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%" (TMg^tt?!-^: 14JJD740003).
isbyyood m-jcn-, nm
m M m m m .

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(1992) itff.: it^d^rn'^mwmto
?^fl±^il (2005) itM: Jl::^:fc^ili)'m.
)4lii^1J (2008a) {The Simplicity of Chinese
Structures and its Pedagogical Principles), Chinese Language Teachers Association
at California, Stanford University, March 8.
(2008b)
(2010)

n.m^ ( 2 0 11 ) «ifvrrf4^^>
(1988) db^: iHd-B.-^d\\m\-.-
Larry Foster, MoiraVip (1990) {5),-)IIvXUS-#

WV^. (1983) -ItW:

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msfti],

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1^3)93.
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i?fnA'Y=fhlEg|h.
(2006) Teaching and Learning Chinese as a Foreign Language: A Pedagogi
cal Grammar. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
(2013)

f,3f93o
mm. (2000) it "lb!" ^;ii9j
mrM (2001) "lt!l" ? fi 3 ! 9 J

16
 m W

(1948) Mandarin Primer ( <(|SMAfl)> ), Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Uni

versity Press.
(1968) A Grammar of Spoken Chinese, Berkeley: University of California
P r e s s . 1 9 7 9 ^ ;
1980^0

17
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15
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■ s+M+vp

(1) i^m-.

CD
CB) it. ^ fi^ ^ ii # ^ M ^ ?
 (2) mtin-.

(H)

nenggou

• B^i}i¥} s+ii#+vp

• fjimw-m "m" wawse, *^fK ^as®

* » o

(1) "i^tb^o Miin:

(2) iS45^:^:„ ^i|ip.

-V?-....^.__(_^^) ^ I m (nm) kanj--

• ^Jmmn ?£, mmsi't^mmi s bje

122
 2

(1) mn-.

® e . S ; i y ^ x ; ^ T ' ' & o

(Dit^ (M)
@ -ft-:#,
im) :%,

(2) M^n-.

(D-tt-*, .Si:fA*Sl/^, 4S.iSl-tl#'&0

cr f fi s :

as-fi^ "# («) *" isW'i&'SfffSo iS

146 {<i\ (/^) # 2 ni (nin)__kanj-^

• l^ji.iiii'''} #- («) #+/h'fo

® f j f i B f l : j i i ff l * - S i i i a j t t , i s i r e i J i t s - g j a o

u !!ii'S'J.i,'fJSl

(1) ft#j[i^tfn]x=j-^ra:ao mtR:

® f e e & 4 < ) ; t ; ? . ; * « "■% ?

123
 (2) nm. m^m''i]mo mku-.

"# (M) #•• ;3-®?F;B#«=

^53)5 1 ••■qilai

•Bit^i'itJj S + >A + it/;fif + V+;e*

S + V+;fe*+T
S + V+;5 + NP+ (*)

«.'!',JSIo

® s t ^ 4 i ^ T To

0 ^it- ^ , -f,^. ^ -fd:T -/+ ^ ?

124
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C2) n\i:

( D i i J t , , # 7 K i K f e * T,

(3) -&mm, iM±¥mo f^atP:

® « * « i ? - f - A f e 3 f u To

148 •••qilai

o S + V+fe^ + AP

(1) TfNo imw:

0 "a. M"

( 2 ) m t T M . fi ' l j i t l l :

(3) (J'^iill:

0 ^ "-^>0 o

125
 O "

149 •■• q i l a i

• m-Aili¥^ s+v+fe*+ (7)

S+V+^+NP+ (*) + (7)

• fJMwm

• amtrm

(1) Hi®:, fmu:

(D "Tif'Vf-'Jio

(2) mu:

(3) W^JL, itft, fWP:

W 7 « « - T + „

(4) fJFiJJp,
® -ifc##:? St ft#-^^ T

126
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"v+^" jffWf
"^"o

150 qianwdn

• (s+) i^;5"+^s/»J/^t/^TT+vp

(S+) f-^f + fl^/lf + VP

(S+) ^S' + VP

oijmmi tsH, »■£ . - . -s«*So

ft-o f?!lin;
® i 4 / L : ^ ; a A - j L ^ T i ^ , ■( . t . + 5 5 - ; p * & ' ' 5 t r o

® A n^#h,
® ds fflitBt®, is,ie,JLiLsf^AM, et-t-f n ,

127
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151 qmzl

• s+*ii+vp

(1) imn-.

(D - ^ > t i i l = ^ ^■.

(2) mn^iXo mm-.

^3) mm, m;^, m-m^o imn:

(I) il ^^7

i^ qing
• it

i# + VP

128
 • ^mm\ mm,

(1) mm-.

0 T ^

0 f^iio
0 ri^ o

0 T^;lr

(2)

/±^:
"it" ^-0 "VP" :tl^^-^VXi}ii±. "t^" a "t^ifl",

-ffl f fc ii M #t f] i'X i^ " „

153 iffi^ qing wen

x)mw-n]

(I) m mkW:
(D f"! , S-'l ^ ^ ,fx S ^ :^?
 (2) mtU:

0 -if -fn J L ^ pH ^ in -:lcr i ?

(3) #5^{tiiAmiij#o mm:

0-rfH,
0-if 1-1,

J 54 ■£ qu
S + A + ;Sd;;f-i^+ (VP)

<i) mm-.

0 ^ M n - f - : f e t i ^ A t - f & A ^ t To

130
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• i^mn) +#

v+^r^i]^i^+ i^mn) +^
v + ^

(1) AiTm. m m T. 5ij»iii, »:

® t m - AT , ^^-ff

(2) mmm, f^^M^-o «P:

© AR'] ^ ® ^6^ ^:f^^^'fili'f§"AT , i5.>5:

156 ^1 quan

S+ ir-) +^

S + V + ^ + T

4r+N

131
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(1) mn-.

(2) mm\o imn-.

0 IS]T

(3) ^Ij^p.

t o

^2 qudn

S+fe + 0+4^ + VP+ T

(iL) +S+^ + VP+T

\mVo

(I) ii^i-fe^'^g, Tjl=i!]^r-g#o MkU:

 i h

(2) [1^. imw:

c? i±^:

#ilL "^"o

158 ih rang

• BA^iH¥4 s+iL+NP+ (i^) +VP+T

M^j'aJo

(1) ^PMfitilSc»if, fl=^^o WP:

®4^R]'J^6^jtl-?t4-Stiii/v (^) ^kJo

(2) m-x'v^mwfmo mtw:

0Pl'ltiJ4t^, «-^ihi^ {^) v ^ J ^ To

0—;r;.j^.^-, i^)

133
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( ^ ) X ' l ^ AT o

C ^ ) 4 ^ T, ; t # - i ! ^ ^ - t

^ (^) itlo

S3- ^M:

"it" ^ ^

f^Bd", "ii" "''1" "W

159 Jii •••shdng

s+v+±+^/>^

» f1-:ill ^5fe^At/1^1 i®i^iir/flPJii

(1) I^Llj, mw:

tD ■g * ^ ' £ T ^ A T, Ay--^

f e - ^ - ^ TA o

^2) j^ijjip.

134
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1_60 •••shang

• s+v+± (+NP)

a Wo

(1) A«ntf, MSP:

(D±A«Ki!I+«, »l.^-T«Ano

(2) ■mi.o MSP:

i i s t f J i To

® A ^ T, ■W e , B I ' t ' i f » - f # « . A o

(3) MSP:

^ o

(4) MSP:

@-feS
® it® il e.4S^2!7, -feif-f iiATIt^^o

135
 ±3 I Jl4

161 i.

• N+Ji

^ / /A H~ N+Ji

• M T. iilirSi. mhii:

©4^1—^n, ""Jiii" ¥j—P,

,162 • •••shdng__

•i&A.t.W'i N+Ji
4//A+N+J1

•fjffifr:;ii S/T^-g^®fl<iffiifflig;:?rm- ftlSo

(1) ma-.

fi

@ Ti4:Cfr!i>A'.feo

136
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(2) ^j^n.

(D -WL-fi'm^i-feJi-^jiijIf^ 7 it'^y.^M.o

"^1" fP [hi-, ":j^E" ^P "/A" ^ "-fe

—_\®?. -t3|5 1 -"shdng lai

• V + ±3|^ (+NP)

^+NP+VH-±5j^
V + N P + ± ^

(1) M!l\^:
0 ^ J r ^ m A AT O
CD Ao
CD 'hm , A-fc«^AAAo

(2) teisi. mmmi^±o mtn:

0 ^ / ^ A T: i e A A T, i t ' i S ^ - f e ^ ^ A A ?

137
 ±.^2

(3)

1 6 4 - t 5 | 5 2 ■• • s h d n g l a i

• s+v+±^+o

o+ (s+) v+±^

• 'Mmmm

(0 iHl^fa]^. MM:

(2)

t>:

"±3}e" ct'f^'fijp "#-

138
 ± ^ ,

165 ±i. •••shdng qu

• s+v+±i-

s + t e + o + v + ± i
o+ (s+) v+±i+T

• fimmu

(1) ±4®, ailj, Mia-.

(D " V r S i ]■f e . f t i s l J & T AAo

t . :

(2) iS^H, iJiJSH:

cr iiS:

" V + ± A "
is! to

139
 ±^2 I It

166 ±^2 "•shang qu

s + ^ + o + v + ± ^

0+ (SH-) V+Ji-^+T

(1) mm-.

® it-Is®;U^S^,

(2) mmm. mm-.

(3) mm, mm:

167 shei (-fe^shui)

® S + ;^ + Tft

s + v + i i

■it + ;^+NP

140
 • mmm,

• r^Ao f?iJi(P:

011-^ Tli^?

o -

®Wf^o Eijth, yXift^i^

168 jt^ 0^ " -shenmede

N P, , , NP^+ft^^^

V P, , VP„+f+^&^

• ^JMmW

• 5!iL'fa,'fiif^ imw-.

141
 169 11"^ift^_„shenme

s+;t+'ff
if^Aitlf+AP/Y?

170 shenme shihou

• S+'ft^ 0^j^+VP?

• 'MMirm

(1) m^:

(E) it -fl: ^ Bt-f-i ^ # ?

142
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® -ft--ft

(2) f5]*-liifSife;WBtrH]„ fisjfiP:

® it-tt^st-f'tsiJBt^fCftfi?
® -fiA-ft Bt-f^ica^jiit-^-t?
@-ftA-ft^lBt-f^JS.fe-ife«A«l? Xjt-ftiiBt-ft^-f-W?

IS- iim:

(1) "ftt-Ht^" "ft^BtfS]"

(2) "ir US' "t-

), "Stl" (iti "t--ft^

BtiSS'iflfjBk#" )„

a- tbSi:

ft4 BtfS ~ A-Ao -ifSf'T "if-'ABtW

tb«sa, TtW&0tfsiSfPBtfsJ,fe, W "jl.^-" -

Btl'SJo

171 I shl

• N P, i NPi

• f)im\m "®" ffl3te®JgBg®i>ANP,!)aJiTNP:«iesiJsKMo

(1) immuo \mn:

143
 (2) M fi W :

ir^ mm-.

(1) "5feH^#i" ^M^-, Ail "5^^"

(2) yXi^ti"^ ";!:" ;i^^ ^ ?Mil^ EH" , ^ ® ^ ^o ^P "li

(It's true that this table is

big), (The table is a big one)o SllbT^M

"This table is big"

---Z?. ^2 shi
S + ;t + Adj.+N
S + ^ + itS+N

S + ;^+N/Adj.+ &^

(I) W\mxmhMU iMW:

144
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(D

(2) Mad^^-t/dij'Wil:, f^TiJiin:

^ # ?

@ ^;?] o

shl---bu shV" / bu shi-"shi---

• SH-:^ + V P. ^:i:+VP

^:^ + S, + VP, ;I: + S2+VP

(1) f?ij^n:

(2) iiimt\\mmm/nmrmo mm-.

145
mT-m 1

174 1 shi bu shi

• s+^;f;^+NP

S-\-^^^^-\-VF

CD r5]A6<]5Rik. MB. ^m^W6ia muh.

(2) miHiM±rr^o mm-.

0 T tlA7

0 T: i ^ - ^ A r ^ A A A y ? i f T, ^ i s / ^ 0 ^ 7 o

(3) ^ij^P:
0 , .t- ^ ^ ^ ^

0 3^ T ^il>hiPhone, -1.^:^7^

c r

146
 175 2 shi bu shi

• S + ^^;t+NP

S + ;I:^;^+VP

itf.?

(2) iife.t,liWi:i<J^r^htf?f?3io mUW:

o* )i^:

1 7 6 ^ fi l l s h i " - d e

• (1) ";^"

;|;+S-|-VP-f fil?
; ^ + S - ! - V- | - & ^ + N P

147
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S + ;i: + V (+NP) +6^

6^. ij^.T?rA^;T^i'H5M
iJ^, 5j|-R6W®,

CO f^mimmmmo mim-.

CD 7

J i L AT ^ A ,

"^" A; ":t"

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177 ^ shi-TTia

S-\-^ +NP+ ?

(1) imW:
0 T :

0T: -f.t^^^^IEi''^? Z.: ".f.,

'f4^itS.-f"-f+^ !

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(3) ft"^]J:l!itro MM:

0 T: t.: )§i^.

178 5E7__;;-^_te
V/Adj.+ ?ET

' fjftgliui) ;fl3|s*a;*#tt5S3i5iJ«,'S , *iiBX6i|

149
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• ■iiiSiSiS

(1) mia-

@ ^ J E . AT, -(S«,ip«^4S.T „
® - f e f c ^ J i f e - 6 T, A^ikA-r^7o

(2) «*W««jt«SSo WSP:

® f t ^ J 4 : ^ < ^ ^ , S . . - T, 4 K ^ V. r t . 7 „

(3) iifeg£?g5Pii„ mn-

i-;L?

O- ag:

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(2) "•tJET" #t«J
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7", * + 6^ "^T"
( 3 ) " . i f t J E T " "■i f t f t T " S . g - S * # l B | , t e
" ^7" *«5Ct*, W " «T" Sift "f-tt
7. "I«7, •>?E7"o Ig#, "m5E7
"«ft7d«;^^t"„

179 ^ T 1 tdi"-le

• BAii'iV'i S+A+Adj.+ 7
S + V + tt + ;(c+Adj.+ 7

150
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"± T"

(1) ®;SJI^,'^^llo I^JiP:

(2) iMh.'l',M?iS?o mUW:

(3) immUo MM:

0 i l 7 K : ^ e / ^ T,

C^ iiM:

(1) 7"

"i±'^£" ^i^B^-ffsri-Xfefi-t-;^^ "A" -ho

151
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180 T 2 tai" le

• S + *+Adj.+ T

S+V+# + ;4c + Adj.+ T

• ■f j f f i m n ^ri«nxfe®„

it "i:" ±o

(1) f fl i S H :

( 2 ) K f J # i 3 t 7 , « ' ) i t i n To

(2) isfeABltlSo f«U;

® f t K 4 ^ i J i r ) 3 A « . T, A m ^ n r ^ - t o

(3) 3CZ#rfi«lo «?!l4tl:

® iXiSdnX^ff A^/vT , i4.#7 iJ5i4„

(4) SSii'MSiS'^attsSo WiH;

®#7-it-4«#jii(, A-fnASi^To

(1) "A" ±, 3HJf|fi^)ftt«4*;iPilt,,

"* T" =

152
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(2) "± " "T", iP

*SI>, * ® AT " o

181 ^ ting -de

• ^+Adj.+ 6^

M + VP+fi^

• ■C ' j ® 1 - : J I I Xtt "W 65@jtf£^o

o mmnHi

(1) if-iitXmhMl. i?!l^P:

(3) mmm. «P:

(4) f fl j ^ l P :

153
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nUT-M, - fl M T

^ ^ "i^ o

182 m •••wdn

• v+^

(0 II, gfc, mU:

(2) mn-.

@4j-;p§.|,;fe,il#X'(i;:#(!®^7 , ^T7o
(3) ^!l®:
® Afcw-iit4t-i#4f|5ijt^T , «7:-tiiA#-641r7o
(DitA+.fsjtAAiP'^rAT,

#1. " n" ^

154
 183 wang

• + / ;& / / ^ / ^ /1 / w /::ih+v

v + t £ + ^ ^ ; f

(1) im\:

(2) i?iJ^in:

H M :

#EiL "t£" "f^"

184 wangwang

• s+fifi+vp

[ 1 ] " fi fi " ; l : | i j - i ^ , ! i l
[2] " ^ fi "

155
 (1) T2feK#>l'll„ ma-.

(Dii+-f, ^ i - f i - i - f t S ' J■; « : - ( « .

(2) ®,Aai-ffi-3io mia-.

® M.O

ra- tfc®:

— - - - - — — w e i

• A4-;^ + B + VP

fi ) MUW:
0 >3: i^s-^ij T ^ f4t 1^ ^ _.
, -f-i: In ;f^/^1 ^

156
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(2) i^xwAiBijm'^.nmo «P:

(3) imW:

'I^-i1L^R r^j o

186 ^2 wei

s + VP, +;!: + ^ + VP,

S + y^ + VP 1 + W + VP,

^-PVP,, S + VP,

^Jmwn\ jfj^rji,'iitT@

(1) mnm, i^m-.

0 t x-ft,,

0 A A t IS] ^ HI ^t ® ^ o
0 it ^yVi±Ji^-if :!;■$■, -fttl?-;^ J^X-ft^fr o
157
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(2) Mo mm-.

n3* /i^;

"^" " T. #", #jAL "^T"o

weile

• j^J-fVP/zh-^, S + VP/zJ^'^

• !!«t,^^ msit. mM^o imu:

-t-i-o

t^^'^to #i^L

188 wei

•t^ + ^-i+N

i : + fi

158
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• Ijjfmili MiSlo fi "-t-"

® T: T « l " l , ® ; L 3 i ?
t.:

(D A-in^-AfS-T o
® 3fc-fn A I: R'l T ^^sfcftsi] T „

US- it®;

"'f±" "A" "Aft"

A* A Aft, "Aft«^ft!®f+Aft#" +()() "Aft" ®
"SAft. ftf]"„

189 20tt xigudn

o )BAi,'i¥4 s+>i«+ (V) +0

O, S+53©

o ijMwm ffl*SiiiaH^rfi]ftMait}tffii5!j'if?£o

o iiiin'Ui'fit

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® A t B l + f t T, A A a g ® T f t A 4 < ) f t : ' S - To

® (ft) A & s g t S To

159
 I T2

(2) mu:

190 T 1 -"Xid

• mA^ti¥4 s+v+T

S + V + T+NP

o xjMim

( 1 ) ^ T. m m ^ o i m w - .

(2) « " F. MkU:

0 T

191 "F2 -"Xid

<5 ;^+N-|_-];

N + T

160
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O meffi, i n i l j T, W T, 1 S T, i ^ T, « T T,

t S T T, » l : T « e S o # 1 ® :

® Aie.i*^ !eiA{i<]iUhAA^r,
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® T „
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o- iiS:

"N+T" -t-ftTiliil "i£"o

192 "F3|5i •••xid lai

o s+AA + ^iTJf+V+T* (+NP)

s+ie+NP+v+T*

msjj;

>M'm;itSi
(I) i4iiflii-iJfiSi1<jAljf1;®Ai]o f^yiiri:

® % # T T , T T: f t M A V T i # A T T A o
® T TA o
® 4tA#A4e.-f-4x,4^T Ao

161
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(2) m "mT^. rrT5le,

3^" m. i?!j$P:

(D ^ it T 6Ci T T o

0ii:-^S'jT, #"1—>1 >1 itLA^#J^#1^^7o

193 ■ Tm 2 '"Xidlai

s+v+T3fc
S + ^G+N+V+T3fe

i(P "rfT3^< ET3^5^ ^T3{£. f¥T3l£

0 4-'ff.'ft:ii!L#T^To

(2) {^[j^N;

162
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(D ,
(D

(i)'K^it^^J, it.^i$/r^^r'rS:TT^o

(t^ J±^:

W "tT^. "t" (b6i)

—-V-"""'^"^' "'^'^ Q'-'

• S + V+T^

S+ZA + ^^if+V+T#

S+^+np+V+T#
s+v+NP+T^

s+v+T^+NP

m^i-,
5>;^o

(1) ^p " j f l TA . ® ^ TA . t ^ TA . ^T
A" -^o f^yiiti:

- f t i L A l A i i i ^ & T TA ,

CD'f:

5 ^ t TA 6 ^ J , ^ ; l : ; f e TA ^ ^ o

( D # - ^ A ^ . A ® i ^ TA 6 ^ i , A > I , I ^ T !

163
 T ^ 2

® — r ^ ' h . ^ \ ' f e > y. 4 J i # T T ^ o

(2) immm'Am, in -itT-i. m^n-.

#J^L "Ti^,"o

tb^;

"V+±^" ^ "v+Ti" f

195 2 "-xidqu

s (+VP) +v+Ti

v+Ti + ^+VP

• •yjfjbuuii

(1) imw:

164
 (2) mm-.

n r ^ r ,

^fei^NBAo

(3) ii^A. «P:

0 ^ f c — A A i 4 # TA , ^:^Ai.T'H-^^^?
0 A # i l # ^ TA , A - ^ - t i ^ T To

196 5fe , S xian*", zdi "

• s+^+vp, #+vp

(1) imw:

A#A-|-,

(2) mm-.

0 A^lblci^f A#, #A331

To

165
 1 ^2

(3) miW:

197 5®i xiang

® S + ^t+NP

mMi&hmm. mmMmo mm-.

^^198 ^2 xiang
S4-^^,4-VP

• ^vmiil $n A^0i[iiA, '0

mtiu:

166
 @ -f^i:- m s'] t m its. ^ ^ ^

o- fct^:

"'^."o "^1-" til, "^" f^o "m

:i: tii.&tj?Mii^o

^ + #"0

__i 99 ^ 3 xiang

(1) mtLU:

(2) m-\\ mw:

167
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200 fp] xidng

• fjftgfluii ffl*SiS5ij«:ewiS]o

• lUtiiSig

(1) l"1Sf, fSKfo ii'Mll:

® f : - i f l ' T, M ' I t M . t - ^ A 7

- B - i ^ j A - # , « S i J To

(2) ti§®-t-:^ri;n^g], #, is^-„ fjiijin:

■ #JiL "ft".

168
 T O .

201

/ haoxiang-"Shide

S-\-it / iifft + VP/AP + 'f^6^

r m m o

(1) wmmy^^-o mn-.

(2) imm$-#J[:i^#fifiBJc^^o «n:

- t "

169
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202 {610^2
xidng / hdoxidng-'Shide

^•ft+vp+-f^&^, s+zh-^

(1) mtu-.

(D-fe (:ie)

(2) min-.

(1) "t M" Ti':^TtBJlo

(2) " j i fi r ' T
t t o

170
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xidng-"yiydng

• A+#.+BH—#+Adj.
A + f^ + B + -#+VP

(1) Kfto mn-.

® ajl„

(2) mm.

(3) 33W^„ {fijsp:

® mt*. T -#SJ
@ -ft.®

® - ( t * ; ^ < # - » ® S f T; § — # ,

204 xlng

• s+«+N

s+44 + f+^?
( t o

171
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188
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194
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198
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199
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239 zdi---zhong

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202
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207
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208
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213
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215
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257 5xJlf zhThao

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217
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219
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^15^: 39.0075