(a) Plot the results for Experiment 1 on the grid.

Draw a straight line of best fit through the first three points and a second straight
line of best fit through the last six points.
Make sure that the two straight lines cross.
(4)
35 –

30 –

Temperature
in °C

25 –

20 –
–

–
–

0 10 20 30 40
Volume of solution X added in cm3

(b) (i) Use the graph to determine the volume of solution X that will produce the
maximum temperature rise when added to 20 cm3 of the aqueous sodium hydroxide.
(1)

volume of solution X = ....................................... . cm3

(ii) Use the graph to determine the maximum temperature rise.
(1)

maximum temperature rise = .................................. . . . . . . °C

(b) These are the thermometer readings from one experiment.

°C 20 °C 20

15 15

before adding after adding

aqueous sodium hydroxide aqueous sodium hydroxide

Use these readings to complete the table.

(3)

temperature in °C after adding aqueous sodium hydroxide

temperature in °C before adding aqueous sodium hydroxide

temperature change in °C
 (c) The table shows the results of some experiments.
The initial temperature of both solutions in all the experiments is 17.6 °C.

Volume of aqueous
Temperature of
sodium hydroxide
mixture in °C
added in cm3
0.0 17.6
5.0 19.7
10.0 21.6
15.0 23.6
20.0 23.8
25.0 23.0
30.0 22.2

(i) Plot these results on the grid. Draw a straight line of best fit through the first
four points, and another straight line of best fit through the last three points.
Extend both lines so that they cross each other.
(4)

25.0 –

Temperature
20.0 –
in °C

15.0 –
–

0 10.0 20.0 30.0

Volume of aqueous sodium hydroxide in cm3
(d) The diagram shows the burette readings in one titration.

2 23

3 24

4 25

before after

Use the readings to complete the table, entering all values to the nearest 0.05 cm3.
(3)

burette reading in cm3 after adding acid

burette reading in cm3 before adding acid

volume of acid added in cm3

(e) The student repeats the experiment using the same sodium hydroxide solution
but another solution of sulfuric acid of a different concentration.
The table shows her results.

burette reading in cm3 after adding acid 27.65 27.80 27.75 27.40

burette reading in cm3 before adding acid 0.50 1.50 1.00 1.00

volume of acid added in cm3 27.15 26.30 26.75 26.40

titration results to be used (9)

The average (mean) volume of acid should be calculated using only concordant results.
Concordant results are those volumes that differ from each other by 0.20 cm3 or less.
(i) Identify the concordant results by placing ticks (9) in the table where appropriate.
(1)
(ii) Use your ticked results to calculate the average volume of acid added.
(2)

average volume of acid = ................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

(d) These results were obtained in another titration.

mass of FeSO4.xH2O in 250 cm3 of the FeSO4 solution 5.56 g

average volume of KMnO4 solution added to 25.0 cm3 of solution 20.00 cm3

concentration of the KMnO4 solution

o .0200 mol/dm3

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of KMnO4 in 20.00 cm3 of solution.

(2)

amount of KMnO4 = ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(ii) In this reaction one mole of KMnO4 reacts with five moles of FeSO4
Calculate the amount, in moles, of FeSO4 in 25.0 cm3 of the FeSO4 solution.
(1)

amount of FeSO4 in 25.0 cm3 = ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(iii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of FeSO4 in 250 cm3 of this FeSO4 solution.
(1)

amount of FeSO4 in 250 cm3 = ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(iv) Using your answer from (d)(iii), calculate the mass, in grams, of FeSO4 in the
5.56 g of FeSO4.xH2O.
[Mr of FeSO4 = 152]
(1)

mass of FeSO4 = ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

3 The diagram shows some pieces of apparatus used to measure volumes.

25
cm3

50
cm3

25
cm3

250
cm3

A student was given a large bottle containing sodium hydroxide solution and a supply
of dilute sulfuric acid of known concentration.
He was allowed to use normal laboratory apparatus, including the pieces of apparatus
shown in the diagram.
He was told to plan an experiment to find the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution.
This is his plan.

Step 1 Obtain about 150 cm3 of each solution.

Step 2 Use a measuring cylinder to add exactly 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution
to a conical flask.

Step 3 Add a few drops of universal indicator to the conical flask.

Step 4 Use a burette to add the sulfuric acid to the conical flask until the indicator
changes colour.

(a) (i) Give the name of the most suitable piece of apparatus in the diagram that
should be used in Step 1.
(1)

. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give the name of the piece of apparatus in the diagram that should be used
instead of a measuring cylinder in Step 2.
(1)

. . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 (iii) State why universal indicator is not a good choice for this experiment and
suggest an indicator that would be more suitable.
(2)

. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) Why is a pipette not suitable for adding the acid in Step 4?
(1)

. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The diagram shows the burette readings in one experiment before and after
adding the acid.

Before After

2 22

3 23

4 24

Use the readings to complete the table, entering all values to the nearest 0.05 cm3.
(3)

Burette reading after adding acid in cm3

Burette reading before adding acid in cm3

Volume of acid added in cm3

(c) The student repeated the experiment using a different concentration of sodium hydroxide
solution and recorded these results.

Burette reading after adding acid in cm3 24.90 25.85 24.85 25.55
Burette reading before adding acid in cm3 1.20 2.75 1.50 2.10
Volume of acid added in cm3 23.70 23.10 23.35 23.45
Titration results to be used (9)

The volumes of acid added during these titrations are not all the same. The average
(mean) volume of acid should be calculated using only concordant results.
Concordant results are those volumes that differ from each other by 0.20 cm3 or less.

(i) Identify the concordant results by placing ticks (9) in the table where appropriate.
(1)
(ii) Use your ticked results to calculate the average (mean) volume of acid added.
(2)

Average (mean) volume of acid = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3