into the combustion
chamber.
 As the air is already at high
pressure and high temperature, fuel is
injected into it. Combustion takes place
into the chamber & high amount of
exhaust gases are produced.

TURBOJET ENGINES

These hot expanding gases are then made

to flow through turbine which causes the
blade to rotate. The turning of turbine also
helps to run the compressor as they are
connected to the same drive shaft.
 The discharged gases are then allowed to
exit through nozzle at high speed which
produces thrust & propels the aircraft.

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TURBOFAN ENGINES
 A turbofan engine is a engine very
similar to the jet engine. Like the turbojet, it
uses the same gas generator core i.e
compressor, combustor, turbine, to produce
thrust a turbine is used to run the
compressor as well as the fan.
 Turbofans differ from the turbojets in
the way that they have an additional
component – a fan. The fan sucks in air
& then further gets compressed &
combustion takes place in the burner.

TURBOFAN ENGINES
 As you can see in the animation, instead of burning
the whole fresh charge, only some part of it is used for
combustion & the rest of the air just bypasses (goes
around) the engine. The air that goes around the
engine has a slight more velocity than the free stream.
 So a turbofan gets some of its thrust from the core
and some of its thrust from the fan. The ratio of the air
that goes around the engine to the air that goes
through the core is called the bypass ratio. If the fuel
flow rate is same for the turbojet & turbofan engine,
the turbofan will generate more thrust because the
flow of discharged gases gets accelerated by the
bypassed air.
 This means that turbofan engines are more fuel
efficient than turbojets.

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TURBOPROP ENGINES
 Many low speed transport & small aircrafts
use turboprop engines. Turboprop engines use a
gas turbine core to turn the propeller.
 The core is similar to the turbojet or turbofan
engine as discussed above.
 The difference is instead of expanding all the
gases through the nozzle to produce thrust,
most of the energy is used to drive the turbine.
The turbine then turns the drive shaft which
rotates the propeller.
 The exhaust velocity of a turboprop is low
and contributes little thrust because most of the
energy of the core exhaust has gone into
turning the drive shaft

TURBOSHAFT ENGINES
 Turboshaft are a special type of jet engines which are used in
helicopters.
Just like the turboprops, turboshaft engines are used to
produce shaft power rather than thrust.
Similar to all above ones, fresh air is sucked and compressed
with the help of a multi-stage axial compressor. Fuel is added
to air on its way to combustion chamber through nozzles.
The igniter ignites the mixture which produces huge amount of
exhaust gases and are passed through set of turbine blades
leading to power generation.
An additional turbine expansion is used to extract heat energy
from the exhaust and convert it into output shaft power.

The shaft power is then transmitted via bevel gear

arrangement and gear reduction systems to the rotor.

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THANK
YOU ALL

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