The process of nomination. The main stages in the process of naming.

The classification of the

ways of nomination in modern English.

THE PROCESS OF NOMINATION. Nomination is the process of giving names to things. The branch of
linguistics which studies the nominative function of lexical units is termed onomasiology.
There are two main participants in the process of nomination; (1)the nominator, i.e. one who names an object,
(2)the referent, i.e. the named object, which is the starting point in the process of nomination.
THE MAIN STAGES IN THE PROCESS OF NAMING.
 The process of nomination begins with forming a concept of a referent.
The concept is a category of human cognition. It's a generalized idea of a class of objects, summing up the most
essential characteristics of the given class that help to distinguish it from any other class of objects.
 The second stage of nomination is the formation of meaning.
The meaning of the word is closely connected with the concept but is not identical with it.
Neither referents nor concepts belong to the language while meaning does. Meaning is always connected to a
certain sound-form.
There are three possibilities of forming the sound-form of a word:
(1) to invent a new sound-form;
(2) to borrow one from another language;
(3) to use already existing units of the given language.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE WAYS OF NOMINATION IN MODERN ENGLISH.
Ways of nomination in modern English can be classified as follows:

The external way of nomination is borrowing, i.e. taking over units from other languages. The English vocabulary
contains around 75-80% of words of foreign languages
Word-formation is the formation of new words out of morphemes existing in the language. The main ways of
forming new words in English are derivation, compounding, conversion, shortening.
Derivation (suffixation and prefixation) consists in adding prefixes and suffixes to stems. Currently thriving
prefixes and suffixes include de-, ex-, anti-, un-, -er, -ion, - age, etc.
Word-composition (compounding) is producing new words by combining two or more stems,
Conversion is the reallocation of a word to a different part of speech without changing its morphemic structure or
sound form,
Shortening (abbreviation) may be of different types. Clipping is making a new word from a syllable (or two) of
the original word,
Letter-based abbreviation (initialisms and acronyms) means that a new word is made up of the initial letters of
the derivational base that may be a word or a word-group,
Blending is making a new word from two or more other words, by fusion,
Coinage is inventing a new word or phrase. The creation of words without the use of existing words is rare in
general usage but common in fiction, esp. fantasy.
Split of polysemy is the splitting of one polysemantic word into two or more words,
Lexicalzation means that a grammatical form of a word becomes a separate word,