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ConsMat Lab Manual by MLP
ConsMat Lab Manual by MLP
ConsMat Lab Manual by MLP
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City
Contact No. (083) 554 - 3348, Fax No. (083) 301 – 1927
By:
MARK LEHI P. PALMES, RCE
April 2020
This laboratory manual consists of different construction materials and
testing laboratory activities to be conducted in the pursuit of the CHED-CMO
requirement under the subject “Construction Materials and Testing” Laboratory.
Thus, a laboratory subject that requires at least 3-hours of the conduct of different
laboratories sufficient for the entire hours per week.
This Laboratory manual is created solely for Academic Purpose with rights
owned by Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges – Civil Engineering Program and
shall not be used other than its sole purpose. All activities included in this manual
were based on the Engineering Guidelines of ASTM or the American Society of
Testing Materials and any other related professional organization manuals such
as AASHTO and UCSC.
- The Author
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LABORATORY MANUALS
This manual has been prepared to present the standardized test procedures
for checking materials in conformance with the American Society for Testing
Materials. This manual describes the test procedures that are currently in use in the
Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory. Please read the appropriate materials
in the laboratory manuals carefully before attending the Laboratory. Some Data
sheets are attached to each activities or will be provided during Laboratory class by
the adviser.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this manual is to acquaint the student with some physical and
mechanical properties of selected construction materials and standard methods to
be used to evaluate these properties selected construction materials and standard
methods to be used to evaluate these properties. A secondary objective is to
develop the students’ proficiency in preparing an engineering report. The report is to
resemble professional engineering reports as much as possible. Grammar, efficient
communication, and result will weigh heavily in the final grade.
FIELD TRIPS
Field trips are considered as an inspection visit. The observations of the field trip
will be included in the appendix of the report. They should observe the general
operation, quality control and other factors that may affect the facility’s ability to
meet the requirements of the construction contract.
THE REPORT
All reports are to be written in the third person; for example, “the test was
conducted,” “not we conducted the test”. Each student is expected to come up
with fictitious company name and logo. Reports are to apply to the hypothetical
project scenario given in this manual. Report must be typed (excluding raw data
sheet), and all figures and tables must be computer generated unless otherwise
stated. Bind the material neatly. NO BULKY NOTEBOOKS! Points will be deducted for
multiple and sloppy stapling. You are encouraged to work together in preparing the
reports. However, the report must be your individual effort. If the grader discovers
identical charts, tables and discussion between reports he/she can only assume
someone did not do their own work. Reproducing reports from past electronic files is
prohibited. In other words, zeros will be assigned to reports that give any indication of
being duplicated or copied from previous lab reports or another team’s report.
CONSMAT LAB MANUAL ii
LABORATORY TEST
The construction Materials and testing course provides credit for three hours of
lecture and three hours of laboratory work per week. The laboratory testing has been
arranged so that each test may be performed well within the three-hour period.
In general, the laboratory report (written) will be submitted one day after each
laboratory is performed. General notes on the laboratory reports are given on the
following page. Specific instruction will be given for each test. Computerized or final
output shall be submitted two days upon return of their graded written output or as
per instruction by the adviser.
Most of the experiments require some preparation that must be done before
coming to class. Completing this reading and/or calculation will prevent needless
delay, mistakes, and wasted effort during the laboratory period.
The instructor and this manual will provide specific instructions for laboratory
reports for each test. The following are the components of formal report:
The first page of the report is the title page or a cover page. This page identifies
the test to be performed. It shows course number and the laboratory section
number, name of person submitting the report, party number, name of persons in
your party, and date of submission (date actually submitted, not the date due).
2. Table of Contents
The table of contents is used to facilitate the grading of the reports, and will be
used to record the points awarded for each category. The table of contents
should include page numbers and the report pages should include computer
generated page numbers. Chart and table titles and numbers should also be
shown in the table of contents.
3. Introduction
4. Procedure
5. Test Result
This section will contain those facts or answer that you obtained in your
experiment, either direct measurements or calculations based on measurement.
The section should also include some text referring to tables and charts. This
section should also include some text referring to tables and charts. This section
may also include a brief statement of the method and materials used to obtain
the results. The appropriate standard or test method should be cited on this
section. Each table or graph should be self-explanatory-to include suitable title,
use a legend or data points and curves.
In this section the writer provides the foundation upon which his/her conclusion
will rest. This acceptance or rejection of the conclusion by the reader will depend
largely on discussion of results. Under this heading the writer will comment upon
the validity of the results and make comparison with typical values for the
measures parameters.
Remember “the acceptance and rejection of the conclusions drawn in the
report is directly related to the skill of the reporter in providing an accurate and
convincing discussion of the reasoning upon which the conclusions are based.”
Give reasons for discrepancies if serious difference appears to exist. Mention
limitation of test.
8. Appendices
Inspection: This section should describe the findings of the inspection visit and the
comment on the company’s quality control and ability to meet the
specifications and requirements of the contract.
Data Form: Include the raw data recorded on the forms during the laboratory test.
Your laboratory data usually be taken on the forms provided. Do not
erase errors. Line them out. It is neither necessary nor desirable to copy
data on to clean data sheets for the sake of neatness, since the
important results have been provided in the test result section. Also
include computer spreadsheets or other information that should not be
in the body of the report.
References: Include a list of all references used, including any software (excluding
word processing or spreadsheets). Include consolation with the
laboratory Consultants, Instructor, or Professor. Make sure each
reference is complete. The reference section of this document should
be used as a guide. If the reference is to certain page numbers, include
this information. If you referred to a laboratory report prepared in
previous term by another student, this should be the referenced as well.
Reference to a previous laboratory report is acceptable; however,
plagiarism and other inappropriate uses of those old reports will be
considered a violation of the Honor of Conduct.
These four tests will be performed in two laboratory periods. Reducing Field
Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size and Sieve Analysis will be conducted in period
and the Unit Weight and Specific Gravity and Absorption test will have conducted in
another period or on discretion of the Instructor.
Shape and texture affect the workability of fresh concrete. The ideal aggregates
would be spherical and smooth allowing good mixing and decreasing intersection
between particles. Natural sands are close to its shapes. However, crushed stone is more
angular and requires more paste to coat the increased surface area. Long, flat
aggregate should be avoided due to increase intersection with other particles and the
tendency toward aggregate during handling.
Shape and texture of coarse aggregate affect the strength of the concrete mix;
increased surface area provides more opportunity for bonding and increases strength.
However, excessive area in aggregate can lead to internal stress concentration and
potential bond failure.
Aggregate can contain, water, internal, based on porosity, and external, based
on surface moisture. This gives the aggregate the ability to absorb water. This effectively
reduces the amount of water available for hydration, or conversely, if the aggregate is
very wet, adds excess water to a cement mix.
Objective:
To let the student become acquainted with material testing laboratory, the
equipment’s available, and course requirement.
Procedure:
1. Under the guidance of an instructor and staff member, visit the laboratory and
notice where the general equipment is located.
2. Ask to be instructed in the operation of the Universal Testing Machine.
3. Make a list of the major types of equipment available. Note the units of
calibration and the dial division.
Report:
These methods cover the reduction of field samples to testing size employing
techniques that are intended to minimize variation in measured characteristics
between the test samples selected and the field sample.
These methods provide for reducing the large sample obtained in the field to
a convenient size. This is for the purpose of conducting a number of tests to describe
the material and measure its quality in manner that the smaller portion is most likely
to be a representation of the field sample and thus the total supply. The individual
test methods provide for minimum weights of material to be tested.
Referenced Documents: ASTM (C 702 – 98, C 33, D 75, C 330 – 89) AASHTO T
248
Selection of Method:
1. Fine Aggregate – Filed sample of fine aggregate that are drier than the
saturated surface-dry condition shall be reduced in size by a mechanical
splitter according to Method A. Field sample having free moisture on the
particle surface may be reduced in sizes by quartering method according to
Method B.
1.1 If the use of Method B is desired and the field sample does not have free
moisture on the particle surfaces, the sample may be moistened to
achieve this condition, thoroughly mixed and then the sample reduction
performed.
1.2 If the use of Method A is desired and the field sample has free moisture on
the particle surfaces, the entire field sample may be dried to at least
surface-dry condition using the temperature that do not exceed those
specified for any of the test contemplated and then the sample reduction
performed.
2. Check sample splitter chute opening. (Their number and width relative to
maximum size of aggregate)
3. Place the sample in the hopper or pan and uniformly distribute it from edge
to edge, so that when it is introduced into the chutes, approximate and
equal amounts will flow through each chute.
4. The rate of which the sample is introduced shall be of such as allow free
flowing through the chutes into the receptacle below.
Method B – Quartering
1. Place the sample on a hard, clean, level surface where there will neither
loss of material nor the accidental addition of foreign material.
2. Mix the material thoroughly by turning the entire sample over three times.
With the last turning, shovel the entire sample into a conical pile by
depositing each shovel on top of the preceding one.
4. Divide the flattened mass approximately into four equal part quarters with
a shovel, trowel or other suitable device and remove to diagonally
opposite quarters, including all fine materials and brush the cleared spaces
clean.
5. Successively mix and quarter the remaining material until the sample is
reduced to the desired size.
Discussion:
The sieve analysis is used to determine the particle size distribution or gradation
of an aggregate. A suitable gradation of an aggregate in a concrete mix is
desirable in order to secure workability of concrete mix and economy in the use of
cement. For asphalt concrete, suitable gradation will not only affect the workability
of the mixture and economy in the use of asphalt, but will affect significantly the
strength and other important properties.
Sometimes closer sizing than is given by the standard series is desired, in which
case “half size or odd” sizes are employed; the ½ in. and 1 in. shown are half size.
(Note: Even though some material may be retained on the pan, it is not considered
a sieve and does not enter into computations for fineness modulus. In addition, if
sieves other than those standard sieve listed above are used, they are not used, they
are not used directly in the computations and any material retained on such sieves
should be considered as being retained on the next smaller sieve of the series used
in the computations e.g. any material retained on a 1 in. sieve would be added to
the ¾ in. sieve for purposes of fineness modulus computation. However, the amount
and percentage of the 1 in. material would appear in the tabular listing in the sieve
analysis.
Fineness modulus of sand = 9.7 + 22.6 + 42.0 + 53.3 + 67.8 + 96.8 = 2.92
100
Objective: to determine the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregate
by sieving.
Procedure:
3. Assemble the sieves in order of decreasing size of opening from top to bottom
and place sample on the top of the sieve and cover it with the lid.
a. For coarse aggregate: 1”, ¾’’,1/2’’, 3/8’’, #4 , #8, pan
b. For fine aggregate: 3/8’’, #4, #8, # 30, # 50,#100,pan
4. Agitate the sieve by hand or by mechanical shaker for five minutes or for a
sufficient period.
5. Limit the quantity of material on a given sieve so that all the particles have
opportunity to reach sieve openings a number of times during the sieving
operations. For the sieve with openings smaller than No. 4 (4.75 mm), the
weight retained on any sieve at the completion of the sieving operation shall
not exceed 6 k/m2 of sieving surface. For the sieve with openings No. 4 (4.75
mm) and larger, the weight in kg/m2 of the sieving surface shall not exceed
the product of 2.5 x (sieve opening in mm). In no case shall the weight be so
great as to cause permanent deformation of the sieve cloth.
6. Continue sieving for sufficient period in such a manner that, after completion,
not more than 0.5 percent by weight of the total sample passes any sieve
during one (1) minute of continuous hand sieving.
7. Weigh the material that is retained on each sieve, including the weight
retained in the pan, and record in the data sheet. The total weight of the
material after sieving should check closely with original sample placed on the
8. Compute the cumulative percent retained on, and percent passing each
sieve.
9. Plot the gradation curves for the coarse and the fine aggregates from the
experiment on the graph provided. Plot the specified gradation curves for
coarse and fine aggregates (to be specified by the laboratory instructor). Plot
the combine-grading curve using the 40% aggregate and 60% fine
aggregate.
10. Compute the Fineness Modulus for fine and coarse aggregate.
COARSE AGGREGATE
Initial Weight:____________________
FINE AGGREGATE
Initial Weight:_________________
SIEVE ANALYSIS
Name:___________________________________________ Date:________________
Group No.:____________________
100
90
80
70
PERCENT PASSING
60
50
40
30
20
10
SIEVE SIZE
CONSMAT LAB MANUAL 12
Experiment No. 4
Discussion:
Objective: Test method covers the determination of the specific gravity and
absorption of coarse and fine aggregate.
Apparatus:
Procedure:
1. Dry the test sample to constant weight at a temperature of 110 ± 5ºC (230
±9ºF).
2. Cool in air at room temperature 1 to 3 hours, or until the aggregate has cooled
to a temperature that is comfortable to handle (approximately 50ºC) and
weigh.
6. Measure SSD weight (B) of aggregate in air to the nearest 1 gm. Do this quickly
to prevent evaporation.
7. Place the sample in the wire mesh basket, and determine its weight in water
(C) at 23 ± 1.7ºC (73.4 ± 3ºF). Take care to remove all entrapped air before
weighing by shaking the container while immersed. Be sure to subtract the
submerged weight of the basket from the total.
9. From the above data (i.e., A, B, and C) calculate the three types of specific
gravity and absorption as defined below:
Procedure:
4. Fill Chapman Flask to 450 ml marks and record weight of water and flask in
grams (B). The water temperature should be about 23 ± 1.5ºC (73 ± 3ºC).
5. Empty water in flask to about 200 ml marks and adds SSD aggregate to
flask. Fill flask to almost 450-ml mark with additional water.
6. “Roll” flask on top surface to eliminate air bubbles. Then fill the flask with
water up to 450-ml. record total weight (in gm) of flask plus the water plus
aggregate (C).
7. Pour entire contents of flask into pan and place in oven. Additional tap
water may be used as necessary to wash all aggregate out of the flask.
Return after 24 hours or as long as it takes for the aggregate to dry and
record weight of oven-dry aggregates (A).
8. From the date above, calculate specific gravities and absorption defined
below:
DATA SHEET
FINE AGGREGATE
ITEM WEIGHT
SSD Weight in Air (D)
Weight of Pyc. + Water (B)
Weight of Pyc. + Water + Sample (C)
Oven Dry Weight (A)
COARSE AGGREGATE
ITEM WEIGHT
SSD Weight in Air (B)
Weight in Water (C)
Oven Dry Weight (A)
RESULTS
COARSE FINE
Apparent Specific
Gravity
Bulk Specific Gravity (Dry)
Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD)
Absorption
Discussion
The test covers the determination of bulk density (“unit weight”) of aggregate
in a compacted or loose condition, and calculated voids between particles in fine,
coarse, or mixed aggregates based on the same determination.
Objective: To determine the unit weight (bulk density) values that is necessary for
use for several methods of selecting proportions for concrete mixtures.
Referenced Documents: ASTM (C 29, C 29M – 97, C 127, C 702, C 136 AASHTO T 11)
Apparatus:
Procedure:
DATA SHEET
Date: __________________
Aggregate:
Maximum Size:
Nom. Grad:
Source:
Calculation:
UW = (Wt – Wm)
TABLE 2
TABLE 3
Discussion
This test method describes a rapid procedure in the field for determining the
percentage of surface moisture in the both fine and coarse aggregate by
displacement in water or by oven dry method. Surface moisture is defined as
moisture in excess of that contained by the aggregate when in the standard surface
dried-condition. This is the value desired in correcting the batch masses for the
Portland cement concrete. The accuracy of the methods depends upon the
accurate information on the bulk specific gravity of the material in a saturated
surface dry condition.
Apparatus:
Procedure:
Calculation:
𝑉−𝐷
% 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = × 100%
𝑊−𝐶
Where:
Method B – Oven D
Calculation:
In general, there are four basic steps in the production of concrete, each of which
has an important effect upon the quality of the concrete. The steps are:
To maintain quality control of Portland cement, a set of ASTM specifications for both
chemical and physical requirements have been established. A series of “standards” test
have been developed to ensure that these specifications are met. However, since
results from different test for the same property can vary widely, direct comparison of
these tests is difficult.
The experiment included in this part are aimed toward familiarizing the student with
use of a concrete mix design method and laboratory concreting practice, observing
the characteristics properties of fresh concrete, and familiarizing with the testing
methods for determining the properties of hardened concrete.
Fineness of Cement
Discussion
1. The rate of hydration increase with fineness and leads to high strength and
heat generation.
2. Hydration takes place on the cement particle surface. Finer particles will be
more completely hydrated
3. Increasing fineness decreases the amount of bleeding bur also requires more
water for workability, which can result in an increase in dry shrinkage.
4. High fineness reduces the durable of freeze-lhaw cycles.
5. Increased fineness requires more gypsum to control setting.
The most important properties are specific surface of the particles, and
particle size distribution. Fineness was originally measured using sieve analysis, but
this method is very awkward and really gives no information about the distribution
of fine particles. In general, fineness is measured by a single parameter, specific
surface area. This parameter is considered the most useful measure of cement
fineness even though it does not measure particle distribution.
1. Wagner Turbid meter - measured specific surface area from suspension of the
cement in a tall glass container. The test is based on Stroke's Law that states a
sphere will obtain a constant velocity under the action of gravity.
Procedure:
Calculation:
Discussion
AASHTO T 129
1. The temperature of the air in vicinity of the mixing slab, the dry cement, molds,
and the base plates shall be maintained between 20°C- 27.5°C (68°C- 81.5°F).
The temperature of the mixing water shall not vary from 23°C (73.4°F) by more
than plus or minus 1.7°C (3°F).
2. The relative humidity of the laboratory shall be not less than 50 percent.
Procedure:
2. Mix about 25% of clean water to the cement by means of spatula for about
one minute.
4. The kneaded paste is formed into a ball and tossed six times from one hand
to the other, maintaining the hand about 6 inches apart.
5. The ball is pressed into a conical ring or conical mold completely filling the
ring with paste.
6. Sliced off the excess paste at the top of the ring by a single oblique stroke of
a sharp edge spatula or trowel and the top smoothed, if necessary, with a
few light touches of the toward or spatula. Care shall be taken not to
compress the paste.
8. The larger end of the rod is brought in contact with the surface of the paste
and tightened the screw.
9. Set the movable indicator to zero marks of the scale and tightened the
screw.
10. The rod is then quickly released without any jerk and the penetration noted.
12. Trial paste shall be made with varying percentage of water until the normal
consistency is obtained. Each trial shall be made with fresh cement. The
amount of water is expressed as percentage by weight of dry cement
usually 30%.
13. The time taken between adding of water to cement and filling of the ring or
mold should be between 3 to 5 minutes.
Discussion
The slump test is made by measuring the settlement of a 12 in.(300 mm) high
concrete.formed in a mold that has a slope of the frustum of a cone. This method
may be used to deetermine the slump of plastic concrete,both in the laboratory
and in the field having up coarse aggregate up to 1 1/2 (38mm) in size. This test
method is not cosedered applicable to non plastic and noncohesive concrete, nor
where there is a considerable amount of coarse aggregate over 2inches in size in
concrete.
The test spicemen shall be formed in a mold of metal not thinner than No.16 gage
and not readily attached by the cement paste and in the form of the lateral surface
of the frustsm of a cone with the base of 8inches (205mm) in diameter, the top is 4
inches (102mm) in diameter, and the high 12 inches (307mm). The base and the top
shall be open and parallel to each other and the right angles to the axis of the
cone.The mold may be constructed either with or without a seam.
The tamping rod shall be roond. Straight stell rod 5/8 inches (16 mm) in diameter
and approximately 24 inches (615 mm)in length, having one end rounded to
hemispherical tip the diameter of which is 5/8 inches.
Apparatus:
1. Slump
2. Spade
3. Container
4. Mixing box
5. Graduated cylinder
6. Meter stick
Calculation:
Discussion
Both common setting time test, the Vicat needle and the Gillmore needle,
define the initial set and final set based on the time at which a needle of particular
size and weight either penetrates a cement paste sample to a given depth or fails
to penetrate a cement past sample.
Time of setting by Vicat needle – Initial setting occurs when a 1-mm needle
penetrates 25 mm into cement paste. Final set occurs when
there is no visible penetration.
Time of setting by Gillmore needle – Initial set occurs when a 113.4 grams Gillmore
needle (2.12 mm in diameter) fails to penetrate. Final set
occurs when a 453.6 grams. Gillmore needle (1.06 mm in
diameter) fails to penetrate.
The Vicat needle test is more common and tends to give shorter times than Gillmore
needle test.
Objective: To determine the time of setting of hydraulic cement by the use of Vicat
needle.
Referenced Documents:
ASTM (C191-82 , C 191-04 , C 403/C403M – 99 , C 266)
AASHTO (T 131 , T 154)
Apparatus:
1. Balance, sensitive to 0.1 gm.
2. Vicat needle apparatus
3. Graduated cylinder, 200 ml or 250 ml capacity
4. Trowel or spatula
5. Mixing container
Procedure:
1. Mix 650 gm of cement with the percentage of mixing water required for
normal consistency.
2. Quickly form the cement paste into a ball will gloved hands and tossed six
times from one hand to another maintaining the hands about 6 inches
(152 mm) apart.
3. Press the ball, resting in the palm of the hand, into a larger end of the
conical ring held on the other hand completely filling the ring with paste.
4. Remove the excess of the larger end by a single movement of the palm of
the hand.
5. Place the large end on a glass plate and slice off the excess paste at the
smaller end at the top of the ring by a single oblique stroke of a sharp
edged trowel or spatula held at a slight angle with the top of the ring.
7. During the operation of cutting and smoothing, take care not to compress
the paste.
8. Place the test specimen in the most closet or moist room immediately after
molding and allow it to remain there except when determination of time
of setting are being made. The specimen shall remain in the conical mold
throughout the test period.
9. Allow the time of setting specimen to remain in the moist cabinet for 30
minutes after molding without being disturbed.
10. Determine the penetration of the 1 – mm needles at this time and every
1.5 minutes thereafter until the penetration of 25 mm or less is obtained.
11. For penetration test, lower the needle of the rod until it rests on the surface
of the cement paste. Tighten the setscrew and set indicator at the upper
end of the scale. Take an initial reading. Release the rod quickly by
releasing the setscrew and allow the needle to settle for 30 seconds and
take the reading to determine the penetration. No penetration test shall
be made closer than 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) from any previous penetration and
no penetration shall be made closer than 3/8 in (9.5 mm) from the inside
of the mold.
12. Record the results all penetration tests and, by interpolation determine the
time when a penetration of 25 mm is obtained. This is the initial setting time.
The final setting time is when the needle does not sink visibly into the paste.
DATE: ____________________________
Discussion
This practice covers procedure for making and curing concrete test specimen
of concrete in the laboratory under accurate control of materials and test
conditions using concrete that can be consolidated by rodding or vibration. The
values stated in either in pound units or SI units shall be regarded separately as
standards. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are
not exact equivalent; therefore, each system shall be used independently of each
other. Combining values from two systems may result in non-conformance.
The number of specimen and the number of test batches are dependent on
the established practice and the nature of the test program. Usually three or more
specimens should be prepared for each test age and test conditions unless
otherwise specified.
Objective: To produce and cure concrete test specimen in the laboratory under
accurate control and test conditions using concrete that can be
consolidated by rodding or vibration.
Procedure:
MIXING CONCRETE
1. Mix concrete in a suitable mixer or hand in batches as to leave about 10%
excess after molding the test specimens. Hand-mixing procedures are not
applicable to air entrained concrete or concrete with no measurable slump.
Hand mixing should be limited to batches of ¼ ft3 (0.007 m3) volume or less.
2. In the case of machine mixing, add the cored aggregate; some of the mixing
water, and the solution of admixture (if required), to the mix before starting its
rotation. Start the mixer, and then add the fine aggregate, cement, and
water with the mixer running. If it is impractical for a particular test to add the
fine aggregate, cement and water while the mixer is running, these
components may be added to the stopped mixer permitting it to turn a few
revolutions following charging with coarse aggregate and some of the water.
Mix the concrete, after all the ingredients are in the mixer for 3 minutes
followed by 3- minute rest, followed by 2 minutes final mixing. To eliminate
segregation, deposit machine-mixed concrete in the clean, damp mixing
pan and remix by shovel or trowel until it appears to be uniform.
3. In the case of hand mixing, mix the batch in water tight, clean, damp, metal
pan or bowl with a brick layer’s blunted trowel.
4. Mix the cement, powdered insoluble admixture (if required), and fine
aggregate without the addition of water until they are thoroughly blended.
5. Add the coarse aggregate and mix the entire batch without the addition of
water until the coarse aggregate in uniformly distributed throughout the
batch.
6. Add water and admixture solution and mix the mass until the concrete is
homogeneous in appearance and has a desired consistency.
7. Select portions of the batch of mixed concrete to be used in the tests for
molding specimens so as to be representative of the actual proportions and
conditions of the concrete. When the concrete is not being remixed or
sampled cover it to prevent evaporation.
Discussion
Compressive strength test results are primarily used to determine that the
concrete mixtures are delivered meets the requirements of the specified strength,
f’c in the job specifications.
Design engineers use the specified f’c to design structural elements. Their
specified strength is incorporated in the job contact documents. The concrete
mixture is design to produce an average strength of f’c higher than the specified
strength such that the risk of not complying with the strength specifications is
minimized. To comply with the strength requirements of a job specification both the
following criteria shall apply:
a) The average of three consecutive tests should equal or exceed the specified
strength f’c.
b) No single strength tests should fall below f’c by more than 500 psi (3.45 MPa),
or by more than 0.10f’c when f’c is more than 5,000 psi (345 MPa).
When the strength tests results indicate that concrete delivered fails to meet the
requirements of the specifications, it is important to recognize that the failure may
be in the testing, not the concrete.
Apparatus:
Procedure:
3. With a clean rag or rush clean the bearing faces of the bearing blocks, test
the specimens and exclusion controller (elastomeric cps).
4. Rest the specimen on the lower extrusion controller, place the top extrusion
controller on the specimen on the specimen, and check the spacing
between the sides of the specimen and the extrusion controllers to ensure no
contact between the cylinder and the steel. Slide the specimen and
extrusion controller configuration into the center of the concentric circles of
the lower bearing block. Check the alignment with the upper bearing face
after lowering it into position.
CALCULATION:
Cs= q/πR2
Where:
Cs=compressive strength (psi)
Q=load at failure (lb-force)
R=radius of specimen (in)
For 6 –inch (150 mm) diameter specimen =Q/28.274
For 4-inch (100 mm) diameter specimen = Q/12.566
Discussion
Concrete has very low tensile strength due to the inhomogeneous nature of
the material. When loaded in tension it typically fails along the interface between
the aggregate and cement. Measuring the tensile the tensile strength of concrete
directly is very difficult (i.e., grasping the ends of a long specimen and pulling);
therefore, indirect method is used. The procedure involves loading a right cylinder
on its side, until splits down the center.
Apparatus:
Test Specimen:
Procedure:
2. Determine the length of the specimen to the nearest 0.1 inch (2.5 mm)
by averaging at least two length measurements taken in the plane
containing the lines marked on the two ends.
3. Center one of the plywood strips along the center of the lower bearing
block of the testing machine. Place the cylinder on the plywood strip
and align so that the lines marked on the ends of the specimen are
vertical and centered over the plywood strip.
4. Place the second plywood strip lengthwise on the cylinder and place
a 2ˮ x 2ˮ x 14 steel bar over the plywood strip.
5. Lower the upper loading head until the assembly is secured in the
machine.
6. Apply the compressive load slowly and continuously until failure. The
rate at which the specimen should be loaded is 100 to 200 psi (690 to
1380kPa) per minute.
Calculation:
Where:
Discussion
Many state highway agencies have use flexural strength but are not changing to
compressive strength for job control of concrete paving. Cylinder strength are also
used for concrete structures.
The concrete industry and inspection agencies are much familiar with traditional
cylinder and compression test for control and acceptance for concrete. Flexural
can be used for design purposes, but the corresponding compressive strength
should be used to order and accept of the concrete. Any time trial batches are
made, both flexural and compressive tests should be made so that correlation can
be developed for field control.
Procedure:
1. Measure the dimensions of the specimen and the record them in the date
sheet
2. Turn the specimen on its side with respect to its position as molded and center
in on life support blocks.
5. Grind cap, or use leather shims on the specimen contact surface to eliminate
any gap in excess of 0.004 inch (0.10 mm). Gaps in excess of 0.15 inch (0.38
mm) shall be eliminated by capping or grinding.
6. Apply the load on the specimen continuously and without shock. The load
shall be applied at the constant rate to the breaking. Apply the load at such
a rate that constantly increases the extreme fiber stresses between 125 and
175 psi/min. (0.86 and 121 MPa/min) when calculated in accordance with 7.1
until rupture occurs.
7. Take three measurements across each dimensions (one at each edge and at
the center) to the nearest0.05 in. ( 1 mm ) to determined the average width
and depth of the specimen at the point of fracture. If the fracture occurs at
a capped section, include the cap thickness in measurement.
Calculation:
MR = 3PL / 2bd2
Where:
MR- modulus of rupture, psi (MPa)
Note: The weight of the beam is not included in the above calculation.
Discussion
Nondestructive tests may be divided into two general groups. The first group
consists of tests used to locate defects just like visual inspection of the surface as well
as the interior by use of drilled holes. Also test involving the application of the
penetrants to locate surface cracks or examination of welded joints by the use of a
stethoscope to detect changes in sounds caused by hidden defects.
Apparatus:
2. When using the hammer to test concrete for a pour on which the cylinder
breaks indicated low strength (for compressive purposes) should also be
made on other pour where cylinder breaks indicated satisfactory strength. This
comparison should only be done with other pours made during approximately
the same time period using the same mix and preferably on the same
structure or project.
Procedure:
3. Press the hammer plunger at exactly right angles to the surface of the
concrete being tested. Press the plunger slowly and uniformly until released.
Do not jerk or try to anticipate the plunger release. Do not press the lock
button while apply pressure to the plunger.
4. After impact, the rider will show the rebound value. Record the reading.
6. Covert the average reading to psi (kPa) from the chart. (Do not use the
calibration curves on the hammer).
7. Make correction to the psi (kPa) for the position of the hammer.
Position Correction
Horizontal None
Vertical Up Minus 500 (3400 kPa)
Discussion
Hollow masonry units of Portland cement and sand, gravel, or other suitable
aggregate are termed concrete blocks. Concrete blocks are used for interior and
exterior bearing and nonbearing walls, partitions, and backing.
The weight, color, and texture of concrete block depend largely on the type
of aggregate used in its manufacture. Block made with sand and gravel or crushed
rock weights 40 to 50 lb (18.1 kg to 20.4 kg) per 8” x 8” x 16” (203 x 203 x 406 mm)
unit. These blocks are strong and durable, with a low absorption rate. Lightweight
blocks are produced as non-load-bearing units, for use as backup walls, or as load-
bearing units, for use as the finished surface of both interior and exterior walls.
Standard concrete hollow blocks have the typical light-gray color of
concrete. Colored blocks may be made with naturally colored aggregates or by
including inert pigments in the concrete mix.
Lightweight concrete block is used where a lightweight material with good
strength and high insulating or acoustical qualities desired. Its use also simplifies the
attachment of finish materials or accessories to structural wall, in that common nail
can be driven into the block.
Referenced Documents:
Apparatus:
1. Compression Machine
Procedure:
Calculation:
Compressive Strength (CS) = P/A
Where:
DISCUSSION
Compression test is merely the opposite of the tension test with respect to the
direction or sense of the applied forces. Compression parallel to the grain shortens
the fiber in the wood lengthwise. An example would be chair or table legs, which
are primarily subjected to downward, rather than lateral pressure. Wood is very
strong in compression parallel to the grain and this is seldom a limiting factor in
design. Specimen for compression test of small, clear pieces of wood parallel to the
grains must be 50 x 50 mm (2 x 2 x 6 in.) or 50 x 50 x 200 mm.
APPARATUS:
1. Compressive Machine
2. Compressometer
3. Load indicator
4. Bearing block
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the cross section and length of the specimen to the nearest 0.01
inches. Record the dimensions and indicate the species of wood.
CALCULATION:
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑆=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
Discussion
Most structures and machines have members whose primary function is to resist loads
that cause banding. Examples mare beams, hooks, plates slabs, and columns under
eccentric loadings. The design of such structural members may be based on tensile
compressive and shearing properties accounted by various bending formulas. In many
instances, however, bending formulas give results that only approximate the real conditions.
The bending test may serve then as a direct means of evaluating behavior under bending
loads, particularly for determining limits of structural stability of beams of various shapes and
sizes.
Flexural tests on beams are usually made to determine the strength and stiffness in
bending; occasionally they are made to obtain a fairly complete picture of stress distribution
in a flexural member. Beam test also offer a means of determining the resilience and
toughness of material in bending.
If a beam specimen is to be tested for flexural failure, as in the case when modulus
of rupture of a material is to be determined. It must be proportional that it does not fail by
lateral buckling or in shear before the ultimate flexural strength is reached. In order to avoid
shear failure, the span must not be too short with respect to the depth. For wood, small clear
pieces of wood, 50 X 50 X 750 mm (2 X 2 X 30 in.) in size are tested under center loading, but
large timber beam having a length of 5 m. are often tested under third-point loading.
Apparatus:
1. Universal Testing Machine
2. Beam support
3. Deflection gage
2. Place the beam in the machine with the ends placed on the supports and place the
loading block at the center of the beam. The whole assembly shall be properly
centered such that the loading block is at the center of the machine’s loading head.
3. Lower the loading head until a small compressive load is applied to the beam. Place
the deflection gage at the midspan in such a way that it can measure the midspan
deflection of the beam.
4. Apply the load continuously at the rate of approximately 1000 pounds per minute.
Take simultaneous load and deflection readings for increment of every 200 pounds
until the maximum load has been reached. Remove the dial gage prior to the failure
of the beam.
6. Plot a load-deflection curve and compute all the properties called for using the
formula shown below.
Calculation:
3PmaxL
MR =
2bh2
PL3
E=
(S) 4bh3
Where:
Pmax and L = maximum load and span of the beam
B and h = width and height of the cross-section
S = slope of the load-deflection curve
Discussion:
The ultimate tensile stress parallel to the grain (UTS) is difficult to obtain
experimentally with clear defect-free wood. The value parallel to the grain is of the
order of 46-120 MPa at 12% moisture content whereas the tensile stress
perpendicular to the grain may only be 2-6% of the parallel-to-grain value. Thus, it is
difficult to get wood to fail in tension parallel to reason; only a limited value of data
is available on the tensile strength of clear wood parallel to the grain. Values of
tensile strength perpendicular are determined as an average of the values in the
radial and tangential directions.
Objectives: To determine the tensile strength of wood parallel to the grain.
Apparatus:
1. Testing machines
2. Special grips
3. Calipers
4. Dial gage
Procedure:
Calculation:
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑆𝑇 =
𝐴
Discussion
Shear stress involves the application of stress from two opposite direction
causing portions of an object to move parallel but opposite directions. Wood is very
resistant to shearing perpendicular to the grain and this property is not measured via
a standard test. Wood shears is much easier in a direction parallel to the grain _
consider a screw running perpendicular to the grain: it will shear out to the nearest
end grain if a sufficiently large force is applied to the grain. Shear stress is measured
in psi.
A shear strength parallel to the grain ranges from 3 to 15 Mpa at 12% moisture
content. Because wood is highly orthotropic .it is very difficult to get fail in shear
perpendicular to the grain usually result in failure in another failure mode, such as
compression perpendicular to the grain. A very limited amount of data suggests that
shear strength perpendicular to the grain may be 2.5 -3 times that of the shear
parallel to the grain.
Apparatus:
1. Testing machine
2. Caliper
3. Shear tool apparatus
Procedure:
Calculation:
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
The element called metals together surely constitutes most important engineering
materials. They can be combined with another and some nonmetals to form alloy that
have characteristics superior to any pure metal for most purposes. Alloys with a great
much combination of properties can be made.
The reference to pure metals has to be taken, almost literally, with a grain of salt.
Even when absolute purity is desirable, which is the case quire rarely, it cannot be fully
attained. Whenever we speak of “pure” metals, therefore, we mean metals with less
than one (1) percent impurities.
Metals are thought of as being divided into two groups, ferrous and nonferrous
metals depending on whether the major constituents are iron or not. The word “ferrous”
is derived from the Latin noun ferrum, meaning iron.
Ferrous metals are principally iron-carbon alloys containing small amounts of sulfur,
phosphorous, silicon and manganese. Some are alloyed with copper, nickel, chromium,
molybdenum or other elements to alert their physical and mechanical properties.
Nonferrous metals and their alloys are also important group of engineering
materials. Some have high strength-mass ratio, whereas, others have good antifriction
quantities and resistance to corrosion, and still others are suitable for die-casting and
extrusion. Heat-treatment does not generally improve their properties to the same
extent as it does those of steel alloys. Cold-working, however, quite effective increases
the yield strength of most nonferrous metals.
Discussion
Apparatus:
Procedure:
1. Measured the total length L and weight W of the deformed bar specimen.
Mark the gage length.
2. Attach the specimen to the universal testing machine (100 ton-capacity ).
3. Apply a tensile load satisfying all the requirements of the related standard.
4. Obtain the force- deformation diagram (stress-strain diagram) as graphs from
the mechanical recorder of the machine. Reload the ultimate load Pu .
Continue until load fracture of the specimen.
5. Measure the gage length after fracture (Lf) by connecting the two pieces.
6. Measure the final diameter dfd by vernier. Make about three mutual
measurements.
7. Make calculation:
Asphalt is a sticky brownish or black and highly vinous liquid or semi-solid that is
present in most crude petroleum and in some natural deposits. Asphalt is composed
almost entirely of bitumen. There is some disagreement amongst chemists regarding the
structure of asphalt, but it is moats commonly modeled as a colloid, with asphalteness
as the dispersed phase and maltenes as the continuous phase. It is literally scraped from
the bottom of the barrel after all other petroleum-based products have been refined or
processed. Asphalt is at least 80% carbon that explains its deep color. Sulphur is another
ingredient found in the tar-like asphalt, as well as trace minerals.
The tar from the crude oil is usually mixed with sand and gravel to form the finished
product we call asphalt. The black tar forms a strong adhesive bond with the
aggregate, which makes it durable. When used in road construction, asphalt is usually
poured over a bed of heavier aggregate in a heated state, and then pressed into place
by an extremely heavy steam roller. Once the fresh asphalt cools to ambient
temperature, it becomes sturdy enough flexibility to accommodate natural variations
in the roadbed.
Because asphalt bears the weight of cars extremely well, it has become a very
popular material for parking lot construction. Asphalt can be applied quickly on a
prepared surface, which means a parking lot can be graded, poured and painted with
little delay. Patching asphalt is usually a matter of bringing a new material to the
affected area and pressing it into the cracks or potholes. This makes asphalt preferable
to be more permanent material such as concrete. Repair crews can fix asphalt problem
without blocking or removing entire section of roadway.
Asphalt is also popular sealant for roofs. Heated asphalt can be pumped to the roof
of a new building and poured into place. While it is pliable, roofers can spread an even
layer to form a nearly-impenetrate barrier between the building and the elements. Over
time, the aggregate may work its way out of the tar, but the overall integrity is
comparable to other roofing methods.
Asphalt is rather hard to transport in bulk (it hardens unless kept very hot) so it is
sometimes mixed with diesel oil or kerosene before shipping. Upon delivery, this lighter
Other uses include airport runways, playgrounds, fence post treatments, and
waterproofing for fabrics.
DISCUSSION
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE:
1. Heat the sample, stirring to prevent local overheating, until it is sufficiently fluid
to pour. Avoid incorporating bubble into the sample.
2. Pour the sample into the sample container to a depth, which is 10mm greater
than the depth to which the needle to which the needle is expected to
penetrate when cooled to the test temperature of 25° (77°F).
3. Allow the sample to cool for 1 to 1.5 hour for the small container and 1.5 to 2
hour for large container.
4. Place the container in the transfer dish and place it in the water bath at 25°
(77°F). The small container shall remain in the bath for 1 to 1.5 hours and large
container for 1.5 to 2 hour.
5. Place the 50 gm weight above the needle and spindle. The total weight is 100
gm.
6. Cover the container with water from the bath and place the transfer dish on
the stand of the penetration apparatus (the penetrometer).
7. Position the needle by lowering it slowly until the needle’s tip just makes
contact with the surface of the sample.
9. Release the needle holder, allowing penetration of the asphalt to occur. After
3 seconds stop the penetration test.
10. Read the penetration in tenths of millimeter, from the penetrometer dial.
12. If the penetration is greater than 200, use at least three needles leaving them
in the sample until three determinations have been completed.
This laboratory rubric shall be used in all subjects with laboratory experiments specifically:
Surveying, Construction Materials and Testing, Geotech 1 and Geotech 2, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics.
1. Actual Performance - refers to their actual performance of the laboratory exercise. Students will
be graded as a group based on their performance with indicators presented in CATEGORY 1.
Category 1 is to be graded in percentage based on teacher’s evaluation guided by the indicators.
2. Laboratory/Written Output - refers to the written output of the students with complete elements
presented as defined at the beginning of the subjects. Students will prepare individual output and
thus, will be graded individually based on CATEGORY 2. Variation of points shall be 0.25 points.
Weight (%)
Actual Performance 50%
Written Output 50%
TOTAL: 100%
Rating/Transmutation:
The table below shall be used in transmuting acquired score for Category 2 to be multiplied by