Odred̄eni integrali

Osnovne osobine odred̄enog integrala:

Z a
10 f (x)dx = 0 ,
a
Z b Z a
20 f (x)dx = − f (x)dx ,
a b
Z b Z c Z b
30 f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx ,
a a c
Z b Z b Z b


40 αf (x) + βg(x) dx = α f (x)dx + β g(x)dx ,
a a a
Z b b

50 f (x)dx = F (x) = F (b) − F (a), gde je F 0 (x) = f (x),
a a


60 Ako je f parna funkcija f (x) = f (−x), ∀x ∈ R , tada je
Z a Z a
f (x)dx = 2 f (x)dx,
−a 0


70 Ako je f neparna funkcija f (x) = −f (−x), ∀x ∈ R , tada je
Z a
f (x)dx = 0,
−a


80 Ako je f periodična funkcija sa periodom T f (x + T ) = f (x), ∀x ∈ R ,
Z a+T Z T
tada je f (x)dx = f (x)dx.
a 0

Čuvajmo drveće. Nemojte štampati ovaj materijal, ukoliko to nije neophodno.

1
2

Osnovne metode integracije:

METOD SMENE
Z   Z
b  x = u(t) t = ϕ(x)  β
f (x)dx =  =
 f (u(t))u0 (t)dt.
a α = ϕ(a) β = ϕ(b) α

METOD PARCIJALNE INTEGRACIJE

Z b b Z b

udv = uv  − vdu.
a a a

Primena odred̄enog integrala:

POVRŠINA RAVNE FIGURE

Neka je f (x) ≥ 0 za x ∈ [a, b]. Površina
krivolinijskog trapeza ograničenog krivom
f HxL
y = f (x), pravama x = a, x = b i x−osom,
iznosi Z b
S= f (x)dx.
S
a
a b

a b
Ukoliko je f (x) ≤ 0 za x ∈ [a, b], tada je
Z b S
S=− f (x)dx.
a
f HxL

f HxL

Z b
S= |f (x)|dx. a b
a
S
 3

DUŽINA LUKA KRIVE

Dužina luka krive f (x) od tačke na grafiku
sa apscisom a do tačke na grafiku sa apsci-
som b, iznosi f HxL l
Z bq

2
l= 1 + f 0 (x) dx.
a
a b

POVRŠINA I ZAPREMINA ROTACIONOG TELA

Površina i zapremina tela nastalog rotacijom dela luka krive f (x) oko ko-
ordinatnih osa izračunavaju se sa:

Z b
Vx = π f (x)2 dx,
a
Z b q
2
Px = 2π f (x) 1+ f 0 (x) dx.
a

Z b
Vy = 2π xf (x)dx
a
Z d
=π x(y)2 dy,
c
Z d q
2
Py = 2π x(y) 1+ x0 (y) dy.
c

Zadaci
1. Odrediti sledeće integrale (a > 0) :
Z 1 Z 3 Z 1
0
√
3 3 0 dx 0 dx
1 x(x + 1) dx 2 2
3 2
0 1 x 0 1+x
Z 65 Z ap Z 4r
dx x+2
40 √ √ √
50 a2 − x2 dx 60 dx
2
3 6
x−1 x−1+ x−1 0 2 x−1
4
Z 1 Z 1
√
Rešenje: 10 3
x(x + 1)3 dx = x1/3 (x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1)dx
0 0

Z  x13/3
1
x10/3 x7/3 x4/3 1
= (x10/3 + 3x7/3 + 3x4/3 + x1/3 )dx = +3· +3· + 
0 13/3 10/3 7/3 4/3 0

3 9 9 3
= + + + .
13 10 7 4

Z 3
dx 1 3 1 2
20 2
= −  =− +1= .
1 x x 1 3 3

Z 1 1 π
dx 
30 = arctan x  = .
0 1 + x2 0 4

Z  6 
65
dx  t =x−1 dx = 6t 5 dt 
40
√ √ √
=  √ √ 
3
x−1 6x−1+ x−1  2 7→ 2 − 1 = 1 65 7→ 65 − 1 = 2
6 6 
2
Z 2 Z 2 2 Z 2 Z 2
t2 t +1−1 dt
=6 2
dt = 6 2
dt = 6 dt − 6 2
1 1+t 1 1+t 1 1 1+t
2 2 3π
 
= 6t − 6 arctan t = + 6(1 − arctan 2).
1 1 2

Z ap   Z π/2p
 x = a sin t dx = a cos t dt 
50
a2 −x2 dx =  =a
 a2 −a2 sin2 t cos t dt
0 0 7→ 0 a 7→ π/2 0
Z π/2 Z π/2
2 2 2 1+cos 2t a π/2 a2
2 π/2 a2 π

=a cos t dt = a dt = t − sin 2t = .
0 0 2 2 0 4 0 4
 5

Z r  q  Z √2
4
x+2  x+2 6t dt  t2
 t = x−1 dx = − (t2 −1)2 
60 dx =  √  = −6 dt
2 x−1  2 7→ 2 4 7→ 2  2 (t2 − 1)2
Z 2  
t2  u=t dv = (t2t−1)
dt 
 2 
=6 √ 2 2
dt =  1 
2 (t − 1)  du = dt v = − 2(t2 −1) 

3t 2
Z 2
dt √ 3  t − 1 2
 
=− 2 √ + 3 √ 2 = 3 2 − 2 + log  √
t −1 2 2 t − 1 2 t + 1 2
√
√ 2+1
= 3 2 − 2 + 3 log √ .
3

2. Odrediti sledeće integrale (n ∈ N) :

Z π Z π/2 Z π/3
0 0 x 0 dx
1 sin x sin 3x dx 2 cos x sin dx 3 2 4
0 0 2 π/6 sin x cos x
Z π/6 Z π Z π/4
sin x cos x dx
40 (2x−1) sin 3x dx 50 x2 cos nx dx 60
0 −π 0 2 sin2 x−5 cos2 x

Z π Z
1 π
Rešenje: 10 sin x sin 3x dx = (cos 2x − cos 4x)dx
0 2 0 π 1 π
1  
= sin 2x − sin 4x = 0.
4 0 8 0

Z Z
π/2
x 1 π/2 3x x x π/2 1 3x π/2
20 cos x sin dx = sin −sin dx = cos  − cos 
0 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 3 2 0
2 √
= ( 2 − 1) .
3

Z Z  
π/3
dx π/3
sin2 x + cos2 x dx  1 = 1 + tan2 x 
 2 
30 2 = 2 2
=  cos1 x 1+tan2 x 
π/6 sin x cos4 x π/6
2
sin x cos x cos x  sin2 x
= tan2 x 
Z π/3 
1 
= 2 + tan2 x + d(tan x)
π/6 tan2 x
 √
1 3 1 π/3 80 3
= 2 tan x + tan x −  = .
3 tan x π/6 27
6

Z  
π/6  u = 2x − 1 dv = sin 3x 
40
(2x − 1) sin 3x dx =  
0 du = 2dx dx v = − 3 cos 3x 
1

π/6 Z π/6
1 − 2x  2 π/6 1 2  1
= cos 3x + cos 3x dx = − + sin 3x =− .
3 0 3 0 3 9 0 9

Z Z  
π π  u = x2 dv = cos nx dx 
50 2
x cos nx dx = 2 x cos nx dx =  2 

−π 0 du = 2x dx v = n1 sin nx
π 4 π Z Z
2  4 π
= x2 sin nx − x sin nx dx = − x sin nx dx
n 0 n 0 n 0
  π 4 Z π
u=x dv = sin nx dx  4 
= = x cos nx − 2 cos nx dx
du = dx v = − n1 cos nx  n2 0 n 0
4π 4 π 4π

= (−1)n 2 − 3 sin nx = (−1)n 2 .
n n 0 n

Z  
π/4
sin x cos x dx  t = 2 sin2 x−5 cos2 x dt = 14 sin x cos x dx 
60
=  
0 2 sin2 x − 5 cos2 x  0 7→ −5 π/4 7→ −3/2 
Z −3/2 −3/2
1 dt 1  1 10
= = log |t| = − log .
14 −5 t 14 −5 14 3

3. Odrediti sledeće integrale:

Z π Z π
sin2 x
10 sin2 x dx 20 dx
0 0 2(1+cos x)
Z πp Z π/2p
30 sin x−sin3 x dx 40 cos x−cos3 x dx
0 −π/2
Z π/2 Z 1007π√
dx
50 60 1−cos 2x dx
0 (2+cos x)(3+cos x) 0

Z Z
π
2
π
1−cos 2x 1 π 1 π
 π
Rešenje: 10 sin x dx = dx = x − sin 2x = .
0 0 2 2 0 4 0 2
 7

Z Z π sin2 x Z Z
π
sin2 x cos2 x2 π
x π
1−cos x π
20 dx = 2
dx = sin2 dx = dx = .
0 2(1+cos x) 0 cos2 x2 0 2 0 2 2

Z πp Z πq Z π√
0 3 2
3 sin x−sin x dx = sin x(1−sin x) dx = sin x| cos x| dx
0 0 0
Z π/2√ Z π√  
 t = sin x dt = cos x dx 
= sin x cos x dx− sin x cos x dx =   
0 →
7 0, π/2 →
7 1, π →
7 0 
0 π/2
Z 1√ Z 0√ Z 1√
t3/2 1 4
= t dt − t dt = 2 t dt = 2  = .
0 1 0 3/2 0 3

Z π/2p
4
40 cos x−cos3 x dx = .
−π/2 3

Z π/2 Z π/2
dx (3+cos x)−(2+cos x)
50 = dx
0 (2+cos x)(3+cos x) 0 (2+cos x)(3+cos x)
Z π/2 Z π/2  
dx dx  t = tan x dx = 2dt2 
= − = 2 1+t 
0 2+cos x 0 3+cos x  0 7→ 0 π/2 7→ 1 
Z 1 Z 1
dt dt 2 t 1 1 t 1
=2 2
− 2 2
= √ arctan √  − √ arctan √ 
0 3+t 0 4 + 2t 3 3 0 2 2 0
π 1 1
= √ − √ arctan √ .
3 3 2 2

Z 1007π√ Z 1007π√ √ Z π
0
6 1−cos 2x dx= 2 | sin x|dx = 1007 2 sin x dx
0 0 0
√  √
π
=−1007 2 cos x = 2014 2 .
0
8

4. Odrediti sledeće integrale:

Z π/4 Z π/4
3 tan x + 1
10 dx 2 0 tan2 x dx
0 3 − tan x 0
Z 1 √ Z 6
0 x log(x + 1 + x2 ) 2+x
3 √ dx 40 x log dx
0 1 + x2 4 2−x
Z log 5 x √ x Z 1 x√ x
0 e e −1 0 e e +3
5 x+2
dx 6 √ dx
0 e 0
3 x
e +3
Z  
π/4
3 tan x + 1  t = tan x dx = dt 2 
Rešenje: 10 dx =   1+t 
0 3 − tan x 0→7 0 π/4 7→ 1 
Z 1 Z 1 2
3t + 1 t + 1 + t(3 − t)
= 2
dt = dt
0 (3 − t)(1 + t ) 0 (3 − t)(1 + t2 )
Z 1 Z 1 1 1 1
dt t dt  2 
= + 2+1
= − log |3 − t| + log |t + 1|
0 3 − t 0 t 0 2 0
3
= log √ .
2

Z π/4 Z π/4 π/4

0 2 1 − cos2 x  π
2 tan x dx = 2
dx = (tan x − x) =1− .
0 0 cos x 0 4

 
Z √  u = log(x + √1 + x2 ) dv = √x dx 
1 2
x log(x + 1 + x )  1+x2 
30 √ dx =  √ 
0 1 + x2 dx
 du = √1+x v = 1 + x 2 
2

p p 1 Z 1 √ √

= 1 + x2 log(x + 1 + x2 ) − dx = 2 log(1 + 2) − 1.
0 0

Z   Z 6 2
6
x+2  u = log x+2 dv = x dx  x2 x+2 6 x
 
40 x log dx =  x−2
4dx x2 = log  +2 2
dx
4 x−2  du = 4−x2 v= 2  2 x−2 4 4 x −4
Z 6 2
x −4+4
= 18 log 2 − 8 log 3 + 2 dx
4 x2 − 4
6 x + 2 6

= 18 log 2 − 8 log 3 + 2x − 2 log  = 16 log 2 − 6 log 3 + 4.
4 x−2 4
 9

Z √  √  Z
log 5
ex ex − 1  t = ex − 1 2t dt = ex dx  2
t2
50 
dx =  =2 dt
ex + 2 0 7→ 0 log 5 7→ 2  t2 + 3
0 0
Z 2 2 
t +3−3 √ t 2 √ 2
=2 dt = 2 t − 3 arctan √  = 4 − 2 3 arctan √ .
0 t2 + 3 3 0 3

Z √  6  Z √6
log 2
ex ex + 3  t = ex + 3 6t5 dt = ex dx  5
60
√ dx=  √6
√ =6
 √ t6 dt
0
3 x
e +3 0→ 7 4 log 2 7→ 6 5 6
4
√
6 7  5 6 √ √
6
6 6


= t √ = 5 5−4 4 .
7 6
4 7

5. Izračunati vrednost integrala

Z +∞ Z +∞
I1 = f (x) cos x dx, I2 = f (x) sin x dx,
−∞ −∞

pri čemu je funkcija f (x) data sa


1 − |x|, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1,
f (x) =
0, x < −1 ∨ x > 1.

Rešenje: Kako je f (x) = 0 za x ∈

/ [−1, 1], to je onda i

f (x) cos x = 0, f (x) sin x = 0 za x ∈

/ [−1, 1].

Integral I1 tada glasi

Z +∞ Z 1 Z 1


I1 = f (x) cos x dx = f (x) cos x dx = 1 − |x| cos x dx
−∞ −1 −1
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1


=2 1 − x cos x dx = 2 cos x dx − 2 x cos x dx
0 Z 1 0  0 
1  u=x 
 dv = cos x dx
= 2 sin x − 2 x cos x dx =  

0 0 du = dx v = sin x
 1 Z 1  1
 
= 2 sin 1 − 2 x sin x − sin x dx = −2 cos x = 2(1 − cos 1).
0 0 0
10

S obzirom da je f (x) sin x neparna funkcija, to je I2 = 0.

6. Izračunati integrale
Z π Z π
cos nx cos mx dx, i sin nx sin mx dx,
−π −π

gde su n, m ∈ N i važi
a) n = m = 0; b) n = m 6= 0; c) n 6= m.

Rešenje: Označimo
Z π Z π
In,m = cos nx cos mx dx, Jn,m = sin nx sin mx dx.
−π −π
Z π
a) I0,0 = dx = 2π, J0,0 = 0.
−π

Z π Z π Z π
b) In,n = cos2 nx dx = 2 cos2 nx dx = (1 + cos 2nx)dx
−π 0 0
 1 π

= x+ sin 2nx  = π.
2n 0

Z π Z π Z π
Jn,n = sin2 nx dx = 2 sin2 nx dx = (1 − cos 2nx)dx
−π 0 0
 1 π

= x− sin 2nx  = π.
2n 0

Z π Z π

c) In,m = cos nx cos mx dx = cos(n − m)x + cos(n + m)x dx
−π 0
1 π 1 π
 
= sin(n − m)x + sin(n + m)x = 0.
n−m 0 n+m 0

Z π Z π

Jn,m = sin nx sin mx dx = cos(n − m)x − cos(n + m)x dx
−π 0
1 π 1 π
 
= sin(n − m)x − sin(n + m)x = 0.
n−m 0 n+m 0
 11

Z e
7. Dat je integral In = x(log x)n dx, n ∈ N0 .
1

a) Izračunati I0 i I1 .

b) Odrediti an i bn u relaciji In = an In−1 + bn .

c) Naći vrednost integrala I3 .

Z e
x2 e e2 − 1
Rešenje: a) I0 = xdx =  = .
1 2 1 2
Z   e 1 Z e
e  u = log x dv = x dx  x2 
I1 = x log x dx =  2
=
 log x  − x dx
1 du = dx
x v = x2 2 1 2 1
e2 + 1
= .
4

Z  
e  u = (log x)n dv = x dx 
b) In = x(log x) dx = 
n
2

1 du = n(log x)n−1 dx
x v = x2
x2 e n e 2 n

= (log x)n  − In−1 = − In−1 ,
2 1 2 2 2
n e2
an = − , bn = .
2 2

e2 3 e2 3  e2  e2 + 3
c) I3 = − I2 = − − I1 = .
2 2 2 2 2 8

8. Odrediti koeficijente an i bn u relaciji In+2 = an In+1 + bn In , n ∈ N0 , gde je

Z 1
In = (1 − x2 )n/2 dx, n ∈ N0 .
0

Izračunati vrednost integrala I3 .

12

Z 1 Z 1
n+2 n
2
Rešenje: In+2 = (1 − x ) 2 (1 − x2 )(1 − x2 ) 2 dx
dx =
0 0  
Z 1 u=x 2) n 
n  dv = x(1−x 2 dx 
=In − x2 (1 − x2 ) 2 dx =  1 2 n+2 
0  du = dx v = − n+2 (1−x ) 2 
x 
n+2  1 1 1
=In + (1 − x2 ) 2  − In+2 = In − In+2 .
n+2 0 n+2 n+2

n+3 n+2
In+2 = In =⇒ In+2 = In
n+2 n+3
n+2
an = 0, bn = .
n+3
Z 1p
  Z
 x = sin t dx = cos t dt  π/2
I1 = 1− x2 dx =  =
 cos2 t dt
0 0→7 0 1 7→ π/2 0
Z π/2
1 π
= (1 + cos 2t)dt = .
2 0 4

3 3π
I3 = I1 = .
4 16

9. Dati geometrijsku interpretaciju odred̄enog integrala,

√ √a zatim izračunati
površinu figure ograničene lukom krive f (x) = e x − e− x , pravom x = 1 i
x−osom.

Z  
1 √  t = √x 2t dt = dx 
√

Rešenje: S= e −e x
dx = 
− x 
0 7→ 0 1 7→ 1 
0
Z 1 


u=t dv = et −e−t dt 
t −t
= 2 t e −e dt =  
du = dt v = et +e−t 
0
Z

1
f HxL
1

S = 2t et +e−t  − 2 et +e−t dt
0 0
2
1 4
= 2e + − 2 et −e−t  = .
1

e 0 e

10. Izračunati površinu figure ograničene linijama y = log x, y = 1, x = 4,

kao i zapreminu tela nastalog rotacijom figure oko x−ose.
 13

Rešenje:

Z 4 Z 4 Z 4 Z 4



S= f (x) − 1 dx = log x − 1 dx = log x dx − dx
1 1 1 1
  4 4
 u = log x dv = dx   
=  
 = x log x − 3 − x  = 4 log 4 − 6.
du = dxx v = x 1 1
Z 4 Z 4  

2
2  u = log x−1 dv = (log x−1)dx 
Vx = π f (x)−1 dx = π log x−1 dx =   
du = dx
v = x(log x−2) 
1 1 x
4 Z 4

= πx(log x − 1)(log x − 2) − π (log x − 2)dx = 4(log 4 − 2)2 π − 1.
1 1

11. Odrediti površinu figure ograničene lukom krive

1
f (x) = √ , x ∈ [2, 4]
2
x +x−2
i x−osom, a zatim izračunati zapreminu tela nastalog rotacijom tog luka oko
x−ose.
Rešenje:
Z 4 Z 4
dx dx
S= √ = p
2
x +x−2 (x + 2)(x − 1)
2 2
 p 
 t(x+2) = (x+2)(x−1) dx = 6t dt 
 √ ) 
(1−t 2 2
=
 2 7→ 1/2 4 7→ 1/ 2 
Z 1/√2 1/√2
dt 1 + t 
=2 = log
1/2 1 − t
2 1 − t 1/2
 2 2√
= log 1+ .
3
14

Z 4 Z
dx π 4 x + 2 − (x − 1)
Vx = π 2
= dx
2 x +x−2 3 2 (x + 2)(x − 1)
Z Z 
π 4 dx π 4 dx π x − 1 4 π
= − = log = log 2.
3 2 x−1 3 2 x+2 3 x + 2 2 3

12. Data je funkcija

x
f (x) = .
1 + x2

Izračunati površinu figure ograničene krivom f (x), x−osom i pravom x = 1.

Izračunati zapreminu tela nastalog rotacijom date figure oko x−ose.

Rešenje:
Z 
1
x dx 1 1
2  1
S= 2
= log(1 + x ) = log 2.
0 1+x 2 0 2
Z 1  
x2  u=x x dx
dv = (1+x 
 2 )2 
Vx = π 2 2
dx =  −1 
0 (1 + x )  du = dx v = 2(1+x2 ) 
1 π 1 dxZ
x 
= −π  +
2(1 + x ) 0 2 0 1 + x2
2

π π 1 π 2 π

= − + arctan x = − .
4 2 0 8 4

13. Izračunati površinu figure ograničene lukovima krivih f1 (x) = x2 − 2x +

2, f2 (x) = x2 + 4x + 5 i y = 1. Izračunati zapreminu tela nastalog rotacijom
oko x−ose ove figure.

Rešenje: Odredimo najpre presečnu tačku grafika krivih f1 i f2 :

x2 − 2x + 2 = x2 + 4x + 5 ⇐⇒ x = −1/2.

Primetimo da je slika simetrična u odnosu na pravu x = −1/2.

 15

Z −1/2 Z 1
S= f2 (x)dx + f1 (x)dx
−2 −1/2
Z 1

=2 x2 − 2x + 2 dx
−1/2
 x3 1 21

=2 − x2 + 2x  = .
3 −1/2 4
Z 1 Z 1
2
Vx = 2π f1 (x)2 dx = 2π x2 − 2x + 2 dx
−1/2 −1/2
Z 1
2 843π
= 2π (x − 1)2 + 1 dx = .
−1/2 80

14. Izračunati zapreminu tela nastalog rotacijom luka krive y(x) = cos2 x, x ∈
[−π/2, π/2] oko x−ose.

Rešenje:
Z π/2 Z π/2 Z π/2
π
Vx = π cos4 x dx = 2π cos4 x dx = (1 + cos 2x)2 dx
−π/2 0 2 0
Z π/2 
π 1 + cos 4x  3π 2
= 1 + 2 cos 2x + dx = .
2 0 2 8

15. Izračunati zapreminu tela nastalog rotacijom oko x−ose figure ograničene
lukom krive f (x) = x log x i x−osom.

Rešenje: Kako je
log x 1/x
lim x log x = lim = lim = 0,
x→0 x→0 1/x x→0 −1/x2

i f (1) = 0, to posmatramo deo luka krive f za x ∈ (0, 1].

Z 1
2π
Vx = π x2 log2 x dx = .
0 27

16. Izračunati zapreminu tela koje nastaje rotacijom figure ograničene de-
lovima krivih y = x2 + 1 i y = 2 oko x−ose.
16
Z 1
64π
Rešenje: Vx = π 22 − (x2 + 1)2 dx = .
−1 15

17. Izračunati zapreminu tela nastalog rotacijom oko x−ose figure ograničene
linijama
y = e3x + ex , x = 0, y = e3 + e.

Rešenje:

Z 1

Vx = π (e3 + e)2 − (e3x + ex )2 dx
0
1
= (7 + 3e2 + 9e4 + 5e6 )π .
6

18. Izračunati dužinu luka krive L date sa y(x) = log(1 − x2 ), x ∈ [0, 1/2].

2x
Rešenje: y 0 (x) = .
x2 −1
Z s Z 1/2 2
1/2
12 4x2 x +1
l= 1+ 2 − 1)2
dx = dx
0 (x 0 1 − x2
Z 1/2 Z 1/2
dx 1
f HxL =− dx + 2 2
= log 3 − .
0 0 1−x 2

√
19. Izračunati dužinu luka krive y(x) = 81 − x2 za 3 ≤ x ≤ 9, kao i površinu
rotacione površi nastale rotacijom tog luka oko x−ose.
 17

x p 9
Rešenje: y 0 (x) = − √ , 1 + y 0 (x)2 = √ .
81 − x2 81 − x2
Z 9p Z 9
dx
l= 1 + y 0 (x)2 dx = 9
√
81 − x2
3 3

 x = 9 sin t dx = 9 cos t dt 
=
3 7→ arcsin 13 9 7→ π2 
 1 π  1
= 9 arcsin − = 9 arccos .
3 2 3
Z 9 p Z 9
Px = 2π 0 2
y(x) 1 + y (x) dx = 18π dx = 108π.
3 3