THE FEASIBILITY OF CRABGRASS (Digitaria Sanguinalis)

AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR PEN INK

---------------------------------------

A Research Project
Presented to the
Faculty of the Basic Education Department
Senior High School
Holy Name University
City of Tagbilaran

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the

Subject Work Immersion/Capstone Project

---------------------------------------
By:

Jean Hannah O. Abucay

Marenele P. Angeles
Janelea C. Ampoloquio
Val Ryan R. Pizarras

FEBRUARY 2022

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 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale
Ink is a pigmented or dyed liquid or pastes used to color the surface on which an image,
text, or design is constructed. This vital thing has performed a valuable purpose in keeping track
of information, data, and knowledge. Our ancestors communicated and transmitted knowledge
through writing with ink on paper. The development of pen and ink has been one of humanity's
most valuable technologies throughout history. Inks for writing and drawing have been unearthed
and produced by numerous ancient cultures around the world. Previously stationery pens and inks
have grown more accessible and convenient as the world has advanced. Furthermore, the materials
used to manufacture these inks have evolved into potentially harmful chemicals to the environment
and individuals. Solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate
particles, fluoresces, and other materials can all be present in ink. These compounds are incredibly
harmful, particularly to the health of users and the environment.

John J. Loud invented the pen in America. The first pens used little steel balls to keep the
ink from dissolving. The invention of John J. Loud is not commercially viable and hence cannot
be used. Later on, Lazlo Biro, a Hungarian newspaper editor, improves pens. Lazlo Biro's pens
allow ink to dry fast and prevent it from clogging the steel balls of the pen. It was created to create
a variety of permanent writings on objects, opening up enormous creative and practical
possibilities.

Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) is native to Southeast Asia and is widespread across the
Philippine archipelago. It is a grass species commonly referred to as hairy crabgrass or giant
crabgrass. It is one of the more well-known Crabgrass species and is almost universally recognized
as a weed. Almost every product in today's modern world has been commercialized, and
consumers are increasingly seeking out more natural and affordable alternatives. The development
of commercially viable ink with alternative ingredients demands artists, calligraphers, and
individuals. The researcher believes, Crabgrass has good potential as a permanent pen ink
substitute due to its intense green color. The researcher decided to investigate its efficacy as a
component of permanent pen ink. This study gives the concept that crabgrass extract can be an
alternate ink for pens. It will improve the environment, but it also can benefit the public, as it is
less harmful, more inexpensive, and, most importantly, organic.

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 Theoretical Framework

Our study is grounded on the theory of Walker and Fetsko who created an equation for the
process in 1955. According to theory the three parameters controlling the ink transfer are
immobilization, splitting, and ink coverage (smoothness). Later, new equations have been
developed, almost all based on the same theory. During recent years, some researchers have argued
against the theory, because of correlation between the parameters. Also, some visual observations
have created criticism against the theory. This study has concentrated on ink transfer in cold set
offset printing using a rough uncoated newsprint surface. Some earlier results will be referred to
also. During multi - color printing the earlier printed inks are influenced by subsequent ink
coverage such that the first printed ink can flow readily under the surface fibers. This is not
common if only one color is printed, but the situation seems to be very sensitive to the amount and
viscosity of the inks printed.

The legal basis for this study is based on Republic Act NO. 10068 otherwise known as “An
Act Providing for the Development and Promotion of Organic Agriculture in the Philippines and
for Other Purposes' '. It is hereby declared the policy of the state to promote, propagate, develop
further and implement the practice of organic agriculture in the Philippines that will cumulatively
condition and enrich the fertility of the soil, increase farm productivity and farmers' incomes,
reduce pollution and destruction of the environment, prevent the depletion of natural resources,
encourage the participation of indigenous organic farmers in promoting their sustainable practices,
further protect the health of farmers and consumers.

In addition, a nationwide educational and awareness campaign among consumers on the

benefits of eating organic products will be launched in order to enhance local organic food and
non-food production, as well as the adoption of an organic farming system as a viable alternative.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the relationship of the independent and dependent variables of the study.
In this study, the independent variable was the Crabgrass extract. The dependent variable was the
feasibility of Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) as an alternative for pen ink while the concentration
of crabgrass extract was controlled in this study.

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 Figure 1. Schematic Diagram

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 Statement of the Problem

Literature suggests that not only is this possible but it might even be viable as an industrial
process. The author’s research concentrates primarily on the development of a range of “process,”
or “trichromatic,” screen-printing colors from plants, for which the author has coined the term,
“Phyto Chromatography.” To complement this work, the author describes the establishment of an
“ink garden” capable of supplying quantities of plant material for further research. Issues relating
to the environment, occupational health, and sustainability are also touched upon. Initial results of
this research show considerable cause for optimism, although some problems remain.

The study aims to achieve a great study outcome, in spite of the struggling and
changeableness that may arise in the middle of the process. This study might fail to meet the strong
point of the procedure as supposed to be effective and also it might fail for the materials we are
going to use for our experiment; however, we researchers will conduct an uncomplicated way to
make it work. Despite the pandemic we currently have, we researchers have decided to conduct
the research individually as much as we can. The researchers will be using materials that are only
we can see in our home.

As we all seek the method for the crabgrass as an alternative pen-ink, we researchers are
hoping to achieve this study despite the difficulty of the process and the situation we currently
have. A quantitative study must be conducted with relevant information and data in adjudicating
the process of the crabgrass as an alternative for pen-ink.

This study aimed to test the feasibility of Crabgrass (Digitsria sangunalis) as an alternative for pen
ink. Specifically, it attempted to answer the following questions:

1. Can Crabgrass (Digitsria sangunalis) as an alternative for pen ink?

2. How feasible is the Crabgrass (Digitsria sangunalis) as an alternative for pen ink in terms:
a. Writing Performance?
b.Permanence?
c. Drying Time?
d.Readability?
e. Impact Resistance?

Statement of Hypothesis

Based on the research questions identified, the researchers formulated the following
hypothesis:
1. Ho: Crabgrass extract cannot be an alternative for pen ink.
Ha: Crabgrass extract can be an alternative for pen ink.
2. Ho: Crabgrass extract is not acceptable as an alternative for pen ink in terms:

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 a. Writing Performance
b. Permanence
c. Drying Time
d. Readability
e. Impact Resistance
Ha: Crabgrass extract is acceptable as an alternative for pen ink in terms:
a. Writing Performance
b. Permanence
c. Drying Time
d. Readability
e. Impact Resistance
3. The researchers hypothesized that making a pen ink with the use of plant extract,
specifically the Crabgrass extract can lessen expenses compare with the ordinary
ink/commercial inks.

Significance of the Study

The researcher conducted a study to determine the effectiveness of the crabgrass extract as
an alternative ink for pens to see if it can help. Furthermore, this study could be great benefit in
the following areas:

Students. The study of the Feasibility of Crabgrass ( Digitaria sanguinalis ) as an

Alternative for Pen Ink will be significant to students who are one of the major users of pen ink.
Students used pens in writing notes and to write important information. The use of crabgrass as an
alternative pen ink will help them a lot because it's refillable.

Teachers. The study will be beneficial to teachers who are also one of the major users of
pens. Teachers usually used pens for grading papers and checking material. It is significant in
writing their lessons or even in preparing their visual aids. Furthermore, alternative ink of pens
from crabgrass extract has a strong socioeconomic impact on teachers since the materials used in
the alternative ink are organic.

Environment. This study will benefit the environment because it will provide the all-
natural alternative ink for pens. It will not be harmful to the environment because the materials to
use are all organic.

Local Growers. Local crabgrass growers will benefit from this study because the
researchers used the crabgrass extract as a substitute for ink pen. This may help local producers
earn greater revenue as demand for Crabgrass increases.

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 Future Researchers. This study will have a significant impact on future researchers by
enriching research instruments, methods, and strategies. It can provide basic ideas and knowledge
about this research, particularly the related literature and studies that future proponents will
require.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study focused on studying the feasibility of Crabgrass (Digitaria Sanguinalis) as an

alternative for pen ink. It limits its only coverage on the determination of the feasibility of
Crabgrass (Digitaria Sanguinalis) as an alternative for pen ink. In this study, it aimed on the
effectiveness of the plant extract as an ingredient for alternative pen ink, a budget friendly pen ink
for the economy. It stated Crabgrass can be found in warm, temperate regions, in tropical,
subtropical and cooler temperature regions. It is most commonly found in the United States,
Philippines and other countries. This study started from the first semester of school year 2021 up
to the second semester of school year 2022 conduct on each of the researchers' residences at (I)
Dampas District, Tagbilaran City (II) St. Joseph Village, Dampas District, Tagbilaran City (III)
Pilar, Bohol (IV) Loon, Bohol. In order to focus specifically on the study about the feasibility of
Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) as an alternative for pen ink, this study discussed only (I) the
feasibility of Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) as an alternative for pen ink; and (II) the feasibility
of Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) as an alternative for pen ink in terms of writing performance,
permanence, drying time, readability, and impact resistance.

The experimentation will be conducted in the premises of Holy Name University

specifically the science laboratory. For the research equipment during the experimentation, the
researchers will be given the lab apparatus from the science laboratory by their research teacher
that they will require. The researchers aim for the experimentation to end within a period of one
(1) week considering the fact that the researchers are only given limited period of time for their
research.

In the upcoming evaluation process for the future results, a survey questionnaire form will
be used to evaluate the future outcome of the feasibility of Crabgrass (Digitaria Sanguinalis) as an
alternative pen ink. Each researcher will entertain Seven respondents from the researchers
respected community making it Thirty respondents in all, it will be selected through cluster
sampling to answer the survey questionnaire. The responses will be tally and will be treated
statistically.

This study did not extend on Crabgrass extract as a marker, highlighters, or any writing
material. It did not extend to any fruit, vegetable, or kind of plant that has the same staining ability
as Crabgrass. It did not focus on other tropical countries that produce Crabgrass Also; no further

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 research was done about the availability of Crabgrass in other nearby countries is conducted.
Teachers of Holy Name University were not a part of the respondent for this research. The results
of the study may also serve as a basis for similar studies.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The following are the literatures and studies that are related to the conduct of the study. This
includes the ideas, generalization or conclusions, methodologies, and others. Those that were
included in this helps in familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the present study.

Crabgrass

The Crabgrass is very noticeable in lawns. It is a rapid growing, coarse textured yellowish-
green grass that is conspicuous when found growing among fine textured, dark green cool season
turfgrasses. The stems are spreading and much branched. Roots develop at nodes on the prostrate
stems.

The first leaf is only about twice as long as it is wide. It is tinged light purple and has a
white strip running down the center. Both sides have silky, shiny hair. Leaves are 2/5- to 1/2-inch
wide and 1/3- to 1-inch long. The leaf sheaths of large crabgrass seedlings are tinged purple and
are covered with long stiff hairs. The ligule is large, membranous, and toothed. A ligule is a thin
membrane or row of hairs at the top of the junction of the leaf sheath and the leaf blade. Auricles
are absent. Auricles are the appendages projecting around the stem from both sides of the collar.

Botany

Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) is an annual in the grass family (Poaceae). Leaves are
flat, measuring 0.75-6 inches long and up to 0.5 inches wide, with a prominent mid-rib and
pubescent on both sides. Crabgrass has membranous ligules that are truncated and have a jagged
appearance. The sheath (area where the leaf and stem join) is covered with straight, long hairs. The
stem is rather stout, may exhibit a decumbent (reclining) growth pattern, and additional roots may
form at the soil/node region. The inflorescence consists of a panicle of branches with spikelet
arranged in two rows of a flattened rachis. Large crabgrass may grow up to 3 1/2 feet in height.
Crabgrass reproduces by seeds. When the soil temperature reaches 55-60 degrees F, crabgrass
begins to germinate. However, the soil temperature must be in this range for a minimum of one
week. Seeds germinate best from early spring to late summer. Crabgrass continues to grow until
midsummer when days become shorter, and vegetative growth slows as plants enter their
reproductive stage. Purplish seed heads form until frost kills the plants. Plants that emerge early in
the season and have a long period of vegetative growth are much larger and more competitive than
plants that germinate late in the season. Crabgrass has a prolific tillering or branching habit. A
single plant is capable of producing 150 to 700 tillers and 150,000 seeds. Crabgrass seeds are
dormant for a short period of time after they shed from plants. Most growth occurs during the hot
weather of summer because of its C4 metabolism.

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 Distribution

Crabgrass is a weedy summer annual that can spread quickly and form colonies. It develops
several branching stems at the base with the lower branches tending to sprawl across the ground,
while their upper branches are more erect. It prefers full sun to part sun in moist to dry clay loams
but is very adaptable to poor soils. It has spread to nearly every state in the country. Use a pre-
emergence herbicide in late winter or early spring to prevent germination of seed. These products
often need rainfall or irrigation to activate them so time your application wisely. Remove any
plants that do germinate early in the season as it becomes more difficult as the roots take hold of
the soil. Mulching garden beds can slow germination. It is killed off by frost. In lawn situations,
keep turfgrass as healthy as possible so it has a dense canopy that will outcompete Crabgrass.

Ink Pen

In ancient times, natural products were used to create simple but efficient inks (Farusi,
2012)- as the juice of the fruits was reportedly used in ancient China as ink for official seals and
paintings of prehistoric civilizations in which the ink used to create them were made from the fruit
extracts from plants. Strawberries, raspberries, blueberries and a variety of other berry fruits were
often used to create a wide range of ink colors, including red or blue. Another natural material
used to create ink in early times were tea leaves which were used for centuries to make ink due to
its various shades that create yellow-green, brown or black ink. (Lopierre, Lopi.)

In this modern world, with technology rising including few advancements in

industrialization, products were taken to a higher level, and this include ink. Ink manufacturers use
synthetic substances such as synthetic polymers in creating inks used in printers, markers, and
ballpoint pens. According to encyclopedia.com (2019), an ink is a pigmented fluid used for writing
and drawing or a viscous compound used for printing, both of various colors but most frequently
black. It is also a mixture of dyes or pigments and a binder compound, which helps the ink stick
to the surface to be painted.

With the advancement in technology in this current time, the most frequently used ink were
synthetic inks, which contain chemicals and artificial substances. An essential component of an
ink is the substance that imparts the color: the pigment or dye. A pigment is a finely divided solid
that is insoluble in the dispersion of the ink and provides- in addition to color- opacity and strength,
whereas dyes are generally compounds that are soluble in the ink medium.

Marker ink is composed of three elements: colorant, solvent, and resin. The colorant may
be a pigment or a dye. The solvent is like a liquid carrier in order to dissolve and transport the ink
colorant and ink resin through the sponge. Ink solvents must be non-polar to dissolve colorants
and resins, which are non-polar (e.g., ethanol). The resin is a glue-like polymer, and ensures that
the ink colorant “sticks” to the paper once the solvent evaporates.

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 While some people may find the odor of most markers acceptable, others can’t even
tolerate its strong and toxic scent. According to Malishenko Y. (2017), some markers even have
risks of skin irritation if there is unnecessary contact with the marker. Actions like intentionally
sniffing in the marker fumes for a long period of time may be potentially dangerous to one’s health
and a chance to damage the lungs (“Marker Ink (Permanent)” n.d.). One factor of this is the strong
odor of the marker ink, which is one of the things that indicates its toxicity. The basic cause of its
scent is the solvent which contains a special type of chemicals called “alcohols” that exhibit a
strong odor.

A study by Alguzar et al. in 2016 focused on plant extracts such as mayana leaves and
alugbati plant extract as an alternative ink for markers. In this study, they made a comparison
between the effectiveness of commercial marker ink and natural ink in terms of certain factors
which are absorption, stick consistency, odor and color. After their experimentation, it was then
revealed that the commercial ink produced a stronger tanning of color than the mayana and alugbati
extract. However, the mayana ink and alugbati ink is superior in terms of its odor. Also, its stain,
whether on paper or fabric, was just easy to wash.

According to the study of Alguzar, J., et.al. (2016) entitled “Plants Extract Alternative Ink
for Markers'', the researchers aimed to determine the effectiveness of mayana and alugbati extract
as an alternative ingredient for marker ink in terms of color, absorption and stick consistency. The
boiling process was conducted to extract mayana and alugbati plants as an alternative ink for
markers. The researchers concluded that 12 mayana and alugbati extract does not produce the
strong color of ink, but it was less odor and the stains it produced to the paper and clothes were
easy to wash compared to the commercial ink. Because of that, the researchers recommended to
improve the color of the mayana and alugbati ink and look for the substance that can improve the
absorption of the ink, rate of the stick consistency. They recommended also to use parallel tests
based on the components of the standard ink and the mayana and alugbati ink.

A study about ink formulation from natural colorants was conducted by Nishan Singh and
Vishal Sharma in May 2017. In this research, they used organic materials as a substitute for printer
ink. The study involved the collection of raw materials like fruits and vegetables, through which
they used Jamun, also known as Java plum (Syzygium cumini) and extracted coloring components
from it by Aqueous Extraction. In addition, the study also included fine filtration of the extract,
adding resin, additives, and preservatives for ink preparation and lastly, packing of prepared ink
for its long-term use. Singh and Sharma had a comparison between synthetic inks and natural inks.

As Singh and Sharma’s findings, Jamun ink is feasible for printing on paper. Although the
period of time the inks lasted is from 40-45 days but the quality of print is as good as other inks.
According to them, different variations of shades can be produced based on the concentration of
colorant, and that the natural ink should be stored in proper, cool and dark places, or else the inks

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 would be spoiled. In the end, they concluded that prepared purple jamun ink can be a good
alternative to synthetic inks.

According to the study of Sandriami, et.al. (2017) entitled “Formulation of Lip Butter
Using Red Dragon Fruit’s Extract (Hylocereus costaricensis) As Natural Dyes with Various Oil
Phase Concentration”, Dragon Fruit contains anthocyanin, betalain pigment that serves as a color
pigment which can be used as a lip moisturizer and can be used as a substitute for synthetic color
that may harm skin.

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 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This research design shows a quantitative-experimental method. The experimental method

is a type of research design wherein the researcher is using one variable. In this instance, the
variable that is used in this study is the crabgrass (Digitaria Sanguinalis). The experimental design
used in this study is a single-group design. Single group design is a type of experiment design in
which the researcher only uses a specific subject. In this case, the subject that the researcher is
using is the crabgrass (Digitaria Sanguinalis) as an alternative pen-ink.

Equipment and Materials

Crabgrass ( Digitaria Sanguinalis) is easy to find. We can find it anywhere, even in our
backyard. Crabgrass can be found in warm, temperate regions, in tropical, subtropical and cooler
temperature regions. It is most commonly found in the United States, Philippines and other
countries. Crabgrass self-seeds easily (and can produce up to 150,00 seeds per plant during its
growing season!) and has become an invasive grass in most temperate states. It’s adapting to cooler
climates as well. Commonly seen springing up on lawns, it also forms in pavement cracks or
planters. Fresh Crabgrass will be obtained and used in this research.

General Research Procedure

A. GETTING THE CRABGRASS

1. The first step is getting the Crabgrass to be used. It can be from an old-grown and or
newly grown Crabgrass. It is removed with the aid of a cutting tool, bolo.

2. Clean the Crabgrass with tap water to remove any soil dirt.

3. Let the Crabgrass dry using a strainer.

B. PREPARATION OF CRABGRASS EXTRACT

4. After letting the Crabgrass dry, it will be cut into small pieces for easier extraction using
garden scissors.

5. Place the cut Crabgrass on a container and set it aside for later.

6. Add 50 milliliters of tap water (solvent) to an unused/old saucepot.

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 7. The boiling setup will be prepared until it reaches 1000C on the stove. The 50 milliliters
of tap water (solvent) will be boiled.

8. While boiling the tap water (solvent), prepare the other ingredients: one teaspoon of
Chayote sap, and one teaspoon of gum Arabic.

9. Add the Crabgrass, one teaspoon of Chayote sap, and one teaspoon of gum Arabic will
be put into boiling water for approximately 15 minutes with continuous stirring using a
wooden spatula. The pigment from the Crabgrass will slowly begin to color the water in
the saucepot.

10. The Crabgrass extract was put into boiling water and added one teaspoon of sodium
chloride (table salt), one teaspoon of acetic acid (vinegar), and another one teaspoon of
gum Arabic. The sodium chloride (table salt) will be added to preserve the solution, the
acetic acid (vinegar) will also be added to retain the color of the solution, and the gum
Arabic will be added to act as an emulsifier and as a binder to control the viscosity of the
ink. Other additives such as glycerol or glycerin and ferrous sulfate were added. The
Benzalkonium chloride prevents the ink from solidifying. This helps in reducing the
surface tension of the ink solution, allowing the ink to soak more quickly into the paper
fibers. It also prevents molds from growing in ink. The glycerol was also used because of
its viscous nature and high absorbency on paper. It increases the rate of extraction of tannin
in the pigment. Ferrous sulfate is a disinfectant that aids in inhibiting the growth of
microorganisms in ink. It is responsible for the color of Crabgrass ink.

11. The continuous stirring in the solution during the boiling will be performed until it
produces a rich and viscous appearance.

12. The mixture will be removed on fire from the stove and placed in a heat-resistant
placemat.

13. Let the mixture cool down for 10-15 minutes.

C. PREPARATION OF THE INK

14. The mixture was then transferred to a container with a filter using a strainer to separate
the solute and the solvent when it was cooled down—removing unwanted small particles
and other residues.

15. Allowing the solution to cool off and be transferred again in a graduated cylinder with
the help of a funnel for the upcoming final reading, the volume of the solution will be
recorded.

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 16. The formalized ink from the extract of Crabgrass will be transferred again into ink
bottles and was left undisturbed in a vertical position for 24 hours before undergoing a
series of tests.

17. Finally, the recycled ball pen containers will be refilled with Crabgrass ink. The
proportion of ingredients was based on the old recipes of ink making.

Data Gathering Procedure

In the upcoming evaluation process for the future results, a survey questionnaire form will
be used to evaluate the future outcome of the feasibility of Crabgrass (Digitaria Sanguinalis) as an
alternative pen ink. Each researcher will entertain Seven respondents from the researchers
respected community making it Thirty respondents in all, it will be selected through cluster
sampling to answer the survey questionnaire. The responses will be tally and will be treated
statistically.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Conceptual:

Agriculture

Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising
livestock. It includes the preparation of plant and animal products for people to use and their
distribution to markets. Agriculture provides most of the world's food and fabrics.

Color

The property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the
way the object reflects or emits light.

Conspicuous

Very easy to see or notice.

Crabgrass

A type of grass grows where it is not wanted, spreads quickly and is hard to get rid of.

Extract

The transfer of chemicals from a solid or liquid into a new solvent or phase.

Germinate

Germination, the sprouting of a seed, spore, or other reproductive body, usually after a
period of dormancy. The absorption of water, the passage of time, chilling, warming, oxygen
availability, and light exposure may all operate in initiating the process.

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 Herbicide

A chemical that is poisonous to plants, used to kill plants that are growing where they are
not wanted.

Ink

A colored usually liquid material for writing and printing.

Organic

Grown or made without the use of artificial chemicals.

Pen

Focusses on there broaad personality factors: pyschoticism, extraverdion and neuroticism.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Operational:

Agriculture

The science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock
and in varying degrees the preparation and marketing of the resulting products cleared the land to
use it for agriculture.

Color

The quality of an object or substance with respect to light reflected by the object, usually
determined visually by measurement of hue, saturation, and brightness of the reflected light;
saturation or chroma; hue. the natural appearance of the skin, especially of the face; complexion.

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 Conspicuous

Very noticeable or attracting attention, often in a way that is not wanted.

Crabgrass

A grass that has creeping or document stems which root freely at the nodes and that is often
a pest in turf or cultivated lands.

Extract

Extract is a form of removing something. It is defined as to obtain something from another.

Germinate

Germination refers to the process by which an organism grows from a seed or a spore. The
most common forms of germination include a seed sprouting to form a seedling and the formation
of a sporeling from a spore.

Herbicide

Are substances used to control unwanted plants.

Ink

Ink is a mode that converts handwritten text to an object or image instead of attempting to
convert it to text. This mode is helpful for when you don't want something converted such as a
signature.

Organic

Noting or pertaining to a class of chemical compounds that formerly comprised only those
existing in or derived from plants or animals, but that now includes all other compounds of carbon.

Pen

An instrument for writing or drawing with ink or similar fluid especially a ballpoint pen.

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 References

A. Journals, Thesis and Dissertations

Abanto et al. (2019). The General Acceptability of Dragon Fruit Extract as an Alternative Ink for
Ballpoint Pens - PDFCOFFEE.COM. Pdfcoffee.com; PDFCOFFEE.COM.
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ballpoint-pens-pdf-free.html

Alternative Ink. Academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/4118489/Alternative_Ink

B Geetha, & Judia Sumathy. (2013). Extraction of Natural Dyes from Plants. ResearchGate;
unknown.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329058662_Extraction_of_Natural_Dyes_from_Plants

Caballero. (2016). Plants Extract as an Alternative Ink for Markers. Academia.edu.

https://www.academia.edu/22466483/Plants%20Extract%20as%20an%20Alternative%20Ink%2
0for%20Markers

CHAPTER 1_1 - CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE INTRODUCTION Rationale
The invention of ink for writing led to many innovations for humanity | Course Hero. (2015).
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Chapter II. (2021). Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/document/402140599/Chapter-II

The Feasibility of Moringa Oleifera Free Essay Example. (2016, May 17). StudyMoose.
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Guest. (2021). Chapter II - PDFCOFFEE.COM. Pdfcoffee.com; PDFCOFFEE.COM.

https://pdfcoffee.com/chapter-ii-29-pdf-free.html

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 Lee, S. (n.d.). Crabgrass Frontier Revisited in New York: Through the Lens of 21st-century Data.
Retrieved September 18, 2021, from
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papers/ipums_research_award_version.pdf

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