CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Nigeria human population is estimated at about 140.4 million (NPC, 2010), this population is

continuously on the increase annually. This increase has led to more demand for animal and

animal products to meet up with the minimum animal protein requirement per individual per

day. The protein intake of an average Nigeria is estimated at 45.5g per head per day, this is

lower compared with the Food and Agricultural Organization’s recommended minimum

intake of 70g per head per day, of which 50% (35g) should be of animal source (FAOSTAT,

2008). The inadequate supply of animal protein in Nigeria can be attributed to inadequate

production potentials of the most common sources of meat which include poultry, goat,

cattle, pig, sheep, rabbit etc. Thus, there is therefore, the need to increase the supply of animal

protein through meat consumption and this could be accomplished through efficient use of

promising indigenous animals such as goat. Gambo et al. (2004) reported that among the

cheapest and mostly affordable protein source for this ever increasing population is mainly

the poultry products and chevrons (goat meat). Okpeku et al. (2011) also reported that rearing

of small ruminants (sheep and goats) would have lasting effects in bringing about social

change by improving the incomes and standard of living.

Goat (Capra hircus) is the earliest domestic animal and probably the first ruminant livestock,

after the wolf was domesticated (Zeder and Hasse, 2000). They are one of the smallest

domesticated ruminants which are managed for the production of milk, meat, wool and

leather particularly in arid, semi-tropical or mountainous countries (Morand-Fehr, 2004).

Goat is the most prolific ruminant among all domesticated ruminant under tropical and

subtropical conditions. It is a resourceful and efficient ruminant producing meat, milk, skin

and hair (Morand-Fehr, 2004). Goats constitute the largest group of small ruminant livestock

in Nigeria totalling about 53.8 million and also constituting 6.2 percent of the World’s goat

population (FAOSTAT, 2011). Surveys have shown that up to 85 percent of rural households,

1
poor farmers and smalltime business people of all age groups and sexes keep goat (FDLPCS,

2007). The ability of goats to tolerate harsh climates, the presence of trypanotolerance in

some breeds (Salako, 2004), suitability to traditional systems on account of small size, short

generation interval (Abdul-Aziz, 2010) and ability to thrive on poor quality diets provided by

scarce grazing on marginal lands (Adedeji et al., 2011) all combine to make small ruminants

strategic to increasing livestock productivity in rural agricultural systems (Adedeji et al.,

2011). The West African Dwarfis a traditional breed of West and Central Africa. Its dwarf

characteristics may have evolved as a response to conditions in the humid forests of the area.

Wilson (1991) the goats have at various times been exported to European countries and to the

United States, initially as zoo animals or for laboratory research. Several breeds derive from

these imports, among them the American Pygmy and Nigerian Dwarf in the United States,

the (Pygmy in the United Kingdom, the (Dwarf ducth)or NederlandseDwerggeit in the

Netherlands, and the (Tibetana in Italy. (Valerie et al., 2016).

West African Dwarf goats (also called Nigerian Dwarf, Kirdi or Kirdimi, Fouta Djallon,

Cameroon Dwarf, African Pigmy, (Dagris, 2008) is thought to have evolved from the

Brevipes or short-legged goats. Epstein (1971) described WAD goats as those whose average

shoulder height does not exceed 50 cm. Years of adaptation and natural selection under

humid tropical conditions made this breed highly adapted to the humid forest zone. (Leak, S.,

Faye, D. and Geerts, S. 2002). These goats are present in all of humid Africa, from Southern

Sudan to the west coast areas that are noticeably humid and warm (Gall, 1996), and

characterized by dense vegetation ranging from swamp mangrove to rain fore stand derived

savannah. In these zones, ambient temperature and relative humidity are notably high all year

round. (Gall, 1996) and (Dagris 2008) listed some 16 countries in West and Central Africa

where WAD goats are predominantly raised under backyard systems. The production system

is mainly extensive, animals are allowed to roam and scavenge at will, with a preponderance

of subsistence farming units. These countries are noted for high poverty levels (Cia, 2008),

2
especially in the rural areas. Among the inhabitants, WAD goats are raised principally as a

source of meat and other uses include socio-economic, ceremonial, cultural and traditional

purposes, includingdivination.WAD goats are highly prolific, can be bred all year round, with

up to three parturitions in two years (Ademosun, 1993).

In Nigeria, WAD goats are raised principally under the traditional system where they graze

natural pasture during the dry season. This type of traditional system tends to provide

inadequate nutrient that fail to meet their nutrient requirement romance (Amoah et al., 1996).

WAD goats are raised principally as a source of meat among the inhabitants, other uses

include; cultural, traditional as well as ceremonial purposes. This is because goats are highly

prolific and require low inputs for a moderate level of production and reaching puberty early

i.e. 12-24 month sold (Zahraddeen et al., 2008 a and b; Butswat, 1994). Therefore, they are

highly profitable to keep (Oseni et al., 2006). The goats are hardy, with the ability to thrive

and survive under harsh environmental conditions of heat and humidity, ability to digest a

broad range of diets and resistance to high-humidity pathogens and haemonchosis, tolerant of

gastro-intestinal nematodes and trypanosomiasis (Blench, 1999) and the ability to thrive in

tse-tse fly infested humid forests and guinea savannah zones (Bosso et al., 2007). (Goosen,

1998) noted that the mechanism of trypano-tolerancein goats, in general, differs from that of

trypano-tolerant cattle. The ability of WAD goats to survive under adverse environmental

conditions with low inputs makes this breed a low-risk choice, and this, according to

(Goosen, 1998), indicates their potential role for a more sustainable solution to the growing

demand for animal protein in developing countries.

In Nigeria, specific cases of mating of WAD goats with the Red Sokoto breed, particularly in

the transition zone between the rainforest and the derived savannah belt. In Burkina Faso,

(Traoré et al., 2008) reported that gene flow among Burkinabe goat populations (Djallonké or

WAD goats, Mossi and Sahelian) was very high and this accounted for the low genetic

differentiation among these breeds. A critical challenge however, is that there are no national

3
breeding policies in most of the countries where WAD goats are raised, in spite of their

contributions to the diversified livelihoods of resource limited farmers and to the rural

economies.

1.1 Justification

Phenotypic characterization is therefore and important step in a conservation program,

for breed identification and classification in ways that the farming community could

be related.

1.2 Objective

This study is aimed at carrying out a detailed phenotypic characterization of goats

breed in Igboora, Oyo state.

4
 CHAPTERTWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 West Africa Dwarf Goat

The Nigerian Dwarf is small but well-proportioned; its (conformation resembles that of larger

dairy goats. It may be horned or naturally hornless. (Barbara, 2007) The WAD is usually

black, although patched, pied, and occasionally all-white animals can be seen. The breed is

well adapted to humid environment and very resistant to trypanosomiasis as WAD goat is

believed to be trypanotolerant because it thrives in tsetsefly World Scientific News 69 (2017)

179-189 -182- areas. Indeed, like muturu cattle, they may once have been the main race of

goat over most of Nigeria. Just as the Zebu has replaced the Muvturu, so WAD goats have

been driven to remote areas in the savannahs. They are mostly found among households and

small-scale farmers in varying numbers where they serve as a source of employment, food

and income generation. The breed displays wide phenotypic variations in both quantitative

and qualitative traits (Odubote, 1994). These traits can be used to characterize goats and

improve their production. Characterization is necessary to realize the potential of native

breeds of animals (Alderson, 1999). Their height is 30- 50cm, they are able to feed on short

grasses and browse on foliage not eaten by other ruminants and they are inquisitive in search

of food. This breed is about 50cm in height and 20-30 Kg in weight, tending to be larger

towards the savanna zone. It has characteristic of short legs and ‘blocky’ body, very hardy,

good meat and prolific, frequently producing twins or triplets (Odubote, 1991). Growth rate

and milk yield are very low, it is kept for meat production.

The facial profile may be concave or straight; the ears are upright. (Valerie Porter,2019)  The

average weight is approximately 35 kg (75 lb), while maximum height is about 60 cm (24 in)

for males and slightly less for females. stock bred for dairy performance may be rather larger

than show or companion animals. (Barbara, 2007) It is a precocious breed – young stock may

be bred from an early age: males from about three months, females from seven or eight

5
months. The gestation period is in the range 145–153 days (Birmingham, 2019). The

(twinning rate is high, and triplet and quadruplet births are not uncommon. Life expectancy is

from 8–12 years. (Birmingham,2019) The West African Dwarf goat is achondroplastic, with

a typical height of 30 to 50 cm (12 to 20 in). Adult males weigh 20 to 25 kg (44 to 55 lb) and

females 18 to 22 kg (40 to 49 lb). Both sexes have horns, which curve outwards and

backwards in males. Males also have beards and sometimes manes.

Characteristics include a relatively long neck, broad chest, and straight back. Legs are short

and the udder is small but generally well-shaped. Most have short stiff hair, and colour

varies; dark brown with black points is probably the most common, but black, red, white,

pied, and multi-coloured goats also occur (Wilson, 1991). There are numerous regional

breeds or strains within the overall West African Dwarf grouping. These include the

(Cameroon Dwarf in Cameroon, the Casamance in Senegal, the Côte d'Ivoire Dwarf in Côte

d'Ivoire, the Djougry or Chèvre Nain de l'Est in Mauritania, the Ghan Forest in Ghana, the

Kirdi in the north of Cameroon and in the south of Chad, the Kosi in Cameroon and the

Nigerian Dwarf in Nigeria. (Valerie Porter et al 2016). In Burkina Faso and Togo, the Fouta

Djallon or Djallonké sub-group includes traditional strains including the Bath, the Kanem, the

Kebbi, the Lac, the Massakori, the Mayo and the Mossi (Valerie et al., 2016). In Nigeria,

WAD goats are raised principally under the traditional system where they graze natural

pasture during the dry season. They are therefore, able to choose what to eat and what to

reject and not being forced to eat what is being offered to them. However, during the

cropping season (rainy season) they are tethered and therefore restricted within their grazing

perimeters forcing them to eat only what is available within their grazing perimeter.

This type of traditional system tends to provide inadequate nutrient that fail to meet their

nutrient requirement both during the dry and rainy seasons and hence may affect their

reproductive performance (Amoah et al., 1996). WAD goats and SBG are raised principally

as a source of meat among the inhabitants, other uses include; cultural, traditional as well as

6
ceremonial purposes. Despite the large number of small ruminants about 22.1million

(Afolayan et al., 2001), the FAO recommended protein intake of 35 g/head/day in individual

human beings is yet to be achieved in Nigeria (Akusu and Ajala, 2000).

This is partly due to the type of traditional management system that is deeply established

among the goat famers. Small ruminants play an important role in the nutrition and income of

people worldwide (Mbilu, 2007). This is because goats are highly prolific and require low

inputs for a moderate level of production and reaching puberty early i.e. 12-24 months old

(Zahraddeen et al., 2008 a and b; Butswat, 1994). Therefore, they are highly profitable to

keep (Oseni et al., 2006). The decreasing meat production despite the rising human

population has led to insufficient meat needed for human consumption. One of the quickest

solutions to this alarming situation is to improve the reproductive performance of goats in

particular and other animals for quick multiplication leading to a geometric increase in meat

and milk production.

2.2 Qualitative traits

WAD goats display wide variations in qualitative traits including coat colour pigmentation,

wattles, beard and super-numerary teats among females. Coat colour pigmentations include

predominantly black, brown white, pied and mixed colours (Odubote, 1992), he noted that

WAD goats had a preponderance of basic black coat colour (53.3%) while basic brown and

white goats were 39.9 and 6.8% respectively.

Other qualitative traits displayed by WAD goats include wattles (bilateral, unilateral and

WAD goats with no wattles), with frequency distributions of about 63%, 6.2% and 30.9%,

respectively, while the possession of beard is common among all breeding males and about

12% of breeding does. Results of some fixed model analysis revealed that there were no

significant differences among coat colour classes of dams in prolificacy, litter size at weaning

and birth weight Odubote, I.K. (1994) This author however, reported that WAD goats with

7
basic white colours were significantly heavier at weaning and at yearling ages than basic

brown and black goats.

2.3 Reproductive traits

These include fertility, prolificacy, annual doe productivity and kid survival rate of WAD

goats. Key literature sources for these information include the detailed review of goat breeds

of Nigeria by Ngere et al., (1984), as well as the classical treatise “Goat Breeds of the World”

(Gall, 1996). According to (Egbunike et al., 1993), majority (75%) of female WAD goats had

their first kids at ages ranging between 14 and 20 months, which agreed with an earlier report

(Ngere, L.O., Adu, I.F. and Okubanjo, I.O. 1984) that the overall mean of age at first kidding

was 18.5 ± 1.2 months. Doe prolificacy was 1.70 ± 0.04 Odubote et al., 1993) and was

markedly affected by year of birth and parity. The relationship between litter size at birth and

parity shows that prolificacy rose with parity up the 6th, and remained stable thereafter. With

increasing parity, does are more mature and efficient in reproduction (Chiboka et al., 1988).

Overall means for kidding interval were 230 ± 67 to 283.15 ± 6.79 days. This trait was

significantly affected by parity, year and season of birth and litter size at birth. The

relationship between kidding interval and doe parity showed that prolonged kidding intervals

were associated with the first three parities, after which kidding intervals remained relatively

constant at about 250 d. Frequency distributions of kidding interval revealed that almost 50%

of the does had kidding interval ranging between 200 and 250 d while about one-third and

one-fifth of the does had parturition intervals of over 250 d and less than 200 days,

respectively. With prolonged kidding intervals, the goal of having three parturitions in two

years becomes increasingly difficult to achieve.

Pre-weaning mortality rates (from 1 to 3 months of age) and annual mortality rates were

22.6% ± 15.9% and 5%, respectively, (Egbunike et al., 1993) and could be as high as 50%.

Incidence of high kid mortality reduces doe productivity, as well as the contributions of

WAD goat production to sustainable livelihoods. Survival rate of kids was also markedly

8
affected by type of birth, with a higher survival rate associated with kids in single births when

S. O. Oseni, B. A. Ajayi 257 compared to triplets and quadruplets (Kosgey, 2004). Annual

doe reproductive index (Kg weaned offspring per doe per year) and doe productivity index

(Kg yearlings per doe per year) used to assess the overall performance of WAD goat does

under on-station and village conditions are also presented in Table 1.

2.4 Live Body Weight

Overall means for live body weight at birth and at different ages up to yearling weight are

presented in Table 1. Mean kid birth weight of 1.28 ± 0.01 Kg was significantly affected by

type of birth (singletons, twins, triplets or quadruplets) and by sex of kid. According to this

author, singletons (whether males or females) were consistently heavier at birth than kids in

twins, triplets and quadruplets. Similarly, among all litter types, males were heavier than

females. These authors noted that the difference between sexes was however, more manifest

in singletons. Further, body weight from birth to 9th week of kids derived from different litter

types revealed that kids in singletons were heaviest at all ages from birth to 9th week of age,

while kids from quadruplets weighed the least Egbunike et al., (1993).

2.5 Morphometric Characters

The morphometric traits of adult WAD goats are variables include body length, body depth,

height at withers and rump (Ozoje, M.O. and Mgbere, O.O. 2002). Linear measurements, like

live body weight, showed variations among adult WAD goats, suggesting that this breed of

goats is largely unselected. Among the morphological variables, heart girth had the highest

correlation (r = 0.88; P < 0.001) with live body weight (Oseni and Ajayi, 2014). These

authors also observed that heart girth, whether in linear or multiple regression models

accounted for over 77% of total variability in live weight among WAD goats and showed that

the best fit prediction model for live weight of WAD goats included heart girth and one or

both of body depth and body length. Similarly, the coefficient of determination of multiple

regression models including heart girth and any other linear body measurement on body

9
weight was slightly higher than that of simple regression of heart girth on body weight.

Further studies focused on the comparative multivariate analysis of biometric traits of WAD

and Red Sokoto goats. For WAD goats, the study extracted four principal components (PC)

with the following loadings: the first PC which had its loadings for chest depth, chest

circumference, abdominal circumference, body weight and neck circumference accounted for

66.29% of total variance. The second PC which was dominated by foreleg length, hindleg

length, withers height and rump height covered 9.37% of total variance. The third PC had its

loadings on rump length, rump width, head width, shoulder width and body length accounted

for 5.48% of total variance. The final PC which was only dominated by horn length covered

4.73% of total variance. The study showed clear spatial racial separation and distinctness in

morphology between WAD and Red Sokoto goats.

2.6 Genetic parameters

With the most recent and comprehensive estimates of genetic parameters by (Bosso et al.,

2007). Literature on estimates of genetic parameters are rather few, indicating that research

work on WAD goat breeding and genetics were scarce, suggesting a low level of priority for

this area of research. In general, all reproductive traits (including litter size at birth and

kidding interval) were low to moderately heritable, as expected for traits related to

reproductive and functional traits, on account of the high environmental effects on these

traits. Traits that were highly heritable included kid birth weight, sex ratio and sex

combination (among twins and triplets) as reported by Kosgey, I.S. (2004). These estimates

were mostly derived from small sample sizes and/or accompanied by large standard errors,

with the exception of (Bosso, N.A., et al 2007), which is worthy of note because of the

exceptionally large sample sizes and the fact that animals were raised under low trypano-

tolerance challenge in low-inpuproduction environment.

10
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Experimental site

The experiment was conducted in Igboora, Ibarapa Central LGA of Oyo state

3.2 Experimental animals

Animal used for this study are sample from goats farm across Igbole, Oja-Oba, Idofin,

Igbo-Tapa and Pako area.

3.3 Material used

Weighing scale, measuring tape

3.4 Sampling size and structure

A total of forty-five (45) goats comprising goat are sampled for the study. The goats

are distributed in 3 age size

3.5 Data collection and analyses

At the beginning of the experiment, the goats were initially weighed with a weighing

scale and we measured there body length, fore leg length, hind leg length, rump

length, HL, rump height, stomach circ, shoulder width, abdominal circ, chest circ,

neck circ, body weight

3.6 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Data obtained were subjected to one-way analysis of variance using SAS software

(Wassena et al., 2013), while mean value variance showing significant (P<0.05)

difference were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test.

11
The statistical model was:

Yij = u + Ti + eij

where: Yij = variable of measurement;

u = overall mean;

Ti = effect of ith treatment diet;

eij = random residual error

12
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Results

Table 1 and graphs below showed the percentile, means and standard deviation of Body

weight, Body length, Fore leg, Hind leg, Rump length, Rump height of WAD goats in

Igboora. There mean are 10.79, 64.51, 38.47, 41.42, 8.27 and 38.42 respectively. There

standard deviation are 4.18, 7.40, 5.60, 5.02, 1.95 and 5.32 respectively. There percentile for

25% are 8.45, 59.00, 34.00, 39.00, 7.00 and 33.00 respectively, for 50% are 9.95, 64.00,

39.00, 42.00, 8.00 and 38.00 respectively also 75% are 13.23, 70.00, 43.00, 44.50, 10.00 and

42.00

13
Table 1: Phenotypic characteristic of WAD goat in Igboora

Body Body Fore Hind leg Rump Rump

weight lenght Leg length height

Valid 45 45 45 45 45 45
N
Missing 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mean 10.7902 64.5111 38.4667 41.4222 8.2667 38.4222

Median 9.9500 64.0000 39.0000 42.0000 8.0000 38.0000

Std. Deviation 4.18391 7.40277 5.60276 5.02489 1.94703 5.31503

Range 17.30 29.00 21.00 22.00 7.00 17.00

Minimum 3.35 50.00 28.00 30.00 5.00 30.00

Maximum 20.65 79.00 49.00 52.00 12.00 47.00

25 8.4500 59.0000 34.0000 39.0000 7.0000 33.0000

Percentiles 50 9.9500 64.0000 39.0000 42.0000 8.0000 38.0000

75 13.2300 70.0000 43.0000 44.5000 10.0000 42.5000

14
Fig 1: Body weight

15
Fig 2: Body length

16
Fig 3: Fore leg

17
Fig 4: Hind leg

18
19
Fig 5: Rump length

20
Fig 6: Rump height

21
Table 2 and graphs below showed the percentile, means and standard deviation of Stomach

circumference, Should width, HL, Abdominal circumference and Neck Circumference of

WAD goats in Igboora. There mean are 14.79, 14.79, 5.78, 55.93, 49.24 and 49.24

respectively. There standard deviation are 2.04, 2.04, 2.25, 9.47, 9.56 and 9.56 respectively.

There percentile for 25% are 13.00, 2.00, 4.00, 47.00, 40.00 and 22.00 respectively, for 50%

are 14.00, 3.00, 6.00, 57.00, 49.00 and 24.00 respectively also 75% are 17.00, 3.00, 7.00,

65.00, 56.50 and 27.25

22
Table 2: Phenotypic characteristic of WAD goat breed

Stomach should HL Abdomi Chest circ Neck Circ

circ width nal circ

Valid 14 45 45 45 45 45

N Missi
31 0 0 0 0 0
ng

Mean 14.7857 14.7857 5.7778 55.9333 49.2444 49.2444

Median 14.0000 14.0000 6.0000 57.0000 49.0000 49.0000

Std. Deviation 2.04483 2.04483 2.24508 9.46621 9.56118 9.56118

Range 5.00 5.00 8.00 29.00 31.00 31.00

Minimum 13.00 13.00 2.00 44.00 38.00 38.00

Maximum 18.00 18.00 10.00 73.00 69.00 69.00

25 13.0000 2.0000 4.0000 47.0000 40.0000 22.0000

Percentiles 50 14.0000 3.0000 6.0000 57.0000 49.0000 24.0000

75 17.0000 3.0000 7.0000 65.0000 56.5000 28.0000

23
Fig 7: Stomach circumference

24
Fig 8: Stomach width

25
Fig 9: HL

26
Fig 10: Neck circumference

27
Fig 11: Abdominal circumference

28
Fig 12: Chest circumference

29
Fig 13: Breed quality

30
Fig 14: Coat colour

31
32
4.2 Discussion

The figures showed that all the graphs are normally distributed. The average body weight of

WAD goats in Igboora is 10.8 ± 4.18kg, the minimum body weight of WAD goats in

Igboora is 3.35kg, while the maximum body weight is 20.65kg. The average body length of

WAD goats in Igboora is 64.51 ± 7.40cm, the minimum length is 50.00cm while the

maximum lenght is 79.00cm. Values recorded in this present study was similar to the

observation of Idorenyin et al., (2016). Estimating live weight of animals especially goats

from simple and easily measurable morphological traits such as linear body measurements

(Olatunji-akioye and adeyemo, 2009) is very important in animal breeding practice.

However, Pesmen and Yardimci, (2008) indicated that different models might be needed to

predict body weight in different environmental conditions, breed, age and gender.

Moreover, Knowing the morphological measurements of WAD goats will be very useful for

good animal management, including understanding medication doses, adjusting feed supply,

monitoring growth and choosing replacement males and females (Slippers et al., 2000). The

characterization of African small ruminant populations will play a major role in the

maintenance of these autochthonous genetic resources as the basis for future improvement at

both the production and the genetic levels (Birteeb et al., 2012), likewise Nigeria.

Other parameters measured such as Stomach circumference, Shoulder width, HL, Chest

circumference and Neck circumference were having means of 14.79, 14.79, 5.78, 55.93,

49.24 and 49.24 respectively. All WAD goats sampled in Igboora have black coat colour,

lager percentage of the goats exhibited a fair breed quality characteristic.

33
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

It was concluded that information obtained in the study were useful for phenotypic

characterization of West African Dwarf (WAD) and Red Sokoto goats in the study area and

could assist farmers and breeders for genetic improvement program of WAD in Igboora.

5.2 Recommendation

It is therefore recommended that this type of experiment should be replicated in other

locations to ascertain the phenotypic characteristics of west African goats predominant in

each location

34
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