Multiway Conditional Check, Nested if, Bitwise Ops and

Membership Operator

August 9, 2022

1 Multiway - Conditional Check (Using elif)

• When you have more than 2 possible outcomes
• elif always preceded by an if statement
• Unlike else, elif takes condition
• An if statement can be followed by n number of elif statements but by only 1 else statement

[5]: # Write a program to check profit or loss

cp = int(input())
sp = int(input())
if cp > sp:
print('Loss')
elif cp < sp:
print('Profit')
else:
print('No Profit No Loss')

100
100
No Profit No Loss

[10]: # When you have to say whether the given number is +ve or -ve
n = int(input())
if n > 0:
print('+ve')
elif n < 0:
print('-ve')
else:
print('Zero')

-12
-ve

1.1 Finding out the largest of three distinct integers

abc
10 20 30 –> C is the largest

1
 20 30 10 –> B is the largest
30 10 20 –> A is the largest

[13]: a, b, c = map(int, input().split())

if a > b and a > c:
print(f'a is largest: {a}')
elif b > a and b > c:
print(f'b is largest: {b}')
else:
print(f'c is largest: {c}')

30 20 10
a is largest: 30

1.2 Printing week name when week day is given

• Day 1 —> Monday
• Day 2 —> Tuesday
• Day 3 —> Wednesday
• ……
• …..
• Day 7 –> Sunday
1 –> Monday
6 –> Saturday

[22]: day = int(input()) # 2

if day == 1: # 2 == 1
print('Monday')
elif day == 2: # 2 == 2
print('Tuesday')
elif day == 3:
print('Wednesday')
elif day == 4:
print('Thursday')
elif day == 5:
print('Friday')
elif day == 6:
print('Saturday')
elif day == 7:
print('Sunday')
else:
print('Invalid')

-15
Invalid

2
 2 Nested if statements
• Writing if statements inside other if statements is called nested if statements

2.1 Finding out the largest of three distinct integers using nested if statements
(This time using nested if)
[26]: a, b, c = map(int, input().split()) # 20 10 30
if a > b: # 20 > 10
if a > c: # 20 > 30
print(f'a is largest: {a}')
else:
print(f'c is largest: {c}')
else:
if b > c: # 20 > 30
print(f'b is largest: {b}')
else:
print(f'c is largest: {c}')

10 30 20
b is largest: 30

3 Bitwise Operators
• Operates on bit level.
• Need to have the knowledge on binary number system.
• & –> Bitwise AND
• –> Bitwise OR
• ^ –> Bitwise XOR
• « –> Bitwise left shift
• » –> Bitwise right shift

[27]: # Bitwise AND

11 & 12

[27]: 8

[28]: # Bitwise OR
11 | 12

[28]: 15

[29]: # Bitwise XOR

11 ^ 12

3
[29]: 7

3.1 Decimal Number System (Base 10)

• 100, 5465456946566 –> Decimal Number System
• Deci –> Ten (10)
• Digits –> 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 –> 10

3.2 Binary Number System (Base 2)

• There are only two digits –> 0, 1
• 2 (and it’s powers) a significant role in binary

3.2.1 Decimal to Binary Conversion

Decimal Number: 23
Binary Represe: 10111
• Find out the nearest power of 2 which is <= given number
• Put a 1 below the numbers that you can use to add upto the given number
• Put a 0 below the numbers that you can’t use
16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 1 –> This the binary representation of 23.
(10111)
Decimal: 49
Binary: 110001
32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 –> This the binary of 49.
(110001)
Decimal: 75
Binary: 1001011
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 –> This is the binary of 75
(1001011)
Halving
Decimal: 23
Binary: ?
23 –> 1
11 –> 1
5 –> 1
2 –> 0
1 –> 1
- The number is even write a 0 - The number is odd write a 1
Write the results bottom up
(10111)

4
Decimal: 75
Binary: 1001011
75 –> 1
37 –> 1
18 –> 0
9 –> 1
4 –> 0
2 –> 0
1 –> 1
Bottom up (1001011)

3.2.2 Binary to Decimal Conversion

Example 1:
Binary: 10111
Decimal: 23
To convert any binary number into decimal form do the following
• Seperate the bits as follows and

• Write the powers of 2 (starting from 20 ) from right to left under each bit

1 0 1 1 1
16 8 4 2 1

And add all the numbers under 1 to get the decimal representation
16 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 23
Some more examples
Example 2:
Binary: 1101101
Decimal: 109
Seperating bits

1 1 0 1 1 0 1
64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Adding all the numbers that are under 1 to get the decimal representation
64 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 109
Example 3:

5
 Binary: 1111011
Decimal:
Seperating bits

1 1 1 1 0 1 1
64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Adding all the numbers that are under 1 to get the decimal representation
64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 2 + 1 = 123

3.3 Bitwise AND

• Bitwise AND (&) compares each bit of the first operand with corresponding bit of the second
operand and sets the result bit to 1 if both bits are 1, otherwise to 0.

[32]: # Bitwise AND

print(11 & 12)
# Write the binary representation of the given two operands
# 1011
# 1100
# ----
# 1000 --> 8
# 1 0 0 0
# 8 4 2 1

3.4 Bitwise OR (|)

• Bitwise OR (|) Compares each bit of the first operand with corresponding bit of the second
operand and sets the resultant bit to 1 even if one of the bits is 1 otherwise to 0.

[ ]: ### Bitwise OR
print(11 | 12)
# 1011
# 1100
# ----
# 1111 --> 15

3.5 Bitwise XOR

• Bitwise XOR (^) Compares each bit of the first operand with corresponding bit of the second
opeand and sets the resultant bit to 1 if and only if one bit is 1 and the other is 0 or vice
versa (Alternate bits), otherwise 0.

[35]: # Bitwise XOR

print(11 ^ 12)

6
 # 1011
# 1100
# ----
# 0111 --> 7

3.6 Bit shortage

• In the case of bit shortage we are allowed to add as many 0s as we want on the left end of
binary representation.

[37]: # 5 & 11
print(5 & 11)
# 0101
# 1011
# ----
# 0001 --> 1

3.7 Bitwise left shift

• a«b
• Shifts the bits in a to their left. b states how many bits to shift
• a « b == a * 2 ** b

[38]: print(11 << 1)

# 11 * 2

# 1 0 1 1 0
# 16 8 4 2 1 --> 22

22

3.8 Bitwise right shift

• a»b
• Shifts the bits in a to their right. b states how many bits to shift
• a » b == a // 2 ** b

[39]: print(11 >> 1)

# 11 // 2

[40]: print(14 << 3)

# 14 * 8

112

7
[41]: print(14 >> 3)
# 14 // 8

4 Membership Operators
• Check if the given value is a member of community
• MLA –> Member of something
• MP –> Member of
• in
• not in
• It checks if an element is a member of an iterable - string, list, set, range, tuple

[42]: print('h' in 'hello')

True

[43]: print('H' in 'hello')

False

[44]: print(10 in [10, 20, 30])

True

[45]: print(100 in [10, 20, 30])

False

[46]: print('apple' in ('apple', 'orange', 'mango'))

True

[47]: print('apple' in ('banana', 'orange', 'mango'))

False

[48]: print(1 in 100)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
Input In [48], in <cell line: 1>()
----> 1 print(1 in 100)

TypeError: argument of type 'int' is not iterable

[49]: print('1' in '100')

True

8
[50]: print('h' not in 'hello')

False

[51]: print(100 not in [10, 20, 30])

True

[52]: print('hel' in 'hello')

True

[53]: print('helo' in 'hello')

False

4.1 Finding out if the given character is vowel or consonant

[55]: ch = input("Enter a character: ")
if ch == 'a' or ch == 'e' or ch == 'i' or ch == 'o' or ch == 'u':
print('Vowel')
else:
print('Consonant')

Enter a character: z
Consonant

[57]: ch = input("Enter a character: ") # a

vowels = ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'] # a
if ch in vowels:
print('Vowel')
else:
print('Consonant')

Enter a character: z
Consonant

[62]: ch = input("Enter a character: ") # a

vowels = 'aeiouAEIOU'
if ch in vowels:
print('Vowel')
else:
print('Consonant')

Enter a character: Z
Consonant

[64]: lst = [10, 11, -1, 14, 17, 100, 241]

se = int(input())
if se in lst:
print('True')

9
 else:
print('False')

1456
False

[ ]: # You will be given a character and you have to say if it's

# a digit or 0-9
# a alphabet abcd
# a special character #$^&*()-_

[67]: digits = '0123456789'

alpha = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
ch = input("Enter a character: ")
if ch in alpha:
print('Alphabet')
elif ch in digits:
print('Digit')
else:
print('Special character')

Enter a character: _
Special character

10