UM DIGOS COLLEGE

Department of Criminal Justice Education

Roxas Extension, Digos City

LEXICON

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS

(CRI313_1599)

3:30-4:30 PM

SUBMITTED TO:
SIR HIPOLITO BENEDICTO QUILLIP JR., PH. D
Program Head, DCJE/INSTRUCTOR

SUBMITTED BY:
JANDYL NYCE C. PENDANG

(2021-2022)

Reformers
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

1.Charles Montesquieu (Baron de La Brede et de Montesquieu, 1689-1755) – A

founder of political science. Free, independent individuals agree to form a community
and to give up a portion of their individual freedom to benefit the security of the
group. He also Criticized inhumane punishment and argued that the punishment
should fit the crime. He believed that harsh punishment undermined morality and
that a better way to prevent crime was to appeal to an individual’s sense of decency
and what was morally and socially right.

2.Cesare Bonesana Marchese de Beccaria (1738-1794) - An Italian economist,

Milanese aristocrat, jurist and criminologist, he was the most influential writer of the
period.
Beccaria was the founder of the classical school of criminology stressing the social
contract, the prevention of crime and the need to make any punishment fit the crime
committed. A basic assumption of Beccaria was that people are rational and
responsible for their acts. He also contended that laws should be structured to permit
the greatest amount of happiness to the largest number of people. In 1764 he wrote
his best-known work, an essay entitled On Crimes and Punishments.

3.Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) - Considered the Father of the Positivist School

of Criminology, maintained that criminals were born with a predisposition to crime
and needed exceptionally favorable conditions in life to avoid criminal behavior.
Biological explanations of crime assume that some people are ‘born criminals’, who
are physiologically distinct from non-criminals. Born Criminals –the belief that being
criminal behavior is inherited.

4.John Howard (1726-1790) - An important penal reformer, was appointed sheriff of

Bedfordshire in 1733. In this position he became painfully aware of the inhuman
conditions in the hulks unseaworthy ships) and goals being used to house prisoners.

5.Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) - Another influential reformer of English criminal

law was philosopher and lawyer, Bentham read Howard and was influenced by him.
Bentham was a firm believer in “The Greatest Good for The Greatest Number”- a
practical, utilitarian approach to crime inspired by Beccaria and referred to by
Bentham as “The Greatest Happiness Principle”.

6.Captain Alexander Maconochie - The originator of the “Mark System”, is a major

figure in the history of penal discipline. Best known for his attempt to implement the
system at the Norfolk Island penal station from 1840 to 1844, disciplinary practices
which are considered to have originated in large part with Maconochie include
indeterminate sentencing, multi-stage systems featuring progressive relaxations of
discipline, the motivation of prisoners through incentives, individualized treatment of
prisoners, and open prisons.

7.Sir Walter Crofton - An Irishman, who used Maconochie’s success with the
indeterminate sentence to develop the Irish system. He introduced 3 stages: First -
solitary confinement and monotonous work; Second - laboring on public works; Third
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

- the final stage was confinement in an intermediate prison where the prisoners
worked without supervision and were free to move about in the community. Each
level within this stage shortening the length of time to be served. Those prisoners
who obeyed all the laws and social customs of the community and who were able to
find a job were given a “ticket of leave”, what is referred to as parole in modern
corrections.

8. Manuel Montesinos - Director of Prison at Valencia, Spain in 1835 who divided

prisoners into companies and appointed them as petty officers; also, he allowed the
reduction of inmate’s sentence by 1/3 for good behavior

9.Domets of France - In 1839 established an agricultural colony for delinquent boys

and provided house father as in charge, also he concentrated on boy’s reeducation
where the boys were placed under the supervision of a patron.

10. Zebulon Brockway - He became a Superintendent of Elmira Reformatory in

1876 at New York, USA., who introduced a new institutional program for boys aged
16 – 30 years old. This was popularly known as Grade System.

11. Sir Evelen Ruggles Brise - The Director of English Prison who opened the
Borstal Institution after visiting Elmira Reformatory in 1897; such Borstal Institution
was considered today as the best reform institution for young offenders, where the
system was entirely based on an individualized treatment.

Development of the Pennsylvania Prisons

The Walnut Street Jail – This statute was the beginning of the modern prison
system in the US, for it established the philosophy that was the basis for the
Pennsylvania and Auburn Prison System. Inmate worked for 8-10 hours a day in
their cells, and they were paid for their work. The prison, in fact, was known as a
“penitentiary” (from the Latin word for remorse). It was designed to provide a severe
environment that left inmates much time for reflection, but it was also designed to be
cleaner and safer than past prisons. The Walnut Street Prison was one of the
forerunners of an entire school of thought on prison construction and reform.

The Cherry Hill – Because of the problems arises in the Walnut Street Jail it was
failed due to overcrowded population; The Cherry Hill was the first significant attempt
to implement the Pennsylvania System and to answer the problem of overcrowding
were the solitary confinement of inmates at all times with work provided in their
cells. 

The Auburn System – Penal method of the 19 th century in which persons worked
during the day and were kept in solitary confinement at night, with enforced silence
at all. In contrast to the Pennsylvania system, the Auburn plan permitted inmates to
congregate but not to communicate. The system was much more economical than to
the Pennsylvania System. The silent system was enforced by having inmates eat
face to back rather than face to face.
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

The Elmira Reformatory - is considered as the forerunner of modern penology

because it had all the elements of a modern correctional system like a training
school type that emphasized on compulsion education, case work method, and
extensive use of parole based on indeterminate sentence. Elmira Reformatory gave
the reformatory movement two important philosophical tenets: first, the importance of
specialized care for youthful offenders, recognizing both the individuality of prisoners
and their similarity; second, the recognition that up to a certain age every criminal
ought to be regarded as potentially a good citizen. This reformatory ideology
gradually entered the U.S. prison system and also affected European correctional
practices.

William Penn (1644–1718) English Quaker who arrived in Philadelphia in 1682.

Succeeded in getting Pennsylvania to adopt “The Great Law” emphasizing hard
labor in a house of correction as punishment for most crimes. He also stated that
‘prisons shall be workhouses,’ that bail should be allowed for minor offences’, and ‘all
prisons shall be free, as to fees, food and lodgings. He provided for rehabilitation, as
he stipulated that prisoner should be helped to learn a trade, so that they could make
an honest living when they were released. These were radical reforms for his time,
putting into practice his Quaker faith in equality and the possibility of nurturing ‘that of
God’ in everyone.

Seven (7) Prison facility

1.The New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa City, Philippines, is the main insular

penitentiary designed to house the prison population of the Philippines. It is
maintained by the Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) under the Philippine Department of
Justice. As of October 2004, it has an inmate population of 16,747. The penitentiary
had an initial land area of 551 hectares. One hundred four hectares of the facility
were transferred to a housing project of the Department of Justice. The Bureau of
Corrections has its headquarters in the NBP Reservation.

The Old Bilibid Prison, then known as Carcel y Presidio Correctional (Spanish,

"Correctional Jail and Military Prison") occupied a rectangular piece of land which
was part of the Mayhalique Estate in the heart of Manila. The old prison was
established on June 25, 1865 under a Spanish royal decree. It is divided into two
sections the Carcel Section which could accommodate 600 inmates and
the Presidio, which could accommodate 527 prisoners. Due to increasing crime, the
Philippine Government enacted Commonwealth Act No. 67 and a new prison was
built in Muntinlupa on 551 hectares of land at an area considered at that time to be "
remote". Construction began in 1936 with a budget of one million pesos. In 1940, the
prisoners, equipment and facilities were transferred to the new prison. The remnants
of the old facility were used by the City of Manila as its detention center then known
as Manila City Jail. In 1941 the new facility was officially named "The New Bilibid
Prison".
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

2. SAN RAMON PRISON AND PENAL FARM was established on August 21,1870,
through a royal decree promulgated in 1869 during the tenure of Gov. Gen. Ramon
Blanco. It said the facility was originally established for persons convicted of political
crimes. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga City were established
under section 1720 of the Revised Administrative Code. Under Pershing's
supervision, several buildings with a capacity for 600 prisoners were constructed.
After several years, the colony became practically self-supporting, with75,000
coconut trees, which were planted at the beginning of Pershing's administration,
contributing to the colony self-sufficiency. Aside from coconut, rice, corn, papaya and
other were also cultivated. The San Ramon Penal Fa rm prisoners were being asked
to work in farms. They also have their own school, all who can't read and write are
required to attend school. They encourage to create a lot of handicrafts which are
being sold in their handicraft center. The prisoners pass the time in playing
basketball, volleyball, billiards, chess for enjoyment. They also given a regular task
everyday like cooking, cleaning, gardening etc.

3. Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines is

one of seven operating units of the Bureau of Corrections under the Department of
Justice. The Spanish regime had earlier designated Puerto Princesa, Palawan as a
place where offenders sentenced to banishment were exiled, often as a death
sentence due to the endemic malaria. Yet, the facility was established only during
the American occupation. Governor Luke Wright authorized the establishment of a
penal colony in the province of Palawan on November 16, 1904. This penal
settlement, which originally comprised an area of 22 acres, served as a depository
for prisoners who could not be accommodated at the Bilibid Prison in Manila. A
prison facility was created by the American military in the rain forest of Puerto
Princesa. Lieutenant George Wolfe, a member of the U.S. expeditionary force was
the prison's first superintendent.

4. The Correctional Institution for Women (CIW) is a women's prison located

in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines. The prison is operated by the Bureau of
Corrections. The prison first opened on an 18-hectare (44-acre) property on
February 14, 1931. Previously women were held at the Old Bilibid Prison. When
the Philippines had the death penalty, female inmates condemned to death were
held at CIW.
 Ron Gluck man of Asia week described the women's death row as appearing like a
secondary school. The Correctional Institution for Women has three different camps
namely the Maximum-Security Compound which consists of the Old and New
Building, the Medium Security Camp and Minimum-Security Camp.

5. Davao Prison and Penal Farm, formerly the Davao Penal Colony (DaPeCol),

was established on January 21, 1932 in Panabo City, Davao del Norte, Philippines. It
has a land area of 30,000 hectares with a prison reservation of 8,000 hectares.
During World War II, the Davao Penal Colony was the biggest prison establishment
in the country which was used by the Japanese invading army as their imperial
garrison.
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

On October 7, 1931, Governor Dwight Davis signed proclamation 414 which

reserved a site for Penal Colony in Davao Province in Mindanao and on January 21,
1932 the Davao Penal Colony was formally established under Act No. 3732. During
World War II, it was used by the Philippine-American Armed Forces where more
than 1000 Japanese were treated in accordance with the orders of the American
commanding officer. The Japanese Imperial Army attacked Davao on December 20,
1941 and the colony was among the establishments that were taken over by the
Imperial Army.

Two thousand American prisoners were held in the penal colony after Japan's
conquest of the Philippines in World War II. Some of the prisoners, survivors of
the Bataan Death March, escaped in Spring 1943. When the twelve men escaped,
later joining Wendell Fertig's guerrillas, the Japanese beheaded twenty-five
prisoners. Major Stephen Mellnik, of Douglas MacArthur's South West Pacific Area
(command), inserted the M1 S-X intelligence officer Capt. Harold Rosenquist into
Mindanao in an attempt to rescue the Americans before they could be moved.
However, the Japanese had already evacuated the camp, placing the American
prisoners on a ship bound for Japan. However, that ship was sunk by an American
submarine, and only eighty-three reached shore and were rescued by guerrillas.

6. SABLAYAN PRISON AND PENAL FARM was established on September 27,

1954 in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. The president of the Philippines issued
Proclamation No. 72 allocating 16,000 hectares of land. This was established to
meet the increasing population of prisoners that is already causing serious
congestion. This penal farm is intended for agro-industrial activities. Within its area
are (4) sub-colonies: 1) Central sub-colony 2) Pasugui sub-colony 3) Pusog sub-
colony 4) Yapang sub-colony. Rice is the principal product of the colony,
subsequently the institution raises also vegetables intended for the colony and PDL
of NBP.

The town used to be called Dongon, a coastal village located currently at Barangay
San Nicolas. The first accounts of the baptism of the locals under the Recollects
were recorded in 1670. By 1749, Dongon became the biggest pueblo in the whole
island of Mindoro in terms of population.

In 1754, the Moro pirates started attacking the town, and almost every year
thereafter, until in 1791 when the Moros effectively wiped out the whole population
from more than 600 inhabitants to less than 98 people. In 1814, the inhabitants of
Dongon gradually transferred to the village of Sablayan, until Dongon ceased to
become a village in 1829. In 1832, the missionary friar Simeon Mendoza de la V. de
Ibernalo requested the Spanish government for the exemption of the town's
inhabitants from paying taxes so that they could build a stone church, convent and
fort at a hilly part of the village. The church that stands today at the town may have
been built from 1832 to 1835, and its advocacy was placed under San Sebastian.

7. LEYTE REGIONAL PRISON was established on January 16, 1973 by virtue of

PD. No. 28 during the Martial Law period. It is a prison facility which has a receiving
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

and processing station. It has (3) three security facility-maximum, medium, and
minimum. Because of its terrain, prison agro-industrial activities could not be fully
developed. Its capacity is only 500 PDL and raises agricultural products for the
colony. Unlike other penal farm, the institution has insufficient funds which made
the prison unable to realize its full potential and their facilities are often below par
compared with other prison in the Philippines.  

Born Criminals – there are born criminals according to Lombroso, the belief that
criminal behavior is inherited.

Classical School – maintenance to “Doctrine of Psychological Hedonism”, that the

individuals calculates pressure and pains in advance of action and regulates his
conduct by the results of his calculations.

Criminal, Endogenic – A term used by European criminologist to described a type

of offenders whose criminality is determined mainly by hereditary and constitutional
factor.
Crime, Etiology and

Draconian Code – Legal code designed by Dracon of Athens in the seventh century
B.C. that made death penalty for crime.

Irish System – A system of punishment developed by Sir Walter Crofton, that is

provided progressive stage in prison term and for release under supervision before
final termination of sentence represents an early form of parole.

Neo- classical school – maintained that while the classical doctrine was correct in
general, it should be modified in certain details, since children and lunatics cannot
calculate pleasures and pains, they should not be regarded as criminal or be
punished.

Positive school- denied

Punishment – the redress that the state against an offending member. It is inflicted
by the group in its corporate upon who one is regarded as a member of the same
group. It involves pain or suffering produced by design and justified by some value
that the suffering is assumed to have individual’s responsibility and reflected as
essentially non- punitive reaction to crime and criminality. Since the criminal was
held to be not responsible for his acts. He must not be punished, the adherence of
this school maintained that a crime, as any other act, is a natural phenomenon.
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

Adolphe Quetelet - Formulated the “Thermic Law of Delinquency” that was first
published in 1842.

Baron de Montesquieu - French philosopher, in his script of law said that criminality
increases in portion as one approaches the poles.

Body Physique and Crime – an evaluations and categorizations of person’s body

build or physique to link crime with some outwardly observable differences.

Born Criminals – a positivist belief that criminal behavior is inherited.

Criminal Behavior - refers to conduct of an offender that leads to and including the
commission of an unlawful act.

Cyclothemes - typified by soft skin, a round shape, and little muscle development,
and tended to commit the less serious offenses that were more intellectual in nature.

Displastics - any body type but were characterized by highly charged emotional
states and unable to control their emotions.

Ernst Kretschmer (1888 – 1964) - German psychiatrist, published Physique and

Character, in which he described three categories of body type (asthenic, athletic,
pyknik) associated with three categories of behaviors (cyclothemic, schizothemic,
and displastic).

Geographical Approach to Causes of Crime - climate, rainfall, soil and other

geographical factors exert an important influence on human behavior.

Phrenology - from the Greek words phren, meaning “mind,” and logos, meaning
“knowledge,” is based on the belief that human behavior originated in the brain.

Physical Trait Theories – The belief that one can determine a person’s character,
moral disposition, or behavior by observing his or her physical characteristics is
ancient.

Physiognomy - It refers to the evaluation of a person’s personality or character

through an examination of that person’s outward appearance. From the Greek words
physis, meaning “nature,” and gnomon, meaning “to judge or to interpret.”

Positivist View of Behavior - assumes that some people are ‘born criminals’, who
are physiologically distinct from non-criminals. Formulated by Cesare Lombroso.
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

Psychiatric Approach - a branch of medicine which deals with the study of mental
disorder. Some expert believes that one of the causes of crime is psychiatric
disorder.

Psychological Approach - Explains the relationship between mental deficiency

and crime.

Pythagoras - a philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who lived during the

period around 500 BCE, may have been one of the first to advocate this practice,
known as physiognomy.

Schizothemes - antisocial and apathetic, committing the more serious violent

offenses, and were either asthenic (thin and tall) or athletic (wide and strong).

Sociological Approach - emphasizes that factors which operates in the social

environment.

Thermic Law of Delinquency - crimes against property predominate during winter

time. Further affirmed by Mayo Smith in his book “Statistic and Sociology” and Edwin
Grant Dexter during 1904 in his book “Weather Influence”. Challenging statement
regarding direct influence of meteorological condition such as barometric pressure,
humidity and air condition.

Chromosomes - Body cells have thread-like structures inside their nuclei. Protein
and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid make up each chromosome (DNA).
DNA is passed along from parents to children and carries the precise instructions
that distinguish each living thing.
- In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
- Females have two copies of the X chromosome.
- Males have one X and one Y chromosome.
The extra one being a Y chromosome, when the association of the extra Y
chromosome with tall stature, mental retardation, and aggressive behavior was first
made, it had a profound effect on the scientific community, the legal and medical
profession, and the public at large.
Males are affected by XYY syndrome, an uncommon chromosomal condition. The
existence of an extra Y chromosome causes it. Males have one X and one Y
chromosome by default. Individuals with this condition, on the other hand, have one
X and two Y chromosomes.
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

Postpartum Depression Syndrome - Postpartum depression often occurs within a

few months to a year after birth. However, some studies have reported the
occurrence of postpartum depression 4 years after birth. Major predisposing factors
for developing PPD are social in nature usually stressful life events, childcare stress,
and prenatal anxiety appears to have predictive value for PPD.

Postpartum depression signs and symptoms may include:

- Depress mood or severe mood swings
- Excessive crying
- Difficult bonding
- Withdrawing from family and friends
- Hopeless
- Intense irritability and anger

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - a diagnosis that is specific to women's

psychological health. It may affect women of childbearing age. It’s a severe and
chronic medical condition that needs attention and treatment. Lifestyle changes and
sometimes medicines can help manage symptoms.
Causes: The exact cause of PMDD is not known. It may be an abnormal
reaction to normal hormone changes that happen with each menstrual cycle.
Symptoms:
- Depression
- Severe fatigue
- Paranoia
- Emotional Sensitivity
- Painful Menstruation
- Heart Palpitation

Neurotransmitter - is a chemical messenger that carries, boosts, and balances

signals between neurons (also known as nerve cells) and target cells throughout the
body. In most cases, a neurotransmitter is released from what's known as the axon
terminal after an action potential has reached the synapse, a place where neurons
can transmit signals to each other.

Monoamines
● Epinephrine - Also known as adrenaline, epinephrine is considered both a
hormone and a neurotransmitter.
● Norepinephrine - Its role is to help mobilize the body and brain to take action
in times of danger or stress.
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

● Histamine: This organic compound acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and

spinal cord. It plays a role in allergic reactions and is produced as part of the
immune system's response to pathogens.
● Dopamine: Commonly known as the feel-good neurotransmitter, dopamine is
involved in reward, motivation, and additions. Several types of addictive drugs
increase dopamine levels in the brain.
● Serotonin: A hormone and neurotransmitter, serotonin plays an important role
in regulating and modulating mood, sleep, anxiety, sexuality, and appetite.

Drugs That Influence Neurotransmitters

Agonists vs Antagonists: Some drugs are known as agonists and function by

increasing the effects of specific neurotransmitters. Other drugs and referred to as
antagonists and act to block the effects of neurotransmission.

Direct vs Indirect Effects: These neuro-acting drugs can be further broken down
based on whether they have a direct or indirect effect. Those that have a direct effect
work by mimicking the neurotransmitters because they are very similar in chemical
structure.

Genes and crime

Candidate genes
Candidate genes are specific genes that have been linked to an increased risk of
antisocial behavior. They are typically chosen based on knowledge of the brain-
based bases of behavior and personality traits. Candidate genes are typically
investigated using association studies. These studies look at whether one variant of
a candidate gene is more common in people who engage in antisocial behavior than
in people who do not.
Research on candidate genes for antisocial behavior, like research on many other
personality traits, has primarily focused on genes that influence how nerve impulses
are transmitted and received in the brain.
Despite having some genetic basis, ASPD (Antisocial Personality Disorder) and
related disorders are not influenced by a single gene and are not inherited in one of
Mendel's simple patterns of inheritance (more on this ahead). The general
consensus is that these traits are influenced by the additive effects of many different
gene variants that are widely distributed throughout the general population rather
than being restricted to a small proportion of individuals. Individuals engage in
antisocial behavior after inheriting a sufficient number of variant genes and being
exposed to the appropriate (or incorrect) social environment.
Mendel’s pattern of inheritance (for reference)
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

The twin studies

Twin studies compare the criminal conviction rate. Behavior of genetically identical
twins or monozygotic twins (MZ) with the rate dizygotic twins' criminal behavior (DZ)
to evaluate the role of genetic and environmental influences the extent to which MZ
twins have a higher degree of similarity. Genetic influences may be stronger in MZ
twins than in DZ twins.
Over ten twin studies have been conducted. Several countries have looked for a
genetic link to crime. These studies, taken together, support the conclusion that
criminal behavior. could be a genetically mediated outcome. MZ twins, in particular,
have a higher correlation for criminal behavior than DZ twins.

Hormones and crime

Hormones are chemical messengers in your body. They circulate through your
bloodstream to tissues or organs. They work slowly and over time, influencing a wide
range of processes, including but not limited to:
-Growth and development
-Metabolism - how your body gets energy from the foods you eat
-Sexual function
-Reproduction
-Mood

Hormones that Influence Aggression:

-Testosterone
-Serotonin
These hormones are crucial in creating aggression. The male sex hormone
testosterone, which is associated with increased aggression in both animals and
humans, is particularly important in this regard. This hormone is not male exclusive
as animals (including humans) and their female counterpart was found to release
these chemicals. Testosterone causes aggression by activating subcortical areas of
the brain. There is evidence that testosterone levels are higher in individuals who
exhibit aggressive behavior, such as those incarcerated for violent crimes. Several
field studies have also revealed that testosterone levels rise during the aggressive
phases of sporting events.

Diet
High-protein foods, such as fish, eggs, meat, and many dairy products, contain high
levels of the amino acid tryptophan.
Tryptophan produces serotonin.
Neurotransmitters
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

Chemicals that transmit messages between brain cells, called neurons, and have a
direct impact on the many functions of the brain, including those that affect emotions,
learning, mood, and behavior

Hypoglycemic Persons
Experience increased levels of irritability, aggression, and difficulty in controlling their
emotional expressions.
Hypoglycemia has successfully been used to mitigate criminal behavior. The most
infamous example occurred during the late 1970s when Dan White killed San
Francisco Mayor George Moscone and City Supervisor Harvey Milk after consuming
nothing but junk food such as Twinkies and soda for several days.

Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe and debilitating form of PMS,
distinguished by the level of interference the menstrual process has on the ability of
the woman to engage in the functions of everyday life.

Postpartum Depression Syndrome

Although most new mothers experience symptoms of depression in the weeks or
months following birth, which is primarily thought to be due to a decrease in
progesterone, approximately 1% to 2% of these mother’s exhibit severe symptoms,
such as hallucinations, suicidal or homicidal thoughts, mental confusion, and panic
attacks.

RIGHTS OF PDL/INMATES

1. The right to be treated as a human being, and not to be subjected to corporal

punishment;
2. The right to be informed of the regulations governing the detention center;
3. The right to adequate food, space and ventilation, rest and recreation;
4. The right to avail himself/herself of medical, dental and other health services;
5. The right to be visited anytime by his/her counsel, immediate family members,
medical doctor or priest or religious minister chosen by him or by his immediate
family or by his counsel;
6. The right to practice his/her religious beliefs and moral precepts;
7. The right to vote unless disqualified by law;
8. The right to separate detention facilities or cells particularly for women
inmates;
9. If a foreigner, the right to communicate with his/her embassy or consulate.
10. To receive compensation for labor he performs;
11. To be credited with time allowances for good conduct and loyalty;
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

12. To send and receive mail matter;

13. To Receive authorized visitors;
14. To ventilate his grievances through proper channels; and
15. To receive death benefits and pecuniary aid for injuries.

PRIVILEGES OF PDL/INMATES

A. To wear their own clothes while in confinement;

B. To write letters, subject to reasonable censorship, provided that expenses for
such correspondence shall be borne by them;
C. To receive visitors during visiting hours. However, visiting privileges may be
denied in accordance with the rules and whenever public safety so requires;
D. To receive books, letters, magazines, newspapers and other periodicals that the
jail authorities may allow;
E. To be treated by their own doctor and dentist at their own expense upon proper
request from and approval by appropriate authorities;
F. To be treated in a government or private hospital, provided it is deemed
necessary and allowed by the rules;
G. To request free legal aid, if available;
H. To sport hair in their customary style, provided it is decent and allowed by the jail
rules;
I. To receive fruits and prepared food, subject to inspection and approval by jail
officials;
J. To read books and other reading materials available in the library, if any;
K. To maintain cleanliness in their cells and brigades or jail premises and perform
other work as may be necessary for hygienic and sanitary purposes;
L. To be entitled to Good Conduct Time Allowance (GCTA) as provided by law; and
M. To be utilized as jail aides as designated by the warden himself, with the
CONSENT OF THE INMATE/INMATES or upon the recommendation of the
personnel.

LEAVE FROM JAIL

1. Death or serious illness of spouse, father, mother, brother, sister, or children.
2. Inmates who are seriously ill or injured may, under proper escort, be allowed
hospitalization leave or medical attendance. However, such leave shall
require prior approval of the Courts having jurisdiction over them;

REFORMATION OF NATIONAL INMATES

1. Moral and Spiritual Program

 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

This refers to the moral and spiritual values formation of inmates which shall
be institutionalized by the Directorate for Moral and Spiritual Welfare
(DMSW), which include the practice of one’s religion and beliefs.
Participating Religious Volunteer Organizations (RVO) and individuals shall
be regulated and managed by DMSW.

2. Education and Training Program

This refers to the administration of formal and non-formal education, and skills
development of inmates which shall be institutionalized by the Directorate for
Education and Training (DET). Participating volunteer teachers, professors,
instructors, and trainers shall be regulated and managed by DET.

3. Work and Livelihood Program

This refers to the administration of skills development programs on work and
livelihood to achieve self-sufficiency of inmates in the prison community and for
income generation of the agency. This shall be institutionalized by the
Directorate for Work and Livelihood (DWL). Volunteer participating agencies,
Non-Government Organizations and individuals shall be regulated and managed
by DWL.

4. Sports and Recreation Program

This refers to the administration of physical and recreational engagement to
achieve mental alertness and physical agility in the spirit of sportsmanship. This
shall be institutionalized by the Directorate for Sports and Recreation (DSR).
Volunteer participating agencies, Non-Government Organizations and
individuals shall be regulated and managed by DSR.

5. Health and Welfare Program

This refers to the administration of proper nutrition, hygiene, sanitation,

cleanliness and promotion of good health to inmates. This also includes
appropriate provision of medical care or hospitalization of the sick, mentally
impaired, old aged, and disabled inmates. This shall be institutionalized by the
Directorate for Health and Welfare Services (DHWS). Volunteer participating
agencies, Non-Government Organizations and individuals shall be regulated and
managed by DHWS.

6. Behavior Modification Program

This refers to the administration of programs for the character formation of an

inmate necessary for effective interpersonal relationship in the prison community.
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

This program also includes Therapeutic Community. This shall be

institutionalized by the Directorate for Behavior Modification (DBM). Volunteer
participating agencies, Non-Government Organizations and individuals shall be
regulated and managed by DBM. The core objective in the administration of
these circumferential reformation programs is the effective treatment of anti-
social behavior and destructive personality disorders of an inmate.

PRISON LABOR

Prison labor of finally convicted inmate. A finally convicted able-bodied inmate

may be required to work at least eight (8) hours a day, except on Sundays and
legal holidays, in and about the prison, public buildings, grounds, roads, and
other public works of the national government. In the interest of the service,
however, they may be required to work on excepted days.

COMPENSATION CREDITS

Six (6) months after being permanently assigned to work in prison, an inmate
may receive compensation credits at rates to be prescribed by the Director,
provided:
 He maintains good conduct; and
 He shows interest and definite degree of progress in the particular work
assigned to him.

INMATE COMMUNICATION

The need for good communication skills in dealing with inmates is an important
and necessary on-the-job tool. A good system of communication replaces mutual
suspicion between inmates and staff with greater mutual acceptance. It is
absolutely imperative to communicate with skill, using positive language, when
instituting any change of program which affects the greater majority of the prison
population.
Prisons are places where power is important in maintaining the balance of
cooperation within the facility. Inmates, because of the lack of freedom develop a
siege mentality and will try to wrestle struggle with inmates, there is a need to be
firm, assertive, fair and consistent. To illustrate, there’s this documentary about an
experiment done in prison regarding control. The study found that during social
interactions there is a “power vacuum”. During the initial stages of a conversation,
both the staff and the prisoner of power over the other. If the officer does not assert
his authority, he shall have failed to maintain the integrity of the prison and the
power goes to the inmate.
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

MARRIAGE OF INMATES AND DETAINEES

REQUEST TO MARRY
An inmate or detainee who wants to get married shall submit a written request
therefore with the Superintendent. The Superintendent shall approve an inmate’s
request to marry except where a legal restriction to the marriage exists, or where
the proposed marriage presents a threat to the security or good order of the
prison, or to the protection of the public.

ELIGIBILITY TO MARRY
The request of an inmate or detainee to marry shall be approved provided the
inmate or detainee is legally eligible to marry and is mentally competent; and the
intended spouse has verified, in writing an intention to marry the inmate or
detainee.

VISITING RIGHTS
Visitation poses a security risk for the facility, since visitors may attempt to smuggle
weapons or drugs in to the inmate. Most prison administrators feel, however, that
the benefits of visitation are worth the risks, since keeping contact with family
members and friends seems to help the emotional well-being of inmates, translating
into fewer disciplinary incidents within the facility. Furthermore, allowing an inmate
to have contact with people on the outside helps prevent the total withdrawal of the
prisoner from society and may help disrupt prisoner bonding by keeping inmates
from turning to each other as their only source of company. Visitation can combat
the inmate social system and prepare inmates for freedom in the outside world.

CONJUGAL VISIT
A married prisoner is visited by his wife and they will be granted time for their
marital sexual obligation.

DISCIPLINE AND PUNISHMENT OF INMATES

DISCIPLINE
The rules regarding conduct must be clearly defined and explained to inmates, and
each prisoner must be provided with a written list of the rules when entering a
correctional facility. Disciplinary rules must relate to the needs of security, good
order, and good housekeeping.
 A prisoner accused of breaking rules does not have all the rights of an
accused at trial because a prison disciplinary proceeding is not the same as
a criminal prosecution. Inmates are not entitled to an attorney at disciplinary
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

hearings, nor are they entitled to confront or cross examine the witnesses
against them.

 Prisoners must be given notice of the charges against them, the particular
rules they are charged with violating, and the penalties for such infractions. A
hearing can be informal for small infractions. The ordinary procedure is for
the fact finder to write a statement that explains the evidence relied on and
the reason for any disciplinary action taken. The punishment must
reasonably relate to the seriousness of the infraction.

 Prison personnel can use force in SELF-DEFENSE, stopping fights between

inmates, compelling obedience to lawful orders where milder measures fail,
and defending state property. Where guards use force without justification, a
prisoner does not necessarily have the right to resist. The use of tear gas
and chemical mace is justified only when an immediate danger of riot or
serious disorder exists.

 Prison officials may punish prisoners by withdrawing certain privileges, such

as seeing visitors, buying items from the commissary, or earning wages.
Prisoners cannot be denied fundamental human necessities.

 Segregation is the most common type of punishment used in prisons for rule
breaking. Prisoners can be categorized into groups and segregated from the
general inmate population for a number of other reasons as well. Each
prison has its own system and titles for different degrees of segregation.
Separate areas may be set aside for young prisoners, repeat offenders, or
prisoners who have been sentenced to death. Homosexuals and other
prisoners who have or may be subjected to SEXUAL ABUSE can be
segregated. Segregation cannot be used, however, to separate prisoners
according to race.

 A number of prisons have more than one level of segregation, the most
serious of which is solitary confinement. Punitive isolation is not
unconstitutional in and of itself. Conditions in some prisons, however, have
been found to be so strict that they constitute cruel and unusual punishment.
A person in solitary confinement can be punished by the restriction of
ordinary privileges, but a prisoner cannot be denied basic food, light,
ventilation, or sanitation.
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

 Discipline in correctional facilities is, indeed, training. It is training at its highest

form, focused not only on producing socially accepted patterns of behavior
but, more importantly, on improving the moral and mental well-being of the
inmate for future reintegration into society. Hence, discipline is integral to the
dynamics of restorative justice.

PROHIBITED ACTS

a. Participating in illegal sexual acts or placing himself in situations or

behavior that will encourage the commission of illegal sexual acts.
b. Openly or publicly displaying photographs, pictures, drawings, or other
pictorial representations of persons engaged in sexual acts, actual or
simulated, masturbation, excretory functions or lewd or obscene
exhibitions of the genitals;
c. Possessing articles which pose a threat to prison security or to the safety
and well-being of the inmates and staff;
d. Giving gifts, selling or engaging in barter with prison personnel;
e. Maligning or insulting any religious belief or group;
f. Rendering personal services to or requiring personal from a fellow inmate;
g. Gambling;
h. Exchanging his uniform with another inmate or wearing a uniform other
than those officially issued to him;
i. Using profane, vulgar or obscene language or making loud or unusual
noise of any king;
j. Loitering in the prison compound or reservation;
k. Giving a gift or providing material or other assistance to fellow inmates or to
the prison administration in general;
l. Engaging in a private work for the benefit of a prison officer or employee;
m. Controlling the activities of other inmates except in organizations or
groups
recognized authorities;
n. Tattooing himself or allowing himself to be tattooed o any part of his body.
The removal or alteration of tattoos may only be performed by a prison
medical officer upon prior approval by the Superintendent;
o. Disobeying legal orders of prison authorities promptly and courteously;
p. Threatening, orally or in writing, the life of any employee or prison official;
q. Possessing any communication device like a cellular telephone, pager or
radio transceiver;
r. Constructing, removing or repairing, with personal funds, a prison building
or
structure;
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

s. Making frivolous or groundless complaints; and

t. In general, displaying any behavior which might lead to disorder of
violence, or such other actions that may endanger the facility, the
outside community or others.

PUNISHMENT

Punishment is associated with the justice model. The idea of “getting even of “eye
for an eye” goes far back in history. The fundamental principle underlying the justice
model is that society has a duty to punish those who break its laws and that this
threat of punishment is vital in implementing the law.

PROCEDURE IN DISCIPLINARY CASES

a. The written complaint or report of an aggrieved inmate or any inmate or prison

personnel having knowledge of any breach of discipline by an inmate shall be
filed with the office of the Superintendent. The complaint or report shall be
signed by the complainant and shall describe the violation and the names of
possible witnesses.
b. If the superintendent, after initial investigation, finds that the complaint or
report is baseless, he shall order its dismissal. Otherwise, he shall endorse
the case to the Board of Discipline for hearing.
c. The Board of Discipline shall hold sessions as often as necessary. It shall
decide cases referred to it within five (5) working days after the termination of
hearings.
d. The hearing shall be summary in nature and shall not be bound by the
technical rules of evidence.
e. The inmate charged with the offense shall be allowed to present evidence in
the hearing.
f. The decision of the Board of Discipline shall be subject to review and approval
by the Superintendent.
g. A decision approved by the Superintendent shall be final.

Organizational Key Features

The organizational structure shall uphold the key features of a sound and functional
organization befitting a uniformed service namely: chain of command, specialization,
centralization, formalization, departmentalization, span of control, and
decentralization.

Structural Levels
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

The structural levels in the organization shall be in the following order: command
group, directorates, support service, and the operating units. The Director General
shall be assisted by the Head Executive Assistant, the Program Management Office,
the Internal Affairs Service and the Internal Audit Unit.

Staffing Design
The organizational structure shall have a dynamic staffing design where
personnel strength proportionately increases or decreases as inmate population
rises or falls accordingly. Hence, the organization shall be distinguished as a
“Dynamic Organization” apart from the common “Static Organizations.”

Core Functions and Success Indicators

All units in BuCor organization shall have a prescribed core functions and success
indicators.

Internal Affairs
The Internal Affairs Service shall be patterned, as far as
applicable, after Title V of RA 8551, Sections 39 to 51

DIRECTOR
Advises the Secretary of Justice on Philippine corrections and penal system
Exercises administrative supervision over the prisons and penal farms and staff
services
Submits the list of inmates to the Board of Pardons and Parole who are qualified for
the grant of any form of executive clemency.
Issues orders and memoranda in accordance with laws, rules and regulations for
good governance.
Develops policies and programs aimed at effective safekeeping and rehabilitation of
national prisoners towards the societal goal of peace and order.

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR ADMINISTRATION AND REHABILITATION

Review and sign payrolls of personnel
Review and sign Memorandum Receipts
Evaluate and sign Requisition and issue slips for items already issued and for items
that will be taken from stocks
Check and sign bills/collections and demand letter issued by the BuCor to Creditors 
Sign Checks and disbursement vouchers not exceeding p 50,000
Review and sign applications for leaved except terminal leave
Review and sign sworn complaints against BuCor officials and personnel
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

Endorse to the office of the director for approval all matters / communications
pertaining to the conduct of research/study by students, government and private
entities within the prison compounds
Act on such matters which the director deems necessary.

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR PRISON AND SECURITY

Prepare and report to DC for endorsement to the secretary of Justice on escapes,
recaptures, deaths, injuries of prisoners, including but not limited to any
incidents/disturbances or unusual events/occurrences on all penal institutions.
Review and sign payrolls of inmates
Review and sign disbursement vouchers of inmates
Request to use motor vehicles/buses of BuCor
Review and sign reply/queries regarding the case/status/whereabouts of prisoners
Review and sign order for compliance of all subpoenas/summons issued to NBP
inmates
Review and sign sworn statements executed by inmates 
Formulate guidelines on visitorial privileges
Formulate policy safeguarding property such as quarters, lots buildings and edifices
Recommended proposals to address congestion problem in penal institutions
Institute control measures to check proliferations of quarters and illegal dwellers
Review and sign transmittal letter of carpetas, prison records to BPP
Formulate guidelines that would mutually benefit the drivers and commuters to
obtain and orderly and smooth flow of traffic inside the NBP reservation
Endorse matters/matters communications pertaining to the conduct of educational
tours and media interviews of inmates to the office of the Director for approval
Act on such matters which the director deems necessary. Whenever one assistant
director files a vacation or sick leave, or is otherwise indisposed for period of three
(3) working days or more, the Assistant Director Present shall immediately assume
and act on the matters mentioned herein, subject to the approval by the
undersigned. It is also incumbent upon their respective offices to impose the
principles of “Completed Staff Work” Specifically on all matters proceeding from their
end to the office of the Director.

MEDICAL AND DENTAL DIVISION

Provide adequate quality medical and nursing health care services to the inmates. 
Provide proper allocation of medicines for sick inmates.
Maintenance of cleanliness/sanitation of the hospital premises and its environs as
well as personal hygiene of our inmates, through regular lectures.

RECEPTION AND DIAGNOSTICS CENTER

Receive and secure inmates coming from different jails convicted by courts
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

Interview and diagnose newly-arrived inmates on their physical, psychological make-

up, sociological and vocational background and provide individual treatment
program.

BUDGET AND FINANCE DIVISION

Budget division - The Budget Committee is the primary budget recommendation

and decision-making group for the Bureau. The purpose of the Budget Committee is
to ensure that the institution budget supports the organization’s mission, and to
advocate execution of the budget efficiently and effectively toward the achievement
of optimal performance levels across all segments of the Bureau of Correction. The
Budget Committee responsibilities are

ACCOUNTING DIVISION
Accounting involves the creation of financial records of business transactions, flows
of finance, the process of creating income in an organization, and the financial
position of a business at a particular moment in time.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CENTER

MIS - Handles technology research to include hardware and network facilities,

software applications and utilities to include security, administration, firewalls and
systems.
MULTI MEDIA - Produce all the multimedia requirements for the Bureau
 ESU - Manages, monitors and administers the new IP-based Electronic
Surveillance System in three (3) shifts; 24x7x365

INTELLIGENCE AND INVESTIGATION DIVISION

Formulates and develops policies, standards and guidelines on security and
inspection activities covering areas of concern and interest for purposes of improving
management of the bureau and its units and officers down to the BUCOR
nationwide.
Conducts periodic inspection of bureau and renders report thereon;
Conducts investigation and security audit and recommends measures to improve
correctional administration;
Conducts impartial investigation of cases occurring within the jurisdiction of the
Bureau and recommends appropriate measures for corrective disciplinary actions
depending on the nature of cases investigated; and
Perform such other functions as the Director may direct

DOCUMENTS DIVISION
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

Handle, manage and supervise Office of the Acting Chief, Documents Section
matters/ affairs such as:
Transmittal of Old Age and Juvenile records to the Office of the President.
Preparation of monthly Accomplishment Report
Inmates’ Record Verification Service
Registry and Communication Unit
Handle, manage and supervise Registry and Communication Unit matters such as:
1. Receiving and distribution of all documents pertaining to prisoners for appropriate
action by the different unit such as court related papers, queries and request from
clients.
Preparation of correspondence, endorsements, transmittals, referrals,
communication/ letters of relatives and interested party’s re-status of cases prisoners
and other related documents for signature of the Chief Documents Division.
3. Dispatching all official communications/ letters, Disposition Forms, Memorandums
and other documents to different BuCor Offices

Processing and Checking Unit

Handle, manage and supervise Processing and Checking Unit matters such as:
1. Receiving and processing of newly arrived prison carpeta
2. Checking of prison carpeta due for release and those who are qualified for parole
or any form of executive clemency
3. Prison Record Verification
4. Adjustment of Prison Carpeta based on the following:
a. Affirmation and modification of sentence from Court of Appeals and Supreme
Court.
b. Additional Sentence from Court Orders
c. Certificate of Detention
d. Penal Colonists Classification.

Computer Unit
Handle, manage and supervise Computer Unit matters such as:
Encoding all information reflected in the prison carpeta
Generating of computation of minimum and maximum expiration of sentence and
time served
Prison Record adjustment
Printing of Prison Record

INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT DIVISION

Operations, plans and program section
Formulates policies and guidelines regarding the operations and development of
prison agro-industries.
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

Provides technical supervision over prison agro-industries operations to include

production, quality control, equipment and input procurement; product assignment,
and management performance evaluation.
Provides assistance in the formulation of training programs relative to the
development of agro-industries.
Develops long, medium and short-range plans and programs that will insure that
prison agro-industries programs and projects are properly developed.
Performs such other duties as may be directed by the Director of Corrections from
time to time.

ADMINISTRATIVE SECTION
Provides liaison between the division staff of the Bureau for administrative and
personnel matters.
Provides in-house support services to the Industry Development Division including
preparation and serving of memos, office orders, in-house and outgoing
communications. Provides assistance to the operations group in the preparation of
accomplishment report. Records and file official communications, documents, data
and other statistical information.

PRODUCTION AND MARKETING SECTION

Help establish and administer production, marketing and joint venture contracts with
private contractors/entrepreneurs participating in the development and operation of
the Bureau’s Prison Agro-Industries.
Coordinate all production and market scheduling and priorities of the prison and
penal farms in accordance with policies of the Bureau.
Provide assistance in the procurement, timely acquisition and prompt delivery of
supplies, materials and equipment to include manpower deployment essential to the
efficient operation of the prison and penal farms, agro-industrial projects.
Provide assistance in the maintenance and inventory of all fixed assets of the Prison
Agro-Industries to include control records in accordance with the procedures of
private industries.

INDUSTRIES COORDINATOR IN THE BUREAU OF PRISON AND PENAL

FARMS
The Industries Coordinator of each operating institution of the Bureau is responsible
for the technical supervision of prison agro-industries day-to-day operations in
accordance with the policies of the Bureau of Corrections. To this end, he shall
provide assistance to:
The Industry Development Division in the study of proposed venture and the
gathering of data, plans of specifications needed for this purpose.
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

The establishment and maintenance of procurement control measures designed to

assure effective and timely delivery of necessary supplies, materials, and equipment
for the agro-industrial projects.
The establishment and maintenance of production and marketing control measures
designed to assure delivery of desired products at minimal cost.
The maintenance and monitoring of inventory, accounting, and cost control record/s
in accordance with the policy established by the Director and;
Information to the Penal Superintendent on matters affecting the agro-industries.

Organizational structure of Bureau

. The Bureau shall carry out its functions through the following prisons and
administrative divisions.

Social worker
A prison shall have a licensed social worker who shall conduct social case studies
and referral services and engage in volunteer resource development activities. He
shall assist in the implementation of rehabilitation programs of inmates and shall
maintain updated information on the results of the treatment program being
implemented for individual inmates.

Chaplaincy service
There shall be a chaplaincy service which shall promote religious education,
worship services, guidance and counseling as well as the organization of religious
volunteer groups. The Service shall, as far as practicable, ensure compliance with
the specific requirements such as dietary restrictions, medical treatment, work
assignment and other ethical beliefs and practices of a particular religion or faith.
Duties of chaplains. All chaplains, regardless of their faith orientation, shall minister
as an effective pastoral team to an entire inmate population.
Release of information.
The Superintendent shall promptly make announcements to media of unusual,
newsworthy incidents such as escapes and institution emergencies.

CUSTODIAL AND SECURITY PROCEDURES

Duties of members of Custodial Force

A prison officer has responsibility for the security, supervision, training and
rehabilitation of people committed to prison by the courts. This includes motivating
prisoners to do what is best for themselves and others around them, within a safe
and healthy environment. In addition to their custodial duties, prison officers must be
able to establish and maintain positive working relationships with prisoners,
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

balancing authority with a large amount of understanding and compassion, in order

to effect rehabilitation.
Security conditions of confinement facility. All doors, bars, windows and locks of
security facilities shall be examined regularly to ensure their integrity and good
condition. All prison personnel, regardless of assignment, shall be responsible for the
security of prison facilities. They shall immediately report any sign of defect or
deterioration in the security system to their immediate supervisor.
Perimeter fences. Maximum and medium security compounds must maintain two
parallel security barriers or perimeter fences provided with sufficient lighting fixtures
to prevent escapes or jail breaks. These shall be periodically inspected by the
general services division and the commander of the guards. Electrified fences shall
be equipped with warning signs to avoid accidental injury to both custodial personnel
and visitors.

Vehicle control
Privately-owned vehicles of employees and residents of a prison reservations shall
be provided with security tags or stickers for proper identification and clearance at
the entry and exit gates. All other transportation must be checked for both
passengers and cargo.
Vehicular access to prison compounds. No privately-owned vehicle shall allow
access to a prison compound except upon prior written clearance from the
Superintendent. All vehicles shall be checked at the inner and out gates upon entry
and exit.

SECURITY PROCEDURES DURING EMERGENCIES, RIOTS, ESCAPES OR

MAJOR DISTURBANCES

Emergency control center

A prison shall establish a Control Center to control, execute and monitor the proper
and timely implementation of detailed plans of action to cope with emergency
situations caused by fires or conflagrations, riots or other violent disturbances, or
escapes. The Control Center shall be under the command of the Superintendent or,
in his absence, the Assistant Superintendent, and in the latter’s absence, the most
senior prison guard present.

Riots and other prison disturbances

In the event of riots or other prison disturbances, all officials and employees of the
prison where the incident occurs shall be placed on twenty-four (24) – hour alert to
perform such tasks as may be necessary to quell the disorder or normalize the
situation.
Sounding of alarm
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

Whenever a riot or escape alarm is sounded, either by siren, bell or gun fire, all
inmates shall be ordered to lie flat on the ground, face down and with arms and legs
spread out. On such occasions, when warnings are disregarded, the guards shall
use reasonable force to carry out the instructions.

Procedure during riots and disturbances

The following procedures shall be followed in the case of riots and other violent
disturbances.

ESCORT PROCEDURES
Escorting or transporting prisoners from one station to another is one of a the most
delicate functions in correctional administration.  All prisoners for that matter are
presumed high security risk and therefore requires that the officers tasked for the
mission observe the mandatory obedience to rules and procedures pertaining
movement of prisoners.  Unlike in other corrective agencies in Southeast Asia, it is
only here in this country where the basic escorting procedures have defined and
almost detailed criterion and decorum in escorting and transporting prisoners.  And
yet, most of prison violations including escapes are unfortunately traced on non-
observance of the rules and procedures on escorting prisoners.

Primary duties of escort guards

Escort guards shall exercise extreme caution at all times and shall see to it that the
inmate does not:
Escape;
Converse with unauthorized persons;
Obtain forbidden articles, especially intoxicants or weapons;
Annoy passersby, and
Suffer harm or humiliation.

Distance of guard from inmates

If escorting a group of inmates, a guard shall keep a distance of not less than ten
(10) paces from his charge.  Upon arrival at the destination, he shall station himself
at a vantage point where all the inmates are within sight and can be properly
controlled. When on board a ship or boat, the group of inmates shall be positioned in
the most secure part of the vessel and shall be required to sit down.   The guard shall
station himself at strategic points where they can effectively respond.  An inmate
shall not be allowed to stand up or more about until the vessel is ready to dock,
except when the guard needs to have a clear view of the port and starboard
passages.

Basic escort procedures

 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

An escort guard shall strictly observe the instructions written at the back of the
inmate’s pass and the purpose and designation of the escort mission.  These
include, but not limited to, the following:
While in transit, the inmate shall not be allowed to stop at any place or contact any
person until the destination is reached.
The inmate shall at all times be placed under proper restraint e.g. handcuffs.  
However, the same shall be removed when the inmate enters the courtroom.
The inmate shall be returned to the prison facility immediately after the purpose of
the pass has been served.
The use of a privately-owned vehicle in transporting an inmate is prohibited.
 
Escort procedures for court appearance
In escort duties for court hearing, the Superintendent shall provide at least two (2)
guards for every inmate.  However, when two or more inmates are to be escorted,
the number of guards may be reduced proportionately without sacrificing security
requirements.  If an inmate is notorious or has a previous record of escape,
additional escort guards shall be assigned.

Turnover of inmate to local jail

A guard assigned to escort an inmate for court hearings who cannot return to the
prison of origin on the same day shall request the court to issue an order turning
over the inmate to the nearest provincial/ city jail or police detention cell.  The escort
guard shall not stay in a private dwelling or hotel with the inmate.

Acknowledgment of turnover of inmate

Upon turning the inmate over to an authorized officer at the destination, the escort-
in-charge shall secure an acknowledgement receipt for the custody of the inmate. 
This shall clearly bear the name of the receiving officer, his designation and the date
and time the inmate was received.

Postponement/ resetting of hearing

After the hearing or if the scheduled hearing is postponed/ reset to another date, the
inmate shall be returned to the prison of origin without delay.  If feasible, the escort-
in-charge shall secure from the court an order committing the inmate to the
provincial/city jail or other detention center.

Procedure if escort guard becomes sick

If the escort guard becomes sick, he shall notify the Superintendent of the prison or
origin thereof by the fastest means available so that a replacement can be sent to
continue the mission.
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

Fake or spurious subpoena

If the subpoena received by the prison turns out to be spurious, or if, in spite of a
valid subpoena, the scheduled trial is not held, the inmate shall be immediately
returned to the prison of origin.  The escort-in-charge shall submit a written report to
the Superintendent on the matter.

Certificate of appearance
Immediately after the trial but before leaving the court premises, the escort-in-charge
shall secure from the clerk of court a certificate or other proof of appearance.

Procedure during outside movement of inmate

The following security procedures shall be observed during the outside movement of
an inmate:

Before departure from prison

1. The written mission order issued by the Superintendent, the mittimus and other
prison records of the inmate shall be given to the escort guards.  In case of detainee,
the records shall include the written authorization of the appellate or sentencing court
for the outside movement of the detainee.
2. The escort guards shall be given detailed instructions on their duties and
responsibilities, to include the instruction that they use the most direct travel route to
their authorized destination. The inmate shall be thoroughly searched for contraband
or deadly weapons or objects which may be used for escape, (violence) or self-
destruction.

3. Money found in the possession of the inmate shall be confiscated by the Desk
Officer who shall issue a receipt therefore and who shall return the money to the
inmate upon his return.  If the inmate is to be confined and needs money for
medicine or food, the money therefore shall be turned over under receipt to the
escort guard.  All disbursements made by the escort guard shall be properly
receipted for. The inmate shall be placed in handcuffs or other instrument of
restraint.  If there is more than one inmate to be transferred, they shall be grouped in
pairs and securely connected to one another by a rope, ascertaining that the inmate
does not have crippled deformed or very small hands to allow his to slip the
handcuffs off.

In Transit
The handcuffs or instruments of restraint shall not be removed while the inmates are
in transit.  An inmate shall not be handcuffed to any part of the vehicle during transit
to avoid his being trapped in case of a vehicular accident.
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

If it is necessary to board public transportation such as a ship or airplane, the guards

shall position themselves with their inmates in an area that is cleared of civilians or if
this is not possible, shall sit/position themselves between the civilians and the
inmate/s.
All inmates being escorted shall be under the supervision of a guard at all times,
including going to the toilet or washroom.  The guard shall always be close enough
to the inmate to respond to any untoward incident. If there is more than one inmate
being escorted, there shall be a head count of the inmates every turnover of
guarding shift.  The team leader of the escort guard detail shall conduct an
inspection during all guarding shifts.
An inmate shall not be allowed to tinker with his handcuffs or other instrument of
restraint. A guard shall always walk behind and not in front of the inmate being
escorted. If armed, the guard shall not sit, stand or walk beside the inmate, or in any
case, allow the inmate to reach his firearm.
The guard shall not pass any unauthorized place while in transit.

Arrival at Destination
Upon arrival at the authorized destination, the guards and their inmate/s shall stay in
the public transportation until the same is cleared of the other passengers.  They
shall only disembark after the inmate and his personal belongings have been
searched/ inspected and the transportation that will bring them finally to their final
destination is ready for boarding.
The handcuffs or instrument of restraint may be removed at the authorized
destination if there is no danger of escape. The guard shall return the inmate to the
prison of origin as soon as the purpose of the outside movement has been served.

After-Mission Report
After completing the mission, the leader of the guard detail shall submit a written
report to the Superintendent, together with copies of the transmittal letter and
certificate of appearance.  In case of an inmate being transferred to another prison or
jail institution or competent authority, the responsibility for said inmate shall remain
with the custodian until formally received by another custodian.

Other Security Procedures

The following security procedures shall also be observed in case of an inmate
subject of a medical referral or who is allowed to view the remains of a deceased
relative:

Medical Referrals
The inmate who is brought to an outside hospital for medical treatment/examination
shall be provided with at least two (2) escort guards and returned to the prison of
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

origin during the daylight hours after the treatment is completed.  Upon said return,
the Department shall be furnished copies of the inmate’s medical certificate,
diagnosis and plan of management.
If the inmate is to be confined in a hospital, the inmate may be handcuffed to the bed
if he is ambulatory and there is a risk that he may escape.

Viewing the Remains

The inmate shall not be allowed more than three (3) hours from the time of arrival at
the wake to the time of departure from the place where the remains lie in state. The
remains to be viewed must be in a place within a radius of thirty (30) kilometers from
the place of confinement.  Where the distance is more than thirty (30) kilometers, the
privilege may be enjoyed if the inmate can leave and return to his place of
confinement during the daylight hours of the same day.

Outside work detail of medium security inmates

In case a medium security inmate is detailed to work outside the immediate vicinity
of the prison compound, the following security procedures shall be observed:
In no case shall an inmate be allowed to work outside the prison compound without
an escort guard. Security shall be on a one inmate to one guard plus one ratio. The
inmate shall be bodily searched before and after his work detail.

Act – refers to R.A. 10575, entitled “An Act Strengthening the Bureau of Corrections
(BuCor) and providing Funds Therefor,” otherwise known as the Bureau of
Corrections Act of 2013.

Bureau of Corrections – refers to the central office and the prison and penal farms
which are known as colonies. The central office headed by the Director General has
control and supervision over the prison and penal farms.

Director General – refers to the highest officer in BuCor with the rank of
Undersecretary as a civilian employee in the uniformed service who is authorized to
wear the three (3) star rank insignia as symbol of authority and command
responsibility
Person Deprived of Liberty (PDL) – refers to a detainee, inmate, or prisoner, or
other person under confinement or custody in any other manner. However, in order
to prevent labeling, branding or shaming by the use of these or other derogatory
words, the term “prisoner” has been replaced by this new and neutral phrase “person
deprived of liberty” under Article 10, of International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR), who “shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the
inherent dignity of the human person.”
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

THE MANDATES OF THE BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS

The BuCor shall be in charge of safekeeping and instituting reformation programs to
national inmates sentenced to more than three (3) years through progressive,
effective, and efficient administration.

Safekeeping of National Inmates

In compliance with established United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the
Treatment of Prisoners (UNSMRTP), the safekeeping of inmates shall include:
Decent and adequate provision of basic necessities such as shelters/quarters, food,
water, clothing, medicine;
Proper observance of prescribed privileges such as regulated communication and
visitation; and
Efficient processing of necessary documentary requirements and records for their
timely release. The processing of these documentary requirements shall be
undertaken by the Directorate for Inmate Documents and Records (DIDR).

The core objective of these safekeeping provisions is to “accord the dignity of man”
to inmates while serving sentence in accordance with the basis for humane
understanding of Presidential Proclamation 551, series 1995, and with UNSMRTP
Rule 60. b Security of National Inmates.
The complementary component of safekeeping in custodial function is security which
ensures that inmates are completely incapacitated from further committing criminal
acts,
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP)

RA 6293 - The Professionalization of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) and The
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP), amending certain provisions of
republic act no. 6975, providing the funds thereof and for other purposes

Title - This Act shall be known as the "Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology Professionalization Act of 2004."

Declaration of Policy and Principles

It is declared policy of the state to maintain peace and order, protect life, liberty and
property, and promote the general welfare essential for the enjoyment by all the
people of the blessings of democracy (Article II, Section 5 of the Philippine
Constitution) Moreover it recognizes the responsibility of the state to strengthen
government capability aimed towards the strengthening of the delivery of basic
services to the citizenry though the institutionalization of highly efficient and
competent fire and jail services.
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City

The BJMP
Exercises supervision and control over the cities and municipal jails throughout the
country. The enactment Republic Act No. 6975 created the BJMP. It operates as a
line bureau under the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG).

REFERENCES:

 Bautista, F.S., & Guevara, R. M. (2013). Comprehensive penology institutional

and non-institutional corrections. Philippines: Wiseman’s Books Trading. Inc.

 Brian B. Guerrero (2019) Introduction to Philippine criminal justice system

 BJMP Comprehensive Operations Manual (2015)

 Corrections Today, 77(5), 20-21. Retrieved from

https://search.proquest.com/docview/1717290240?accountid=31259

 Cutamora, Marcelino (2015) Introduction to Criminology and criminal justice and the
psychology crimes https://www.thoughtco.com/biological-explanations-of-deviant-
behavior-3026265

 Foronda, Mercedes A. (2014) Correction Administration (institutional corrections)

 Gabao, Ramil G. (2016) Philippine criminal justice system

 Jonah B. Badua (2019), Theories of crime causation

 Manwong, Rommel K. (2014) Corrections and Restorative Justice

 Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No. 10575, Otherwise
Known as “The Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013”
 Russo, J., & Wells, D. (2015). Building an innovation agenda for corrections.

 Tancangco, D. L., & Seῇar, A. L. (2013). Philippine correctional administration.

Quezon City: Wiseman; Books Trading, Inc.
 UM DIGOS COLLEGE
Department of Criminal Justice Education
Roxas Extension, Digos City