ME-313E

Basic Mechanical Engineering

Mohd. Mahfuzur Rahman
Sources of
energy:
conventional
and renewable
 What is energy???
A very layman definition is that Energy is the capacity of a physical system to
perform work.

We know from the Law of Conservation of Energy, that energy can neither be
created nor destroyed but merely converted from one form to another.

For example, Water falling from a height and rotating a turbine utilises the initial
potential energy of the water to kinetic energy of the turbine. The turbine then
rotates a generator converting its kinetic energy to electrical energy which then
reaches our home and used in numerous ways as we wish.
 Classifications of energy
Based on the virtue of the motion of the energy it can be classified as:

Energy in motion or
energy which can cross a
system boundary is
Transitional known as transitional
energy such as work, flow
of current, heat

ENERGY
As the term itself
suggests, such energy is
stored within masses or
bodies. Examples are
nuclear energy, chemical
Stored energy stored in
batteries.
 Classificiations of energy (Contd.)

Energy is also broadly classified into six categories based on the form of energy.

▪ Mechanical Energy: Perhaps the most commonly faced form of energy, it can be defined
as the energy acquired by the objects upon which work is done. In other words, the
energy that is possessed by an object due to its motion or due to its position. Its
transitional form is work and can be stored as potential energy(as in water tanks) or as
kinetic energy(as in flywheels).

▪ Chemical Energy: It is the energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds (atoms and
molecules) and released during a chemical reaction, usually accompanied by heat.
Batteries, petroleum and natural gas are examples of stored chemical energy and a
transitional form does not exist.

▪ Electrical Energy: This energy is associated with the accumulation or flow of electrons. The
transitional form of electrical energy is electron flow, usually through a conductor of some
kind. Electrical energy may be stored as either electrostatic-field energy (electric field
produced by the accumulation of charge on the plates of a capacitor) or as inductive-field
energy (magnetic field established by the flow of electrons through an induction coil).
 Classificiations of energy (Contd.)

▪ Nuclear Energy: Just like chemical energy, nuclear energy is a kind of stored energy and is
released during reactions occurring within the nucleus of various atoms. Examples include
nuclear fission and fusion.

▪ Electromagnetic Energy: Being associated with electromagnetic radiation, this is a pure

mass-less form of energy. This radiation exists as only transitional energy travelling at the
speed of light, c.

▪ Thermal Energy: It is the internal energy of an object due to the kinetic energy of its
atoms and is dependent on the temperature of the body. Its transitional form is heat while
its stored form is internal energy in the form of sensible heat or latent heat.
The 2nd law of thermodynamics states that any other form of energy can be completely
converted to thermal energy but thermal energy can never be completely converted to other
forms.
 Classificiations of energy (Contd.)

Based on the availability of the energy sources, another very important classification of energy is
obtained.
These are fuels which are generally
used to produce energy mainly from
combustion, chemical reactions or
nuclear reactions.
Conventional Examples include fossil fuels such as
coal, petroleum, natural gas etc. and
nuclear materials such as U-235

Energy sources
A growingly popular form of
energy, these sources are an
alternative to conventional
sources and are naturally
replenishing in character.
Examples include wind, sunlight,
Renewable geothermal, tidal, hydroelectric,
ocean thermal, biomass and
biodiesel etc.
 Note: Mtoe = Mega Ton of oil
equivalent

A Few statistics on energy

In 2012 the world energy consumption was 3.76 × 1020 Joules or 8979 Mtoe.

World Energy Consumption

 A Few statistics on energy
In 2012, the world energy production was 5.6 × 1020 Joules or 13,371 Mtoe.

World Energy Production

 Fossil Fuels
❑ They were formed many hundreds of millions of years ago before the time of the dinosaurs and
formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure in
the Earth's crust over this time period.

❑ Coal, Crude Oil and Natural Gas are the major traditional fossil fuels in use today.

Coal is often extracted through strip mining at the
surface or deep tunneling. Power shovels, large trucks,
bucket wheel excavators, and conveyors are used for
this purpose.
Oil and natural gas are found much deeper below the surface.
Imaging technology is used to examine geological formations for
likely oil-bearing areas. At sea, massive drills from ocean platforms
are used to bore into the deposits. On land, wells are drilled, and
pump jacks extract the oil. Natural gas reserves often exist within
oil reservoirs
 Fossil Fuels (Contd.)

Lignite

Quality
increases
Sub-
bituminous

Coal

Bituminous

Anthracite
Fossil Fuels (Contd.)
 Solar energy

The most widely used renewable form of energy, solar energy is usually used
both directly or indirectly.

Indirectly, solar energy affects the wind and ocean thermal energy so affecting
the energy obtained from them. It is a. In fact, solar energy is one of the most
important conditions needed for the formation of fossil fuels.

Apart from nuclear energy, geothermal energy and tidal power, the sun is
responsible for all the forms of energy which
are exploited by man.

Directly solar energy can be utilized in

two ways:
a) Solar thermal energy
b) Solar Photovoltaic
 What is Solar Energy?
Originates with the thermonuclear
fusion
reactions occurring in the sun.
• The Solar fusion reaction results in
temperature of about 6000oC at the
sun’s surface.
• Represents the entire
electromagnetic radiation (visible
light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and
radio waves).

Because of the absorption and reflection characteristics of different

molecules in the earth’s atmosphere, the distribution changes from top of
the atmospheric surface to the earth’s surface. Oxygen, nitrogen and
Ozone in the upper atmosphere absorbs short wave length where as water
and carbon-di-oxide absorbs visible and infrared region.
 Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages
• All chemical and radioactive polluting byproducts of the
thermonuclear reactions remain behind on the sun,
while only pure radiant energy reaches the Earth.
• Energy source is significantly big.

Disadvantages
• Sun does not shine consistently.
• Solar energy is a diffuse source. To harness it, we must
concentrate it into an amount and form that we can
use, such as heat and electricity.
• Addressed by approaching the problem through:
1) collection, 2) conversion, 3) storage
 Solar Thermal Energy

Application 1: Concentrating solar energy to generate power

Step 1: Concentrating the solar point at a single point (focal point)

a) Using Parabolic trough collectors b) Using heliostats for a solar power tower
 Solar Thermal Energy (Contd.)

Application 1: Concentrating solar energy to generate power

Step 2: Using the heat to generate steam to power a turbine

 Solar Thermal Energy (Contd.)

Application 2: Solar water heater and/or heating the house

 Hydroelectric Energy

Hydroelectricity is the term referring to

electricity generated by hydropower; the
production of electrical power through the
use of the gravitational force of falling or
flowing water.

The theory is to build a dam on a large river

to store a lot of water behind it in the
reservoir. Near the bottom of the dam wall
there is the water intake. Gravity causes it
to fall through the penstock inside the
dam. At the end of the penstock there is a
turbine propeller, which is turned by the
moving water. The shaft from the turbine
goes up into the generator, which
produces the power. Power lines are
connected to the generator that carry
electricity.

Kaptai dam- Karnafuli Hydro Power station is the

only hydroelectric plant of Bangladesh.
Hydropower Generating methods
❑ Conventional (dams)
❑ Pumped-storage
❑ Run-of-the-river
❑ Tide

Hydraulic turbine
The power available from falling water can be calculated from the flow rate and
density of water, the height of fall, and the local acceleration due to gravity. In SI
units, the power is:

P= ηρQgh
where

P is power in watts
η is the dimensionless efficiency of the turbine
ρ is the density of water in kilograms per cubic m
Q is the flow in cubic m per second
g is the acceleration due to gravity
h is the height difference between inlet and outlet in m
Classification according to capacity:
Calculate the power for a
turbine that is 85% efficient,
having a flow rate of 80
cubic-meters/second , and
with a net head of 145 m.
 Nuclear energy

Fission Fusion

Differences: Definition, occurrence, conditions, energy needed & released, fuel

 Nuclear energy (Contd.)

So how is the energy released from nuclear reactions utilized??

Nuclear Boiling Water Reactor

 Nuclear energy (Contd.)

So how is the energy released from nuclear reactions utilized??

Pressurized Water Reactor

 Wind Energy

Wind energy can be extracted by wind turbines, wind mills, windpumps.

A wind turbine converts kinetic energy from the wind into electrical power. A windmill is a
mill that converts the kinetic energy of wind into rotational energy for grinding grains. A
windpump uses the kinetic energy of wind for pumping water.

Vertical Axis Wind mill

Horizontal Axis
Wind turbine Wind turbine Windpump
Wind Energy (Contd.)
1) Blades lift and rotate when wind is
blown over them, causing the
rotor to spin. Most turbines have
either two or three blades.

2) Blades and hub form the rotor.

3) Nacelle contains gear box, shafts,

generator & controller.

4) Blades rotate low speed shaft. The

gear box increases the speed and
transmits it to the high speed
shaft to rotate the generator.

5) Controller starts machine at

speeds of 8-16 mph and shuts it
down at high speeds of 55 mph.
Wind Energy (Contd.)
6) Anemometer measures the wind
speed and sends it to the
controller.

7) The yaw drive is used to keep the

rotor facing into the wind as the
wind direction changes. Only used
in horizontal axis wind turbines.

8) The brake stops the rotor when

needed.

9) Wind vane measures wind

direction and sends this
information to the yaw drive.

10) Generator produces AC current.

11) Pitch system adjusts blades to

control the rotor speed.
 Ocean Thermal Energy

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

is a marine renewable energy technology
that harnesses the solar energy absorbed
by the oceans. OTEC generates electricity
by exchanging heat with the warm water
from the ocean surface and with the cold
water from the deep ocean. The working
fluid which exchanges this heat drives a
turbine in a Rankine Cycle, which converts
it to electricity.

One of the main advantages of OTEC with

other renewables, such as wind and solar
energy, is the fact that OTEC is an energy
source available day and night.
Ocean Thermal Energy (Contd.)
 Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy literally means – heat from the Earth. Energy is extracted from naturally occurring
heat by either extracting hot water that circulates amongst rocks below the Earth’s surface or converting
cold water into hot water by pumping it through very hot rocks. The heated water is brought to the
surface and to produce steam to drive turbines to produce electricity.
There is more than 11,000 megawatts of geothermal energy already operating around the world. It is also
another renewable energy which can generate electricity day and night.

There are three designs for geothermal power

plants, all of which pull hot water and steam
from the ground, use it, and then return it as
warm water to prolong the life of the heat
source.

In the simplest design, the steam goes directly

through the turbine, then into a condenser
where the steam is condensed into water. This
system is used when steam is directly available.
 Geothermal Energy (Contd.)
In a second approach, very hot water is depressurized or "flashed" into steam which can then be used
to drive the turbine. This system is used when very hot water is available.

In the third approach, called a binary system, the hot water is passed through a heat exchanger, where
it heats a second liquid—such as isobutane—in a closed loop. The isobutane boils at a lower
temperature than water, so it is more easily converted into steam to run the turbine. This system is
currently being focused on as more hot water sources are available.
 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy is a form of hydropower that converts the energy obtained from tides into useful forms of
power, mainly electricity. Tides are changes in the level of the oceans caused by the gravitational
attraction of the moon and the sun acting upon the oceans of the rotating Earth.

In one method, a low dam, called a barrage, is built across an inlet. The barrage has one-way gates
(sluices) that allow the incoming flood tide to pass into the inlet to create a water level difference. When
the tide turns, the water flows out of the inlet through huge turbines built into the barrage, producing
electricity.
 Tidal Energy (Contd.)

Some turbines generate electricity both ways i.e.

when tide comes in and again when it goes out.
Turbines for this purpose are built differently such
as the one shown on the right.

Another totally different method, CETO

Technology, is shown to the left which uses
balloon like objects attached to the ocean bed.
When the waves move them, electricity is
generated.
 Energy From Biomass

Biomass is organic matter derived from living, or recently living organisms.

As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or
indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Biomass can also be converted into chemicals
for making plastics and other products that typically are made from petroleum.
 Energy From Biomass (Contd.)

Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation,

Life cycle of Biofuels from Algae mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar
or starch crops such as corn, sugarcane, or
sweet sorghum and widely used in USA and
Brazil.
 Fuels

A Fuel may be defined as a substance (containing mostly carbon and hydrogen) which, on
burning with oxygen in the atmospheric air, produces a large amount of heat.
It may also contain traces of other elements such as sulfur, nitrogen etc.
Eg: wood, kerosene, petrol etc

Classification: Solid, Liquid, Gas

Some desirable properties:

1. The fuel should have a high calorific value.

2. The fuel should be cheap and readily available.
3. The fuel must be easily stored and transported.
4. Should have low by-products of combustion and
no harmful gases must be produced.

Fuel + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Other Waste gases + Heat

 Fuels (Contd.)
The calorific value (or heating value) of a solid or liquid fuel may be defined as the amount of heat
given out by the complete combustion of 1kg of fuel. It is expressed in terms of kJ/kg of fuel or kJ/m3
at a specified temperature and pressure for gases.
Heating value is commonly determined by using a bomb calorimeter.

There are two types of heating value:

1. Higher Heating Value (HHV) : It is determined by bringing all the products of combustion back to
the original pre-combustion temperature, and in particular condensing any vapor produced. (Also
called gross calorific value or gross energy or upper heating value) .

2. Lower Heating Value (LHV) : It is determined by subtracting the heat of vaporization of the water
vapor from the higher heating value. This treats any H2O formed as a vapor. The energy
required to vaporize the water therefore is not realized as heat. (also known as net calorific
value).

i.e. HHV = LHV + mcw * hv

where, HHV = Higher Calorific Value

LHV = Lower Calorific Value
mcw = mass of condensed water
hv = latent heat of vaporisation of water = 2260 kJ/kg
 Power scenario in Bangladesh

Present Installed Generation Capacity (MW) as on June, 2018.

Power Scenario in Bangladesh
Renewable Energy scenario in Bangladesh