Contents

1. Contents.........................................................................................................................................1
2. Modern History – 24/09/20, 25/09/20...........................................................................................2
3. Emergence of Regional Successor States – Bengal, Awadh and Hyderabad 25/09/2020...............3
4. Emergence of Rebel regional States – Marathas, Sikhs, Jats and Afghans 29/09/2020..................4
5. Existing regional States – Mysore and Trivandrum 25/09/2020.....................................................5
6. The English East India Company in India.........................................................................................6
7. Anglo – Mysore wars......................................................................................................................7
8. The East India Company in India – Land Revenue Policy................................................................8
9. The East India Company in India – Impact on Indian Economy......................................................8
10. The East India Company – Administration, Civil Service, Police, Army, Judiciary,.........................13
11. The East India Company – Education, Religion, Society and Culture............................................15
12. The Rebellion of 1857...................................................................................................................17
13. Assessment...................................................................................................................................18
14. Before 1857/Changes after 1857..................................................................................................19
15. Growth of Nationalism in India – early nationalism......................................................................21
16. Stages of Swadeshi Movement (1905 – 1907)..............................................................................23
17. Groundwork for NCM (1920 – 22)................................................................................................24
18. Groundwork for CDM (19)............................................................................................................25
19. CDM events (1930) and after 2nd RTC in 1931.............................................................................26
20. Round Table Conferences (1930-32) and the end of CDM...........................................................27
21. Government of India Act 1935 and elections in 1936...................................................................27
22. Alternatives/Challenges to Congress and its Nationalism.............................................................29
Dalit Movements...................................................................................................................................29
Akali Movements (213 – 17 ISI)/............................................................................................................30
Left Movements....................................................................................................................................31
Communalism ch. 32 -33/ISI..................................................................................................................32
Tribal Movements.................................................................................................................................33
Bose and the All India Forward Bloc......................................................................................................35
1945 -47, Freedom and Partition...........................................................................................................35
23. 1947 - Indian Constitution............................................................................................................38
24. Accession of the Princely states (Pg. 72/IAA)................................................................................40
25. India after partition.......................................................................................................................42
26. Land Reforms in India (Pg. 374/IAI)..............................................................................................43

Modern History – 24/09/20, 25/09/20

● 18th century – a century of transition – Why? Two major debates
around:
1. Events in the first half of the 18th century – The decline of the
Mughal Empire
2. Events in the second half of the 18 th century – The emergence
of the EEC as a political power
● The decline of the Mughal Empire
1. Can we blame personalities, foreign invasions for the decline
of the Mughal Empire? Why/Why not?
2. The structures/institution for the functioning of the Mughal
Empire – The Jagirdari system
3. The Jagirdari system – involved King, Mughal nobility
{Turani, Irani, Indians (Muslims and non – Muslims)}, and
zamindar and peasantry – Jagir (land assignment given by
king)- Jagirdar(maintained troops for the King, earned
through jagir)
4. The Jagirdari crisis of 18th century -
I. Aurangzeb’s Deccan conquest – more members in the
Mughal nobility (+Deccani nobles) – less jagirs, more
jagirdars
II. Price rise since the late 17th century – Jagirdar’s real
income fell - revenue from jagirs also falling – crisis
 III. Aurangzeb’s policy - expanding size of khalisa land –
less paibaqi (jagir) land – crisis
5. Changing methods of revenue extraction - Increasing
oppression of the Jagirdars in the rotational format checked
by imperial supervision – no longer happening in the 18 th
century – less revenue – jagirdars aligning with revenue
officers and collecting advances – peasantry oppression and
Ijaradari system – peasantry + zamindars defy state – revolts
6. Dark age ? prosperity and growth or decline and crisis ? –
agri increase, portfolio capitalists, - Diffusion of power, a
decentralization and commercialization due to which a group
of ‘upstarts’ had come to monopolise the resources of the
empire t the exclusion of the hereditary Mughal nobility or
the khanzadas. – regional power elite

Emergence of Regional Successor States – Bengal, Awadh

and Hyderabad 25/09/2020

● Bengal - 1717 - Murshid Quli Khan – revenue system streamlined

(powerful landed elite) – lucrative trade (merchant and banking
class), routes – incoming bullion – Indian merchant and banking
and zamindar group – Jagat Seth -
● Hyderabad – Chin Qilich Khan (1724) – Nizams of Hyderabad –
The French
● Awadh – Saadat Khan – 1722 – a new revenue taxation system
Emergence of Rebel regional States – Marathas, Sikhs, Jats
and Afghans 29/09/2020

● Marathas – Shivaji dies in 1690 – succeeded by sons Rajaram and

Shambhaji – Tarabai versus Shahu released in 1707 – Aurangzeb’s
initial success versus Maratha raids – The office of the Peshwa –
Balaji Vishwanath – Baji Rao – Balaji Baji Rao – 1712 -13
(chauth1/4th and sardeshmukhi (1/10th )of 6 Deccan states, fought
against the nizams of Hyderabad for a region in Karnatake, first
defeated but second battle won against the nizam, took Portuguese
coastal regions of Salsette - Bassein, 1737 – defeated the Mughal
emperor at Delhi and then had a treaty at Delhi and Bhopal,
powerful enough to take the Mughal ruler in protection before
1761) - breaking into regional families – nature of Maratha Polity
● Sikhs in Punjab – Guru nanak born in 1469 - Guru Arjan versus
Jahangir – Guru Tegh Bahadur versus Aurangzeb – Guru
Hargobind Singh versus Aurangzeb (the issue of Anandpur Sahib)
- Khalsa Panth in 1699 (khatris, sahajdhari Sikhs and their
opposition, Mughal court patronage) - Jats, Khatris and the rise of
Banda Bahadur – egalitarian system of misls (60) and the rise of
Ranjit Singh in 1799 – sukerchakia misl -
● Jats in Bharatpur – Churaman Jat and Rajaram – Suraj Mal –
feudal character –
● Afghans – Rohilakhand and Farrukhabad – Ahmad Shah Abdali’s
return weakened them
Existing regional States – Mysore and Trivandrum
25/09/2020
 The emergence of the EIC as a political power -
Assessment

1. The English kings came to conquer India

2. The English workers of the Industrialisation period came to
conquer India
3. The English/British government came to conquer India
4. All the merchants and traders of England came to conquer India
5. A group of English/ British merchants and traders came to
conquer India
6. A group of English/ British merchants and traders came to trade
with India

The English East India Company in India

● Background – Spain and Portugal and colonial expansion
● British in India – Mughal farmans - 1600 – 1613 – 1617- 1690
(duty-free trade + villages) -1717 (duty free trade + rent 38
villages IN THE BENGAL AREA + access to the royal mint) – East
coast versus West coast colonies
● Structure of the EIC and its relation with the British monarchy –
independent or an arm of the government - its existence –
Bombay (1661 – 1668 – 1687) – 1770s offered an annual payment
– why did the government not want to own the colonies till 1784?
● Trade in India – who was trading? Interlopers, free merchants,
company officials and the company too! – the importance of
dastaks – the attitude of the rulers of Bengal to the problem
Mir Qasim- Mir Jafar-

● Murshid Quli Khan – canceled Farukh Siyar’s farman in many ways

– no 38 villages for rent – no access to the mint
● Alivardi Khan – maintaining a balance between the French and
English in Bengal – renovations in Calcutta – support for Krishna
Ballabh- Siraj-ud-Daulah’s attack on Kasimbazar - Mir Jafar- Mir
Qasim – Mir Jafar – Battle of Buxar

Anglo – Mysore wars

● Mysore became a powerful regional, independent kingdom by
1761 under the leadership of Haider Ali, and later his son Tipu
Sultan
● Haider Ali had an organized army, in his revenue systems, he
eliminated local warrior zamindars (poligars), rent was based
 on land measurement, encouraged agriculture (tax remissions ,
protecting peasants),
● Tipu sent ambassadors to bring in European technology, build a
navy, establish the tree of liberty, set up industrial model,
Independent from Mughal
● Conflict with the British – proximity to the French, conducting
trade through the Malabar coast, embargo on trade of pepper,
sandalwood, cardamom etc, through his territories
● Four battles –
Nizams of Hyderabad + Marathas + EEIC vs Haider Ali,
Nizams of Hyderabad+ Marathas+ Haider Ali vs EEIC,
Nizams +Marathas+ EEIC vs Tipu Sultan,
Tipu Sultan versus British = Treaty of Sriranagapatam was
signed- Mysore

The East India Company in India – Land Revenue Policy

● Revenue collection after plassey
● The need for new revenue settlements
● The permanent or zamindari, ryotwari and mahalwari revenue
settlements

The East India Company in India – Impact on Indian

Economy
● Trade balance before EIC
● Plassey plunder (corruption , officer salaries, gifts from Indian
princes et.- the creation of nabobs)
● Home charges – military expenditure, interest on EIC loans,
stationery + other office/company costs , secretary of state
hospitality charges all paid out of the revenues of Bengal and
other Indian states
● India as a market for British finished goods and a source for
obtaining cheap raw material
● The importance of having foreign duties – Why so many in
Britain and why no foreign duties in India
● Commercialisation of agriculture – cash crops – story of Indian
tea, cotton, Indigo
● Tea – Tea plantations- benefit to British investors, Indian cotton
and the Deccan revolt, growth of Indigo as a cash crop in
Bengal and how it lead to the Indigo rebellion of 1859
● Railways – Interest guarantee scheme, railway ticket charges
favoured movement of goods from hinterland to ports and not
passenger movement – boost to English Iron and trade industry

Self - Assessment
1. Identify the context of the image above. What topic would it
belong to?
2. The East India Company’s initial income was from trading
activities. After the Battle of Plassey, their income came mostly
from …….
3. All economic activities declined continuously in the colonial
period. True or False
4. What does the comercialisation of agriculture mean?
5. The Government of England supported the EIC completely.
True or False
6. Name the enemies of the EIC
7. The EIC occupied the lands belonging to the Marathas in 1757
and 1764. True or False
8. What were the Sunset laws?
9. This is the image of : A port in England, a port belonging to the
EIC in India, A port belonging to the EIC or an Indian ruler of the
18th century
10. Identify the following revenue settlements:
- This settlement was not supposed to have intermediaries
- This settlement lead to the idea of private property in India
- This settlement put double pressure on the Indian farmers
- This settlement was applied to areas where productivity was
not high
- This settlement was applied to most parts in India
11. Why was the EIC interested initially in the diwani office of
Bengal and not the Nizamat ?
12. Arrange the following events chronologically:
● The EIC gets a farman from Aurangzeb to conduct trade
 ● Tipu Sultan is defeated in battle at Srirangapatam by EIC
● Guru Arjun is assassinated by Jahangir
● Bengal become an independent state under the
leadership of Murshid Quli Khan
● The British Parliament feels the need to regulate the
activities of the EIC in India
13. All the sentences below are incorrect. Rewrite them
correctly.
● The Battles of Plassey and Buxar were fought by the
British government on behalf of the EIC
● The EIC fought its battles in India with the help of the
American navy
● The farmers in Bengal and Bihar did not want to grow
Indigo because it made the soil infertile
● The Anglo- Mysore wars involved the nizams of Bengal,
the Marathas, the EIC and the mysore rulers
● The EIC had a monopoly on conducting trade activities
with India only
● The EIC was subservient to the British government which
included the monarchy and the two houses of
parliaments, the house of lords and the house of queens
● In 1813, the Indian kings abolished the EIC monopoly on
trade with China
● In 1833, the British parliament abolished the EIC’s
monopoly on tea trade and trade with China
● In 1858, the British government’s Indian territorial
possessions became part of the EIC by an act of the Indian
parliament.
The East India Company – Administration, Civil Service, Police,
Army, Judiciary,
● Structure of the East India Company – The Court of Directors
– British Parliament and the Queen – In 1767, the EIC agreed to
pay several thousands annually to the British coffers – EIC had
supporters as well as detractors in the parliament – corruption,
when EIC demanded a million dollar loan from the state, it
necessitated regulation – The Regulating Act of 1773 - The
Pitt’s Act of 1784 Court of Directors will be assisted by another
group of people called the Board of Control - The Board of
control will have MPs from the British parmiament – 1813
Charter Act – 1833 Charter Act – 1857 revolt – 1858
● Civil Service – earliest officers of the EIC were rich men of
wealthy British families and were nominated by the Court of
Directors – usually of young age with very little experience –
EIC started a college in Calcutta called the Fort William College
to train them and to help them learn about Indian politics,
culture etc., - Later, the college in India was replaced by the
East India college in Haileybury, England in 1809 with the same
purpose – as company grew, numbers of officers required in
India increased – 1853 charter act made provision for open
competition and examination but still difficult for Indians
(Why?) – 1919 {CCS – PCS}
● Police – earlier faujdars, kotwals, watchmen + zamindars were
responsible for policing – the British started the thana – daroga
system with the offices of magistrate supervising this system –
the thana – daroga system conflicted with the zamindar-
lathiyal in villages – local officers inept – daroga replaced by
district collector + hierarchy of IG – SP – DSP in a police station
 system – Police commission appointed in 1860 – Police act in
1861
● Army – Royal navy + Indian peasant army of the kind found in
many local regional states – increase in Indian component –
hierarchy – initial phase most soldier class was upper caste
north Indian – company respected caste-,diet divisions +
maintained its own differences b/w white and non-whites too –
soldiers of Indian princes
● Judiciary – Mughal system (people + judicial policy) – In 1772, a
system of civil and criminal court was planned in every district
headed by District collector – The civil appeals court shifted
from Murshidabad to Calcutta – 1773 supreme court – not
every distict but 6 provincial courts increased to 18 – law
compiled from shstras and shariat– later law making power
vested in governor- general + council – then in 1833 the law
commission was established to bring into force the Indian
Penal Code - Rule of Law but still unequal

Ques. Imagine the life of Raju, a small peasant who lives in

Bengal. What were the changes that would come in his life after
the coming of the British East India Company. (5 mks /10 mks)

Raju is a small peasant who lives in Bengal. Earlier the nawab of

Bengal ruled here. After 1757 and 1764, the East India company
became rulers of Bengal.

Raju’s life changed in many ways after the coming of the EIC.

a) Raju had a small landholding. He grew only some crops. After

th British EIC es……., they extracted high taxes from peasants
like Raju. He was left poorer than before.
 b) Raju also commercialisation /indigo
c) Religion –
d) Because of the zamindari system, …….
e) EIC captu………army – discrimination
f) 1857 onwards – he started protest 1857 revolt
g)

The East India Company – Education, Religion, Society and

Culture
Ideology – British policies in India were influenced by different
ideologies which were prevalent in Britain at this point of time. The
important ideologies which influenced British govt’s policies in India
were:

a) Orientalism – Some Britishers believed that India was a glorious

country in the past with rich traditions and culture. It may have
degenerated in the 18th century . These British officers believed
that it is important to know about India’s past, its languages
Sanskrit and Persian and its rich heritage. This knowledge would
be useful to the British in ruling over India. This group of people
had some sympathy for Indian culture and did not want to
radically change it.
b) Utilitarianism – This ideology believed in doing the largest good
for the largest number of people. They believed that to do any
good (or welfare) of the Indian people, it is important to reform
them. Indians can only rule themselves when they have relevant
education, skills, institutions and more science and less
 superstition. This group of people wanted to ‘anglicise’ Indian or
introduce changes which they believed will empower Indians
c) Evangelicalism – Usually a missionary Christian group, which
believdd that Indian religions were full of superstitions and other
vices such as idolatry, polytheism and domination by priests. They
believed that Indian cannot ‘devlop’ or change as long as they are
not free from the chains of their religion. They wanted to
introduced the Christian faith in India and proselytize people
which they believed would empower them.
d) Free Trade thinkers – believed in open markets, competition
based trade and wanted to introduces changes which allowed an
open trade between India and Britain

Changes brought about by these ideologies

a) Education – Orientalists vs Utilitarians + Evangelists + Free trade
thinkers debated for a long time:
● Missionaries allowed to travel to India via 1813 charter act
● One hundred thousand rupees to be spent year by the
British government on native education (p. 140 /PP)
b) Orientalist vs utilitarians – classical learning vs western learning,
madarassa, gurukul type of learning vs school learning, usage of
Sanskrit, Persian or English
c) Macaulay’s Minute 1835 (p. 142/pp) – Downward filtration
theory (p. 142/pp) – Universities in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta
in 1857
d) Why western education? – Brown babu, a clerical, low- ranking
official staff, Ideological support
e) Impact of western education/British policies of change – a high
class, western educated Indian class which wanted to reform the
ills in Indian society, a group of reformers such as Raja Rammohun
Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Swami Dayanand Saraswati,
Henry Vivian Derozio etc. (sati, widow remarriage, western
education, colonial modernity)

The Rebellion of 1857

Not the first rebellion – Peasant and tribal uprisings (

● The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was not one movement it was

many
● Why Awadh was a hotspot ? – The case of Awadh - p.135/
second paragraph/BC – Nana Sahib – Rani of Jhansi/p.135/BC
● Other princes and rulers - (Subsidiary Alliance, Doctrine of
Lapse, dependent on the British
● Insecurities about religion – pg 136 - 7/BC
● Army revolt –(P. 137/BC) - who were the Indians in the British
army ? - the importance of caste – inter- caste tensions, British
vs Indian soldiers hierarchy – army problems (bhatta, travel
outside) - peasant in arms – religion - all British army rebelled ?
(169 -171/PP)
● Civilian revolt – Indian rulers and princes (doctrine of lapse ,
annexation),
● Landed class or zamindars or taluqdars – evacuated from their
zamindaris in Bengal, In Awadh , talluqdars being ignored
● Peasants (revenue pressure form landlords, mahajans and
british), suspicion to British rule, handicraftsmen were
unhappy?
● Events – P. 140 - 1/BC, Delhi(143/BC), Kanpur (p. 144/BC),
Lucknow (144/ BC), Jhansi (145/BC), Bihar – Arrah (146/2 nd
para/BC), Faizabad (146/3rd para/BC)
● Nature of the Revolt – nationalist ? elitist ? backward looking ?

Assessment
1. Arrange the following in terms of the power hierarchy in the
British decision making system:
● The Indian Parliament
● The British Parliament
● The Queen
● The Governor – General in India
● Indian intelligentsia
2. The Revolt of 1857 was the first revolt against the British
government in India. True or False
3. Jhansi was a princely kingdom. True or False
4. Western Education meant the study of Classical Indian
literature in an English medium
5. Which of the following was not an impact of introducing
western education in India:
● An Indian intelligentsia which questioned the British
government in India
● A British intelligentsia in UK which questioned British rule
in India
● The emergence of Utilitarians in India
● The beginning of newspapers in vernacular languages in
India
● Socio-cultural reform from above
 ● Socio-cultural reform from below
● The formation of small political associations in India
6. Most early Orientalists were:
● British/English
● Indian
● Indian zamindars
● Indian intelligentsia
7. Most early utilitarians were:
● British/English
● Indian
● Indian zamindars
● Indian intelligentsia
8. Most Evangelists were
● Indian Christians
● English missionaries
● Indian religious communities
● English women missionaries

Before 1857/Changes after 1857

London - Court of Directors/Board of Control/Secretary of state + India

council (private, retired EIC officials)
India - Governor General + council / Governor General + Executive
council + Indian Legislative council of 1862 (6-12 official and unofficial
members) – selected not elected - advisory body, could not discuss the
Budgets - elected not selected - some powers, discuss and vote o the
budget

Presidencies + Provinces -Governor + councils /Governor /Lt

governor/Chief commissioner + council which could have a few official
and unofficial Indian members/Indians in the provincial legislatures
were increased

Districts - Muncipalities established / Elections introduced here in a full-

fledged form

Aspect Pre - 1857 Post – 1857

Administration Court of Directors + Secretary of State who
Board of Control/EEC was a cabinet minister
 in British Parliament +
council

Adminsitration in India Governor – Strong control of sec.

general/viceroy + of state
council

Parliament Legislative council (6 +

6)

Provincial centralised Decentralized

Administration

Army (Europeans to Caste, regional and 1:2 and 2:5, Europeans

Indians) religious loyalties in key geographical
discouraged position, divide and
rule, caste, regional
and religious loyalties
encouraged

Civil services

Princes and rulers Doctrine of Lapse

dropped, 1876 Queen
Victoria is declared the
empress of India,
princes merely agents

Zamindars Powers restored

Attitudes towards Divide and Rule

religious communities

Racial division

Press freedom
 Growth of Nationalism in India – early nationalism
● Was there a nation before the British? – traditional patriotism
● Education , development of communication systems such as
telegraph and railways + new public space created by colonial
institutions
● Who was the Indian intelligentsia? Impact of Western education.
(199/2nd last paragraph/200/3rd para/BC) Were they:
a) Foreign educated or Indian educated,
b) lived in towns or villages,
c) would want a benevolent monarchy or modern democracy,
● Expectations of the Indian intelligentsia
I. Economic - 197/last para/BC
II. Political – 198/first para/BC
● The role of press – (pg. 200 last para/201 first para/BC)
● Rediscovering India’s past
● Racial divide – Ilbert bill of 1883, Lexi Loci Act, Imperial Durbar at
Delhi in 1877, Arms Act of 1878, Vernacular Press Act of 1878, age
reduction for appearance in Civil services in 1878
● The need to politically organize – pg. 205/2nd para
● Landholders society (1837), Bengal British Indian Society (1843),
Madras Native Association, Bombay Association in the 1850s,
East Indian Association in London in1866, Indian Association of
1876 – VPA, civil services, plantation workers rights etc.
● INC – pg. 206/BC
● INC – Composition and social-political organization, Moderates
(227/PP)
● INC objectives – Constitutional, administrative, military related –
demands and British government response (p. 228 -9/PP)
● Moderates – legacy/contribution – Drain of Wealth
● Swadeshi Movement- Partition of Bengal in1905 – East and West
Bengal – Muslim majority versus non-muslim majority – Assamese
versus Bengalee, Bihariya and Oriyas – reason (administrative
difficulties or religious and regional divide and rule) and response
(Swadeshi Movement) – leaders such as Surendranath Bannerjee
(M), Bipin Chandra Pal (E) and Aurobindo Ghosh (E) (239 - /BC)

Ques. Imagine a dialogue between Moderates and extremists. What

are the different issues about which …..run into conflict.

Moderates were…….

Some important……Extremist…….Some leaders……

a) Their understanding of independence from the British was

different – The Moderates believed that ……
b) Their process of sending/making demands was different – The
moderates requested rather than asked…The Extrem….snatch the
c) Partition of Bengal
d) Civil Disobedience movement -
e)

Stages of Swadeshi Movement (1905 – 1907)

Swadeshi/Boycott ---Passive resistance ---Revolutionary Terrorism

 Peaceful protest------break laws, damage…..use force for force
(Moderates) ----------- (Extremists) -------- (young revolutionaries)
Mass movement-------mass movement-------individual movement
K.K.M/S.B -------------A.G./B.C.P. ---------C. B./V.D.S./K.B./P/C/
Pol. of peace……….pol. of aggression/attack……..pol. of bomb

● Revolutionary terrorism : 245/BC, The Moderates failure +

controversy regarding the partition of Bengal lead to the rise of
extremists/radicals – Surat Split 1707 – Rise of Extremism

Groundwork for NCM (1920 – 22)

Movie link for NCM events, watch from 1.17 hours

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7sVvl8P8vQ&ab_channel=FreedomIndia

● Rise of Extremists/radicals – increased communalism – Muslims

left out / remained backwards - nationalism based on Hnduism
left Muslims out – Formation of the Muslim League in 1906 -
● The British fanned the division between the INC and the ML
through:
a) Partition of Bengal
b) Encouragement to insecure
c) Morley – Minto reforms of 1909
● The British also fanned the divisions between the Moderates and
Extremists in the INC through Morley Minto reforms of 1909
● The 1st World war (1914- 18) becomes a period of great political
activity – Home rule leagues etc. – people unhappy with British
government – BAL GANGADHAR TILAK argues for a united front
 which is achieved through the Lucknow session of Congress in
1916.
● 1916 Lucknow Session:
a) Moderates and Extremists form an alliance, the split was
over and the Congress presented a united front
b) The Muslim League and the INC came together with the
Muslim league agreeing to demand swaraj from the BG. In
return, the INC supported ML’s demand for separate
electorates for Muslims in provincial legislatures
● World war and mistreatment of Muslim Caliphate in Turkey
angered Muslims in India – They launched the Khilafat Movement
in Delhi in 1919

● World war ends with the nationalists expecting a reward for

cooperating with the British.
● Govt. in attempt to stop Gandhi and other revolutionary activities
launches the Rowlatt Act 1919 – Gandhi calls for Rowlatt
satyagraha – nationwide hartal on 6 april 1919 – Gandhi’s arrest
on 9 april 1919 - first nationwide agitation
● Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13 april 1919) – Hunter Committee
report did not do enough to question brutality
● Non- cooperation Movement – Chauri Chaura 1922 – Gandhi’s
arrest (1923)
● NCM – Spread – 303 /PP - Akali and Moplah rebellions -
● What went well and what did not?
● Revolutionary terrorism and Gandhi’s request to Indians to
retrospect
 Groundwork for CDM (19)

Watch for Dandi from 2:05 hours

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7sVvl8P8vQ&ab_channel=FreedomIndia

● Simon Commission – 1927 – Protest (283 /BC)

● Nehru Report headed by Motilal Nehru – 1928 – demand for
Dominion status, no separate electorates for Muslims, universal
adult suffrage, creation of provinces on the basis of language –
They wanted these demands to be accepted and were given an
ultimatum till 1929, Congress, ML and HS reaction – The British
government remains unresponsive – Gandhi’s 11 demands in
1930 (a) reduction of military expenditure and civil servants
salaries (b) discharge of political prisoners (c) lower rupee-sterling
exchange rate (d) lifting the salt monopoly (e) high tariff or foreign
duty on foreign cloth (f) reduce land revenue by 50 percent – In
response, Lord Irwin merely offers RTC (284 /BC) (317 -18/PP)
● Irwin offer – 1929 – RTC – Congress + Gandhi reaction – Poorna
Swaraj declaration in Lahore session (1929), Tricolour adoption,
26 January 1930 to be celebrated as Independent day (286/BC)

CDM events (1930) and after 2nd RTC in 1931

(288 -9 /BC) (323 -24/PP)

● CDM starts - Dandi March – March 1930 – Dharasana salt works –

Gandhi arrested – Abbas Tayabji leads Dharasana – Sarojini Naidu
leads Dharasana
● CDM – after the breaking of the Salt law, forest laws were broken
in large parts of India
 ● The chaukidari taxes were unpopular, so people refused to pay
those taxes as well, they also stopped paying revenue and other
land tax (no rent, no-revenue campaigns)
● CDM led by C Rajagopalachari in Madras, and K Kelappan in
Kerala. Other leaders included Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan in the
North - west frontier, and Rani Gaidinliu in Manipur.

Round Table Conferences (1930-32) and the end of CDM

● 1st RTC – 1930 – No Gandhi, No Congress, but ML(Jinnah, Aga
Khan, Ali brothers), Princely states and Hindu Mahasabha agreed
on a federation, Sikh League, Ambedkar for untouchables – All
agreed for dominion status + an All India Federation (all
independent parts such as princely provinces + Muslim majority
provinces etc.)
● Irwin wants Gandhi to attend, makes a peace offering in March
1931 – Six demands, almost no meaningful demand accepted
● Karachi session 1931 -
● 2nd RTC – 1931 – Gandhi visits London, wanted separate
electorates to go but it doesn’t work, Ambedkar vs Gandhi on
separate electorates for untouchables, achieves nothing – returns
– restarts CDM (1931) – Arrested again – Congress declared illegal
● 1932 – Poona pact (323-4 /PP for RTC)
● 3rd RTC - few delegates went, mostly ceremonial
● Repression in India much more than in the first phase of CDM,
arrests doubled – CDM withdrawn in 1933
Government of India Act 1935 and elections in 1936
● (326/PP) Government of India Act 1935 based on the agreed
points of the RTC. There were not many but still there was an
agreement to an All India Federation. What did this mean ? One
of the parties who went for the RTC were princely states. The All
Indian Federation meant that the princely states will also send
their representatives to the CentraL Legislative Assembly and
Council of States. In the Central Legislative Assembly, there were
elected representatives + Muslim reserved seats + Anglo Indian
reserved seats + ….. and after the RTC reserved seats also for
women, landlords and labour class.

● The more important development was that provincial legislatures

were becoming more democratic and powerful. There was now
full responsible self government in the Provinces. The electorate
had increased in number from 15 mn in PL to 30 million in PL. This
was still only 10 percent of the Indian population.

● Result of 1937 provincial elections - COMBU + Coalition govts in

Assam, NWFP and

Functioning of the Congress ministries – first experience of

governing, gave press freedoms, reduced their own salaries, but
did not act peasant and worker demands like abolition of
zamindari system. Congress ministries resign to protest against
British government forced India to participate in the 2 nd WW
without asking for their consent.

● 2nd World War - 1939 -45 - Indians made party to the world war
on the British side without any consultation with the Central
Legislative Assembly – Congress ministries resign in protest -
 Gandhi’s famous proclamation ‘ What support can slaves give ?’
(413-15/PP)

Quit India Movement (1942)

● Congress session at Bombay in 1942 - called for a mass civil disobedience if
power was not handed to India immediately and Gandhi gave the Do or Die
mantra - Peasants stop paying taxes, told to not leave jobs rather stay in
the job and refuse to participate in seditious activities, indians in the british
army, don’t leave the army but refuse to obey orders, Gandhi famously
declared be your own free man ee man or women, also promised that this
time he will not sit for an agreement with the viceroy
● Kids were to quit schools
● Gandhi arrested immediately, all leaders arrested as well, movment left to
itself and therefore no one to lead...thus also developed a violent character
at many places, Gandhi was also ambivalent on the issue of violence - In
this movement he did not build all his focus on violence but on doing or
dying
● Attempts made to disrupt British telegraph, telephone and railway lines
● Some regions were completely out of the control of the British and were
possessed by the rebels/protestors - Satara, Tirhut and parts of Bengal and
UP such as Baliya (ChiTtu Singh, 418/PP) were completely freed of British
influence
● Movement had 3 phases - Urban revolt, by mid - august shifted to the
countryside and then finally led to the setting of parallel governments and
last terrorist activities (416/PP)
● A lakh of people arrested, severe government repression by the end of
1942
● Gandhi started a fast in 1943 for 21 days against the British government -
extreme unpopularity of the British government
 ● May 1944 - Gandhi released from prison under extreme national
and international pressure
● 1945 - Congress leaders participate as defendants in the INA trials

Alternatives/Challenges to Congress and its Nationalism

Dalit Movements
● Caste structures – to emulate or to disassosciate ? (346/pp)
● Jyotiba Phule, a mali by caste started the Satyashodhak Samaj (1873)
promoted no - brahman marriages,
● Formation of the Justice Party in 1916 – spoke against Brahman domination
in universities and jobs and Congress, spoke about Dravidian identity vs the
north- indian, brahman identity, demand for reserved seats in plc madras +
● 1925 onward –Ramaswamy Naicker – Self-respect before self-rule in
Tamilnadu and SNDP by Narayan Guru in Kerala
● B.R. Ambedkar – burning of the manusmriti, why temple entry
movements ?, political rights – caste based reservation in education,
legislature and in employment – they believed the injustices to them could
only be neutralised by gaining separate electorates
● Congress on untouchability – nationalism and its rediscovery of the past had
no place for the dalits
● AIDCC – 1927
● 2nd RTC and Poona Pact, no separate electorates … reserved seats in joint
electorates
● Ambedkar’s Independent Labour Party – 1936 performance in elections
● 1942 – All India Scheduled Castes Federation, non participation in QIM
● 1946 elections, lost identity, satyagraha by Ambedkar, absorb protest in
chairmanship of the C.A.
● 1956 – Ambedkar’s conversion to Buddhism

Akali Movements (213 – 17 ISI)/

● 1920 -25 (
● To eliminate corrupt mahants and managerial committees – corrupt,
preached loyalism
● Immediate reason - honoured General Dyer and spoke against the Ghadar
party revolutionaries
● Control of Harminder Sahib to the formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara
Prabandhak Committee
● Gurudwara at Nankana event – Kartar Singh Jabbar Akali the mahant
refused to vacate
● No keys affair – Tosh khana at golden temple – satyagraha – to take the
keys away from the British managers
● Guru ka Bagh event – conflict on the land given to the mahant for his
personal use. Was it to be considered his private property?
● Jat peasantry radicalised and mobilised

Left Movements
● Emerged in the 1920s and 30s
● 1917 Russian Revolution + tiredness of failing movements (NCM)
● 1919 the Congress says that it would promote labour unions throughout
India, preference for railway, jute and tea industries because these were
owned by English capitalists
● The General strike of Bombay 120000 textile workers participated, 200
workers shot, plantation workers strike, 1920 - GIP Railway strike (wages,
less working hours, factory laws, share in profits, formation of trade unions)
● Political freedom vs socio economic freedom, anti - imperialism versus anti
landlordism, anti-capitalism, anti-poverty, anti-inequality, ending private
property and replace profit system with a cooperative system, organising
farmers and workers
● CPI- 1920 (M.N. Roy) and 1925, WPP (worker and peasant party) in
Congress, repression (MCC, PSA, TDB in the 1920s), Left wing also
developed a disdain for Congress as bourgeoisie agents,
● CSP- 1934 wanted to remain within Congress
● 1936 – 7 – Jawahar lal Nehru 1938 -39 – SCB – influenced Congress and
gave it a socialist agenda
● Legacy of Left – Jawaharlal Nehru’s nationalisation of industries,
introduction of five year plans and the abolition of landlordism in India.

Communalism ch. 32 -33/ISI

● 1938 – Congress Ministries resigned, Muslim League declared it as

‘Deliverance Day.”
● Pirpur Report – Issued by ML to highlight the anti – Muslim bias of the
Congress ministries
● 1940 – Demand for Pakistan – most ML demands fulfilled, communalism
increased (HM members allowed in Congress, RSS membership increased),
so new demand of ML being the sole spokesman of Muslims in India
● League and Jinnah
● After partition – 60 lakh people became refugees and came to India, 5 lakh
people died during partition. 45 lakh Muslims stayed back in India –
Muslims in Hyderabad and Kashmir voted to stay in India –
● In 1950, SVP declared that 'Ours is a secular state ... Here every Muslim
should feel that he is an Indian citizen and has equal rights as an Indian
citizen. If we cannot make him feel like this, we shall not be worthy of our
heritage and of our country.’ On Gandhiji's birthday in 1951, JLN told a
Delhi audience: 'If any person raises his hand to strike down another on the
ground of religion, I shall fight him till the last breath of my life, both as the
head of the government and from outside.
● 30th January, 1948 – Gandhi killed, mourning and some celebrations, RSS
banned in 1948 – ban lifted in 1949 after conditions were accepted.
●

Tribal Movements

● Tribal lifestyle – Forest and its resources belong to tribes, practiced

agriculture or shifting cultivation, also known as Jhoom, practiced a
community ownership of land, their religion included the worship of nature
and some Gods who were ‘hindu’ and some who were not. They did not
believe in the caste system, they were not caste Hindus. Conducted simple
trade
● With the British govt. in power, the situation changes:
a) Forest Laws – use of forest resources, grazing animals,
b) Private ownership – agriculture practice,
c) Land given to zamindars
d) Beth begar
e) Coming of railways
● Santhal rebellion (hool) of 1855 – 6 (165/PP) – originally moved out of
their lands, they settled in regions near the Damin – i – Koh and practiced
agriculture, the British encouraged the entry of non-santhal zamindars and
moneylenders according to the zamindari system. The British also
encouraged railroad construction in this region leading to the entry of
European officers and other workers. These outsiders were called dikkus.
● Sidhu and Kanha led a 10000 strong santhali army against zamindars,
mahajans and the British govt. With their bow and arrows, they came down
the hills and destroyed the houses of several mahajans, zamindars and
several British symbols such as railway lines, post offices, granaries of the
mahajan and the zamindar’s crops and were independent off the British for
at least 7 months. After this, there was strong repression and upto 20000
santhals are believed to have died of British bullets including Sidhu and
Kanu who were caught and sentenced to death.
● Birsa Munda’s ulgulan 1899 – 1900 – (46-8/SS) Ranchi Jharkhand area,
khuntkatti system meant land was owned by tribes in a group, the british
allowed moneylenders and zamidnars to enter this region, there was
always multiple missionary groups proselytizing in this area. The authorities
took no notice of their grievance till Birsa, a missionary educated Munda,
decided to speak against the British. He went to jail and returned after 2
years, more aggresive. He believed that when the Britsh will shoot him the
bullets will turn water. Their slogan was sahib katong katong and rari
katong katong. Many protested, attacked churches, 350 imprisoned + along
with Birsa who died in jail. Rights forbidding beth bigari and land protection
rights were passed.
Explain the Hindu- Muslim community relationship in British India

After the partition of Bengal in the first half of the 20th century, Muslim
community was becoming agitated/literate//detached/separate from the Hindu
community. Many diffrences were there

a) Diffrenc ebetween the Hindu and Muslim MIDDLE class –

b) Diffrence between government jobs in Hindu and Muslim community
c) Nationalism was becoming very Hindu centric – Flags were celebrated
duting……
d) The Muslim league was established in 1906 by some landlords of the
Muslim community. The Muslim league started saying that the interest of
Muslims are different form Hindus….
e) Communal rilts- Urdu became ….Hindi ….
f) Separate electorates 1909 – The Muslims become a diffrnt community-
When some seats are reserved for Muslims and only Muslim voters can
vote in those seats, then such a situation creates separate electorates .
Muslims, Sikhs, landlords, Dalits . All these groups believed that they were
separate parts which were not represented by the Congress. Tey believe
dthat the congress was the party of educated, Brahman elite.

Partition

Bose and the All India Forward Bloc

●

1945 -47, Freedom and Partition

● 1942 – INA – the idea was first thought of by Captain Mohan Singh, an
officer of the British army, in Malaya. He took the help of the Japanese +
 POWs to establish INA (Singapore fell to Japan). 40,000 POWs ready to
help. – Mohan Singh – 1943 entry of SCB – setting up of provisional govt.
Of India in Singapore – invitations to come join for India’s freedom –
campaign to Manipur (Imphal) – Japanese vs SCB -
● 1945 - 6 = INA trials – public trials to punish Indian soldiers who had
participated in the INA , trial @ Red Fort featured P.K. Sehgal, G.S. Dhillon
and Shahnawaz Khan, 100’s INA prisoners on public trial + 7000 detained
without trial, Congress support for INA but detest for violence, 1946 – case
of Abdur Rashid in Calcutta – strikes by govt. institutions
● Use of Indian troops to defend French and Dutch colonies in Vietnam and
Indonesia respectively
● 1946 – RIN Mutiny – ratings on INS Talwar went on a strike against bad
food, insults and poor wages. Wanted better food, equal pay comparing to
white sailors – returned because of navy discipline – later ambushed by the
British naval forces – spread to include 78 ships and 20000 ratings, some at
port and some at sea, Patel and Jinnah requested ratings to surrender –
Gandhi, Nehru – all anti-violence in the army

Ques. What would be the problems that the British government would have
faced when the navy of a government revolts like in RIN?

Ans. The RIN was also known as the Royal Indian Navy. They rebelled agains
the British in 1946.

It would create big problems for the British.

…….Because of this it could become difficult for thm to defend their empire.
It also created…….Next time if a rebeliion…..put it down. They will not be abe
to trust their Indian armies/soldiers.
● 1946 elections – Congress single largest party among non- muslims, ML
won most of the separate electorates indicating it had the support of a large
number of Muslims. Still, it had govt’s only in Bengal and Sind. In Punjab, a
coalition with Akalis. In NWFP, khudai khidmatgars supported Congress.
● Cabinet Mission 1946 – 3 British cabinet ministers gave two choices: a
small, truncated Pakistan or a confederacy with a weak centre controlling
only defence, communications etc. The provincial legislatures will be
divided into 3 types:
1. Section A for Hindu (C.P, Orissa, Madras, Bombay, Bihar, United
Provinces) – (COMBBU)
2. Section B including Sindh, N.W.F.P. and Punjab (SNP)
3. Section C including Bengal and Assam.
4. These will pick members of the constituent assembly. Both Jinnah and
JLN agree to it but there was ambiguity in the Cabinet Mission about
the permanence of separate groups. Jinnah thought they were
permanent and will leave the union, JLN thought that they were not
permanent and could chose to join the union and be dissolved after the
first election.
● Sep 1946 – Interim govt. formed without ML, Jinnah rejects Cabinet
Mission – Direct Action Day – Communal riots in Calcutta – ML joins the
interim govt. – disruptionist activities meaning they don’t cooperate with the
Congress – Congress demands ML resignation from interim govt – Lord
Mountbatten new viceroy in Feb 1947 - interim govt. failing - Riots
everywhere, especially in Calcutta, Bihar, Noakhali and Garhmukhteshwar
 (U.P.) – Mountbatten called for an immediate transfer of power, now not
June 1948 but August 1947 via. India Independence Act, 1947
1) partition of India into two states/dominions
2) All princely states were to join one or the other state – 500
3) Punjab and Bengal were to be partitioned on the basis of religion
4) The two states were to be independent and could have their own
constituent assembly and constitution

1947 - Indian Constitution

● Draft constitution of India – 1928 (Nehru Report)
1. Parliamentary system with full responsible government
2. Joint electorates with time-bound reservations
3. Fundamental human rights such as free profession and practice of
religion, freedom of conscience, free expression of opinion, equal
rights for men and women, right to free elementary education
4. Secular state
5. Of 19 rights, 10 found in the constitution
● Why constituent assembly? First time demanded in 1934 by Congress
which stated that ‘only satisfactory alternative to the White Paper is a
constitution drawn up by a Constituent Assembly elected on the basis of
adult suffrage or as near it as possible.
● Let them produce a constitution which carries behind it a fair measure of
general agreement among the great peoples of India
● 1940 – Constitution demand acceded for the first time, Cripps mission with
clarity,
● Constituent Assembly established via Cabinet mission, 1946, 389 members
(296 + 93 ), met first time in 9 December, 1946, ML rejects cabinet mission,
refuses to join constituent assembly, 13 December, 1946 - 2 nd session –
Objective resolution which had the philosophy and basic features of the
constitution was passed after debates over 6 days, 3 June 1947 –
Mountbatten’s partition plan, Constituent Assembly for India had 299
members.

Provisions of the Constitution

● Why a centralised parliamentary constitution?

● Universal Adult Suffrage - A brahmanical, upper caste, male oriented,
upper class dominated, elitist congress voted for universal adult suffrage
(extending voting rights from 15 – 100 per cent of the population) for a
vastly illiterate society
● Socialist, secular, democratic republic
● Preamble – based on Objective resolution (Dec. 1946 to Jan 1946) The
Preamble states that the people of India in the Constituent Assembly
made a solemn resolve to secure to all citizens, 'Justice, social, economic
and Political; Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
Equality of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all,
Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity of the
nation.'
● Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy - Why some
justiciable, why others not?
● Why written Fundamental rights?
 1. the right of equality
2. the right of freedom
3. the right against exploitation,
4. the right to freedom of religion
5. cultural and educational rights
6. the right to property
7. the right to constitutional remedies
● Patel said, ‘It is for us to prove that it is a bogus claim, a false claim, and
that nobody can be more interested than us in India, in the protection of
our minorities. Our mission is to satisfy every one of them.’
(untouchability, forced labour, freedom of religion protected)
● Union of states or federation of states – The federation is a union
because it is indestructible !

Accession of the Princely states (Pg. 72/IAA)

● Princely states during the National struggle – principle of paramountcy,
● April 1947 – Constituent Assembly was to be joined by princely states, but
many like Travancore, Bhopal and Hyderabad declared their desire for
independence.
● Patel's first step was to appeal to the princes whose territories fell inside
India to accede to the Indian union in three subjects which affected the
common interests of the country, namely, foreign relations, defence and
communications.
● After this threat, all states except Junagarh, Jammu and Kashmir and
Hyderabad had joined the Indian union of states. By the end of 1948, these
states were also forced to join India.
● Junagadh was a small state on the coast of Saurashtra surrounded by
Indian territority and therefore without any geographical contiguity with
Pakistan. Yet. its Nawab announced accession of his state to Pakistan on 15
August 1947 even though the people of the state, overwhelmingly Hindu,
desired to join India - Junagadh nawab acceded to Pakistan – Pakistan
accepted the accession – people of Junagadh unhappy – they force the
nawab to abdicate – the new dewan invited Indian forces into Junagadh – a
plebiscite was held – vote for India – Junagadh part of India in Feb 1948
● Kashmir – geographical contiguity with both India and Pakistan – Hindu
ruler, Hari Singh but 75 percent population of Muslims. Congress + Gandhi
said it was free to join whichever country it’s people wanted to – Kashmir
had another party called the National Conference under Sheikh Abdulla
which wanted to join India – Pakistan attacks unofficially through Pathan
tribesmen – Hari Singh not sure what to do – invites Indian army to protect
him - Nehru, even at this stage, did not favour accession without knowing
the will of the people – Intl. law said you cannot send army to Kashmir
without it being a part of your country – Shaikh Abdullah, Sardar patel and
Lord Mountbatten pressurised JLN – maharaja acceded to India, appoint
Shaikh Abdullah as administrator – armed conflict continued for months –
JLN advised to refer the matter to UN – The UNSC led by America and
Britain sided with Pakistan – Azad Kasmir – referendum never happened
● Hyderabad – declared that it did not want to join India or Pakistan – Sardar
Patel did not hurry the nawab of Hyderabad – The nizam wanted to prolong
negotiations and build his army in the meanwhile – Razakars encouraged
and Congress satyagrahis jailed in Hyderabad – Nizam continued with
import of arms –SVP impatient – September 1948 Indian army walked int
Hyderabad – Nizam surrendered – retained as a pensioner
● Stage of full integration – mergers, territories combined – privy purse –
succession to gaddi + symbols could still be maintained
● French and Portuguese settlements – French gave up Pondicherry in 1954
after long negotiations – Portuguese (with the support of USA and UK) still
wanted to stay – Demands for freedom from people in Goa were repressed
and satyagrahis jailed – JLN ordered army troops to move into Goa to
liberate its people in 1961 – surrendered without a fight.
 India after partition

● 70 % land controlled by landlords – Tenants were cultivating

● 7 % literacy (W), 14 % (M)
● Agricultural revenue share of the state - 50 % of the total produce
● Landless labourer population in 1951 – 28 %
● In 1951, 82.3 % of Indian population lived in rural areas
● In 1941, 70 % of Indian population depended on agriculture
● Food self sufficiency - USA

Land Reforms in India (Pg. 374/IAI)

● http://historydepartmentphilos.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/6/1/26612531/
india_after_independence.pdf
● http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/20126/1/Unit-39.pdf (shorter version)

● What is the meaning of land reform? Abolition of intermediaries – tenancy

reform – land ceilings – land consolidation
● Why land reforms? Conditions in India – high number of intermediaries
(zamindars + jagirdars) – almost 2,00, 00, 000 tenants released from
zamindari exploitation and came under the direct control of the govt.
● Why land reforms? Economic logic – no incentive to boost agriculture
growth – India was importing foods from the U.S.A. – unfavourable balance
of trade – GDP spent on purchases + leading to no development in the
country
● The Planning commission established on 15 March 1950.
● First plan (1951 – 56), - consolidation of land holdings, focus on irrigation
● second plan (1956 – 61) and – heavy industries + not enough investments
in
● 3rd plan (1961 – 66) Green revolution – focus on agriculture – Punjab
● Reform @ state level – land (state subject) + diversity in India – UP
zamindari abolition act – took away the zamindar’s right to collect taxes
which were to be paid directly – Commons were no longer in the control of
the village zamindars – Panchayat system introduced – compensation given
to zamindars (635 crores) + occupancy rights over land they cultivated as
khudkasht – rest could become bhumidhar by paying ten times the rental
value to the govt. or sirdars(no right to sell the land)
● Tenancy reforms – rent limited to 20 – 25 % of the produce.
● Land ceiling – fixing the maximum size of land which a person could own.
Why was this needed? – large parts were left fallow – a large landless poor
population which wanted land as an economic resource for their livelihood.
● The Kumarappa committee studied these issues and by 1949 gave
recommendations
 1. Intermediaries abolition
2. Surplus land redistribution among landless or semi-landless peasants.
3. Fixation of ceilings on land holding
● On this basis, zamindari abolition bills were introduced in many provincial
legislatures – land taken + compensation given but rules different for
different categories of zamindars - the zamindars in various parts of the
country challenged the constitutionality of the law permitting zamindari
abolition – Govt. introduced 1st amendment (1951) which validated
zamindari abolition by allowing the state to acquire property without
paying equitable compensation and such law was not void bcos of the right
to property
● Weakness in the system -
1. forceful,
2. compensation came over a long period of time, compensation was
usually less/ average (who used to pay land revenue of upto Rs 25
were to receive about twenty times their net annual income as
compensation whereas the big zamindars who paid land revenue
ranging between Rs 2,000 to Rs 10,000 were to receive merely two to
four times their net annual income)
3. Zamindars were allowed to keep the land they cultivated but the
exact meaning of cultivating land was not specified, zamindars
managed to secure lands on various excuses but many also started
being involved in cultivation.
 4. Fixing the size of landholdings through a ceiling was a law introduced
later. Many zamindars transferred lands in the name of their relatives
in the meantime.
● Tribal land was protected – it could not be converted to non-tribal (use)
land
● Bhoodan movement - Vonoba Bhave (1951) – landlords voluntarily gave up
their land to villages, later the example included villages being donated by
the agreement of 75 percent of the village population.
Textbooks
● Post - Independence- IAA
http://historydepartmentphilos.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/6/1/26612531/
india_after_independence.pdf
● National Movement struggle
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DsGHxzA7wp756N6zBA283RGZT-sRAYlv/view

● All India Forward Bloc

https://forwardbloc.org/history/

● Easiest book on National movement + 18th century

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1opaaSYANRWvg-IGlWfiMtE5nndZTjgHp/view?usp=sharing

● Plassey to Partition – Only if you don’t find it very difficult – good

summaries