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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ITEM 101 REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS.................................3

ITEM 102 EXCAVATION.................................................................................................4

ITEM 103 STRUCTURE EXCAVATION..........................................................................4

ITEM 104 EMBANKMENT...............................................................................................4

ITEM 105 SUBGRADE PREPARATION.........................................................................5

ITEM 106 COMPACTION EQUIPMENT AND DENSITY CONTROL STRIPS.................5

ITEM 107 OVERHAUL....................................................................................................6

ITEM 200 AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE...............................................................6

ITEM 201 AGGREGATE BASE COURSE......................................................................7

ITEM 202 CRUSHED AGGREGATE BASE COURSE....................................................7

ITEM 300 AGGREGATE SURFACE COURSE...............................................................8

ITEM 311 PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT...........................................8

Motor Grader.................................................................................................................. 9

Asphalt Plant.................................................................................................................. 9

Asphalt Paver............................................................................................................... 10

Road Roller Machine....................................................................................................10

Excavator...................................................................................................................... 11

Wheel Loader...............................................................................................................11

Truck Crane..................................................................................................................11

Forklift........................................................................................................................... 12
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PROBLEM-SOLVING:...................................................................................................12

ITEM 100 CLEARING AND GRUBBING

Except for those items that are specified to stay in situ or that are to be removed in

accordance with other provisions of this Specification, this item should consist of clearing,

grubbing, removing, and disposing of all vegetation and debris as specified in the Contract. All

identified remaining artifacts must be protected from harm and vandalism as part of the work.

ITEM 101 REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS

Except for obstructions that are required to be removed and disposed of under

other items in the contract, this item entails the removal, in whole or in part, and proper disposal

of all buildings, fences, structures, old pavements, abandoned pipelines, and any other

obstructions that are not designated or permitted to remain. The salvage of specific items and

backfilling of trenches, holes, and pits that result is also required.

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ITEM 102 EXCAVATION

This Item consists of excavation for borrows and roadway drainage, as well as the

disposal of waste in accordance with this Specification and the lines, grades, and dimensions

specified by the Engineer or depicted on the Plans.

ITEM 103 STRUCTURE EXCAVATION

The required excavation for the foundation of bridges, culverts, underdrains, and other

structures not otherwise provided for in the Specifications shall be included in this item. The

backfilling of finished structures and the disposal of all dug surplus materials must be done in

accordance with these Specifications and relatively close conformity with the Plans, unless

specifically specified for pipe culverts, or as determined by the Engineer.

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ITEM 104 EMBANKMENT

This Item entails building an embankment in accordance with this Specification,

as well as the lines, grades, and dimensions specified by the Engineer or depicted on the Plans.

ITEM 105 SUBGRADE PREPARATION

This item will involve preparing the subgrade to support the upper structural

layers. The entire width of the road must be covered by it. Subgrade preparation must wait until

the Contractor is able to begin construction of the pavement structure before being done without

the Engineer's permission.

ITEM 106 COMPACTION EQUIPMENT AND DENSITY CONTROL STRIPS

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This process will be used to establish the necessary densities for particular

embankments, subgrades, bases, and bituminous concrete as specified. Control strip construction

will be used to set goal densities for the designated course, and equipment using the sand-cone

method of density measurement will be used to determine in-place densities attained during

construction.

ITEM 107 OVERHAUL

Any transporting that is approved and exceeds the free-haul distance is considered

an overhaul. The designated free-haul distance is the distance over which excavated material

must be transported without receiving any further payment. The free-haul distance shall be 600

meters unless the Contract specifies otherwise.

ITEM 200 AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE

This item consists of providing, placing, and compacting an aggregate subbase

course on a prepared subgrade in accordance with this Specification and the lines, grades, and

cross-sections shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer.

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ITEM 201 AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

This Item entails providing, installing, and compacting an aggregate base course

on a prepared subgrade/subbase in accordance with this Specification, and the lines, grades,

thickness, and typical cross-sections shown on the Plans or s determined by the Engineer.

ITEM 202 CRUSHED AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

This Item entails providing, positioning, and compacting crushed gravel, crushed stone,

or crushed rock in one or more layers on a prepared subgrade or subbase in accordance with this

Specification and the lines, grades, thickness, and typical cross-sections shown on the Plans or as

determined by the Engineer.

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ITEM 300 AGGREGATE SURFACE COURSE

This item consists of a wearing or top course built on a prepared base in

accordance with this Specification and in conformity with the lines, grades, and typical cross-

sections shown on the Plans. The wearing or top course must be made of gravel or crushed

aggregate and binder material, depending on what is specified in the Bill of Quantities.

ITEM 311 PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

This Item shall consist of pavement of Portland Cement Concrete, with or without

reinforcement, constructed on the prepared base in accordance with this Specification and in

conformity with lines, grades, thickness and typical cross-section shown on the Plans.
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The construction of roads is a highly technical operation that needs both thorough

planning and the use of a variety of specialist road equipment.

Making a road frequently entails rock-blasting, extensive excavations, and other

challenging operations that call for a variety of construction vehicles.

In accordance to Thuita (2022), here are the seven (7) kinds of road construction

equipments:

Motor Grader

The motor grader, also known as a road grader or maintainer, is a type of

equipment used to make flat surfaces so that asphalt may be spread out over them.

Asphalt Plant

A important equipment component for making asphalt concrete and other types of

coated roadstone for use in road construction projects is the asphalt plant.
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Asphalt Paver

A road-making equipment used to apply asphalt on the surface of a road, parking

lot, bridge, or other similar structures and to do some light compaction before a roller takes over

is known as an asphalt finisher, paver finisher, or paving machinery.

Road Roller Machine

A road roller, also referred to as a roller-compactor, is one of the most significant

components of equipment used in road construction. As a result, road rollers are a typical sight at

construction sites for new roads. The main purpose of a roller, which is essentially a compactor-

type engineering vehicle, is to push down earth, gravel, concrete, or asphalt during the building

of foundations and roads.

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Excavator

Excavators, sometimes known as diggers, are large construction equipment used

to remove rocks and dirt from the ground and put them onto dump trucks.

Wheel Loader

A wheel loader, often referred to as a front loader, skip loader, or bucket loader, is

a type of tractor used to lift a pile of materials from the ground and load them onto a truck or into

a pit.

Truck Crane

Truck cranes are essential tools in the construction of roads. Typically, these

cranes are mounted on the back of a truck to help with lifting needs at a road construction site.
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Forklift

A forklift, often called a fork truck, is a type of industrial vehicle that has a connected

platform that can be lowered to pick up objects on the ground or below it and raised to transfer

them. Originally employed to transport goods in industries, forklifts have had their design altered

throughout time to expand their applications as vital tools for road construction.

PROBLEM-SOLVING:

Compute the volume (m³) needed for Subbase, Base, and Surface Course.
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REFERENCES

DPWH Standard Specifications for Public Works and Highways, 2012 Edition Volume II,

Highways, Bridges and Airports.

Thuita, P. (2022, June 1). The 7 Most Powerful Road Construction Equipment. Retrieved from

https://www.constructionkenya.com/2408/road-construction-equipment/