20 May 2020

09:30 PM
Safety

• With the critical global situation due to

Krona Virus COVID 2019 Stay home and
protect your self and your family
• if you go for urgent thing just think all the
human around you are Infected
• Ware the medical mask and gloves
• Wash your hand by soap
• Safety in the mine site
Introduction
• Geotechnical engineering is important in any construction occurring on the
surface of or within the ground, for mining the geotechnical considerations
as below for new mines :
• Planning for total mine life .
• Geological structure and rock mass strength
• Hydrogeological considerations
• Rock support and reinforcement
• Pit wall design slope stability
• Blasting considerations
• Ground control management
• Rock failure report
Planning for the Geotechnical holes

- The geotechnical holes always designed

in the edge of the ore body in the trends
,transitional period between the mineral
resource and ore reserve
- Before planning you have to considered
the geology , structural , Block models
from exploration drilling, Aerial Photos ,
and also the drain system for planning to
hydrogeological holes , Contour Maps
- Site visit Investigation
- Plotting the plan
Geotechnical drilling procedures

• Site preparation
• Coordinates ,Azimuth and angle stake out
• Down hole survey @ 10m or after magnetic to check
the setup single every 40m , multi every 6m
• deviation in the azimuth , and angle (0-100m , 3
degrees) (101-200 ,5 degrees , 200-300 , 7 degrees)
• The rock mass and Structure characteristic must be
oriented core by using the advanced tools like ACTII
reflex , device BBT, Ezy-Mark and Ball mark systems
or use the sphere head
• Orientation tools standard operation procedures
(SOP)
• Orientation line mark with paint marker, confidence
level
• Core handling
• Core boxes marking , and mechanical breaks
• Down hole survey
• Photography for the collar
• Transfer the core boxes
• Hydrogeological drilling , PQ , Casing
• Core and daily report checking and revise the
orientation line
Geotechnical logging procedures
Basic Logging (Rock Mass Rating RMR)

• Core Run CR
• Total Core Recovery :for each run , fit the core ,
include solid and broken zones
• Core Recovery %
• Solid core recovery (SCR): All the piece more
than or equal sore diameter
• Solid core recovery (SCR)%:
• Rock Quality Designation:
Detailed Logging

• HOST_ROCK, description, weathering

,alteration type , fractured
• Fracture Counts Per Run FA include
,Joints Account JA, Foliation breaks for
domain
• Intact Rock Strength IRS (Micro): In
broken rock, you are evaluating the
strength of the individual Pieces.
Detailed Logging
• Micro defects : The strength of these features can be determined by
gently hitting the feature with a rock hammer
Detailed Logging
Detailed Logging

• Wall Rock Alteration

• Joint Aperture: Joint aperture

measures the openness of the
joint and Estimated based on
how tight the joint fits back
together
Detailed Logging

• Joint Fill:
• Joint Sets:
• For each run, joints are grouped together by alpha
angles of 0-30˚ (Joint Set 1), 30-60˚ (Joint Set 2) and 60-
90 ˚ (Joint Set3)
• For each joint set, record the representative
characteristics for each set – roughness, alteration, fill
• For simplicity, all “allocated” joints should be added to
Joint Set 1 when present – use 45-5-1-5-5 for alpha
angle, roughness, alteration ,weathering , fill and
aperture respectively unless better estimates can be
made on core fragments
• Major Structure
• Type (jointed, broken, sheared or gouge), length ,
measurement alpha and beat ,total joints in the major
structure
 Oriented Core Logging

• For angled holes, the drillers use a reflex

product called an ACT or “Ace Tool” to
determine the bottom of the hole for each
run, and in the top for DeviCore. BBT .
• For more information about this tools I will
share later how its working
• Orientation Line Offset:
• If the orientation tool is being used correctly,
and ensures that the rock is matched
together when the orientation line is drawn,
the bottom-of-hole orientation lines marked
on each run should correspond from one run
to the next
Structure measurement
• Alpha Angle:
• The angle is the acute angle (<90o) between the
maximum dip direction of the plane of the
discontinuity and the core axis
• Beta Angle :
• defined by measuring the rotation angle between the
orientation line and the down hole apex of the trace
of the feature
• Holding the core looking down the hole, mark the
center of the down hole apex of the TOF with a
straight line Ensure that “000” on the protractor is
aligned with the orientation line
• The measurement tools you can use the EZY Logger
or a graduated strip and a carpenters angle.
• the writing of the angles 00/000
Log sheet and Geotechnical database

• Geotechnical database : Collar , survey , RQD , TCR , SCR ,structure

type ,Dip and dip direction (after alpha and beta conversion) ,
Geology , Oxidation , Alteration, GSI ,infill type , Aperture .
Geophysics

• Tele-viewer survey substitute of

oriented core when rejected
the data due to drilling or
orientation tools problems
• This methods depend on hole
condition , no collapse and the
ground water or drilling fresh
• Very accurate but very
expensive compared with
orientation tools price
Data analysis

• Rockgeosince dips software

• The data required
• Hole ID
• Travers ,alpha , beta , depth , defect type
• Collar data: X Y Z (optional)
• Down hole Survey (Hole ID Depth, distance, Trend, Plunge)
• Orient 1 = the orientation mark Top=0, Bottom=180
• Orient 2= Hole angle + 90
• Orient 3 = azimuth of the borehole measured from true north.
• For a vertical borehole, use the clockwise angle from true north to the
• reference line, looking along the direction of borehole advance
• Out puts
• Real Dip and dip direction
• RQD, joint spacing, and joint frequency
• Rock failure and hazard identification
Data analysis
how to process the data
 How to observe the orientation and drilling problems

• drilling spin or rotation

• At the drilling stages, from
inaccuracies in the
orientation tool or the initial
marking process
• Orientation mark-up stage
TOP or Bottom by incorrect
docking of broken core or
inaccurate projection of the
line along the core
If no issue with data continue processing
Beta angle , Real Dip Direction Comparison
 Stability Analysis
• The kinematic analysis for:
• Planar sliding
• Wedge sliding :
• Flexural toppling
• Direct Block toppling
 Geotechnical Sampling collection and testing
• The geotechnical laboratory testing include under geotechnical
engineer supervision:
• Soil: SG, Moisture, Atterberg limits, PSD, Shear box tests and/or Triaxial
tests.
• Rock: Point Load Tests (to be completed on site), Direct Shear Box, SG,
Moisture, Density, Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), Triaxial shear
strength with Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio.
• A single 25kg sample of superficial soils or completely weathered rock
will be taken between ground level and 5m depth at each drill hole
• One point load test will be carried out every 6m of core (the test will
comprise two measurements – one normal to the rock fabric and one
parallel
• One field direct shear box test will be carried out on a selected
discontinuity every 50m of core.
• One sample of solid core will be taken every 30m of core for Unconfined Compressive Strength
(UCS) testing in a laboratory. The sample will also be tested for specific gravity, density and natural
moisture content
• Three samples of solid core of identical lithology, strength and weathering grade will be taken from
each drill hole to produce specimens for Triaxial shear strength testing
• Testing of groundwater will include
• Metals: aluminum, arsenic, boron, cadmium, calcium, chromium (trivalent and total), copper, iron,
lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, selenium, sodium and zinc. Metals should be analyzed for
both total and dissolved concentrations.
• Inorganics: ammoniac nitrogen, chloride, cyanide (total and free), nitrate, nitrite, phosphate,
sulphide,, total suspended solid and total dissolved solids.
• Organics: total petroleum hydrocarbons.
• Water Quality Parameters: electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, Eh, alkalinity and
temperature
• Falling Head Permeability Test Report, considered Borehole depth , Casing height above ground
level m, Ground water depth m , Hole diameter mm, Tested section length m additional to Stand
pipe piezometer
• Sample labeling : Hole ID , Sample ID , Sample Interval , and Required Tests
• All the results inputs in one database for analysis
 Open Pit Geotechnical Mapping
Geotechnical Mapping (RMR)
WALL ID BENCH NO. STATION.
Face Direction Face slope angel STATION LENGTH
WINDO MAPPING METHOD
No. of JOINT SET W1 W2 W3 W4
X joint
Y joint
Z Joint
SPACING m
APPERTURE mm
Jv
RQD

CONDITION OF DISCONTINUITIES

Discontinuity length (persistence)

Separation (aperture)
Roughness
Infilling (gouge)
Weathering

DESCRIPTION
GROUNDWATER CONDITION
 DESCRIPTION
GROUNDWATER CONDITION

Rock Type

JOINT ORIENTATION ( DIP/ DIP DIRECTION )

Window NO Dip Dip Dir Window NO Dip Dip dir. Window NO Dip Dip dir.
W1 W2 W3
W1 W2 W3
W1 W2 W3
W1 W2 W3
W1 W2 W3
W1 W2 W3
W1 W2 W3
W1 W2 W3
W1 W2 W3
W1 W2 W3
Data analysis for :
Stereonet Kinematic Analysis
 RQD and Joint Frequency Analysis

• RQD
• You must have at least one
(or more) linear or borehole
traverses defined (e.g. Linear,
Linear BH Oriented Core,
Linear BH Televiewer, Curved
H Oriented Core, Curved BH
Televiewer).
• The Distance Column must
be enabled (checkbox in
Project Settings)
• Joint Frequency :
• Very similar to the RQD
• Mapteck
 Maptek Scanner

• Must have 4 reference points for calibration

• Scan the walls , un accessible
• Import the DTM data to software
• Start tracing the joint
• the difference between the actual only 3_5
degrees
• Will schedule for maptek and other software
Thanks