Process Equipment Design-I (Mechanical aspect)

(CET-305)
Lecture-4
Dr. Mohd Moiz Khan
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Srinagar
Email id: moiziitb@gmail.com
24-08-2022
 Poisson’s Ratio
 The term stress (s) is used to express the loading in terms of force applied to a certain cross-
sectional area of an object. From the perspective of loading, stress is the applied force or
system of forces that tends to deform body.

Poisson’s Ratio:

When a specified segment of metal is loaded in one direction

only, with resulting induced stress and corresponding strain,
strain is also induced in a direction or directions at right
angles to the induced stress.

The green cube is unstrained, the red is expanded in the x

direction by ΔL due to tension, and contracted in the y and z
directions by Δ'L.
 Poisson’s Ratio
Experiments have proved that such axial elongation is related to the corresponding lateral
contraction. The ratio of these two deformation is constant within the elastic limit and is
known as Poisson’s ratio.

𝜀𝑐
µ=
ε𝑒
Where,
𝜀𝑐 = unit lateral contraction
𝜀𝑒 = unit axial elongation

This relationship may be used to calculate the lateral expansion resulting from axial
compression of a material.
Membrane Stresses
Membrane Stresses on Cylindrical shell
Membrane Stresses on Cylindrical shell
 Thermal stress
Stress caused due to the change in temperature

It is measured using feet or meters. The effect of temperature

on conductors is vital. The thermal conductors expand on
heating and contract on cooling.
 Thermal Stress Formula
Consider a thermal conducting rod, on heating, the rod expands. The change in length will be
directly proportional to the amount of heat supplied and the coefficient of thermal expansion.
Thus, we can mathematically write thermal stress as:

Coefficient of thermal expansion defines

the rate at which shape/physical
dimensions of object changes according to
change in temperature. It varies from one
material to another
Applications of Thermal Stress
Thin and Thick cylinder
Thin and Thick cylinder
Stresses in thin cylinder
Stresses in thick cylinder ??
Theories of failure
 Failing factors

Principal or Normal stress

Stress
Shear stress

Strain Principal strain

Maximum strain Energy

Energy
Shear strain Energy
Principal stresses
# The common most theories are:
1. Maximum principal stress theory
2. Maximum principal strain theory
3. Maximum shear stress theory
4. Maximum strain energy theory
5. Maximum shear strain energy theory/Maximum Energy of
Distortion theory
1. Maximum principal stress theory
1. Maximum principal stress theory
 2. Maximum principal strain theory
 The failure of a material or component will occur when the maximum value of principal
strain developed in the body exceeds the limiting value of strain i.e. value of strain
corresponding to the yield point of the material.
 Condition for failure:
 Maximum value of principal strain developed in the body > value of strain corresponding
to the yield point of the material
Ԑ1 > σy/E, Ԑ1 > ԐY.P
 Condition for safe design
 Maximum value of principal strain developed in the body ≤ Permissible strain
3. Maximum shear stress theory
4. Maximum strain energy theory
5. Maximum shear strain energy theory
5. Maximum shear strain energy theory
 Home Assignment # 1

 Limitations of all theories

 Mathematical relations for all theories

 Stresses in thick cylinder

Due date: August 31, 2022