1. Watch the Video and Answer the questions in your own words.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQhmsDkZhQA&ab_channel=TED-Ed
1. What is one of the main advantages of a space elevator compared to conventional rocket
systems to transport payload in space?
It would be safer, easier and cheaper.
2. What is the main limiting factor, currently, in the construction of a space elevator?
No known material is strong enough.
3. What is the centrifugal acceleration?
Horizontal, kept aloft by centrifugal force.
4. Where should the counterweight be located?
Beyond 36000 kilometers.
5. Which ones of these materials could be used in the future to build a space elevator?
6. What are the main technological challenges that make the construction of a tower
thousands of kilometers tall impossible? This kind of structures are called “under
compression”: think of a skyscraper, for example. Also, watch this amazing TED-Ed:
Will there ever be a mile-high skyscraper?
The cable’s material would have to be strong enough, and because of the different force
of the gravity on the different points also affects materials changing.
7. Can you enumerate some occasions where you felt the presence of a centrifugal force
acting on your body?
When you ride the carousel and hold your backpack or something heavy.
8. Explain in your own words why the anchor point of the space elevator system should be
located close to the equator. Why not, for example, at middle latitudes, or close to the
poles?
To maximize centrifugal acceleration. It’s located close to equator because by this it is
easier to change its place while unfavorable situations such as extreme weather or dodge
debris and satellites in space.
9. This lesson explained how a possible future technology could revive the space race,
dramatically reducing the costs and complexity of transporting cargo into space. Let’s
step back, for a moment. Why would we want to increase our access to space at all? Why
is space so crucial for our current stage of development as a civilization, and why do we
expect that it will become even more fundamental in the years ahead? Take a moment to
think about all the activities that satellites have allowed you to do today.
It is important to develop space, because we do not have access and opportunities to
some things on our planet. you can look for an alternative solution to the problems, or
develop alternatively outside the framework. for example, we use satellites, thanks to
which we have access to the Internet or television. in the same way, you can discover
something new using space.
 2. Watch the Video and Answer the questions in your own words.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CaLOiGEDPJQ&ab_channel=Vox

1. Scientists in the 1980s warned that humanity was on track to completely destroy the
ozone layer by: a) 2015; b) 2025; 3) 2050; 4) 2060
2. What is the ozone layer? Why is it important?
Ozone layer is a sort of “belt” around the Earth made up of gaseous molecules. It is
important, because it protects every living thing from influence of ultraviolet rays.
3. The biggest problem was chlorine, from a manmade compound called
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
4. Chlorofluorocarbons live for 50 and 150 years in our atmosphere.
5. What are examples of CFCs that people used in everyday life?
CFC’s in aerosol cans, for example deodorants, sprays and dry shampoos.
6. What are the 3 P’s that allowed scientists to quickly address the ozone layer problem?
What was the unifying factor?
Personal, Perceptible, Practical. Unifying factor is public.
7. What was the Montreal Protocol? What did it do? What was its significance?
Montreal Protocol is a document that recognized emissions, that can result bad effect
on health and environment. It listed measures to reduce ozone depleting elements in a
series of steps. Every single country signed the protocol. This protocol is the most
successful environmental agreement in human history.
8. By 2065 the ozone layer is expected to have recovered completely.
9. How can we use the success of fixing the ozone layer as a blueprint for how to move
forward on climate change? Why do you think this hasn’t been replicated for other
issues relating to climate change?
We can create the same protocols related to other environmental problems. I think
this is not repeated because of the agreement of different countries. Due to cohesion,
global problems are solved, which concern us all.

3. Watch the Video and Answer the questions in your own words.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jpy8UZUEOw&ab_channel=TED-Ed

1. What are some areas that scientists found to be particularly bright with fluorescence?
Places with lots of plants: The Amazon basin, northern evergreen forests and
croplands of the Midwestern US.
2. What molecule absorbs light to drive photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll molecules
3. Which of the following is/are consumed during photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide and water
4. Which of the following are products of photosynthesis?
A) Chlorophyll and Carbon dioxide;
B) Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
C) Glucose and Oxygen             
D) Glucose and Carbon dioxide
5. About what percent of light absorbed by a plant is reemitted as fluorescence?
About 1%
6. Why might greenness be an unreliable measure of photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll fluorescence is a direct measure of photosynthetic activity.
7. What are some reasons we should care about the health of plants worldwide? How do
you as an individual rely on plants in your daily life?
Because they do so much for us. They release oxygen, which is very important for
living things. Personally, I take care of my home and garden plants.
8. The video mentioned scientists using fluorescence to track phytoplankton blooms and
drought. What are some other ways we might be able to use chlorophyll
fluorescence?
They also occur before visible signs of plant stress, making it timely measure. They
give us an opportunity to observe how much oxygen is being released, and how much
carbon dioxide is being absorbed.
9. There are many ongoing efforts to combat climate change by planting trees and
reestablishing habitats, however deforestation is still rampant. With the potential for
the biosphere to become a source of carbon in the future, are these tree planting
efforts all in vain or are they an effective strategy to combat climate change?
I believe that this measure is effective, but at the same time one-sided, because
besides this, it is also necessary to prevent the cutting of trees, use waste paper and
provide recycling.

4. Watch the Video and Answer the questions in your own words.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVzbs81bDy0&ab_channel=TED-Ed

1. Which modes of transportation use Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

services? (Air / Sea/ Land/All of the above);
2. If satellites did all disappear at once, would Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) still
work? (Yes/ No/ Depends);
3. Without satellites, would planes still be able to physically fly? (Yes/ No);
4. What is a real event that could disable all satellites?
Solar flare and orbital chain reaction of collisions
5. What makes near earth space a finite resource?
More traditional long-range technologies
6. Satellites provide critical space services and capability that humans use every day.
What are some ways we might be able to minimize the loss, disruption, or
degradation of these services?
Studying our solar system, creating backup options for our satellite networks, and
cooperating to avoid an orbital tragedy of the commons.
7. The biggest issue leading to the growth of space debris is that there is a high
percentage of non-compliance with agreed upon space debris mitigation standards.
 How can we incentivize space actors to comply with these suggested (i.e. non-legally
binding) guidelines?
We can create a petition on space pollution and promote the problem widely around
the world. In addition, mine strikes can be organized.
8. No single entity observes all anthropogenic space objects all the time, but many
people globally, collect obnservations as much as possible. Do you have any ideas on
how we might create a framework where all global observations of anthropogenic
space objects could be openly and widely shared?
It was possible to create one unified observation system from space, and at the same
time from the ground, which will control the degree of pollution, etc. These actions
could be broadcast to give an idea of how large the problems can be.
9. Humans around the planet are working hard to protect the space environment. Are
these conservation efforts enough, or is it too late for us to sustain the orbital
ecosystems that we all rely on?
Now space is not as heavily polluted as Earth's resources, so I think that it is not too
late to prevent a number of problems that may arise as a result of the pollution of the
space environment. It is not too late to take measures to protect space, because
project support is still possible.

5. Watch the Video and Answer the questions in your own words.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DW0jTe80kmM&ab_channel=TED-Ed

1. To produce electricity from nuclear power, we need uranium mines, facilities, a

reactor, a place.
2. True or false? The amount of space needed to light a 10-watt light bulb depends on
the power sources being used. True
3. How much electricity did the world use in the year 2020?
4. Which power source uses the least amount of space?
Nuclear power
5. Which power source uses the most amount of space?
Wind power
6. What factors need to be considered when deciding which energy sources we use?
Why?
Baseline amount of space, variability in how much power it can generate per square
meter, cost.
7. What are some of the reasons we continue to use fossil fuels even though we have
cleaner energy options available?
Because of greenhouse gases, that lead to climate change and the other bad effects.
8. Explain some of the reasons why a single power source can’t be the best option to
power the entire world.
Because all energy sources have different performance, price and space
requirements. Using only one source is not an effective solution. It will be correct to
combine energy sources, because this will save the environment and will have less
costs.
6. Watch the Video and Answer the questions in your own words.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vyUnzfMh-zA&ab_channel=TED-Ed

1. Where is Pluto located?

In a Kuiper Belt
2. What were the objectives of New Horizons?
Explore Pluto, collect scientific data, transmit it back to Earth, explore farther out in
the Kuiper Belt.
3. What is REX?
REX is designed to use radio waves to measure Pluto’s atmospheric pressure and
temperature.
4. How long does it take Pluto to complete a full orbit?
Once every 248 Earth years
5. The Sputnik Planitia is mainly composed of slowly churning frozen nitrogen.
6. Why was the gravity assist useful for New Horizons?
Because of the receiving a gravitational slingshot effect, which helps to reach the
Pluto faster.
7. Why did New Horizons have to reach Pluto as fast as possible?
Because it would get only one chance to scream by Pluto and make observations.
8. What was New Horizons able to capture on camera?
Ground fogs, high altitude hazes, possible clouds, canyons, towering mountains,
faults, craters, polar caps, glaciers, apparent dune fields, suspected ice volcanos,
evidence for past flowing liquids, and more.
9. Do you think space exploration is important? Why or why not?
I think it’s important, because firstly we enhance the space science, which can help
solve problems. Secondly, it will lead to great inventions that will help in the
development of humanity. Thirdly, it is important for government safety, because big
amount of satellites is located in space, which supports worldwide economy and the
other living factors. Therefore, from my point of view we need space explorations.