S1.

(Laplacian of a scalar function in orthogonal curvilinear

coordinates)

eA eA2 teAg

V.A (hhA) a(hh4) a(hh4)

hhh du
V- - v(

hhh du h du dul h du:) du| h, du,|

$1.7 ffre sMdI *T (Special orthogonal coordinate systems)

S1.7.1 i a fT A (Cartesian or rectangular coordinate system)

fadv ferh f f

rr(x.y.:)
iX+ y tkz fa 1.6
 10

3: Tuis

TT
5- 8us |
T a i a frmiesi

e =j ..(1.40)
h =l:
hh = : h
A A A2 Ayi A =A,
=

Tad T f a fcisi
7H qHtsT (1.20), (1.29). (1.38), a (1.39)

..(1.41)
Grad y =
Y =

OAy
JA,|4OA +
AôA. ...(1.42)
Div A V
AV.A
-

Div
=

x dy Oz

..(1.43)
Curl A VxA =
dy dz
A Ay A|

v2y V Vw .(1.44)
2
 Coordinate System)
$1.7.2 TAT TAM AI(Cylindrical

PMe

fa: 1.7 (b)

fa: 1.7 (a)

8T YZ T ITAT
2
TA y Z =
Ci
=

*dr4
fu 17(b) gRI frg P d 1 N fArat (p. .2)4
fadts *urarur-

PN 3TÀE,
P Xa Y i 7 afvTra 54: P'M a
fa
12

o Mx pCos o
=

30: OM =OPCos
ON -OP'Sin y pSin
PP-O0 z
..(1.45)
pCos¢. y pSin ¢. :
=

$ YR =

ir+ jy +kz

ripCasd+ jpSind +kz ..(1.46)

ararLSin+jpCoso=P ..(147)

P e 3

=l;
hh : h h, =p: h=h,
4Ap C
H HTETUI (1.20), (1.29), (1.38) a (1.39) ÄTa T r fTd ¥

Grady - - , 0 , 0 ..(148)
dp p " a
Div A ...(1.49)
fg

..(1.50)
PXY
14 PAA|
v 2p1o,ai 2p
P XT

.(1.51)
 13

Coordinate System)1
e i u MRI TT (Spherical
$1.7.3
P(r.0.0)

M EsinG 'N

x M

a : 1.8(6)
f:1.8(a)

PXY Y SIfTa PP 3MÀt, fraN

PP z
=
r Cos6 TT OP =
rSine
P'NITÀ E, fH
P XaY 31i 5 4 : 37fYEI P'M
x = OM =OP C'os = rSin6 Cos

y =ON OP Sin
=
Sind Sin
14

=
rsint) cos o|
rsin sind .(1.52)
= r cas&

Tors f Pfaf rfer ixt jy+z

r irSinOCosd+ jrSin@Sind + krcos ..(1.53)
T h, - h isincostjsindsing +k cos

h,sine(cos+sin4)+cos"0 =1
ho= h- ir cos Bcos) + jrcos 9sin-kr sin@

h cor e(cas*sina)+(-rsin® =r

h ororir
h3 sin@.sin+ jrsinôcos
h sin* o(sin + cos*o= rsine

= h, = 1; h =ho =r: h = h, = r sin®

..(1.54)
Ag
7 a r i m (1.20), (1.29), (1.38) a (1.39) T i iria fr aii a

Grad y y =
. +
30 rsin do
.(1.55)

Div A = V.A = - osinA)

Or
orsineA),a(A,)
sin
oA I sin8A) A
...(1.56)
dr r sine r sin6 B

rsin6 sin8
Curl A VyA - _ ..(1.57)
rsin0|dr 00
4 rAp rsin0 A
 15

.V
8plrsino o)
y v
sine 8
sine d*v.1.58)
1.58

ht fs
w
u, v,
q u = 2r +3, y =y
-

4, w =z+2 T a
JHITUT 1.1:
2016, 18; B.Sc. II Raj. 2016|
IB.Sc. III Raj. Also
= z + 2, then prove
that w
u, v, are orthogonal.
w
2r +3, v =y-4,
tfu
=

factors.
find ds andscale

=v+4;z = w-2
", y
2
xi+yj+z

- +4)j(w-2)

Ov

55--

Ox
dr = du+d dw
Ou

du +0+0
2
 19

:fs tutf r Y f fraa

34UT 1.7 that
coordinates prove

For orthogonal
curvilinear
0 Ra. 2007, 11, 13, 15; Kota
2018]
curl
(Div A 0 (i)
-

curl grady

ehe

alh4)8h4).
4 4 ) 8(h4)
8u ha Ou3
h4)_at44).

B
-

e +eB +e=

A
Div Bhhhs 0 h)+hA)+
1 (h,4s) g * 2 |

(hA)-h4
Ous Ou

0))
Div curl A =0
yaar V v = +2. du
(i)e h duz

grad = e4+e242 te34

 23

Find the velocity and acceleration of a particle in cylindrical coordinates.

ix+ y+ke
psin o dTz =2
T6T x= p cos p, y
=

3:
r pcasdi + p sindj+zk

-icosd jsine)p+(-ipstnp+jpeose)e+kz

3IE(1.8) àp-(cosd jsind):=(-ising+jeosd) =

1ad(pp+pd)
a Pptpp+podtpÇd+ postiztz:

3aET (1.9) àp b6: =-p4a =0

a-boptpptpoó+pg +potiz+0

a P-pt |+d| pet2pd|z

a= pap +pa, +2a.

Raj. 2006, 14; Sikar 2017; Kota 2019

Prove that spherical coordinate system is orthogonal. Also find unit vectors.

x= rsin 9 cos ; y = rsin sin o T z = rcas 0

371: fefa fca R ix +jy +ke

or R irsintcosó + jrsinesind +krcos 0

dr isinbcoso+ jsinesino+kcos
OR
i r ir cos bcoso+ jr cas6 sind- kr sind
 21

R i sin®cas¢+ jr sin? siné

+
krcas® grad ,2 a
hy uy
dR

..(1)
A 8au A , A
r(sinf cospi sine sindj cos6k)+

rcosas ditrcos8sindj r sinek)

-

+o-sinesinditr simecosdj+0 A;A),a(4hA),a[4AA)

drv
-

TtsT (1) Àaz 77 Ftsr (2) T a «

r + r66+ rsin ®¢¢ v v=. uy h dus

=
a
eta fadaisi
h =r h =rsin
rrrreé+ reê+r0ô+ r sine 4o+rcos6.0 46
Ag Ap
+rsin6 o d+rsin@ d6

y- -
sin re -3
rsind3+
sin e
rr+r 96+ sin6 |+|r0+ re are-ieneares 8sin 38sinedo
rsin rcos00 +r sin64|0+rsin6ol(-rsin6-0cos0) THIT

agfeeseira T (Multiple choice ype Questions)

a f a Aa da i(n a orthogonal coordinate system)
r-re -rsin 06 | 2r0tr0-rsin Bcos 1.
at r=
i 7 K T TIR4 ARA E (all three curved surfaces intersect
(a) 3
angles)
T a EA (any two curved surfaces intersect right angle
at
+o rosin+2rcos0 d+r sin® ¢ +r sin0¢| (b)
(c) ysY Å Ed (amy wo surfaces are in the same plan)
a ra,+6ag +ra (d) 3Tt À i (None of the above)
6174 f T 7 À(h a Cartesian cooräinate system)

(a) it ay FATA (all three curved surfaces are plane)

TA
(all three curved surfaces
inte-
Oblain expression for Laplacian in (b) ii y T R T T a sfa a
orthogonal curvilincar coordinate system
and express it in spherical coordinates at right angles)
Raj. 20077
:fa f4 T4i grad y u FHT4TU (1.20) a AEIYI (c)
in the same dircction )
and unit vectors are