MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM BONE FACTS!!

- Includes the muscles, joints, bones and related - Adult = 206 bones
structures such the tendons and ligaments that - Child = 300 – 360 bones (eventually suture together)
function in support and movement of body parts and
organs.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCLE
- Is composed of contractile cells of fibers that provide
movement of an organ or body parts
- 3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
o SKELETAL (VOLUNTARY)
 Or striated muscle
 Are muscles whose action is under
voluntary control
o CARDIAC
TYPES:
 Found only in the heart
1. Short bones: trapezoid
 Shares similarities with both
2. Long bones: humerus
skeletal and smooth muscle
3. Flat bones: sternum
 It is striated, but it produces
4. Irregular bones: vertebrae
rhythmic involuntary contractions
5. Sesamoid bone: patella
o SMOOTH (INVOLUNTARY)
 Also called visceral muscles
 Are muscles wholes actions are
involuntary
 Contraction is controlled by the
autonomic nervous system
SKELETAL SYSTEM
BONES
- Bones originate from osteoblasts (begin in fetus as
soft cartilage)
- Osteoblasts harden (ossificate) during first weeks of
life to become a bone AXIAL BONES (80)

All our lives – bone is deposited, broken down and replaced - Runs along the body’s midline axis: skull (cranial, ear

FUNCTIONS OF BONES: ossicles, facial), hyoid, thorax (sternum and ribs),

1. Provide framework of the body vertebral column

2. Protect internal organs

3. Store calcium and other minerals
4. Produce blood cells within bone marrow
(hematopoiesis)
  Moves freely
o AMPHIARTHROSES
 Moves slightly
o SYNARTHROSES
 No movement

CLASSIFICATION: SYNOVIAL FLUID

APPENDICULAR SKELETON - Joint lubricator

- Consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs and - Helps synovial joints move easier

their girdles that attach the limbs to the axial TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS

skeleton TENDONS
- are bands of fibrous tissue that connect muscles to
bone
LIGAMENT
- connects bones to other bones
DIAGNOSTIC, PROCEDURAL, AND LABORATORY TESTS
Medical specialists that treat disorders of the musculoskeletal
system:
o ORTHOPEDISTS: specialist in treatment of
musculoskeletal disorders
o OSTEOPATHS: combine manipulative procedures
with state-of-the-art methods of medical treatment,
including prescribing drugs and performing
surgeries.
o RHEUMATOLOGISTS: physician who specializes in
treating joint disease
JOINTS o PODIATRISTS: branch of medicine devoted to the
- Or articulations study, diagnosis, and medical and surgical treatment
- Is a point of contact between: bones, bones and of disorders of the foot, ankle, and lower extremity
cartilage o CHIROPRACTORS: helps manage back and neck pain
- Have various mobility: through the use of spinal adjustments to maintain
o DIARTHROSES (SINOVIAL) good alignment.
Performing internal examinations or the use of x-rays, scans, 3. COMMINUTED FRACTURE
and radiographs are often required to diagnose bone and - Is complete and fragments the bone
muscle ailments: 4. TRANSVERSE FRACTURE
o ARTHROGRAPHY: type of imaging test used to look - Is complete, and the break occurs at a right angle to
at a joint, such as the shoulder, knee, or hip. the axis of the bone
o ARTHROSCOPY: procedure for diagnosing and 5. OBLIQUE FRACTURE
treating joint problems - Occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the
o DISKOGRAPHY axis of the bone

o COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT): Imaging technique 6. SPIRAL FRACTURE

achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the - Is caused by twisting a bone excessively

area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of

transmitted rays from different angle
o MYELOGRAPHY: Radiography of the spinal cord after
injection of a contrast medium to identify and study
spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated
intervertebral disks, or other lesions
o ELECTROMYOGRAM: test that is used to record the
electrical activity of muscles
o MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI): Non-
invasive imaging technique that uses radio waves
and a strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray
beam to produce multiplanar cross sectional images
OTHER TESTS: SPRAIN: caused by injury or trauma to the joints or muscle

GONIOMETER STRAIN: caused by overuse of a muscle

- Tests for ROM (Range of Motion) OTHER CONDITIONS:

DENSITOMETER - TENDENITIS: inflammation or irritation of a tendon

- Measures bone density - DISLOCATION: an injury in which the ends of your

PATHOLOGY bones are forced from their normal positions.

Causes of musculoskeletal disorders: - SUBLUXATION: partial dislocation within the body

- Birth defects - OSTEOPOROSIS: health condition that weakens

- Injury bones, making them fragile and more likely to break

- Degenerative disease MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AND DISCOMPFORT:

- Systemic disorders - OSTEOALGIA:  pain in a bone

TYPES OF FRACTURES: - MYALGIA: pain in a muscle or group of muscles

1. GREENSTICK FRACTURE - ARTHRALGIA: pain in a joint

- Is incomplete, and the break occurs on the convex - ARTHRITIS: swelling/inflammation and tenderness of

surface of the bend in the bone one or more joints

2. FISSURED FRACTURE
- Involves an incomplete longitudinal break
SURGICAL TERMS
- REDUCTION: is the return of a part to its normal
position
- OSTEOPLASTY: is repair of a bone
- TENOTOMY: is the cutting into tendon to repair a
muscle (myoplasty)
- ARTHROPLASTY: is a repair of a joint
- LAMINECTOMY: is removal of part of a spinal disk