Wpe 1

PHYSICS FOR JEE MAIN
Work, Power
& Energy
For JEE Main
By Pranjal Kumar Bharti
© 2007-2020
Physics for JEE Main

IITian’s Concept Work, Energy and Power www.vidyadrishti.com
Work, Energy and Power Displacement of the particle is given by
This chapter has been divided into six parts:

  
( ) ( ) ( )
r = r2 − r1 = 6iˆ + ˆj − 3kˆ − iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ = 5iˆ − ˆj m
1. Work done by a force in Translation
2. Kinetic Energy and Work – Kinetic Energy Theorem Work done
 
3. Power, Conservative and Non-Conservative forces
4. Potential Energy and Conservation of Mechanical Energy
( )( )
W = F ⋅ r = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 4kˆ ⋅ 5iˆ − ˆj = 10 − 3 = 7 J
5. Motion in a Vertical Circle
6. Equilibrium Example 2
Work done depends on frame of reference
1. Work done by a force in Translation
Q. A block of mass 4kg is lying on the surface of a railroad
Work: When a force F is applied to a particle, and because of
car, which is accelerating with a constant acceleration of 2
the application of this force if there is a displacement or
component of net displacement in the direction of applied m/s2. Find the work done by the force of friction on the
force, then we say that force F do work on that particle. block in 5m journey of the car
a) with respect to the driver of the car and
Work done by a constant force in Translation
 b) with respect to a ground observer.
Work done by a constant force F in translation is given
by either of these formulae: Solution:
 
a) W = F ⋅ r = Fr cos θ
b) W = (force) × (component of displacement along force) a) With respect to driver:
Displacement of block is zero w.r.t. driver, hence
c) W = (displacement) × (component of force along
work done by friction force on block is zero.
displacement)
d) If force and displacement are in same direction then b) With respect to ground observer:
Displacement is 5m and force of friction
W = Fr (as θ = 0° )
fs = ma = 4 × 2 = 8N (along displacement)
e) If force and displacement are in opposite directions then
W = − Fr (as = θ 180° ) ∴ Work done by friction
W= Fr = f s r = 8 × 5 = 40J
Note:
⋅ Work done is a scalar quantity. Example 3
⋅ S. I. unit of work done is joule (J).  
1 J = 1 Nm = 1 kgm2/s2. Application of W = F ⋅ r = Fr cos θ
⋅ Dimensions of work done is  ML2T −2  Q. A block of mass 5.0 kg slides down an incline of
⋅ CGS unit of work done is erg. inclination 37o and length 10 m. Find the work done by
1erg = 1 dyne cm = 1 gcm2/s2 (a) normal reaction, (b) frictional force and (c) the force
⋅ 1 J = 107erg.
=
of gravity. Given µ 0.4
= & g 10m / s 2 .
⋅ Since displacement depends on the frame of reference,
hence work done also depends on the frame of reference. Solution:
FBD of the block
 Trick I: The work done by a constant force is path
N
independent. f
Example 1
r
 
Application of W = F ⋅ r = Fr cos θ mg
 o
( 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 4kˆ ) N
37
Q. A force F = is applied over a particle
which displaces it from point having position vector a) Work done by normal reaction

( ) 
( )
r1 = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ m to the point r2 = 6iˆ + ˆj − 3kˆ m . The As normal reaction N is perpendicular to
work done on the particle in joules is displacement r. Therefore, work done by normal
(a) 10 (b) 7 (c) – 7 (d) 13 reaction = 0.
b) Frictional force
Solution: (b)
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4 Example 4
f µ N= µ mg cos 37=
= ° 0.4 × 5.0 × 10 × = 16 N
5 Work done by gravity
As frictional force f is opposite to displacement r,
therefore work done by frictional force Q. A block of mass m = 2 kg moves from point A to B. Find
the work done by the force of gravity in each case. Given
= − fr = −16 × 10 =−160 J .
=µ 0.4
= & g 10m / s 2 .
c) Work done by the force of gravity
m
N
f A B
10 m
r
53o m
mg
37o B A
Method 1:
a) b)
As the angle between mg and r is 53o (how?),
therefore work done by gravity Solution:
3 a) If a particle of mass m is lowered by a height h, then work
= Fr cos 53= ° mgr cos 53= ° 5.0 × 10 × 10 × = 300 J .
5 done by gravity
Method 2: =mgh =2 × 10 × 10 =200 J
Work done by gravity b) If a particle of mass m is lifted by a height h, then work
= (force) × (component of displacement along force) done by gravity
=− mgh =−2 × 10 × 10 =−200 J
) ( 5.0 ×10 ) × 10 × = 300 J .
3
= ( mg )( r cos 53°=
 5
Method 3: Example 5
Work done by gravity Work done by a constant force
= (displacement) × (component of force along
displacement) Q. A body of mass 6kg is under a force which causes
 3 t2
= r ( mg sin 37° ) = 10 ×  5.0 × 10 ×  = 300 J . displacement in it given by s = where s is in meters
4
 5
and t is time in seconds. The work done by the force in 2
 Trick II:
seconds is
a) If a particle of mass m is lifted by a height h, then work
(a) 12 J (b) 9 J (c) 6 J (d) 3 J
done by gravity = − mgh.
Solution: (d)
b) If a particle of mass m is lowered by a height h, then work
done by gravity = mgh. t2
c) The work done by the force of gravity depends only on As, s =
4
the initial and final positions, not on the path taken.
ds 2t t
Gravitational force is a conservative force (to be studied ∴v = = =
dt 4 2
later).
dv 1
d) The work done by gravity is zero for any path that returns ∴ a= = m / s2
dt 2
to its initial point.
∴ F = ma = 3N
Explanation: Acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ must be t 2 22
constant to use above formulae. Above results are derived Displacement in two seconds is =
s = = 1m
4 4
using the formula: As force and displacement are in same direction,
Work done by a constant force therefore,
= (force) × (component of displacement along force) W= Fs = 3J
Obviously, component of displacement along
Note: This problem can also be solved by using Work-
gravitational force = h (when particle is displaced
Kinetic Energy theorem.
downward) or – h (when particle is displaced upward).
3|Page
Example 6
A
A
Application of W = (force) × (component of displacement B N B
along force) Rsinθ
ma C
v
Q. A smooth track in the form of a quarter circle of radius (pseudo)
mg
6m lies in a vertical plane. A particle moves from A to B Rcosθ R
    O θ
under the action of force F 1 , F 2 and F 3 . Force F 1 is
O
always parallel to line segment AB and is always 20N in

magnitude. Force F 2 always acts vertically and is always
 FBD in the frame of sphere
15N in magnitude. Force F 3 always acts horizontally and
is of magnitude
30N. Find the 6m B Solution:
O
work done by each We have to give answer in the frame of sphere.
force and also find 
 F1 We are going to use the formula:
the work done by 6m F2 Work done by a constant force
the force of  = (force) × (component of displacement along force)
gravity. Mass of F3
a) Work done by gravity with respect to the sphere
the particle is 2 kg = (mg )( AC= ) (mg )( AO − OC= ) (mg )( R − R cos θ )
A
& g = 10m / s 2 . = mgR (1 − cos θ )
b) As normal reaction is always perpendicular to the velocity
Solution: of the particle with respect to the sphere, therefore work
We have to use the formula: done by normal reaction w.r.t. sphere = 0.
Work done by a constant force c) Work done by pseudo force with respect to the sphere
= (force) × (component of displacement along force) = −(ma )( BC ) (why minus sign?)
Displacement of the particle = r = AB = 6 2m . = −maR sin θ

Component of displacement along force F 1 = AB =
6 2m Work done by a variable force in Translation
 
Component of displacement along force F 2 = AO = 6m. a) Work done by a variable force F in translation
 
r 2  
Component of displacement along force F 3 = OB = 6m.
 W ∫ F ⋅dr
=

Therefore, work done by force F 1 r1

= F1 ( AB ) =20 × 6 2 = 120 2 J . where d r = dxi + dy j + dzk
 b) Work done by a variable force in translation when the
Work done by force F 2 = F2 ( AO ) = 15 × 6 = 90 J .
 particle is constrained to move in a straight line (say along
Work done by force F 3 = F2 ( AO ) = 30 × 6 = 180 J . x-axis)
x2
Work done by gravity = −mgh =−2 × 10 × 6 =−120 J .
W= ∫ F dx
x1
x
Example 7 where Fx is the component of force along x-axis.

Work done by a pseudo force Work done is positive if Fx and displacement are in the
same direction and negative if Fx and displacement are in
Q. A smooth sphere of radius R is made to translate in a the opposite direction.
straight line with a constant acceleration a. A particle kept Area of Fx vs. x graph gives work done.
on the top of the sphere is released from there at zero 
c) In case F is given as a function of time t,
velocity with respect to the sphere. Find (a) work done by 
    d r   
gravity, (b) work done by normal reaction and (c) work W = ∫ F ⋅ d r = ∫ F ⋅   dt = ∫ F ⋅ vdt
done by pseudo force with respect to the sphere as a  dt 
function of the angle θ it slides.
4|Page
Work done by spring force (a) aL2 + bL3 (b)
1
2
( aL2 + bL3 )
The work done by spring of spring constant k, if the
bL3 1  aL2 bL3 
=
spring is displaced from x x=
1 to x x2. (c) aL + (d)  + 
x x
3 2 2 3 
2 2
1
∫x Fdx =
W= ∫x −kx dx = 2 k ( x 1 − x 2 )
2 2
Solution: (c)
x2 L
bL3
∫ ( a + bx ) dx =
2 1
∫ Fx dx =
W= aL +
2
1 2 1 2 .
=
 Ws kx 1 − kx 2 x1 0
3
2 2
where x1 = initial compression/elongation of the spring Example 9
and x2 = final compression/elongation of the spring 
r2  
Special case: When spring is initially at normal position. Application of =
W ∫ F ⋅dr

Putting x1 =0 to x2 = x we get r1
Q. A forces acting on a particle moving in the x-y plane is

k ( x 21 − x 2 2 ) =
1 1 
W= − kx 2
2 2 (
given by F = 4 xi + 6 y 2 j + 3kˆ N , where x and y are in )
metres. Find the work done by this force in displacing the
 Trick III: Work done by a force is zero if particle from origin to (1, 2, 0) m.
a) A constant force is perpendicular to displacement. Solution:
Or 
Work done by a variable force F in translation
b) Point of application of force does not move. 
r 2  
For example, if you apply a force on the wall then work W ∫ F ⋅dr
=

done by your force is zero as point of application of force r1

does not move. where d r = dxi + dy j + dzk
Or    
c) Force is perpendicular to velocity at each instant
 
(
Given F = 4 xi + 6 y 2 j + 3kˆ N , r=
1 0, r2= ) ( iˆ + 2 ˆj ) m
(
using W= ∫ F ⋅ vdt ) 
 

∫ F ⋅ d r = ∫ ( 4 xi + 6 y )( )
r2 r2
∴W = 2 j + 3kˆ ⋅ dxi + dy j + dzkˆ
Example 1: A particle is moving on a track as shown.  
r1 r1

Normal reaction is perpendicular to velocity at each r2 1 2
⇒ W= ∫ ( 4 xdx + 6 y dy=) 4∫ xdx + 6∫ y dy
2 2
instant. Therefore, work done by normal is zero.

r1 0 0
N 1 2
x  y  2 3
⇒ W =4   + 6   =2 + 16 =18 J
v  2 0  3 0
Example 10
Work done by spring force
Example 2: A stone is whirled in a circle Q. A spring of spring constant 5 × 103 N/m is stretched
with the help of a string as shown. v initially by 5cm from the unstretched position. Then the
Tension is perpendicular to velocity at work required to stretch it further by another 5cm is
each instant. Therefore, work done by T (a) 12.50 N-m (b) 18.75 N-m
tension is zero. (c) 25.00 N-m (d) 6.25 N-m
Solution: (b)
Example 8 k = 5 × 103 N/m
Work done by a variable force in one dimension Initial elongation=
x1 5= cm 0.05m,
Q. When a rubber-band is stretched by a distance x, it exerts ( 5 5) cm =
Final elongation x2 =+ 10cm =
0.1m
restoring force of magnitude F= a + bx 2 where a and b
k ( x12 − x22 ) = × 5 × 103 ( 0.1) − ( 0.05 )  = 18.75 Nm
1 1
∴W =
2 2
are constants. The work done in stretching the unstretched 2 2  

rubber-band by L is
5|Page
Example 11 Example 13
Work done by spring force Work done by a variable force
Q. Two equal masses are attached to the two ends of a spring Q. The work done on a particle of mass m by a force,
of spring constant k. The masses are pulled out
 
symmetrically to stretch the spring by a length x over its 
 xi y j 
natural length. The work done by the spring on each mass = F K
 2
+ 3 
 ( x + y ) ( x + y ) 
3
2 2 2 2 2
is
1 1 1 1 (K being a constant of appropriate dimensions), when the
(a) kx 2 (b) − kx 2 (c) kx 2 (d) − kx 2
2 2 4 4 particle is taken from the point (a, 0) to the point (0, a)
Solution: (d) along a circular path of radius a about the origin in the x-y
As the spring is initially in its natural length, therefore, plane is
1 2kπ kπ kπ
total work done by spring is W = − kx 2 . (a) (b) (c) (d) zero
2 a a 2a
As the masses are pulled out symmetrically to stretch the
spring, therefore the work done by the spring on each Solution: (d)
1
mass is half of total work done i.e., − kx 2 Equation of the circular path is
4 x2 + y 2 = a2 ...(i)
Example 12 Given force can be rewritten as
     
Work done by a variable force  xi y j = K  xi + y j 
F= K  +
 2
 ( x + y ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2   ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 
3 3 3
2 2
Q. If the block in the figure is
pulled by a force of constant O B   
 xi + y j 
magnitude F which is always F ⇒F= K (using (i))
 2 32 
tangential to the surface then,  (a ) 
F  
the work done by this force 
F   r 
between A and B is ⇒F= K  3  ...(ii)
(a) FπR (b) 2FR A a 

π where r= xi + y j is the position vector of a point P on the
(c) FR (d)FR
2 circular path.

Solution: (c) Clearly, r is
perpendicular to the y
Consider an infinitesimal small  
displacement dr. Clearly dr is O B velocity v of the particle. (0, a) v
  P
parallel to F. Therefore work Also F is along r (from 
r
done force F in small F equation (ii)), therefore (a, 0)
displacement dr is  O
  dr F is always x
dW = F ⋅ d r= Fdr cos 0°= Fdr perpendicular to the
Hence work done this force in A 
velocity v of the particle.
displacing particle from A to B
Therefore, work done by
is 
F is zero.
=W ∫= = F ∫ dr
dW ∫ Fdr
πR
= =
As ∫ dr distance AB
2
πR
∴W= F ∫ dr
= F
2
6|Page
DPP 1 12. Two springs which have spring constants 3k and 6k
Work done by a Force in Translation respectively are connected in series. The system of two
 springs is stretched by x. Find the work done by external
1. A particle moves from a point = r1 (2 m)i + (3 m) j to agent in the process.

=
another point r2 (3 m)i + (2 m) j during which a certain 13. A smooth track in the form of a quarter circle of radius
 7m lies in a vertical plane. A particle moves from A to B
=
force F (5 N)i + (5 N) j acts on it. Find the work done    
under the action of force F 1 , F 2 and F 3 . Force F 1 is
by the force on the particle during the displacement.
always parallel to line segment AB and is always 10N in
2. A block is moving down a smooth hill. Find the work 
done by normal force. magnitude. Force F 2 always acts along tangent and is

3. A particle is tied to a string and it is made to rotate in a always 10N in magnitude. Force F 3 always acts
circular arc. Find the work done by tension on the
horizontally and is
particle.
of magnitude 20N. O 7m B
4. A man moves on a straight horizontal road with a block of
Find the work done
mass 2 kg in his hand. If he covers a distance of 40 m 
by each force and
with an acceleration of 0.5 m/s2, find the work done by F1
also find the work 7m 
the man on the block during the motion. F2
done by the force of 
5. A block of mass 5.0 kg slides down an incline of
gravity. Mass of the F3
inclination 30o and length 10 m. Find the work done by
particle is 1 kg
the force of gravity and normal reaction. A
& g = 10m / s 2 .
6. A block of mass 250 g slides down an incline of
inclination 37o with a uniform speed. Find the work done 14. A block of mass 2.0 kg is pushed down an inclined plane
against the friction (i.e., negative of work done by of inclination 37o with a force of 20 N acting parallel to
friction) as the block slides through 1.0 m. the incline. It is found that the block moves on the incline
7. A force F = a + bx acts on a particle in the x direction with an acceleration of 10 m/s2. If the block started from
where a and b are constants. Find the work done by this rest, find the work done
force during a displacement from x = 0 to x = d. a) by the applied force in the first second,
8. Consider a variable force =
F ( 3x + 5) N acting on a body b) by the gravity in the first second and
c) by the frictional force acting on the block in the first
and if it is displaced from x = 2 m to x = 4m, calculate the second. Take g = 10 ms2.
work done by this force.
9. A forces acting on a particle moving in the x-y plane is Objective Type Questions

given by= F ( )
4 xi + 6 y 2 j N , where x and y are in metres.  
(
 
)
15. A force F = 5i + 3 j + 2k N is applied over a particle
Find the work done by this force in displacing the particle
which displaces it from its origin to the point
from origin to (1, 2) m.   
10. A forces acting on a particle moving in the x-y plane is r ( 2i − j ) m . The work done on the particle in joules is
=

given by =F ( )
2i − 3 y 2 j N , where x and y are in metres. (b) +10 (b) +7 (c) −7 (d) +13
16. A body of mass 10 kg is dropped to the ground from a
Find the work done by this force in displacing the particle height of 10 metres. The work done by the gravitational
from (1,1) m to (1, −1) m. force is
11. A force varies the
F (N) (a) – 490 J (b) 490 J (c) – 980 J (d) 980 J
position as shown in the 17. An elastic string of unstreched length l and force constant
figure. Find the work k is stretched by a small amount x. It is further stretched
done by it from 10 by another small length y. What is the work done in
(a) x = −4 to + 4m −4 −2 x (m) second stretching?
(b)=x 0 to − 2 m 2 4
(a)
(
k y 2 − x2 ) (b)
ky ( 2 x + y )
2 2
−10
(c)
1 2
2
ky (d)
1
2
(
k x2 + y 2 )
7|Page
18. The natural length of spring is 0.3 m and its spring 2kπ kπ kπ
constant is 30 N/m. How much work is done by the (a) (b) (c) (d) zero
a a 2a
applied external force to stretch the spring from 0.1 to 0.2
m? 23. A force act on a 2kg object so that its position is given as
(a) 0.68 J (b) 0.45 J (c) 0.55 J (d) 0.70 J a function of time as = x 3t 2 + 5 . What is the work done
19. Figure shows the force F vs. displacement x graph of a by this force in first 5 seconds?
body along a straight line path. Given that F is in newton (a) 850J (b) 950J (c) 875J (d) 900J
and x in metre, what is the 24. A block of mass m is kept on a platform which starts from
F
work done ? g
10
rest with constant acceleration upwards, as shown in
(a) 10 J 2
5 figure. Work done by normal reaction on block in time t is
(b) 20 J 0
1 2 3 4
x
(c) 30 J –5 a=
g
m 2
(d) 40 J –10
mg 2 t 2 3mg 2 t 2 mg 2 t 2
20. A smooth track in the (a) (b) 0 (c) (d) −
8 8 8
form of a quarter circle of B
O 25. A small block of mass m is kept on a rough inclined
6
radius m lies in a surface of inclination θ fixed in an elevator. The elevator
π 
F goes up with a uniform velocity v and the block does not
vertical plane. A particle slide on the wedge. The work done by the force of friction
moves from A to B under on the block in time t will be

the action of force F (a) Zero (b) mgvt cos2θ (c) mgvt sin2θ (d) mgvt sin 2θ
which always acts along A 26. When a rubber-band is stretched by a distance x, it exerts
tangent and magnitude of restoring force of magnitude F= ax + bx 2 where a and b
force depends on distance travelled s as F= 12 − 4 s . The are constants. The work done in stretching the unstretched
work done by this force is rubber-band by L is
a) zero b) 10 J c) 12 J d) 18 J
(b) ( aL2 + bL3 )
1
(a) aL2 + bL3
21. A particle is moved from ( 0, 0 ) to ( a, a ) under a force 2

( )
F 3i + 4 j from two paths. Path 1 is OA and 2 is
= (c)
aL2 bL3
+
1  aL2 bL3 
 (d) + 
2 3 2 2 3 
OBA. Let W1 and W2 be the work done by this force in
27. Velocity-time graph for a body of mass 10 kg is shown in
these two paths. Then y
A ( a, a )
figure. Work-done on the
(a) W1 = W2 v (m/s)
body in first two seconds of
(b) W1 = 2W2 the motion is
50 m/s
(c) W2 = 2W1 (a) −9300 J

(d) W2 = 4W1 (b) 12000 J
45° (c) −4500 J
B x (0,0) 10 s t(s)
(d) −12000 J
22. The work done on a particle of mass m by a force, 28. *A force F = kx3 is acting on a block moving along
  x − axis. Here, k is a positive constant. Work done by this
 xi y j
=F 2K  +  force is
 2 5 
 ( x + y ) ( x + y )  = x 3=
5
2 2 2 2 2 a) Positive if displacing the block from to x 1.
b) Positive in displacing the block from
(K being a constant of appropriate dimensions), when the
x= −1 to x = −3.
particle is taken from the point (0, a) to the point (a, 0)
along a circular path of radius a about the origin in the x-y c) Negative in displacing the block from x = 3 to x = 1.
plane is d) Negative in displacing the block from
x= −1 to x = −3.
8|Page
29. *A particle is acted upon by a force of constant magnitude 2. Kinetic Energy and Work-Kinetic Energy
which is always perpendicular to the velocity of the Theorem
particle. The motion of the particle takes place in a plane.
Energy: The ability to do work is called energy. S. I. unit of
If follows that
energy is J.
(a) its velocity is constant
(b) its acceleration is constant Kinetic Energy: Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its
(c) its kinetic energy is constant motion is known as kinetic energy. If a particle of mass m is
(d) it moves in a circular path. moving with speed v, then its kinetic energy is given by
30. *No work is done by a force on an object if
(a) the force is always perpendicular to its velocity 1 2 1  
=
K =
mv mv ⋅ v
(b) the force is always perpendicular to its acceleration 2 2
(c) the object is stationary but the point of application of 
where v = v = magnitude of velocity i.e., speed
the force moves on the object
(d) the object moves in such a way that the point of Note:
application of the force remains fixed. a) This formula is applicable when v << c (speed of light
in vacuum).
Answers b) Kinetic energy depends on frame of reference.
c) This formula is also applicable for a body in translation
1. zero if v << c. This formula is not applicable in rotation and
2. zero combined motion.
3. zero d) Just for information: If v is comparable to c then
according to Einstein theory of relativity
4. 40J
mc 2
5. 245 J, zero E= − mc 2
6. 1.5 J 1 − (v / c )
2 2
bd 2
7. ad + Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem (W-KE Theorem)
2
8. . It states that work done by all the forces acting on a system is
9. . equal to the change in the kinetic energy of the system.
10. .
W= K 2 − K1
11. (a) 30 J (b) −10 J all
12. kx 2 where Wall = work done by all forces (including internal forces
13. . on the system),
14. (a) 100 J, (b) 60 J, (c) – 60 J. K1 = initial KE of the system
15. b
K 2 = final KE of the system
16. b
17. b Note:
18. b a) In W-KE theorem, work done by all forces means work
19. a done by external forces, internal forces and pseudo force
20. d (in non-inertial frame).
21. a b) W-KE theorem is applicable in translation as well as in
22. d rotation.
23. d c) W-KE theorem is applicable in inertial frame as well as in
24. c non-inertial frame of reference.
25. c d) W-KE theorem is one of the most powerful theorems in
26. c mechanics.
27. c e) W-KE is basically law of conservation of energy. It also
28. b, c states that work and energy are interconvertible.
29. c, d
30. a, c, d  If you are considering a single particle then work done by
internal forces is meaningless. We need to calculate work
9|Page
done by external forces & pseudo force (in non-inertial  Trick IV: Work done in lifting a particle
frame of reference).
Work done by a man (or external agent) in lifting a particle of
 If you are considering a system of particles or bodies or
mass m by a height h is mgh provided g remains constant. If
both then you must have to calculate work by internal
nothing is mentioned in the question assume man is lifting the
forces apart with work done by external forces & pseudo
particle with a constant speed.
force (in non-inertial frame of reference).
Explanation: Think about lifting a laptop: gravity exerts a
Common Misconception: Generally students don’t force mg downward, but you exert a force mg upward. Of
calculate work done by internal forces when using W-KE course, you can apply even greater force – then the laptop
theorem for a system of particles or bodies or both. They would accelerate, and part of your effort would be wasted
think internal forces cancel out in pairs and hence work generating kinetic energy. What we are interested in here is
done internal forces must be zero. But this is wrong. Let the minimum force you must exert to do the job.
us see one example. It means when you lift an object you lift it slowly i.e., with
Consider two oppositely charged particles which are constant speed so that change in KE energy is zero. Now using
released from rest on a frictionless smooth surface. W-KE theorem
Clearly initial KE of the system K1 = 0. W= K 2 − K1
all
+q1 −q2 ⇒ Wg + W
= 0 =
(W work done by external agent)
ext ext
m1 m2
⇒ −mgh + Wext =0
⇒ Wext =
mgh
At t=0, particles are at rest
Example 14
Kinetic Energy in different frame of reference
+q1 v1 v2 −q2
m1 m2 Q. A man is seating in a train moving with a velocity

At t=t, particles are moving towards each other
( )
v 3i + 4 j m / s . He has a ball of mass m = 200 g in his
=
hand. Find the KE of the ball w.r.t. (a) a man standing on
Now they attract each other and their speeds start the ground (b) man seating in the train.
increasing. At a later stage suppose their speeds are v1 and Solution:
1 1 Mass of the ball = m = 200 g = 0.2 kg
v2. Final KE of the system is= K2 m1v12 + m2 v2 2 .
2 2 (a) W.r.t. a man standing on the ground

Forces acting on this system in ground frame are force of ( )
v 3i + 4 j m / s
Velocity of ball = velocity of train = =
gravity (external), normal reactions (external) and
Therefore, KE in this frame is
electrostatic force (internal). Work done by gravity (Wg)
1   1
and normal reactions (WN) on this system is zero as these
forces are perpendicular to displacements. Now let us use
1
2 2 2
( )(
K = mv 2 = mv ⋅ v = × 0.2 × 3i + 4 j ⋅ 3i + 4 j )
W-KE theorem for this system of particles. ⇒K= 2.5 J
W= K 2 − K1 (b) W.r.t. a man seating in the train
all
Ball is at rest w.r.t. train
1 1 2
⇒ Wg + WN + W=elec  m1v1 + m2 v2  − 0
2
Therefore, KE in this frame is
2 2  1 2
1 1 = K = mv 0
⇒ Welec= m1v12 + m2 v2 2 ...(i) 2
2 2 Example 15
Now if a student ignores work done by electrostatic Estimation of KE
force (internal force) he will arrive at Q. An athlete in the Olympic game covers a distance of 200
1 1 m in 20 s. His kinetic energy can be estimated to be in the
=0 m1v12 + m2 v2 2 instead of equation (i) which is
2 2 range
obviously wrong. a) 200J – 500J b) 2 × 105 J - 3 × 105 J
c) 20,000J – 50,000J d) 2,000J – 5,000J
Solution: (d)
10 | P a g e
200 Example 18
The average speed of the athlete=v = 10m / s W-KE Theorem Graph based question
20
Now we have to estimate the KE of the athletes. Mass of Q. Velocity –time graph of a
the athlete is not given. Mass of the athelete can be taken v (m/s)
particle of mass 2kg
20
in the range of 40 to 100kg. moving in a straight line
1 is as shown in figure.
 K = mv 2
2 Find the work done by all
1 the forces acting on the t (s)
If mass is 40 kg then, K = × 40 × 102 =2000 J 2
2 particle.
1
If mass is 100 kg then, K = × 100 × 102 =5000 J Solution:
2
It is clear from graph that initial velocity at t = 0 is u = 20
Example 16 m/s and final velocity at t =2 s is v = 0. Now, using W-KE
W-KE Theorem theorem
Wall =m ( v 2 − u 2 ) =× 2 ( 02 − 202 ) =
1 1
Q. A particle is acted upon by a force of constant magnitude −400 J
2 2
which is always perpendicular to the velocity of the
particle, the motion of the particles takes place in a plane. Example 19
It follows that Work done in lifting a particle
(a) Its kinetic energy is constant
Q. A man a lifts a book of mass 1kg from the table at a
(b) Its acceleration is constant
height of 1m and keep it in a bookshelf at a height 2m.
(c) Its velocity is constant
Find the work done by the person.
(d) It moves in a straight line
Solution:
Solution: (a)
Work done by a man (or external agent) in lifting a
Since force is acting in a direction perpendicular to
particle of mass m by a height h is mgh.
velocity, therefore work done by this force is zero. As
there is only one force acting on the particle, therefore Here m = 1kg, h = 1m (how?).
using W-KE theorem
∴ work done by man = mgh = 1× 9.8 × 1 = 9.8 N
W= all K 2 − K1 ⇒ 0 = K 2 − K1 ⇒ K1 = K 2
KE remains constant. Example 20
Work done in lifting a particle with acceleration
Example 17
W-KE Theorem Q. A man lifts a block of mass m = 20 kg with an
Q. A particle of mass 200g is thrown vertically upwards with acceleration a = 2 m/s . Find work done by man during
2
a speed of 5m/s. The work done by the force of gravity the first one and a half second from the beginning of
during the time the particle goes up is motion.
(a) −2.5J (b) −1.25J (c) 1.25J (d) 0.5J Solution:
Solution: (a) Speed of the block in the first one and a half second from
Given, m = 200g = 0.2 kg, u = 5m/s and v = 0 (at highest the beginning of motion is
point speed is zero). v = u + at = 0 + 2 × 1.5 = 3m / s
As the force of gravity is the only force acting on the Ann, distance travelled
particle, therefore using W-KE theorem 1 2
h =+ut at = 2.25m
1 1 2
Wg = K 2 − K1 = mv 2 − mu 2
2 2 Forces acting on the block are weight mg (downward) and
1 force F applied by man (upward). Now, using W-KE
⇒ Wg =0 − × 0.2 × 52 =−2.5 J
2 theorem, we get
Note: Without calculating height h, and without using 1 1
Wall = K 2 − K1 ⇒ Wg + WF = mv 2 − mu 2
Wg = −mgh , we have calculated work done by gravity 2 2
using W-KE theorem. 1
⇒ − mgh + WF = × 20 × 32 − 0
2
11 | P a g e
⇒ −2 × 9.8 × 2.25 + WF =90 ⇒ −44.1 + WF =90 Solution:
⇒ WF =
134.1J Let the block reaches point C and stops. Let distance BC
= d. Given initial speed and final speeds of the block = 0,
Example 21 =i.e., u 0= and v 0 .
Beautiness of W-KE Theorem Three forces are acting on the block: frictional force (in
BC), gravity and normal reaction.
31. A block of mass 2 kg is placed at the point A of a rough
Work done by frictional force in displacement d (on BC)
track shown in figure. If slightly pushed towards right, it
is
stops at the point B of the track. Calculate the work done
Wf = − fd = − µ mgd
by the frictional force on the block during its transit from
A to B. Work done by gravity is Wg = mgh
A Work done by normal reaction are zero i.e., WN = 0
Now, using W-KE theorem, we get
B W=
all K 2 − K1
1 2 1
1.0 m ⇒ W f + Wg + WN= mv − mu 2
0.8 m 2 2
⇒ − µ mgd + mgh + 0 =0
h 0.4
⇒d = = = 0.2m = 20cm
µ 2
Solution:
Given initial speed and final speeds of the block = 0, i.e., Example 23
= u 0= and v 0 . W-KE Theorem
Three forces are acting on the block: frictional force,
Q. A particle moves in a straight line with retardation
gravity and normal reaction.
proportional to its displacement. Its loss of kinetic energy
Work done by gravity is
for any displacement x is proportional to
Wg = mgh = 2 × 9.8 × (1 − 0.8 ) = 3.92 J
(a) x (b) e x (c) x 2 (d) log e x
Work done by normal reaction are zero i.e., WN = 0
Solution: (c)
Now, using W-KE theorem, we get Given, retardation ∝ displacement i.e., a = −kx
1 1 ∴F = ma = − mkx
Wall = K 2 − K1 ⇒ W f + Wg + WN = mv 2 − mu 2
2 2 As the force is variable, therefore work done by this force
⇒ W f + 3.92 + 0 = 0 − 0 in a displacement x is
⇒ W f = −3.92 J ≈ −4 J 2 x x
x2
Note: In this question neither coefficient of friction is ∫x Fdx =
W= − ∫ mkxdx =
0
−mk .
2
1
given nor the track is plane. Still we are able to calculate As there is only one force acting on the particle, therefore
work done by frictional force using W-KE theorem. This using W-KE theorem
is the beautiness of W-KE theorem. W-KE theorem is
W=all K 2 − K1
one of the most powerful theorems in mechanics.
x2
⇒ − mk = K 2 − K1
Example 22 2
W-KE Theorem x2
⇒ K1 − K 2 =
mk
Q. A small block weighing 10 N travels down a smooth 2
curved track AB joined to a rough ∴ Loss in kinetic energy ∝ x 2
horizontal surface. The rough A Example 24
surface has a friction coefficient of
W-KE Theorem
0.40 with the block. If the block
B C
starts slipping on the track from a Q. A time dependent force F = 6t acts on a particle of mass
point 2.0 m above the horizontal surface, how far will it 1 kg. If the particle starts from rest, the work done by the
move on the rough surface? force during the first 1 s will be
12 | P a g e
(a) 9J (b) 18 J (c) 4.5 J (d) 22 J Example 26
Solution: (c) W-KE Theorem
Let speed of the particle at t = 1s be v.
A. A 2 kg block slides on a horizontal floor with a speed of
Given F = 6t
4m/s. It strikes an uncompressed spring, and compresses
⇒=
ma 6t (
= F ma ) it till the block is motionless. The kinetic friction force is
dv  dv  15N and spring constant is 10,000 N/m. The spring
⇒ m = 6t =
a 
dt  dt  compresses by
v 1 (a) 8.5 cm (b) 5.5 cm (c) 2.5 cm (d) 11.0 cm
⇒m
= ∫ dv [ t
∫ 6tdt = 1 sec given ] Solution: (b)
0 0
Let the block compress the spring by x before stopping.
⇒ mv =
3
Four forces are acting on the block: spring force,
=⇒ v 3m =
/s [  m 1kg given] frictional force, gravity and normal reaction.
As there is only one force acting on the particle, therefore Work done by spring force,
using W-KE theorem 1 1
Ws =− kx 2 =− × 10000 x 2 =−5000 x 2
1 1 2 2
W = K 2 − K1 = mv 2 − mu 2
2 2 Work done by frictional force in displacement x is
1 Wf = − fx =−15 x
⇒ W = × 1× 32 − 0
2
Work done by gravity and normal reaction are zero i.e.,
⇒W = 4.5 J
=Wg 0= & WN 0
Example 25 Now, using W-KE theorem, we get
W-KE Theorem W=
all K 2 − K1
Q. A body of mass m = 10−1 kg is moving in a medium and 1 2 1
⇒ Ws + W f + Wg + WN= mv − mu 2
experiences a frictional force F = −kv 2 . Its initial speed 2 2
1
1
is v0 = 10 m / s . If after 10 s , its energy is mv02 , the ⇒ −5000 x 2 − 15 x + 0 + 0 = 0 − × 2 × 42
8 2
value of k will be [given
= m 2= kg , u 4m= / s, v 0 ]
(a) 10−4 kg m −1 (b) 10−1 kg m −1 s −1 ⇒ 5000 x 2 + 15 x − 16 =

0
−15 ± (15) − 4 × ( 5000 ) × ( −16 )

2
(c) 10−3 kg m −1 (d) 10−3 kg s −1
∴x=
Solution: (c) 2 × 5000
Let v is the final speed of the body. ⇒
= x 0.055= m 5.5cm
According to question, (neglecting negative value of x)
1 2 1 2 v
mv = mv0 ⇒ v = 0 = 5 m / s DPP 2
2 8 2
Kinetic Energy and Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
dv
F=
−kv 2 ⇒ ma =
−kv 2 ⇒ m =
−kv 2
dt 1. A particle of mass 10kg is moving with velocity

( )
v = 3i + 2 j + 4k m / s . What will be its kinetic energy?
5 10
dv
⇒ m∫ − ∫ kdt
=
10
v2 0
2. A block of mass 30.0 kg is being brought down by a
5
 1 chain. If the block acquires a speed of 40.0 cm/s in
⇒ m −  = −10k ∴
 v 10 dropping down 2.00 m, find the work done by the chain
 1  1  during the process,
⇒ 10−1  − −=
 
(
 −   10k= m 10−1 kg ) 3. A particle of mass m moves on a straight line with its
 5 10
−3
velocity varying with the distance travelled according to
⇒k= 10 kg / m
the equation v = kx 2 , where k is a constant. Find the total
work done by all the forces during a displacement from x
= 0 to x = d.
13 | P a g e
4. A 250 g block slides on a rough horizontal table. Find the
work done by the frictional force in bringing the block to
rest if it is initially moving at a speed of 40 cm/s. If the
friction coefficient between the table and the block is 0.1,
how far does the block move before coming to rest?
5. A block of mass 1 kg is placed at the point A of a rough 10. A small block of mass 200 g is kept at the top of a
track shown in figure. If slightly pushed towards right, it frictionless incline which is 10 m long and 3.2 m high.
stops at the point B of the track. Calculate the work done How much work was required
by the frictional force on the block during its transit from (a) to lift the block from the ground and put it at the top,
A to B. (b) to slide the block up the incline?
A What will be the speed of the block when it reaches
the ground if
B (c) it falls off the incline and drops vertically on the
ground
2.0 m (d) it slides down the incline? Take g = 10 m/s2.
1.8 m 11. The kinetic energy of a particle moving along a circle of
radius R depends on the distance covered as K = as2,
where a is a constant. Find the force acting on the particle
6. A block weighing 10 N travels down a smooth curved
as a function of s.
track AB joined to a rough
12. Figure shows a spring fixed at the bottom end of an
horizontal surface. The rough A incline of inclination 37o. A small block of mass 2 kg
surface has a friction coefficient of
starts slipping down the incline from a point 4.8 m away
0.50 with the block. If the block
B from the spring. The block compresses the spring by 20
starts slipping on the track from a
cm, stops momentarily and then rebounds through a
point 4.0 m above the horizontal surface, how far will it
distance of 1 m up the
move on the rough surface?
incline. Find
7. A block of mass 100 g is moved with a speed of 5.0 m/s
(a) the friction
at the highest point in a closed circular tube of radius 10
coefficient between
cm kept in a vertical plane. The cross-section of the tube
the plane and the
is such that the block just fits in it. The block makes
block and
several oscillations inside the tube and finally stops at the 37o
(b) the spring constant of
lowest point. Find the work done by the tube on the block
the spring. Take g = 10 m/s2.
during the process.
13. A block of weight 100 N is slowly slid up on a smooth
8. As shown in the figure a person is pulling a mass ' m '
incline of inclination 37o by a person. Calculate the work
from ground on a fixed rough hemispherical surface upto
done by the person in moving the block through a
the top of the hemisphere with the help of a light
distance of 2.0 m, if the driving force is
inextensible string. Find the
(a) parallel to the incline and
work done by tension in the
(b) in the horizontal direction.
string if radius of hemisphere
14. A smooth sphere of radius R is made to translate in a
is R and friction coefficient
straight line with a constant acceleration a. A particle kept
is m. Assume that the block is pulled with negligible
on the top of the sphere is released from there at zero
velocity.
velocity with respect to the sphere. Find the speed of the
9. A 1 kg block situated on a rough inclined plane is
particle with respect to the sphere as a function of the
connected to a spring of spring constant 100 N m–1 as angle θ it slides.
shown. The block is released from rest with the spring in 15. A block of mass 2.0 kg kept at rest on an inclined plane of
the unstretched position. The block moves 10 cm down inclination 37o is pulled up the plane by applying a
the incline before coming to rest. Find the coefficient of constant force of 20 N parallel to the incline. The force
friction between the block and the incline assume that the acts for one second.
spring has negligible mass and the pulley is frictionless. (a) Show that the work done by the applied force does not
Take g = 10 ms–2. exceed 40 J
14 | P a g e
(b) Find the work done by the force of gravity in that one d) −2.14FR
second if the work done by the applied force is 40 J.
21. A smooth track in the form of a quarter circle of radius
(c) Find the kinetic energy of the block at the instant the
6m lies in a vertical plane. A particle moves from A to B
force cases to act. Take g = 10 m/s2.    
16. In the figure the variation of components of acceleration under the action of force F 1 , F 2 and F 3 . Force F 1 is
of a particle of mass 1 kg is shown w.r.t. time. The initial always parallel to line segment AB and is always 20N in
 
velocity of the particle is u =− ( 3 iˆ + 4 ˆj ) m/s. The total magnitude. Force F 2 always acts vertically and is always

work done by the resultant force on the particle in time 15N in magnitude. Force F 3 always acts horizontally and
interval from t = 0 to t = 4 seconds is :
is of magnitude 30N. Mass of the particle is 2 kg and take
g = 10m / s 2 . If the
O 6m B
block starts from
rest from A then its 
KE at B is  F1
6m F2
a) 100 J
b) 150 J

17. A toy car of mass 5 kg moves up a ramp under the F3
influence of force F plotted against displacement x. The c) 200 J
maximum height attained ymax is d) zero A
22. A particle of mass m
moves from the point A (0, a) to the point B(a, 0) along a
smooth vertical circular path of radius a about the origin
ymax
in the x-y plane (vertical plane) by a force
x=0 x=11m
 
(a) 20 m (b) 15 m (c) 5 m (d) 11 m
 xi y j 
= F K +
 2 3 
 ( x + y ) ( x + y ) 
3
18. A body of mass m was slowly hauled up the hill by a 2 2 2 2 2
force F which at each point was

(K being a constant of appropriate dimensions). y axis is
directed along a tangent to the
along vertical upward direction and initial speed of the
trajectory. Find the work performed
particle at A is zero. The speed of the particle at B is
by this force, if the height of the
hill is h, the length of its base l, and 2kπ 2ga
(a) (b) (c) 2ga (d) zero
the coefficient of friction μ. a k
Objective Type Questions 23. A particle which is experiencing a force, given by

    
19. The total work done on a particle is equal to the change in F= 3i − 12 j , undergoes a displacement d = 4i . If the
its kinetic energy particle has a kinetic energy of 3J at the beginning of the
(a) always displacement, what is its kinetic energy at the end of the
(b) only if the forces acting on it are conservative displacement?
(c) only if gravitational force alone acts on it (a) 9J (b) 12J (c) 10J (d) 15J
(d) only if elastic alone on it. 24. A particle moves in one dimension from rest under the
20. A small block of is pulled by a force of constant influence of a force that varies with the distance travelled
magnitude F which is always tangential to the surface by the particle as shown in the figure. The kinetic energy
along a smooth vertical circular track of radius R. Block is of the particle after it has
3
initially at rest at point A. travelled 3m is
Weight of the lock is equal to O B (a) 2.5 J
2
F 1
F. Then, the kinetic energy of (b) 6.5 J
1 2 3
the block at B is (c) 5 J Distance (in m)
F
a) 0.57FR F (d) 4 J
b) 0.57FR
c) 2.14FR A
15 | P a g e
25. A body of mass m starts moving from rest along x-axis so pulled by a constant force F. The kinetic energy of the
that its velocity varies as v = a s where a is a constant block increases by 20 J in 1 s.
and s is the distance covered by the body. The total work (a) The tension in the string is Mg.
done by all the forces acting on the body in the first t (b) The tension in the string is F.
seconds after the start of the motion is (c) The work done by the tension on the block is 20 J in
1 the above 1 s.
1
(a) ma 4 t 2 (b) 4ma 4 t 2 (c) ma 4 t 2 (d) 8ma 4 t 2 (d) The work done by the force of gravity is −20 J in the
4 8
above 1 s.
26. A point particle of mass m, moves along the uniformly
rough track PQR as shown in figure. The coefficient of
Answers
friction, between the particle and the rough track equals
µ . The particle is released, from rest, from the point P 1. 290 J
2. −586 J
and it comes to rest at a point R. The energies, lost by the
ball, over the parts, PQ and QR, of the track , are equal to mk 2 d 4
3.
each other, and no energy is lost when particle changes 2
direction from PQ to QR. The values of the coefficient of 4. −0.02 J, 8.2 cm
friction µ and the 5. −2 J
P
6. 8.0 m
distance x ( = QR ) , are
7. −1.45 J
respectively close to : h=2m 8. W = (m + 1) mgR
(a) 0.2 and 6.5 m 9. 0.13
(b) 0.2 and 3.5 m 300 R
10. (a) 6.4 J (b) 6.4 J (c) 8.0 m/s (d) 8.0 m/s
(c) 0.29 and 3.5 m Q
Horizontal surface 2
s
(d) 0.29 and 6.5 m 11. 2as 1 +  
27. *Consider two observers moving with respect to each R
other at a speed v along a straight line. They observe a 12. (a) 0.5 (b) 1000 N/m
block of mass m moving a distance l on a rough surface. 13. (a) 120 J (b)120 J
14.  2 R ( a sin θ + g (1 − cos θ ) ) 
1/ 2
The following quantities will be same as observed by the
two observers
(a) kinetic energy of the block at time t 15. (b) – 24 J (c) 16 J
(b) work done by friction 16. 10 J
(c) total work done on the block 17. d
(d) acceleration of the block 18. mg ( h + µ l )
28. *You lift a suitcase from the floor and keep it on table. 19. a
The work done by you on the suitcase does not depend on 20. a
(a) the path taken by the suitcase 21. b
(b) the time taken by you in doing so 22. c
(c) the weight of the suitcase 23. d
(d) your weight. 24. b
29. *The kinetic energy of a particle continuously increases 25. c
with time. 26. c
(a) The resultant force on the particle must be parallel to 27. d
the velocity at all instants. 28. a, b, d
(b) The resultant force on the particle must be at an angle 29. b, d
less than 90o all the time. 30. b
(c) Its height above the ground level must continuously
decrease.
(d) The magnitude of its linear momentum is increasing
continuously.
30. *A block of mass M is hanging over a smooth and light
pulley through a light string. The other end of the string is
16 | P a g e
3. Power, Conservative Forces & Non- ∴ Average power =
P
W 20
= = 40W
conservative Forces t 0.5
3(a) Power
Power of a body is the rate at which it can do the work. Example 28
Power & Projectile Motion
work done ∆W
Average Power = ⇒ ∆P =
time ∆t A projectile of mass m is projected with speed u at an
We can use this formula for constant power. angle θ with the horizontal. Find (a) average power
dW   delivered by gravity during flight, (b) power delivered by
Power (instantaneous power) = P= = F ⋅v
dt gravity at maximum height and (c) power delivered by
Note: 2u sin θ
gravity at time t < .
Power is a scalar quantity. g
S.I. unit of power is watt (W).
Solution:
CGS unit pf power is erg/sec.
(a) Work done by gravity during its flight is W = 0 (why?).
=
1Watt 1= Joule / sec 107 erg / sec
average power delivered by gravity during flight =
Another unit: horsepower (hp)
W
1 hp = 746 W Average Power = =0
[ P] = [ ML2T −3 ] t
(b) Velocity v of the projectile at highest point is horizontal
 Trick V: Power in terms of KE  
and weight mg is downward. Hence, F ⊥ v .
   
P = F ⋅ v = ma ⋅ v ∴ Power delivered by gravity at maximum height
 
If force (or acceleration) and velocity are in same = F ⋅v = 0
direction then (c) Clearly at any instant, x component of velocity is
 dv   dv  perpendicular to velocity, therefore for power we have to
=P Fv = ma= vm   v =
a
 dt   dt  calculate y component of velocity.
d 1  Along y axis
⇒ P =  mv 2  v y =u y + a y t =u sin θ − gt
dt  2 
d ∴ Power delivered by gravity at time t
⇒ P = ( KE )  
dt ( )( )
=F ⋅ v =−mg j ⋅ ( u sin θ − gt ) j =−mg ( u sin θ − gt )
 Trick VI: Work done from Power vs time graph Example 29

t2 Power
dW
 P=
dt
⇒W = ∫ Pdt
t1
Q. A body of mass m is accelerated uniformly from rest to a
Work done can be obtained from area of Power vs time speed v in a time T. The instantaneous power delivered to
graph. the body as a function of time is given by
mv 2 2 mv 2 1 mv 2 2 1 mv 2
(a) ⋅ t (b) ⋅ t (c) ⋅ t (d) ⋅t
Example 27 T2 T2 2 T2 2 T2
Average Power Solution: (b)
In this question velocity v is given at time T and we have
Q. A constant force of 2 N accelerates a stationary particle of to calculate power at time t (not at T)
mass 25 g through a displacement of 10 m. Find the work Given= u 0; = at t T= ,v v
done and the average power delivered.
Let the acceleration of mass be a.
Solution:
Using v= u + at
Given F = 2N , m =25 g = 2.5 × 10−2 kg , u =
0, s =
10m
= ⇒ v aT = [ u 0]
∴W =Fs =2 × 10 =20 J (ans)
v
F 2 ⇒a=
Also =
a = = 80m / s 2 T
m 2.5 × 10−2 Now, let at t = t, v = v1
1 2s 2 × 10 Using v= u + at
s ut + at 2 ⇒=
Using = t = = 0.5s
2 a 80
17 | P a g e
v  v Solution:
⇒ v= t =u 0 &= a
T 
1
T  We have to calculate change in KE. From W-KE theorem
If nothing is mentioned in question, we have to assume
that force and velocity are in the same direction. W=
all K 2 − K1
∴ Instantaneous power dW
t2
 
P= F ⋅ v= Fv cos 0°= Fv
 P=
dt
⇒W = ∫ Pdt
t1
 v  v  Work done can be obtained from area of Power vs time

⇒ P= mav= 1 m  t 
 T  T  graph.
2
mv t W = (area of trapezium above t axis)
⇒P=2
T – ( area of triangle below t axis)
1 1
Example 30 W= ( 6 + 2 ) ×10 − × 4 ×10= 20 J
2 2
Power
∴ K 2 − K1 = W = 20 J
Q. A body is moved along a straight line by a machine
delivering a constant power. The distance moved by the Example 32
body in time ‘t’ is proportional to Power and Circular Motion
(a) t 3/ 4 (b) t 3/ 2 (c) t1/ 4 (d) t1/ 2 32. A particle of mass m is moving in a circular path of
Solution: (b) constant radius r such that its centripetal acceleration a, is
Given, power is constant, i.e., P = k (k is a constant) varying with time t as ar = k2rt2, where k is a constant.
Fv = k What is the power delivered to the particle by the forces
dv  mdv  acting on it.
⇒m v=
k  F =
ma = 
dt  dt  Solution:
v t Power delivered by centripetal force is zero as it is
1 2
⇒ m ∫ vdv =k ∫ dt ⇒ mv =kt perpendicular to velocity. Power delivered by force along
0 0
2
tangent will not be zero.
2k 1/ 2 dx 2k 1/ 2 Radial acceleration is given as
⇒=
v ×t ⇒ = ×t
m dt m v2
x t ar= k 2 rt 2 ⇒ = k 2 rt 2 ⇒ v 2= k 2 r 2 t 2
2k
⇒ ∫ dx = × ∫ t1/ 2 dt r
0
m 0 ⇒v= krt
2k 2t 3/ 2 Tangential acceleration
⇒=
x ×
m 3 dv
=
at = kr
⇒ x ∝ t 3/ 2 dt
Force along tangent
Example 31 =
Ft ma = t mkr
Power and W-KE theorem .Power delivered by force along tangent
Q. Power of a non - zero force acting on block varies with =Ft v (=
mkr )( krt ) mk 2 r 2t
time t as shown in figure. Then find the change in kinetic Thus, the power delivered to the particle by the forces
energy from t = 0 to t = 10s.
acting on the particle is mk 2 r 2t .
P (W)
10 3(b) Conservative & Non-Conservative Forces
A force is said to be conservative force if work done by it is
path independent and depends only on net change of position
6 8 10 and not on the particular path followed in reaching the new
2 4 t (s) position. Some examples of conservative forces are
Gravitational force
Spring force
−10 Electrostatic force
18 | P a g e
e.g., if a particle is displaced 3(c) Conservative Field
from point A to point B under a A
3 A field is said to be conservative if all the forces acting on
conservative force (e.g., uder
2 the system are conservative in nature
gravity) from point A to point
B via different paths 1, 2 and 3, 1 OR
B
then work done in each path A field is said to be conservative if some forces are
=
must be equal i.e., W1 W=2 W3 . conservative and some are non-conservative such that
work done by all non-conservative forces on the system is
Or zero.
A force is said to be conservative Gravitational field and electrostatic field are conservative
force if work done by it in a closed fields. Let us consider more examples.
path is zero. Mathematically, it can
Example 1: A particle is moving on a track as shown.
be expressed as
  Consider particle as our system. Forces acting on the
∫ F ⋅ dl =
0 particle are force of gravity & normal reaction.
Or Gravitational force is a conservative force.
Normal reaction is not a conservative force but normal
If curl of a force is zero then the force is said to be a
reaction is always perpendicular to velocity at each
conservative force. Mathematically, it can be expressed as
   instant. Therefore, work done by normal reaction is zero.
∇× F =0 Hence, particle is moving in a conservative field.
i j kˆ
N
∂ ∂ ∂ 
⇒ =
0
∂x ∂y ∂z v
Fx Fy Fz
Note:

∇ read as Del operator or Nabla operator and Note: If the surface is not smooth then a non-conservative
 ∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ frictional force acts on the body. Also work done by
∇= i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z frictional force is not zero. Therefore field is not
∂V conservative if particle moves on a rough track.
= Partial derivative of V w.r.t. x keeping y and z constant
∂x
∂V Example 2: A stone is whirled in a
= Partial derivative of V w.r.t. y keeping x and z constant circle with the help of a string as v
∂y
shown. Forces acting on the
∂V particle are force of gravity &
= Partial derivative of V w.r.t. z keeping x and y constant T
∂z normal reaction. Gravitational
force is a conservative force.
 Trick VII: A constant force is conservative because its Tension is not a conservative force but tension is
curl is zero. perpendicular to velocity at each instant. Therefore, work

( )
e.g., F = 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ N is a conservative force. done by tension is zero. Hence, particle is moving in a
conservative field.
 Trick VIII: A force in the form of
 Example 33
F = f ( x ) iˆ + g ( y ) ˆj + h ( z ) kˆ
Conservative and non-conservative forces
where f(x) is a function of x only, f(y) is a function of y
Q. Classify given forces into conservative and non-
only and f(z) is a function of z only, is a conservative
conservative:
force because its curl is zero. 

( )
e.g., F = xiˆ − ( 3 + y 2 ) ˆj + 5 z 3 kˆ is a conservative force. (
a) F= iˆ − 2kˆ N )

b) = F ( )
2 x 2 iˆ − ˆj + 3 z 3 kˆ
19 | P a g e
  
c) = (
x 2 ˆj + y 2 iˆ ) W = ∫ F ⋅dr = ∫ ( 2 yi + x )(
j ⋅ dxi + dy j + dzkˆ
)
2
F

d) F = yzi ⇒W
= ∫ 2 ydx + ∫ x dy
2
...(i)
Solution: (a) Path OAC
a) Conservative force (Trick VII) In OA, y =0 ⇒ dy =0.
b) Conservative force (Trick VIII)
=
Putting y 0=
& dy 0 in equation (i), we get
c) Let us calculate curl of force
i j i j W0 A = 0
kˆ kˆ
  In AC, x =2 ⇒ dx =0.
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
=∇× F = =
Putting x 2=
& dx 0 in equation (i), we get
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
2
Fx Fy Fz y2 x2 0 0 + ∫ 4dy =
WAC = 8J
   ∂ 0 ∂x 2 
  ∂ 0 ∂y  + kˆ  ∂x − ∂y 
2 2 2 0
⇒ ∇= × F i  − − j −    ∴WOAC = WOA + WAC = 0 + 8 = 8 J .

 ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂z   ∂x ∂y 
 
⇒ ∇ × F = i ( 0 − 0 ) − j ( 0 − 0 ) + kˆ ( 2 x − 2 y ) (b) Path OBC
   In OB, x =0 ⇒ dx =0.
⇒ ∇ ×= F ( 2 x − 2 y ) kˆ ≠ 0
 =
Putting x 0=
& dx 0 in equation (i), we get
Therefore, F is a non-conservative force.
W0 B = 0
d) Let us calculate curl of force
i j i j In BC, y =2 ⇒ dy =0.
kˆ kˆ
  ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ =
Putting y 2=
& dy 0 in equation (i), we get
=∇× F =
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z 2
Fx Fy Fz xy yz zx
=
WBC ∫ 4dx +=0
0
8J
   ∂zx ∂yz   ∂zx ∂xy  ∴WOBC = WOB + WBC = 8 + 0 = 8 J .

⇒ ∇= × F i  −  ˆ  ∂yz − ∂xy 
− j − +k 
 ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂z   ∂x ∂y 
 
⇒ ∇×= F i ( 0 − y ) − j ( z − 0 ) + kˆ ( 0 − x ) (c) Path OC
   In OC, y =x ⇒ dy =dx
⇒ ∇ × F = − yi − z j − xkˆ ≠ 0
 =
Putting y x=
& dy dx in equation (i), we get
Therefore, F is a non-conservative force.
2 2
2 2
 x 2   x3  8
∫0
= + ∫0 =   +  = 4+
2
WOC 2 xdx x dx 2
Example 34  2 0  3 0 3
20
Work done by a non-conservative force ⇒ WOC = J
3
Q. A forces acting on a particle moving in the x-y plane is

given by=F ( )
2 yi + x 2 j N , where x and y are in metres.
(d) Clearly, force is non-conservative as work done by
this force is path dependent.
The particle moves from the origin to a final position C
having coordinates x = 2m, y = 2m as shown in Fig. DPP 3

Calculate the work done by F on the particle as it moves Power, Conservative & Non-conservative Forces
along (a) OAC, (b) OBC, y 1. A water pump lifts water from a level 10 m below the

and (c) OC. (d) Is F C ( 2, 2 ) m ground. Water is pumped at a rate of 30 kg/minute with
B
conservative or non- negligible velocity. Calculate the minimum horsepower
conservative? Explain? the engine should have to do this.
2. In a factory it is desired to lift 2000 kg of metal through a
Solution: distance of 12 m in 1 minute. Find the minimum
45°
You can check yourself O A x horsepower of the engine to be used.
that given force is non- 3. A constant force of 2.50 N accelerates a stationary
conservative. So work done is path dependent. Now, particle of mass 15 g through a displacement of 2.50 m.
Find the work done and the average power delivered.
20 | P a g e
4. An 8 kg block accelerates uniformly from rest to a Objective Type Questions
velocity of 4 ms–1 in 40 second. Find the instantaneous
10. A wind-powered generator converts wind energy into
power at the end of 8 second.
electric energy. Assumes that the generator converts a
5. A bus of mass m produces a constant power P. If the
fixed fraction of the wind energy intercepted by its blades
resistance to motion is R. Find the maximum speed at
into electrical energy. For wind speed v, the electrical
which the bus can travel on level road and acceleration of
power output will be proportional to
bus when it is travelling at half of its maximum speed.
(a) v (b) v2 (c) v3 (d) v4
6. A particle of mass ‘m’ moves along the quarter section of
11. A small body of mass m is located on a horizontal plane.
the circular path whose centre is at the origin. The radius
 The body acquires a horizontal velocity v0 . Find mean
of the circular path is ‘a’. A force F= yiˆ − xjˆ acts on the power developed by the frictional force, during the whole
particle, where x, y denote the coordinates of position of time of its motion.
the particle. Calculate the work done by this force in − µ mgv0 − µ mgv0 − µ mgv0
(a) − µ mgv0 (b) (c) (d)
taking the particle from point A (a, 0) to point B (0, a) 2 4 8
along the circular path. 12. An engine develops 10 kW of power. How much time
y will it take to lift a mass of 200 kg to a height of 40 m?
B [Given: g = 10 ms–2]
a) 4 s b) 5 s c) 8 s d) 10 s
m 13. A block of mass 10 kg accelerates uniformly from rest to
a speed of 2 m/s in 20 sec. The average power developed
in time interval of 0 to 20 sec is
A x (a) 10W (b) 1W (c) 20W (d) 2W
14. A block of mass m is moving with a constant acceleration
7. A particle of mass m moves along a circle of radius R
a on a rough horizontal plane. If the coefficient of friction
with a normal acceleration varying with time as an = kt2,
where k is a constant. Find the time dependence of the between the block and ground is µ, the power delivered
power developed by all the forces acting on the particle, by the external agent after a time t from the beginning is
and the mean value of this power averaged over the first t equal to:
seconds after the beginning of motion. (a) ma2t (b) µmgat (c) µm(a+µg)gt (d) m(a+µg)at
 15. Power supplied to a particle of mass 2 kg varies with time
8. A force F = − x 2 y 2 (iˆ + ˆj ) N acts on a particle which
3t 2
moves in the XY plane. as P = watt. Here t is in second. If velocity of particle
2
at t = 0 is v = 0. The velocity of particle at time
t = 2 s will be
(a) 1 m/s (b) 4 m/s (c) 2 m/s (d) 2 2 m/s
 16. A block of mass 0.5 kg is kept on a rough inclined plane

a) Determine if F is conservative and making an angle of 30° with horizontal. What power will

b) find the work done by F as it moves the particle be required to move the block up the plane (along the
from A to C along each of the paths ABC, ADC, and plane) with a constant velocity of 5m/s? (Take µ = 0.2
AC. between block and plane). Take g = 1 m/s2
9. A small body of mass m is located on a horizontal plane at µ=0.2
the point O. The body acquires a horizontal velocity v0.
Find:
0.5kg
(a) the mean power developed by the friction force during
the whole time of motion, if the friction coefficient μ = g
0.27, m = 1.0 kg, and v0 = 1.5 m/s; 30°
(b) the maximum instantaneous power developed by the
friction force, if the friction coefficient varies as µ = α x , a) 16.825 W (b) 16.822 W (c) 16.852 W (d) 16.528 W
17. A force F = − K (yi + xj ) (where K is a positive constant)
where α is a constant, and x is the distance from the
acts on a particle moving in the xy-plane. Starting from
point O.
the origin, the particle is taken along the positive x-axis to
21 | P a g e
the point (a, 0) and then parallel to the y-axis to the point 22. *Power of a non - zero force acting on block varies with
(a, a). The total work done by the force F on the particles time t as shown in figure. Then angle between force
is acting on the block and its velocity is
(a) − 2Ka2 (b) 2Ka2 (a) acute at t = 1s
(b) 90o at t = 3s
(c) − Ka2 (d) Ka2
(c) obtuse at t = 7s
18. A car of weight W is on an inclined road that rises by 100
(d) change in kinetic energy from t = 0 to t =10s is 20J
m over a distance of 1 km and applies a constant frictional
W P (W)
force on the car. While moving uphill on the road at a
20
speed of 10 m/s, the car needs power P. If it needs power 10
P
while moving downhill at speed v then value of v is
2
6 8 10
(a) 20 m/s (b) 5 m/s (c) 15 m/s (d) 10 m/s t(s)
2 4
19. A particle of mass M is moving in a circle of fixed radius
R in such a way that its centripetal acceleration at time t is
gives by n 2 Rt 2 where n is a constant. The power
−10
delivered to the particle by the force acting on it, is
1
(a) Mn 2 R 2 t 2 (b) Mn 2 R 2 t 2
2 Answers
2 2 2
(c) MnR t (d) MnR t
1. 6.6 × 10-2 hp.
20. A body of mass ‘m’, accelerates uniformly from rest to 2. 5.3 hp
‘v1’ in time ‘t1’. The instantaneous power delivered to the 3. 6.25 J, 36.1 W.
body as a function of time ‘t’ is 4. 0.64W
mv1t 2 mv12 t mv1t mv12 t P R
(a) (b) (c) (d) 5. v=
max = ,a ,
t1 t12 t1 t1 R m
π a2
21. *A smooth track in the form of a quarter circle of radius 6 6. −
m lies in the vertical plane. A particle moves from P1 and 2
→ → → → 7. mRkt, mRkt/2
P2 under the action of forces F1 , F 2 and F 3 . Force F1 a5
8. (a) non-conservative (b) WABC = WADC = ,
is always towards P2 and is always 20 N in magnitude. 3
→ 2a 5
Force F 2 always acts horizontally and is always 30 N is WAC =
→
5
magnitude. Force F 3 always acts tangentially to the track µ mgv0 mv 2 α g
9. P =
− =
−2W ; Pmax =
− 0
and is of magnitude 15 N. Select the correct alternative(s) 2 2
10. c
6m 11. b
O P2
12. c
13. b
→ 14. d
6m F1 →
F3 15. c
→ 16. a
F2 17. c
P1
18. c
→ 19. b
(a) work done by F 1 is 120 J 20. b
→
(b) work done by F 2 is 180 J 21. b, c, d
→ 22. a, b, c, d
(c) work done by F 3 is 45 π
→
(d) F1 is conservative in nature
22 | P a g e
4. Potential Energy and Conservation of Example 35
Mechanical Energy Gravitational PE near the surface of earth
⋅ 4(a) Potential Energy Q. A uniform rod of mass M and length L is held vertically
upright on a horizontal surface as shown in the figure.
⋅ Energy associated with position or configuration is known as
Find the potential energy of the rod if the zero potential
potential energy. It is denoted by U. Note that the potential
energy reference level is assumed at the horizontal
energy is a property of system of two or more particles rather
surface.
than of either particle alone.
Solution
Gravitational potential energy near the surface of earth
U g = mgh is applicable for a particle, therefore, we have
U g = mgh
to use the integration to find its potential energy or of the
We have to take reference level in problems where rod. Consider an infinitesimally small element of length
gravitational potential energy is zero. Gravitational potential dy at a height y from the reference level.
energy of a particle above reference level is taken as positive Mass of the element
and it is negative if particle is below reference level. M
dm = dy
L
Its potential energy is given by
m1 Ug = m1gh1
M
=dU (= dm ) gy gydy
L dm dy
h1 On integrating, we get
L
Mg y
L ∫0
U= ydy
Reference Level: Ug = 0
h2 L
Mg  y 2 
⇒U =  
m2 Ug = − m2gh2 L  2 0
L
⋅ Spring potential energy ⇒U =
Mg
2
If a spring is compressed or elongated by x from its natural
Note that the potential energy of the rod is equal to the
length, then its potential energy is given by
1 L
U s = kx 2 product of Mg and height of the centre of mass   from
2 2
the surface.
Relation between potential energy and work done by a
conservative force  Trick IX:
Every conservative force (field) is associated with a potential
energy. For example gravitational field is associated with We can use U g = mgh for a uniform body near the surface
gravitational potential energy, electrostatic field is associated of earth where h is the height of the centre of mass from
with electrostatic potential energy, spring force is associated the reference level.
with spring potential energy and so on.
When a particle is displaced from position 1 to 2 by the Example 36
application of a conservative force, work done by conservative
force is given by Gravitational PE near the surface of earth
Wcons = −∆U = − (U 2 − U1 )
Q. A uniform chain of mass M and length L overhangs a
smooth table with its two third part lying on the table.
i.e., work done by a conservative force is negative of change Assume table surface as reference level for gravitational
in potential energy of the system. potential energy. Find (a) initial gravitation PE of the
chain, (b) final gravitation PE of the chain at the instant it
Mechanical Energy: Sum of kinetic energy and potential
completely slips off the table and (c) work done by
energy is known as mechanical energy.
normal reaction and gravity during this duration.
E=K+U
23 | P a g e
Solution: Work done in lifting a chain
Let us use Trick IX to solve part (a) and part (b). Q. A uniform chain of mass M and length L overhangs a
smooth table with its two third part lying on the table.
Find the work done in lifting the hanging part of the
Reference Level
L/6 cable upto the surface.
L/2
L/6 Reference Level L/6
Initial state L/2 Final state

Final state L/6
Initial state
a) Initially gravitational PE of the part of the chain lying Assume table surface as reference level for
on the table is zero. Centre of mass of the hanging gravitational potential energy.
L MgL
part of the chain lies at a distance h = below the Initial gravitational PE of the chain, U1 = − .
6 18
reference level and mass of the hanging part of the (see previous example).
chain is m =
ML
(how?). Therefore, Final gravitational PE of the chain, U 2 = 0 . (Why?)
3
 Wcons = −∆U = − (U 2 − U1 )
Initial gravitational PE of the chain
= gravitational PE of the hanging part of the chain MgL MgL
∴Wg =U1 − U 2 =− − 0 =−
 ML   L  18 18
⇒ U1 = −mgh = − g  Work done in lifting the chain (obviously slowly)
 3  6
MgL MgL
⇒ U1 = − =
−Wg =
18 18
b) In final state, when the chain just slips off the
Example 38
surface, centre of mass of the of the chain lies at a
L Spring PE
distance h = below the reference level and mass of
2 Q. A wire suspended vertically from one of its ends is
the chain is M. Therefore, stretched by attaching a weight of 200N to the lower end.
Final gravitational PE of the chain The weight stretches the wire by 1mm. Then the elastic
L energy stored in the wire is
U2 = − Mgh = − Mg  
2 (a) 0.2 J (B) 10 J (c) 20 J (d) 0.1 J
MgL Solution: (d)
⇒ U2 = − Let the force constant of the wire be x in equilibrium.
2
c) Here chain is not a particle, therefore, we cannot use Then, mg = kx ⇒ 200 = k × 10−3 ⇒ k = 200 × 103 N / m
Wg = mgh. 1 2
The elastic potential energy, U s = kx
Since gravitational force is a conservative force, 2
⇒ U s = × 200 × 103 × (10−3 ) =0.1J

therefore we can use 1 2
Wcons = −∆U = − (U 2 − U1 )
2
Note: We can solve this problem using
MgL  MgL 
∴Wg =U1 − U 2 =− −−  1
18  2  W =× Force × extension (to be studied later in chapter
2
4 MgL
⇒ Wg = Elasticity).
9
Example 37
24 | P a g e
4(b) Conservation of Mechanical Energy (COME) in a 4. Now in final configuration look for energies present in the
Conservative Field system.
1
Suppose a particle is displaced from position 1 to position ⋅ If the particle is moving, then include mv22 .
2 in a conservative field. As work done by non- 2
conservative forces in a conservative field is zero, ⋅ If the particle is not located at the reference level, then
therefore, work done by all forces in a conservative field include mgh2 .
is given by 1 2
⋅ If the spring stretched or compressed, then include kx2 .
2
Wall =
Wcons + Wnon − cons =
Wcons
5. Use COME for initial and final configurations:
⇒ Wall = −∆U = − (U 2 − U1 ) ...(i)
K1 + U1 = K 2 + U 2
And, from W-KE theorem, work done by all forces is 1 2 1 1 2 1
⇒ mv1 + mgh1 + kx12 = mv2 + mgh2 + kx22
given by 2 2 2 2
Wall = K 2 − K1 =
∆K ...(ii) 6. You may also have to use Newton’s Laws or Kinematics
if there is more than one unknown.
Using (i) and (ii), we get
−∆U = ∆K Trick X: In solving problems of Mechanics always try to
⇒ ∆U + ∆K = 0 ...(iii) solve problem using COME (obviously when field is
⇒ (U 2 − U1 ) + ( K 2 − K1 ) =
0 conservative)!. If field is not conservative then try to solve
⇒ K1 + U1 = K 2 + U 2 ...(iv) problem using W-KE theorem. If W-KE theorem fails then
use Laws of Motion & Kinematics. Sometimes we may also
⇒ E1 =
E2
have to use Conservation of Linear Momentum and
i.e., mechanical energy E remains conserved in a Conservation of Angular momentum (to be studied later).
conservative field.
Example 39
Different forms of COME in a conservative field:
a) Mechanical energy E remains conserved COME
⇒ K1 + U1 = K 2 + U 2 Q. A block of mass m initially at rest is dropped from a
⇒ E1 =
E2 height h on to a spring of force constant k. The maximum
b) Change in Potential Energy + Change in K.E. = 0 compression in the spring is x then
⇒ ∆U + ∆K = 0 1 2
(a) mgh = kx
2 h
COME Problem Solving Strategy
1
(b) mg (h + x) =kx 2
If field is conservative use COME otherwise use W-KE 2
theorem. Here we are going to discuss the problem 1
(c) = k ( x + h)
2
solving strategy using COME in a conservative field. mgh
2
1. Draw diagrams of the system showing initial and final
1
(d) mg (h + x= k ( x + h)
2
configuration. )
2
2. Specify the reference level for gravitational potential
Solution: (b)
energy. Any convenient level can be chosen as reference
Let us consider block as our
frame.
system. Forces acting on the block are weight and spring
3. Now in initial configuration look for energies present in
force. Both are conservative forces. Therefore we can
the system.
apply COME.
1
⋅ If the particle is moving, then include mv12 . Let us draw initial and final positions of the system as
2 shown in figure. Let us consider reference level for
⋅ If the particle is not located at the reference level, then gravitational PE at the initial position of the block.
include mgh1 .
Initial state:
1 2
⋅ If the spring stretched or compressed, then include kx1 .
2 As the block is at rest and is at reference level and the
spring is in its natural length, therefore
25 | P a g e
1 2 the gravitational PE at the ground be zero. Let the final
=
K1 = mv1 0,
2 speed of the projectile just before hitting the ground be v.
1
U1 = U g + U s = mgh1 + kx12 = 0 + 0 = 0 u = 10 m/s
2
v=0
Reference Level: Ug = 0
h h
h = 40 m
v=0 x
v
Now using COME, we get
K1 + U1 = K 2 + U 2
Initial state Final state
1 1
Final state: ⇒ mgh + mu 2 = 0 + mv 2
Let the maximum compression of the spring be x. Clearly 2 2
block comes at momentarily rest at this position. ⇒ v = u + 2 gh
2 2
...(i)
Therefore, (on simplifying)
1 2 ⇒ v 2= 102 + 2 × 10 × 40= 900
=K2 = mv2 0,
2 ⇒ v2 = 30m / s
1
U2 = Ug +Us = −mg ( h + x ) + kx 2 Therefore, speed of the projectile just before hitting the
2 ground is 30 m/s.
COME:
K1 + U1 = K 2 + U 2 Note equation (i) is surprising. We have used this equation in
Kinematics when a particle moves under gravity in downward
 1 
⇒ 0 + 0 = 0 +  − mg ( h + x ) + kx 2  direction.
 2 
1
⇒ mg ( h + x ) =kx 2 Trick XI: If gravity is the only force (near the surface of
2 earth) or work done by all forces other than gravity is zero,
then we can use v=
2
u 2 + 2 gh in downward motion and
2nd Method:
As there is no loss or gain in KE, gravitational PE is lost and v=
2
u 2 − 2 gh in upward motion of a particle. Motion need
spring PE is gained, therefore from COME, we have not to be a straight line.
Loss in gravitational potential energy
= gain in spring energy Example 41
1 COME
⇒ mg (h + x) =kx 2
2
Q. A spherical ball of mass 20 kg is stationary at the top of a
Example 40 hill of height 100m. It rolls down a smooth surface to the
ground, then climbs up another hill of height 30m and
COME & Projectile Motion
finally rolls down to a horizontal base at a height of 20m
Q. A projectile is fired from the top of a 40 m high cliff with above the ground. The velocity attained by the ball is
an initial speed of 10 m/s at an unknown angle. Find its (a) 20 m/s (b) 40 m/s (c) 10 30 m/s (d) 10 m/s
speed when it hits the ground. Take g = 10 m/s2.
Solution: (b)
Solution: We have to consider only initial and final positions (i.e.,
As the angle of projection is unknown, therefore, solving object at heights of 100 m and 20m only). Forces acting
this question using the concept of Projectile motion will on the particle are weight (conservative) and normal
be lengthy and tedious. But this problem can be solved reaction. Work done by normal reaction is zero as it is
beautifully using the COME. always perpendicular to velocity. Therefore we can use
The only force acting on the block is gravity (a
conservative force), therefore COME is applicable. Let
26 | P a g e
Trick XI. As overall motion is in downward direction, Now, u = 0 and
therefore h = AC = AO – OC = ⇒ h = R − R cos θ = R (1 − cos θ )
v=
2
u 2 + 2 gh (i) Putting in equation (i), we get
0 + 2 gR (1 − cos θ )
v2 =
=
⇒v 2 gR (1 − cos θ )
Example 43
100 m Jumping off a spherical surface
30 m Q. A particle slides on the surface of a fixed smooth sphere

20 m starting from the topmost point. Find the angle rotated by
the radius through the particle, when it leaves contact with
the sphere.
Solution:
As u = 0 and h = 100 − 20 = 80m We have to COME and dynamics of circular motion in
this problem. Let the block leaves the surface at point B.
Putting in equation (i), we get
Normal reaction N must be zero at point B.
v 2 = 0 + 2 × 10 × 80 = 1600
⇒v= 40m / s A
A
nd B N B
2 Method:
Rsinθ
C
Loss in potential energy = gain in kinetic energy θ v
θ mg
1 2
=
mgh mv ⇒= v 2 gh = 2 × 10 × 80= 1600 Rcosθ R
2 O θ
⇒ v= 40 m / s
O
Example 42
Motion of a particle on a spherical surface
Using COME, we will get
Q. A particle slides from rest on the surface of a fixed =v 2 2 gR (1 − cos θ ) ...(i)
smooth sphere starting from the topmost point. Find the
(See previous example)
speed of the particle at a position where the radius
Now, let us use Newton’s 2nd law in radial direction
through the particle makes an angle θ with the vertical.
at B,
Solution:
mv 2
Forces acting on the particle are weight and normal mg cos θ − N =
R
reaction. Work done by normal reaction is zero. Therefore
mv 2
we can use Trick XI. As overall motion is in downward ⇒ mg cos
= θ [=N 0]
direction, therefore R
v=
2
u 2 + 2 gh …(i) Rg cos θ ...(ii)
⇒ v 2=
A Using (i) and (ii), we get

A
⇒ 2 gR (1 − cos θ ) =
B N B Rg cos θ
C Rsinθ
v θ cos θ ⇒ 3cos=
⇒ 2 − 2 cos= θ 2
θ mg 2
Rcosθ R ⇒ cos θ =
3
O θ
2
O ⇒θ = cos −1  
3
27 | P a g e
Example 44 DPP 4
Potential Energy and Conservation of Mechanical Energy
COME
1. A uniform chain of mass m and length l overhangs a table
Q. The potential energy of 1 kg particle free to move along
with its one third on the table. Find the work done by the
 x4 x2 
the x-axis is given by V (=
x )  −  J . The total force of gravity during the period the chain slips off the
 4 2 table.
mechanical energy of the particle is 2J. Then the 2. A uniform chain of mass m and length l overhangs a table
maximum speed (in m/s) is with its one third on the table. Find the work to be done
3 1 by a person to put the hanging part back on the table.
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d) 2 3. A person is painting his house walls. He stands on a
2 2
ladder with a bucket containing paint in one hand and a
Solution: (a) brush in other. Suddenly the bucket slips from his hand
Speed is maximum when KE is maximum. KE is and falls down on the floor. If the bucket with the paint
maximum when PE is minimum. had a mass of 6.0 kg and was at a height of potential
For minimum PE, energy is lost together with the paint?
dV 4. A projectile is fired from the top of a 40 m high cliff with
= 0 ⇒ x 3 − x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, ±1
dx an initial speed of 50 m/s at an unknown angle. Find its
d 2V speed when it hits the ground.
Now, = 3x 2 − 1 5. A block of mass m moving at a speed υ compresses a
dx 2
spring through a distance x before its speed is halved.
d 2V
At x =0, =−1 < 0 . Find the spring constant of the spring.
dx 2 6. A block of mass m sliding on a smooth horizontal surface

d 2V
At x= 1, = 2 > 0. with a velocity v meets a long horizontal spring fixed at
dx 2 one end and having spring constant k as shown in figure.
d 2V Find the maximum compression of the spring. Will the
At x =−1, =−4 < 0 . 
dx 2 velocity of the block be the same as v when it comes
Hence, PE is minimum at x = 1. back to the original position shown?
 x4 x2  1 1 1
Min. PE =  − =− = − J v k
 4 2  4 2 4 m
As mechanical energy is 2J, therefore
 1 7. A block of mass m is attached to two unstretched springs
KEmax + PEmin = 2 ⇒ KEmax +  −  = 2
 4 of spring constants k1 and k2 as shown in figure. The block
9 is displaced towards right through a distance x and is
⇒ KEmax = J
4 released. Find the speed of the block as it passes through
1 9 the mean position shown.
⇒ mv 2 max =
2 4
k1 k2
1 9 m
⇒ × 1× v 2 max =
2 4
3
⇒ vmax =
2 8. Consider the situation shown in
figure. Initially the spring is
unstretched when the system is
released from rest. Assuming no
friction in the pulley, find the
m
maximum elongation of the
string?
k
28 | P a g e
9. The heavier block in an Atwood machine has a mass
twice that of the lighter one. The tension in the string is
16.0 N when the system is set into motion. Find the h
decrease in the gravitational potential energy during the 37o
first second after the system is released from rest.
10. The two blocks in an Atwood machine have masses 2.0
kg and 3.0 kg. Find the work done by gravity during the Objective Type Questions
fourth second after the system is released from rest. 16. The negative of the work done by the conservative
11. A block of mass 5.0 kg is suspended from the end of a internal forces on a system equals the change in
vertical spring which is stretched by 10 cm under the load (a) total energy (b) kinetic energy
of the block. The block is given a sharp impulse from (c) potential energy (d) none of these.
below so that it acquires an upward speed of 2.0 m/s. 17. The work done by the external forces on a system equals
How high will it rise? Take g = 10 m/s2. the change in
12. A block of mass 250 g is kept on a vertical spring of (a) total energy (b) kinetic energy
spring constant 100 N/m fixed from below. The spring is (c) potential energy (d) none of these.
now compressed to have a length 10 cm shorter than its 18. The work done by all the forces (external and internal) on
natural length and the system is released from this a system equals the change in
position. How high does the block rise? Take g = 10 m/s2. (a) total energy (b) kinetic energy
13. Figure shows a particle sliding on a frictionless track (c) potential energy (d) none of these.
which terminates in a straight horizontal section. If the 19. ____________ of a two particle system depends only on
particle starts slipping from the point A, how far away the separation between the two particles. The most
from the track will the particle hit the ground? appropriate choice for the blank space in the above
sentence is
(a) kinetic energy (b) total mechanical energy
(c) potential energy (d) total energy
1.0 m 20. A particle is projected at 60 to the horizontal with a
kinetic energy K. the kinetic energy at the highest point is
0.5 m (a) K / 2 (b) K (c) zero (d) K / 4
21. A body is dropped from a height of 20 m and rebounds to
a height of 10 m. The loss of energy is
14. A small block of mass 100 g is pressed against a
a) 10% b) 45% c) 50% d) 75%
horizontal spring fixed at one end to compress the spring
22. A long spring when stretched by x has a potential energy
through 5.0 cm. The spring constant is 100 N/m. When
V. On increasing the stretching to ‘nx’, the potential
released, the block moves horizontally till it leaves the
energy stored in the spring will be
spring. Where will it hit the ground 2 m below the spring?
a) V/n b) nV c) n2V d) V/n2
23. Two springs have force constants K1 and K2. Both are
stretched till their elastic energies are equal. If the
stretching forces are F1 and F2, then F1 : F2 is
a) K1 : K2 b) K2 : K1 c) K 1 : K 2 d) K12 : K22
15. One end of a spring of natural length h and spring 24. Two springs have force constants K1 and K2. These are
constant k is fixed at the ground and the other is fitted extended through the same distance x. If their elastic
with a smooth ring of mass m which is allowed to slide on E
energies are E1 and E2, then 1 is equal to
a horizontal rod fixed at a height h. Initially, the spring E2
makes at an angle of 37o with the vertical when the a) K1 : K2 b) K2 : K1 c) K 1 : K 2 d) K12 : K22
system is released from rest. Find the speed of the ring
when the spring becomes vertical. 25. A block of mass m =0.1kg is connected to a spring of
unknown spring constant k. It is compressed to a distance
x from its equilibrium position and released from rest.
29 | P a g e
x 4 Mg 2 Mg Mg Mg
After approaching half the   from
distance (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 k k k 2k
equilibrium position, it hits another block and comes to 31. In the given figure the light spring is of force constant k
rest momentarily, while the other block moves with a and is on a smooth horizontal surface. Initially the spring
velocity 3 m/s. The total initial energy of the spring is is relaxed. The work done by an external agent to lower
(a) 1.5 J (b) 0.6 J (c) 0.3 J (d) 0.8 J the hanging body of mass M slowly, till it remains in
26. A person trying to lose weight by burning fat lifts a mass equilibrium, is: k
of 10 kg upto a height of 1m 1000 times. Assume that the m2 g 2
potential energy lost each time he lowers the mass is (a)
−2k
dissipated. How much fat will he use up considering the
m2 g 2
work done only when the weight is lifted up? Fat supplies (b)
2k m
3.8 × 107 J of energy per kg which is converted to
2 2 2 2
mechanical energy with a 20% efficiency rate. (g = 9.8 3m g 3m g
(c) (d) −
m/s2) 2k 2k
(a) 9.89 × 10−3 kg (b) 12.89 × 10−3 kg 32. *A heavy stone is thrown from a cliff of height h in a
given direction. The speed with which it hits the ground
(c) 2.45 × 10−3 kg (d) 6.45 × 10−3 kg
(a) must depend on the speed of projection
27. A wedge of mass M fitted with a spring of stiffness ‘k’ is (b) must be larger than the speed of projection
kept on a smooth horizontal surface. A rod of mass m is (c) must be independent of the speed of projection
kept on the wedge as shown in the figure. System is in (d) may be smaller than the speed of projection.
equilibrium. Assuming that all surfaces are smooth, the 33. One end of a light spring of spring constant k is fixed to a
potential energy stored in the spring is : wall and the other end is tied to a block placed on a
m g 2 tan 2 θ m 2 g tan 2 θ smooth horizontal surface. In a displacement, the work
(a) (b)
2K 2K 1
done by the spring is kx 2 . The possible cases are
m 2 g 2 tan 2 θ m 2 g 2 tan 2 θ 2
(c) (d) a) the spring was initially compressed by a distance x
2K K
and was finally in its natural length
28. A spring of spring constant k placed horizontally on a
b) it was initially stretched by a distance x and finally
rough horizontal surface is compressed against a block of
was in its natural length
mass m placed on the surface so as to store maximum
c) it was initially in its natural length and finally in a
energy in the spring. If the coefficient of friction between
compressed position
the block and the surface is µ, the potential energy stored
d) it was initially in its natural length and finally in a
the spring is :
stretched position.
µ2 m 2 g 2 2µm 2 g 2 µ2 m 2 g 2 3µ2 mg 2 34. A projectile of mass m is fired from the ground with an
(a) (b) (c) (d)
k k 2k k initial speed u at an angle θ with the horizontal:
29. A mass m is attached to two spring each having constant (a) The speed of the projectile at an altitude h from the
k is in equilibrium as shown in the figure. Calculate the
ground will be u 2 − 2 gh .
work done to lift the block upward at a distance mg/4k.
(b) The speed of the projectile at an altitude h from the
m2 g 2
(a) ground will be 2gh .
4k
(c) The maximum negative work done by gravity is
m2 g 2 (mu2sin2 θ)/2
(b) m
8k (d) Net work done by force of gravity on the projectile
is zero.
m2 g 2 35. A block is suspended by an ideal spring of force constant
(c)
16k k. The block is pulled down by applying a constant force
(d) none of these F and maximum displacement of block from its initial
30. An ideal spring with spring-constant k is hung from the mean position is x0 . Then
ceiling and a block of mass M is attached to its lower end. (a) Increase in energy stored in spring is kx02 .
The mass is released with the spring initially unstretched.
Then the maximum extension in the spring is
30 | P a g e
F 5. Motion in a vertical circle
(b) x0 =
k
Suppose a particle of mass m is attached to an inextensible
2F
(c) x0 = light string of length R. The particle is moving in a vertical
k circle of radius R about a fixed point O. It is imparted a
(d) Work done by applied force is Fx0 . velocity u in horizontal direction at lowest point A.
Condition of looping the loop ( u ≥ 5 gR )

Answers
The particle will complete the circle if the string does not
5mgl slack even at the highest point. Thus, tension in the string
1. should be greater than or equal to zero (T ≥ 0) at the highest
18
2mgl point. In critical condition ( i.e., for umin ) ,
2. B
9 T = 0 at highest position. Let v be its v
3. 118 J velocity at the highest point B of the T
4. 58 m/s circle as shown in figure.
3mv 2 O mg
5. From conservation of mechanical energy,
4x2 v 2 = u 2 – 2gh
m ⇒ v2 =
u 2 – 4gR ...(i)
6. v , No A u
k
[ h = 2 R ]
k1 + k2
7. Now, using Newton’s 2nd Law at highest point, we get
m
mv 2 mv 2
8.
2mg T + mg = ⇒ mg = [ T = 0 in critical condition ]
R R
k
9. 19.6 J ⇒v =
2
Rg (ii)
10. 67 J Putting (ii) into (i), we get
11. 20 cm
12. 20 cm =
gR umin 2 – 4gR ⇒ u=
min
2
5 gR
13. At a horizontal distance of 1 m from the end of the track.
14. At a horizontal distance of 1 m from the free end of the ⇒ umin =5 gR
spring.
Thus, if u ≥ 5 gR , the particle will complete the circle. At
h k
15. .
4 m u = 5 gR , velocity at highest point is v = gR and tension
16. c in the string is zero.
17. a
18.
19.
b
c
(
Condition of oscillation u ≤ 2 Rg )
20. d Clearly particle can oscillate only in lower half of the circle.
21. c
For maximum u, particle will reach at a point C such that OC
22. c
23. c is horizontal and velocity is zero at C. From
24. a conservation of mechanical energy,
25. b v 2 = u 2 – 2gh v
26. b
27. c ⇒=
0 umax – 2 gR2
[=
v h R]
0 &=
O C
28. . ⇒ umax =2 gR
29. c
30. b Thus, for u ≤ 2 Rg , particle oscillates in
31. a lower half of the circle. A u
32. a, b
33. a, b Clearly, if 2 gR < u < 5 gR particle will leave the circle and
34. a, c, d it will become a projectile.
35. c, d
31 | P a g e
Summary: Example 45
Motion in a vertical circle
a) Condition of looping the loop: u ≥ 5 gR
Q. A frictionless track ABCDE ends in a circular loop of
If u ≥ 5 gR , the particle will complete the circle. At radius R. A body slides down the track from point A
u = 5 gR , velocity at highest point is v = gR and which is at a height h = 5 cm. Maximum value of R for
the body to successfully complete the loop is
tension in the string is zero.
a) 5 cm
(
b) Condition of oscillation: u ≤ 2 Rg ) b) 10 cm A D
c) 4 cm
For 0 < u ≤ 2gR , particle oscillates in lower half of the
d) 2 cm h 2R
circle. If u = 2Rg and tension and velocity both E
becomes zero simultaneously at θ= 90° . B
Solution: (d)
c) Condition of leaving the circle ( 2 gR < u < 5 gR ) For vertical looping, minimum speed at lowest point B
If 2 gR < u < 5 gR particle will leave the circle and it must be v = 5 gR .
will become a projectile. Clearly, 90° < θ < 180° . For A to B, using COME
Loss in potential energy = gain in kinetic energy
 Trick IX: The above three conditions have been derived 1 2
for a particle moving in a vertical circle attached to a ⇒ mgh
= mv ⇒= v 2 gh
2
string. The same conditions apply if
⇒= 5 gR 2 gh =  v 5 gR 
a particle moves inside a smooth 
spherical shell or smooth cylindrical 2h 2 × 5
O ⇒R= = = 2cm
shell of radius R. The only 5 5
difference is that the tension is u Example 46
replaced by the normal reaction N.
Strings becomes slack
Q. The bob of a stationary pendulum is given a sharp hit to
Vertical Circular Motion Connected by Rods and Tubes impart it a horizontal speed of 3 gl . Find the angle
If a particle of mass m is connected to a light rod and whirled rotated by the string before it becomes slack.
in a vertical circle of radius R, then to complete the circle, the Solution:
minimum velocity of the particle at the We know that, if 2 gR < u < 5 gR particle will leave
bottommost point is not 5gR . If the B the circle and it will become a projectile. Here, R = l .
v
velocity of the particle at the topmost String becomes slack means tension in the string becomes
point is slightly greater than zero then the zero.
rod will fall automatically and particle O Let the string becomes slack at point B where angle made
will move in a complete circle. In critical by string with upward vertical is θ and velocity of the
condition ( i.e., for umin ) , v = 0 at highest particle is v.
A u
position. D
D v
From conservation of mechanical energy,
B B
v 2 = u 2 – 2gh C C
lsinθ
T θ
⇒=
0 umin 2 – 4gR [=
v h 2R]
0 &= θ mg
⇒ umin =
2 gR lcosθ l
O θ
Same is the case when a particle is
O
compelled to move inside a smooth
vertical tube as shown in figure. Width of A u
the tube must be much smaller than
radius of the tube. u From conservation of mechanical energy,
A
v 2 = u 2 – 2gh ...(i)
32 | P a g e
Now, u = 3 gl and ⇒ h =l + l cos θ =l (1 + cos θ )
= = AO + OC
h AC Putting values of u and h in (i), we get
⇒ h =l + l cos θ =l (1 + cos θ ) v 2 = u 2 – 2gh = 57 − 2 g × l (1 + cos θ )
Putting values of u and h in (i), we get ⇒ v 2 = 57 − 2 × 10 × 1.5 (1 + cos θ ) [ l = 1.5m ]
v 2 = u 2 – 2gh = 3 gl − 2 g × l (1 + cos θ ) ⇒ v 2 = 27 − 30 cos θ ...(ii)
⇒ v 2 = gl (1 − 2 cos θ ) ...(ii) Now, using Newton’s 2nd Law at point B, we get
Now, using Newton’s 2nd Law at point B, we get mv 2
T + mg cos θ =
mv 2 l
T + mg cos θ =
mv 2
l
⇒ mg cos θ= [ T= 0 when string slackens ]
mv 2 l
⇒ mg cos θ= [ T= 0 when string slackens ] ⇒ v2 = lg cos θ
l
⇒ v2 = lg cos θ ...(iii) 15cos θ
⇒ v2 = ...(iii)
Using equation (ii) and (iii), we get Using equation (ii) and (iii), we get
gl (1 − 2 cos θ ) =
gl cos θ 27 − 30 cos θ =
15cos θ
θ cos θ ⇒ 3cos=
⇒ 1 − 2 cos= θ 1 ⇒ cos θ = =
27 3
...(iv)
1 45 5
⇒θ = cos −1   ⇒ θ = 53°
3
3
Hence, the angle rotated by the string before it becomes slack Putting cos θ = in equation (iii), we get
5
1  1
=π − cos −1   =−cos −1  . . 3
 
3  3 ⇒ v 2 = 15cos θ = 15 × = 9
5
Example 4 ⇒v= 3m / s
What happens after strings becomes slack a) θ= 53°
b) v = 3m / s
A heavy particle is suspended by a 1.5 m long string. It is
c) Particle will move under gravity i.e., it will become a
given a horizontal velocity of 57 m/s. projectile after string slackens.
(a) Find the angle made by the string with the upward
vertical, when it becomes slack.
(b) Find the speed of the particle at this instant. v
(c) Find the maximum height reached by the particle over the h1
C θ B
point of suspension. Take g = 10 m/s2.
Solution: lcosθ θ
D v D O
B B
C lsinθ
T C
θ A u
θ mg
lcosθ l
O θ Maximum height reached by projectile above horizontal level
BC
O 2
4
A 32 ×  
u v sin θ 2
 5  ≈ 0.3m
2
=h1 =
2g 2 × 10
From conservation of mechanical energy, Therefore, the maximum height reached by the particle over
v = u – 2gh
2 2
...(i) the point of suspension O
3
Now, u = 57 m / s and = OC + h1 = l cos θ + h1 = 1.5 × + 0.3 = 1.2m
5
=
h AC= AO + OC
33 | P a g e
DPP 5 presses the track with a force mg when it reaches the
Motion in a Vertical Circle point P, where the radius of the track is horizontal.
1. A small heavy block is attached to the lower end of a light
R
rod of length l which can be rotated about its clamped P
upper end. What minimum horizontal velocity should the k m
block be given so that it moves in a complete vertical
circle?
2. The bob of a pendulum at rest is given a sharp hit to
9. A heavy particle is suspended by a string of length l. It is
impart a horizontal velocity 10gl where l is the length of
given a horizontal velocity of 3.8gl m/s.
the pendulum. Find the tension in the string when
(d) Find the angle made by the string with the upward
(a) the string is horizontal,
vertical, when it becomes slack.
(b) the bob is at its highest point and
(e) Find the speed of the particle at this instant.
(c) the string makes an angle 60o with the upward
(f) Find the maximum height reached by the particle
vertical.
over the point of suspension. Take g = 10 m/s2.
3. A simple pendulum consists of a 50 cm long string
10. A small body A starts sliding from the height h down an
connected to a 100 g ball. The ball is pulled aside so that
inclined groove passing into a half-circle of radius h/2.
the string makes an angle of 37o with the vertical and is
Assuming the friction to be negligible, find the velocity of
then released. Find the tension in the string when the bob
the body at the highest point of its trajectory (after
is at its lowest position.
breaking off the groove).
4. The bob of a stationary pendulum of length 10cm is given
a sharp hit to impart it a horizontal speed of 3m / s .
Find the angle rotated by the string before it becomes
slack. Take g = 10m/s2.
5. A particle slides on the surface of a fixed smooth sphere
of radius R starting from the topmost point. Find the 11. A spherical ball of mass m is kept at the highest point in
distance moved by the particle, when it leaves contact the square between two fixed, concentric sphere A and B
with the sphere. (see figure). The smaller sphere A has a radius R and the
6. A particle of mass m is kept on a fixed, smooth sphere of space between the two sphere has a width d. The ball has
radius R at a position where the radius through the particle a diameter very slightly less than d. All surfaces are
makes an angle of 30o with the vertical. The particle is frictionless. The ball is given a gentle push (towards the
released from this position. right in the figure). The angle made by the radius vector
(a) What is the force exerted by the sphere on the of the ball with the upward vertical is denoted by θ.
particle just after the released? a) Express the total normal reaction
(b) Find the distance travelled by the particle before it force exerted by the spheres on
leaves contact with the sphere. the ball as a function of angle θ.
7. A particle of mass m is kept on the top of a smooth sphere b) Let NA and NB denote the θ
of radius R. It is given a sharp impulse which imparts it a magnitudes of the normal
A
horizontal speed v. reaction forces on the ball
(a) Find the normal force between the sphere and the exerted by the sphere A and B, B
particle just after the impulse. respectively. Sketch the
(b) What should be the minimum value of υ for which variations of NA and NB as function of cos θ the range
the particle does not slip on the sphere? 0θ≤ π≤ by drawing two separate graph in your answer
(c) Assuming the velocity υ to be half the minimum book, taking cos θ on the horizontal axis.
calculated in part find the angle made by the radius
through the particle with the vertical when it leaves Objective Type Questions
the sphere. 12. A block of mass m slides down a smooth vertical circular
8. Figure shows a smooth track, a part of which is a circle of track. During the motion, the block is in
radius R. A block of mass m is pushed against a spring of (a) vertical equilibrium (b) horizontal equilibrium
string constant k fixed at the left end and is then released. (c) radial equilibrium (d) none of these.
Find the initial compression of the spring so that the block
34 | P a g e
13. A particle is rotated in a, vertical circle by connecting it to
a string of length l and keeping the other end of the string 4m
fixed. The minimum speed of the particle when the string 60°
is horizontal for which the particle will complete the
circle is
(a) gl (b) 2 gl (c) 3 gl (d) 5 gl m
m A
14. A frictionless track ABCDE ends in a circular loop of B
radius R = 10cm. A body slides down the track from point
b) The work done by gravitational force on the block m is
A which is at a height h. Minimum value of h for the body
positive when it moves from A to B.
to successfully complete the loop is
c) The power delivered by the tension when m moves from
a) 25 cm A D
A to B is zero.
b) 10 cm
d) The kinetic energy of m in position B equals the work
c) 15 cm 2R
h done by gravitational force on the black when it moves
d) 20 cm E
from position A to B.
B
15. A particle is given an initial speed u inside a Answers
smooth spherical shell of radius R = 1 m 1. 2 gl .
that it is just able to complete the circle.
2. (a) 8 mg (b) 5 mg (c) 6.5 mg
Acceleration of the particle when its R U
3. 1.4 N
velocity becomes vertical is
 1
(a) g 10 (b) g (c) g 2 (d) g 6 4. cos −1  − 
 3
16. With what minimum speed v must a small ball should be
2
pushed inside a smooth vertical tube from a height h so 5. R cos −1   .
3
that it may reach the top of the tube? Radius of the tube is
R. 3mg
6. (a) (b) 0.43 R
(a) ( 2 g ( h + 2R )) 2
mv 2 3
5 7. (a) mg − (b) Rg (c) cos −1  
(b) R R 4
2
3mg R
(c) g ( 5 R − 2h ) R 8.
k
(d) 2 g ( 2 R − h ) h v 9. (a) 53o (b)

3 gl
(c)
99l
5 125
17. A particle of mass m is attached to a light string of length 2 gh
l, the other end of which is fixed. Initially the string is 10.
3 3
kept horizontal and the particle is given an upward
=
11. (a) N mg (3cosθ −2)
velocity v. The particle is just able to complete a circle.
2
a) The string becomes slack when the particle reaches (b) For θ ≤ cos−1   , N B =
0, N A =
mg (3cos θ − 2)
its highest point. 3
b) The velocity of the particle becomes zero at the 2
for θ ≥ cos −1   , N A =
0, N B =
mg (2 − 3cos θ)
highest point. 3
c) The kinetic energy of the ball in initial position was 12. d
1 2 13. c
mv = mgl .
2 14. a
d) The particle again passes through the initial position. 15. a
18. In the system shown in the figure, the mass m moves in a 16. d
circular arc of angular amplitude 60°. The mass 4m 17. a, d
remains stationary. Then 18. a, b, c, d
a) The minimum value of coefficient of friction between the
mass 4m and the surface is 0.5.
35 | P a g e
6. Equilibrium Clearly, potential energy of the
particle is maximum at stable
Every conservative force (field) is associated with a potential equilibrium.
energy. For example gravitational field is associated with Conditions for unstable
gravitational potential energy, electrostatic field is associated equilibrium can be expressed as
with electrostatic potential energy, spring force is associated
dU d 2U
with spring potential energy and so on. = 0& <0.
One dimensional formula for potential energy: A dx dx 2
conservative force F is the negative gradient of the Neutral equilibrium: When a particle is slightly displaced
corresponding potential energy U. from its position then it does not experience any force or torque
dU acting on it and continues to be in equilibrium in the displaced
∴ F= −
dx position, it is said to be in neutral equilibrium. E.g., a marble
Three dimensional formula for potential energy: A placed on a horizontal surface.
 Clearly, potential energy of the particle
conservative force is the negative gradient (−∇) of the
is constant in neutral equilibrium.
corresponding potential energy
  Conditions for neutral equilibrium can be expressed as
F = −∇U
dU d 2U
  ∂U ˆ ∂U ˆ ∂U ˆ  = 0=& 0.
⇒F= − i+ j+ dx dx 2
∂z 
k
 ∂x ∂y
Example 48
Equilibrium: If net force acting on a particle is zero, it is said
dU
to be in equilibrium. Application of F = −
dU dx
For equilibrium, F =⇒ 0 = 0.
dx Q. The potential energy of a body is given by,
Potential energy in terms of conservative force: U = A − Bx 2 (Where x is the displacement). The magnitude

r 2   of force acting on the particle is
U 2 − U1 = −∫ F ⋅dr (a) constant (b) proportional to x

r1
 (c) proportional to x 2 (d) inversely proportional to x
where d r = dxi + dy j + dzk
Solution: (b)
x2
Given, U = A − Bx 2
− ∫ Fdx
For one dimensional force: U 2 − U1 =
dU
x1
∴F = − = 2 Bx
Types of equilibrium: Equilibrium of a particle can be of dx
three types: stable equilibrium, unstable equilibrium and ⇒F∝x
neutral equilibrium.
Example 49
Stable equilibrium: When a particle is displaced slightly
Equilibrium and Graph
from its present position, then a force or a torque acting on it
brings it back to the initial position, it is said to be in stable Q. The force acting on a body moving along x-axis varies
equilibrium position. E.g., a marble placed at the bottom of a with the position of the particle as shown in the fig.
hemispherical surface. The body is in stable equilibrium at
Clearly, potential energy of the (a) x = x1 F
particle is minimum at stable
equilibrium. (b) x = x2
Conditions for stable equilibrium can (c) both x1 and x 2
x1 x2
x
be expressed as (d) neither x1 nor x 2
dU d 2U
= 0& > 0. Solution: (b)
dx dx 2
Clearly at x = x1 and x = x2 , force F = 0.
Unstable equilibrium: When a particle is displaced slightly Now, at x = x1 , slope of tangent is positive i.e.
from its present position, then a force or a torque acting on it
dF d  dU   dU 
displaces the particle further away from the equilibrium > 0 ⇒ − >0  F =− dx 
position, it is said to be in unstable equilibrium position. E.g., dx dx  dx   
a marble placed at the top of a hemispherical surface.
36 | P a g e
dU 2
dU d  a b 
⇒ <0 =⇒0  12 − 6  =
0
dx 2 dx dx  x x 
Hence, body is in unstable equilibrium at x = x1 . 12a −6b 6b 12a 2a
⇒ − 13 − 6 = 0 ⇒ 7 = ⇒ x6 =
Now, at x = x2 , slope of tangent is negative i.e. x x x x13 b
dF d  dU  d 2U ⇒x=
2a
< 0 ⇒ − <0⇒ 2 >0
6
dx dx  dx  dx b
Hence, body is in stable equilibrium at x = x2 . d 2U 2a
You can check that 2
> 0 at x = 6 .
dx b
Example 50 Example 52
Equilibrium and Graph Potential Energy and Circular Motion
Q. A particle is placed at the origin and a force F = kx is Q. A particle is moving in a circular path of radius a under
acting on it (where k is positive constant). If U(0) = 0 , k
the action of an attractive potential U = − 2 . Its total
the graph of U(x) versus x will be (where U is the 2r
potential energy function) energy is
k k 3 k
U(x) U(x) (a) − 2 (b) 2
(c) zero (d) −
4a 2a 2 a2
(a) (b)
x x Solution: (c)
dU k
F= − =
dr r 3
U(x) U(x)
Since particle is moving in a circular path
(c) x
(d) x mv 2 k mv 2 k
F= ⇒ 3= ⇒ mv 2 = 2
r r r r
1 2 k
∴ KE,= K = mv
Solution: (a) 2 2r 2
Total energy = Mechanical Energy = U + K
Given at U = 0 at x = 0. Let U = U at x = x.
k k  k 
=
− 2+ 2 =
zero.  U = − 2r 2 given 
U x
dU
F =
− ⇒ ∫ dU =
− ∫ Fdx 2r 2r  
dx 0 0
Example 53
x2
⇒U =−k Potential Energy and Dissociation Energy
2
This is the equation of downward parabola symmetric to The potential energy function for the force between two
U axis. atoms in a diatomic molecule is approximately given by
a b
Example 51 U (=x) 12
− 6 , where a and b are constants and x is the
x x
Stable Equilibrium distance between the atoms. If the dissociation energy of
Q. The potential energy between two atoms in a molecule is the molecule is D =U ( x =∞ ) − U at equilibrium  , D is
a b
given by U (= x) − ; where a and b are positive b2 b2 b2 b2
x12 x 6 (a) (b) (c) (d)
2a 12a 4a 6a
constants and x is the distance between the atoms. The
atom is in stable equilibrium when Solution: (c)
dU
11a a At equilibrium : =0
(a) x = 6 (b) x= 6 dx
5b 2b
−12a −6
2a ⇒ =
(c) x = 0 (d) x = 6 x11 x5
b 1
 2a  6
Solution: (d) ⇒x=
 
For equilibrium  b 
37 | P a g e
a b b2 3. The potential energy of a particle in a certain field has the
∴U at equilibrium = 2 − =
−
 2a   2a  4a form U
a b
= 2 − , where a and b are positive constant and
   b  r r
 b 
r is the distance from the centre of the field. Find
and U ( x = ∞ ) = 0
a. the value of r0 corresponding to the equilibrium
position of the particle; examine whether this position
 b2  b2
∴ D=
0 −   =. is stable.
 4a  4a b. the maximum magnitude of the attraction force; draw
the plots U (r) and Fr (r) (the projections of the force
Example 54
on the radius vector r).
Equilibrium
Q. A particle free to move along the x-axis has potential 4. A particle of mass m approaches a region of force starting
energy given by U ( x) =k[1 − exp(− x) 2 ] for −∞ ≤ x ≤ +∞ , from r = +∞. The potential energy function in terms of
where k is a positive constant of appropriate dimensions. distance r from the origin is given by,
Then  K
 2 a 3 ( 3a − r ) ;0 ≤ r ≤ a
2 2
a) At point away from the origin, the particle is in
unstable equilibrium U (r ) = 
b) For any finite non-zero value of x, there is a force K ; r≥a
 r
directed away from the origin
c) If its total mechanical energy is k/2, it has its a) Derive the force F(r) and determine whether it is
repulsive or attractive.
minimum kinetic energy at the origin
b) With what velocity should the particle start at r =∞
d) For small displacements from x = 0, F ∝ − x to cross over to other side of the origin.
Solution: (d) 2K
2
c) If the velocity of the particle at r = ∞ is ,
Given U = k(1 − e− x ) am
−dU 2 towards the origin describe the motion.
Force F = = −k[ −e− x × (−2 x)] (using chain rule) 5. The potential energy function of a particle in a region of
dx
space is given as : U = (x2 + y3 + 2z) J
 x4 
− 2kxe − x =
⇒F= −2kx 1 − x 2 + − ......
2
where x, y and z are in metres. Find the force acting on the
 2!  particle at point P(1m, 2m, 1m).
For small displacement we can neglect x2 and higher 6. The potential energy function of a particle in a region of
degree terms. space is given as: U = (2xy + yz)J
∴F = −2kx where x, y and z are in metre. Find the force acting on the
particle at a general point P(x, y, z).
⇒ F ∝ − x i.e. motion is simple harmonic motion.
7. Force acting on a particle in a conservative force field is :
 
(i) F = (3iˆ + 4 ˆj − kˆ) (ii)= F (2 xiˆ + 3 yjˆ)
DPP 6 
(iii) =F ( yiˆ + xjˆ)
Equilibrium
Find the potential energy function, if it is zero at origin.
1. The potential energy of a particle varies with distance x as
shown in the graph. Find the points Objective Type Questions
where force acting on the particle is
zero. Also find positions of stable 8. Potential energy v/s displacement curve for one
and unstable equilibrium. dimensional conservative field
2. The potential energy function for a is shown. Force at A and B is
system is given by U(x) = 2x3 − 9x2 respectively.
+ 12x. (a) Determine the force Fx as a function of x. (b) (a) Positive, Positive
For what values of x is the force equal to zero? (c) Plot (b) Positive, Negative
U(x) versus x and Fx versus x, and indicate points of stable (c) Negative, Positive
and unstable equilibrium. (d) Negative, Negative
38 | P a g e
9. The potential energy of a particle varies with distance x as 13. Find the greatest & least value of x between which
shown in the graph.
U(x)
particle can move ( 29 = 5.4 )
B (a) 8.4m & −2.4m (b) 8.4m & 4.4m
D ( c ) 7m& 3m (d) 8m & 4m
A 14. Find maximum kinetic energy of particle & value of x at
C which it occurs.
x
(a) 20J & x = 0m (b) 29J & x = 3m
The force acting on the particle is zero at
(a) C (b) B ( c ) 49J & x = 1m (d) 29J & x = 0m
(c) B and C (d) A and D 15. Find value of x at which body is in equilibrium
10. The potential energy of a system is represented in the first (a) 0m (b) −2m (c) 3m (d) 1m
figure. The force acting on the system will be represented 16. A particle which is constrained moving along the X-axis
by is subjected to a force in the same direction which varies
U(x) with the distance x of the particle from the origin as
F ( x=
) kx − ax3 . Here k and a are positive constants. For
x ≥ 0, the graph of the potential energy U ( x ) of the
particle with its position can be best represented by
a x
F(x) F(x) U ( x) U ( x)
(a) (b)
(a) a (b) a
x x
x x
F(x) F(x) U ( x) U ( x)
(c) (d)
(c) a (d)
x a x x x
11. A particle is moving in a circle of radius r under the

action of a force F = α r 2 which is directed towards
centre of the circle. Total mechanical energy (kinetic 17. *In the figure the variation of potential energy of a
energy + potential energy) of the particle is (take potential particle of mass m = 2kg is represented w.r.t. its x-
energy = 0 for r =0) coordinate. The particle moves under the effect of this
conservative force along the x-axis. Which of the
1 3 4 3 5 3
(a) α r 3 (b) αr (c) αr (d) αr following statements is incorrect about the particle is true:
2 3 6
Paragraph for next four questions

A single conservative force acts on a 1kg particle that moves
along x – axis. Potential energy U(x) is given by
U(x) = 20 +(x – 3)2,
where x is in m. At x = 0, particle has kinetic energy of 20J.
12. What is the mechanical energy of system

(a) 20J (b) 49J (c) 100J (d) 75J
a) If it is released at the origin it will move in negative
x-axis.
39 | P a g e
b) If it is released at x = 2 +∆ where ∆ → 0 then its 2a b3
maximum speed will be 5 m/s and it will perform 3. (a) , stable equilibrium (b) Fmax =
b 27 a 2
oscillatory motion

c) If initially x = – 10 and u = 6 iˆ then it will cross x
= 10
d) x = – 5 and x = + 5 are unstable equilibrium positions
of the particle

18. *The potential energy U for a force field F is such that
U = − Kxy, where K is a constant. Then

F kyi + kxjˆ
(a) =
 3k
F Kxi + Ky j
4. (a) repulsive (b) (c) stops at r = a and then
(b) = am

(c) F is a conservative force reaches at r = ∞
 
(d) F is a non-conservative force 5. F= −(2iˆ + 12 ˆj + 2kˆ) N

19. *The potential energy of a particle of mass 5kg, moving 6. F= −[2 yiˆ + (2 x + z ) ˆj + ykˆ]
in the xy plane, is given by
U = (−7x + 24y) J, x and y being in metres. Initially (at t =
7. (
(i) –3x – 4y + z (ii) − x 2 + y 3 ) (iii) – xy.
8. b
0), the particle is at the origin and has velocity
 9. c
v= ( )
−1.44i + 4.2 ˆj m / s . Then 10.
11.
c
d
(a) the speed of the particle at t = 4s, is 25 ms−1 12. b
(b) the acceleration of the particle is 13. a
5 ms−1 14. b
(c) the direction of acceleration of the particle is 15. c
perpendicular to its direction of motion, initially. 16. a
(d) the direction of acceleration of the particle is along 17. a, b, c
the direction of motion, initially. 18. a, c
20. *The potential energy U in joule of a particle of mass 1 kg 19. a, b, c
moving in x-y plane obeys the law U = 3x + 4y, where (x, 20. a, c, d
y are the co-ordinates of the particle in metre). If the
particle is at rest at
(6, 4) at time t = 0 then
(a) the particle has constant acceleration
(b) the particle has zero acceleration
(c) the speed of the particle when it crosses the y-axis is
10 m/s
(d) co-ordinates of particle at t = 1 s are (4.5, 2)
Answers
1. Force zero at B and C; stable equilibrium at C and
unstable equilibrium at B
2. Fx = −6x2 + 18x −12; Fx = 0 at x = 1 and x = 2; stable
equilibrium at x = 2 and unstable equilibrium at x = 1
U Fx
O O
1 2 x 1 2 x
40 | P a g e

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PHYSICS FOR JEE MAIN

Physics for JEE Main

This chapter has been divided into six parts:

Example 7 where Fx is the component of force along x-axis.

Q. A forces acting on a particle moving in the x-y plane is

are constants. The work done in stretching the unstretched 2 2  

(c) W2 = 2W1 (a) −9300 J

(a) 10−4 kg m −1 (b) 10−1 kg m −1 s −1 ⇒ 5000 x 2 + 15 x − 16 =

−15 ± (15) − 4 × ( 5000 ) × ( −16 )

force F which at each point was

Objective Type Questions 23. A particle which is experiencing a force, given by

 Trick VI: Work done from Power vs time graph Example 29

 v  v  Work done can be obtained from area of Power vs time

⇒ ∇= × F i  − − j −    ∴WOAC = WOA + WAC = 0 + 8 = 8 J .

   ∂zx ∂yz   ∂zx ∂xy  ∴WOBC = WOB + WBC = 8 + 0 = 8 J .

 16. A block of mass 0.5 kg is kept on a rough inclined plane

L/6 Reference Level L/6

Initial state L/2 Final state

⇒ U s = × 200 × 103 × (10−3 ) =0.1J

30 m Q. A particle slides on the surface of a fixed smooth sphere

A Using (i) and (ii), we get

Condition of looping the loop ( u ≥ 5 gR )

(d) 2 g ( 2 R − h ) h v 9. (a) 53o (b)

11. A particle is moving in a circle of radius r under the

Paragraph for next four questions

12. What is the mechanical energy of system

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