2 Ist Century Lit 11 GUIDE

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CONTENT: Philippine Literature during the Pre-colonial Period
to the Contemporary
CONTENT STANDARDS: The learner will be able to understand and appreciate
the elements and contexts of 21st century Philippine literature from the regions.
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS: The learner will be able to demonstrate
understanding and appreciation of 21st Century Philippine literature from the
regions through: 1. a written close analysis and critical interpretation of a literary
text in terms of form and theme, with a description of its context derived from
research; and 2. an adaptation of a text into other creative forms using
multimedia.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES: Writing a close analysis and critical interpretation of
literary texts and doing an adaptation of these require from the learner the
ability to identify: a. the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of
Philippine literary history from pre-colonial to the contemporary.
LESSON 1: Philippine Literature during the Pre-colonial Period

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
a. Identify the characteristics of pre-colonial literature of the
Philippines.
b. Distinguish texts that are considered pre-colonial literature
Add the examples to reference
CHECKPOINT: If you are not familiar with the famous “Juan Tamad Story”, try to
ask some of your older family members and draw a simple depiction of the story on
the space below.
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

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Philippine Pre-colonial Literature
The Pre-colonial Literature includes all literature produced before the Spanish
colonization like chants, proverbs, folksongs, and folk narratives. These were all
passed down from generation to generation by word of mouth.
1. Chants- are use in witchcraft and enchantments. Our ancestors also believe in
unseen spirits or elemental spirits like dwarfs. They give respect; ask for
permission, and excuse or apology to these spirits in order to deliver them from
trouble and danger.
Bari- bari apo,

umisbo lang ti
tao.
Example of chants:
Tabi tabi po, Ingkong, makikiraan po lamang.

Bari- bari apo, umisbo lang ti tao. (Ilokano)
Oops!
2. Proverbs- is a simple and concrete saying, popularly known and repeated,

that expresses a truth based on common sense or experience. They are often
metaphorical. These have been customarily used and served as laws or rules
on good behavior by our ancestors. To others, these are like allegories or
parables that impart lessons to young.
Example of Proverbs:
1. A broom is sturdy because its strands are
tightly bound.
Matibay and walis, palibhasa’y magkabigkis.
(People gain strength by standing together.)
2. It is hard to wake up someone who is
pretending to be asleep.
Mahirap gisingin ang nagtutulog-tulogan.
(While it is easy to tell people something
they do not know, it is much harder if they

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are willfully choosing not to see what is
before them.
3. Folk Songs- A form of folk lyric which expresses the people’s hopes,
aspirations and lifestyles. Traditional songs and melodies inspired by the
reaction of the people to their environment.
Example of Folk Songs:

1. Harana- serenade
2. Uyayi- lullaby
3. Kundiman- Melancholic love song
4. Komintang- war song
5. Tagay- drinking song
6. Mambayu- Kalinga rice pounding song
7. Subli- dance ritual song of courtship or
marriage
8. Tagulaylay- songs of the dead
4. Folk Narratives- narratives are varied and distinct. They depict the people’s
livelihood, customs and traditions.
 Folktale- this is a characteristically anonymous, timeless and placeless

tale circulated orally among people. Filipino folktales are stories that
form part of the oral tradition in the Philippines. They have been passed
on generation to generation by word of mouth rather than by writing,
and thus the stories have been modified by successive retellings before
they were written down and recorded.
Example of a Folktale:
Juan Gathers Guavas (A Tagalog Folktale)
One day, several neighbors came to Juan’s home to visit. His
father wanted to give the guests something to eat, so he sent Juan to
get some ripe guavas for them.
Full of mischief, Juan decided to play jokes on his father’s
guests. He went to get the guavas and ate all of them while thinking
of a good joke. Then he saw a wasp’s nest hung nearby. With some

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difficulty he managed to take it down and put it into a tight basket.
He hastened home and gave the basket to his father. Quickly he left
the room where the guests were and closed the door and fastened it.
As soon as Juan’s father opened the basket, the wasps flew
over the room. With the door locked, the people fought to get out of
the windows. After a while, Juan opened the door. When he saw the
swollen faces of the people, he cried.
“What fine, rich guavas you must have had! They have made you all
so fat.
 Fable- this features animal characters or inanimate objects that behave

like people.
The monkey is a common animal character in Philippine fables. It is
often depicted as a cunning animal.
Example of a Fable:
The Monkey and the Crocodile

(A Tagalog Fable)
One day, a monkey saw a tall macopa tree laden with
ripe fruits, which stood by a wider river. It was hungry, so it
climbed the tree and ate all of the fruits. When it climbed
down, it could find no means by which to cross the river. The
it saw a young crocodie who had just woken up from its siesta.
It said to the crocodile in a friendly way, “ My dear, will you do
me a favor?”
The crocodile was greatly surprised by the monkey’s

amicable salutation. So, it answered humbly “Oh, yes! If there
is there is anything I can do for you, I shall be glad to do it.”
The monkey then told the crocodile that it wanted to get to
the other side of the river. Then the crocodile said, “I’ll take
you there with all my heart. Just sit on my back, and we’ll go
at once.”

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The monkey sat firmly on the crocodile’s back, and
they began to move. In a short while they reached the middle
of the stream. Then the crocodile began to laugh aloud. “You
foolish monkey!” it said, “I’ll eat your liver and kidneys, for I’m
very hungry.” The monkey became nervous.
Trying to conceal its anxietyt, it said, “I’m very glad

that you mentioned the matter. I thought myslef that you
might be hungry, so I have prepared my liver and kidney for
your dinner. Unfortunately, in our haste to depart, I left them
hanging on the macopa tree. Let us return, and I’ll get them
for you.”
Convinced that the monkey was telling the truth, the

crocodile turned around and swam back to the direction of tye
macopa tree. When they got near the riverbank, the monkey
nimbly jumped up unto the land and scampered up the tree.
The crocodile came to realize what happened and said, “I am
a fool.”
 Legend (Alamat)- This is presented as history but is unlikey to be

true. Legends are usually old stories with little or no evidence to prove
them. It tells stories of where certain things came from.
Example of a Legend:
The Flood Story (A Legend of Bukidnon)
A long time ago there was a very big crab which crawled into
the sea. When it went in, it crowded the water out so that it ran all
over the earth and covered the land. Now about one moon before the
flood happened, a wise man had to told the people that they must
build a large raft. They dis as he commanded and cut many large
trees until they had enough to make three layers. These they bound
tightly together; when it was done, they fastened the raft with a long
rattan cord to a big pole in the earth.

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Soon after the raft was done, the flood came. White water
poured out of hills, and the sea rose and covered even the highest
mountains. The people and animals on the raft were safe, but all the
others drowned.
Soon the waters went down, and the raft was again on the
ground. It was near their old home, for the rattan cold had held. The
people on the raft together with the animals were the only ones left
on the whole earth.
 Myth- this is told to explain a belief, a practice, or a natural

phenomenon.
Example of a Myth:
The Creation (A Tagalog Myth)
When the world first began there was no land. There were
only the sea, the sky and between them was a kite. One day, the bird
which had nowhere to light grew tired of flying about, so she stirred
up the sea until it threw its waters against the sky. The sky, in order
to restrain the sea, showered upon it many islands until it could no
longer rise. But ran back and forth. Then the sky orderd the kite to
alight on one of the islands to build its nest, and to leave the sea and
the sky in peace.
Now at this time the land breeze and the sea breeze were
married, and they had a bamboo as their child. One day when the
bamboo was floating about on the water, it struck the feet of the kite
which was on the beach. The bird, angry thhhaaat anything should
strike it, pecked at the bamboo. Out of one section came a man and
from the other a woman.
The earthquake called on all the birds and fish to see what
should be done with the man and the woman, and it was decided that
they should marry. Many children were born to the couple, and from
them came all the different races of people.
After a while the parents grew vert tired of having so many
idle and useless children around. They wished to be rid of them, but
they knew of no place to send tem to. Time went on, and the children

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became so numerous that the parents enjoyed no peace. One day, in
desperation, the father seized a stick and began beating them on all
sides.
The beating frightened the children so much thay they fled in
different directions. Some seek hidden rooms in the house. Some
concealed themselves in the walls. Some ran outside, while others hid
in the fireplace. Several fled to the sea.
Now it happened that those who went into the hidden rooms
of the house later became the chiefs of the islands; and those who
concealed themselves in the walls became slaves. Those who ran
outside were free men; and those who hod in the fireplace became
negroes; while those who fled to the sea were gone many years, and
when their children came back they were the white people.
 Epic- this narrative poem celebrates the adventures and achievements

of a hero. The Philippine epics are sung or chanted in episodes. They
feature supernatural characters and reflect the society where they
originated. Alos, there are different versions of a story.
Examples of an Epic:
Biag ni Lam-ang
This ilocano epic tells the adventures of Lam-ang, a man with
supernatural powers. He goes to war at nine-months-old and
seeks the killer of his father. He ambarks on a quest with his
animal friends and meets his future wife, Innes Kaniyan. He is
swallowed by a fish and resurrected from death by his animal
friends.
Hinilawod
This epic is of the Dulod, a group of people living in the
mountains of central Panay. It tells the story of three very
strong me, namely, Labaw Donggon, Humadapnon,, and
Dumalapdap. They are the sons of Datu Paubari, the ruler of
Halawod, and the goddess Alunsina. The exploits of each son
concerns beautiful women that he wants to have as a wife.
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Darangan
This Maranao epic depicts the adevntures of a brave warrior
named Bantugan. He owns a magical sword protected by a
spirit. After a battle, he rests and accidentally falls into the
water. A crocodile finds him and brings him to the enemies. He
fights, regains his strength, and wins the war.
Matching Type: Match the statements/phrases on Column A to the items on Column

B. Write the letter of your answer before the number.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Ilocano epic of a man with supernatural a. folk songs

powers. b. biyag ni Lam-ang
2. It tells stories of where certain things c. Darangan
came from. d. Chants
3. literature produced before the Spanish e. Legend
colonization f. Tagay
4. drinking song g. Proverbs
5. to explain a belief, a practice, or a natural h. Fable
phenomenon i. Subli
6. use in witchcraft and enchantments j. Pre-colonila Literature
7. Maranao epic k. Uyayi
8. They are often metaphorical l. Hinilawod
9. Lullaby m. The Flood Story
10. A legend from Bukidnon n. Folk Narratives

o. Myths
11. They depict the people’s livelihood,
customs and traditions.
12. Traditional songs and melodies inspired by
the reaction of the people to their
environment.
13. dance ritual song of courtship or marriage
14. Epic from the central Panay

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15. Features animal characters or inanimate
objects that behave like people.
Self-Assessment Check:
Essay: Choose one literary piece from the examples and write a reflection
paper. Please be guided by the following questions in writing your paper. Separate
sheet
 What are your feelings about the piece?

 Are you on the same page with the writer/ characters?
 Do you have a different opinion about the piece?
 Did the story strengthen your outlook in life?
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LESSON 2: Philippine Literature during the Spanish Period

a. Identify literary works published during the Spanish Colonial
Period
b. Analyze some literary works.
CHECKPOINT: Complete the lyrics of the famous “Leron-Leron Sinta” by choosing the
correct words from Mr. Papaya.
Neneng puti pansit
Nabali
buslo sinta Humanap
mahulog siyam
papaya
lalaking saya ganda
LERON-LERON SINTA
Leron, Leron ______
Buko ng _______
Dala dala’y buslo
Sisidlan ng bunga
Pagdating sa dulo’y
________ ang sanga
Kapos kapalaran

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___________ng iba.
Gumising ka _______, tayo’y manampalok

Dalhin mo ang _________, sisidlan ng hinog
Pagdating sa dulo’y uunda-undayog
Kumapit ka Neneng, baka ka ___________.
Halika na Neneng at tayo’y magsimba

At iyong isuot and baro mo’t _______
Ang baro mo’t sayong pagkaganda-________
Kay ganda ng kulay-berde, ______, pula.
Ako’y ibigin mo, ___________ matapang

Ang baril ko’y pito, ang sundang ko’y _________
Ang lalakarin ko’y parte ng dinulang
Isang pinggang __________ ang aking kalaban.
Spanish colonization in the Philippines started in 1565 during the tine of

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-general in the Philippines. The
Spaniards colonized the Philippines for more than three centuries and Literature
started to flourish during this time.
In their conquest, the Spaniards brought Christianity with them. The clergy
made a great impact on faith, education, and government.
Philippine Literature during the Spanish occupation was mostly influenced by
Christianity as well as the European ideals of liberty and freedom through trade.
Filipino writers either wrote in Spanish or in their own tongue or both.
FORMS- include thumbnails/photos
1. Religious Literature- revolves around the life and death of Jesus Christ
a. Pasyon- it is a long narrative poem about the passion (journey and suffering) and
the death of Jesus Christ.

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Example: “Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christon Panginoon natin” (Holy
Passion of Our Lrd Jesus Christ in Verse) written by Gaspar Aquino de Belen
from Batangas.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqdpMrl7-P4 create the folder
b. Senakulo- it is the re-enactment of the Pasyon.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21Y8OzA2dt4
c. Komedya- it depicts the European society through love and fame. But can also be
a narrative about a journey, just like Dante Alighierie’s Divine Comedy. It is also
considered religious, because it usually depicts the battle between the Christians
Saracens or the Moros.
2. Seculiar or Non-Religious Literature- revolves around tales of valaince and

adventure.
a. Awit-these are tales of chivalry where a knight saves a princess. It is usually sung
and used in religious processions
Example: Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas
b. Korido- is a metrical tale or a tale that follows the structure of a poem. It is a
legendary religious narrative form that usually details the lives of saints or the
history of a tradition.
Example: Ibong Adarna by Jose de la Cruz
c. Prose Narratives- are easy to understand instructional materials that in a literary
light that teaches Filipinos on proper decorum.
Example: Urbana at Feliza (1864)
3. Propaganda Literature- these were in the forms of satires, editorials and news
articles that aimed to attack the Spanish Rule. The propaganda trinity is composed of
Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez.
a. Graciano Lopez Jaena

o Ang Fray Botod- one of his works written in Jairo, Iloilo in 1876, six
years after the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the Philippines. He
exposed how some of the friars were greedy, ambitious and immoral.

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o LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Child of the Friar) and EVERYTING IS
HAMBUG (Everything is mere show)-heere Jaena explains the tragedy
of marrying a Spaniard.
b. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
o Kaiingat Kayo (Be Careful)- a humorous and sarcastic dig in answer to
Fr, Jose Rodriguez in the novel Noli of Rizal, published in Barcelona in
1888. He used Dolores Manapat as pen-name here.
o Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and Jokes)- similar to a cathecism but
sarcastically done against the parish priests, published in Barcelona in
1888. Because of this, del Pilar was called “filibuster”. Done in
admirable tone of supplication and excellent use of Tagalog.
o Ang Cadaquilaan ng Dios ( God’s Goodness)- published in Barcelona,
it was also like a cathecism sarcastically aimed against the parish
priests but also contains a philosophy of the power and intelligence of
God an appreciation for and love for nature.
c. Dr. Jose Rizal
o Noli Me Tangere- the novel that gave the spirit to the propaganda
movement and paved the way to the revolution against Spain. In this
book, he courageously exposed the evils in the Spanish government in
the Philippines.
4. Revolutionary Literature- are exposes that sparked the revolution and resistance
in the hearts of Filipinos.
Examples:
Andres Bonifacio
o Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Obligations of our
Countrymen) - an outline of obligations just like Ten Commandments,
hence, it is likewise called Ang Dekalogo.
o Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog (What the Tagalogs should
know)- an essay about the basic tenets of Bonifacio’s ideason
nationalism.
Emilio Jacinto

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o Liwanag at Dilim (Light and Darkness)-a collection of essay on
differences subjects like freedom, work faith, government and love of
country.
Apolinario Mabini
o El Desarollo y Caida de la Republica Filipina (The Rise and Fall of the
Philippine Republic) this essay highlights the establishment of the
Philippine Republic and its subsequent due to disunity among the
Filipinos.
Dr. Jose Rizal
o El Filibusterismo- this is the sequel to the Noli. While the Noli exposed
the evils in society, the Fili exposed those in the government and in
the church. However, the Noli has been dubbed the novel of society
while that of Fili is that of politics.
PUBLICATIONS
 El Heraldo de la REvolucion(Herald of the Revolution)- printed the decrees of the

Revolutionary Government, news and works in Tagalog that aroused nationalism.
This is the Official Newspaper of the Revolutionary Government of Aguinaldo.
 La Independencia (Indepenence)- an independent newspaper founded and edited by
General Antonio Luna.
 La Republica Filipina (The Philippine Republic) – aprivate newspaper edied by Pedro
Paterno.
 La Libertad (Liberty)- another private newspaper edited by Clemente Zulueta.
From the Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Obligations of our

Countrymen) of Andres Bonifacio below, which obligations are being compromised or
not followed by Filipinos today. Choose three and explain your answers.
KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN AND MGA ANAK NG BAYAN
[Duties of the Sons of the People]
Written by Andres Bonifacio
1. Love God with all your heart.
2. Bear always in mind that the love of God is also the love of Country, and this, too, is
love of one’s fellow men.
3. Engrave in your heart that the true measure of honor and happiness is to die for the
freedom of your country. Page 15
4. All your good wishes will be crowned with success if you have serenity, constancy,
reason, and faith in your acts and endeavor.
Write your answers to these scrolls:
Duty #:___________
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Duty #:___________
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21st__________________________________________________.
Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
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Duty #:___________
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 Filipinos were called two things: “Taga-Bayan” and “Taga-Bukid” or “Taga-Bundok”

 Taga-Bayan is considered urbane and civilized and were in easy range of the church
and state.
 Taga-Bukid or Taga-Bundok is called a Bruto Salvage (Savage Brute) or Indio and
were the ones lived far from the center of the Spanish power.
 Folk songs became widespread in the Philippines:
 Leron-Leron Sinta(Tagalog)
 Pamulinawe (Iloko)
 Dandansoy (Bisaya)
 Atin Cu Pung Sing-sing (Kapampangan)
 Sarong Banggi (Bicol)
 Spanish Influences on the Philippine Literature
 The first alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman alphabet.
 Teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices.
 Spanish language which became literary language during this time lent many
of its words to our language.
 The periodicals during these times gained a religious tone.
 Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano, Visayan.

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 European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in our
songs, corridors and moro-moro.
 Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects.
 Printing presses published literary works were owned and managed by
religious leaders. Thus, religious themes dominated the literature of the time.
For more Information about the Philippine Literature during the Spanish Period,
please check the links below:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXEuhuWZHwc
 https://www.slideshare.net/AttheaJaneLepiten/philippine-literature-and-texts-
precolonial-times-and-spanish-colonizations-77510710
Self-Assessment Check:
Complete the semantic web below with a word or group of words relevant to the
Philippine Literature during the Spanish Period.
-
Brief Filipinos -
- History called
- Philippine
Literature during
the Spanish
Period Folk Songs
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Publications -
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Forms
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- Page 18
-
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1. 2. 3. 4.
- - -
- - -
- - -
LESSON 3: Philippine Literature during the American Period

a. Identify Filipino artists that produced literary works during this
period
b. Differentiate the changes of Philippine Literature during the
American period
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CHECKPOINT. Translate the following Filipino words to English words:
1. Paru-paro - ________________________
2. Pisara - ________________________
3. Watawat - ________________________
4. Aklat - ________________________
5. Sanggol - ________________________
6. Gubat - ________________________
7. Palengke - ________________________
8. Pinsan - ________________________
9. Susi - ________________________
10. Kandila - ________________________

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11. Kisame - ________________________
12. Puno - ________________________
13. Higaan - ________________________
14. Guro - ________________________
15. Klinika - ________________________
During the American Period, Philippines had a great leap in Education and
Culture. Free public instruction was given to the Filipinos. The use of English
alongside Filipino was practiced and Philippine Public School system was
introduced.
The literature during the American Period was considered as imitative of
American model. Instead of asking the students to write originals, students
ended up following the form of American poets.
FORMS
1. Poetry- poetry under the American rule still followed the style of
the old, but had contents that ranged from free writing to societal
concerns under the Americans.
 Jose Corazon de Jesus (1832-1896) - popularly known
as “Batute”, created his own generation with his first
book of poems.
 Mga Gintong Dahon (1920) - were poems pre-occupied
with such non-traditional theme as passion-slaying,
grief-induced, insanity, and lover’s suicide.
 sa Dakong Silangan (1928) - returned to the awit form,
reteling the history of Philippines under Spain, the
coming of the U.S under the guise of friendship to take
over from Spain.
2. Drama- was usually used in the American period to degrade the

Spanish rule and to immortalize the heroism of the men who
fought under the Katipunan.
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 Severino Reyes (1861-1942) - spearheaded a
movement to supplant the komedya with a new type of
drama, the sarsuwela, a Filipino adaptation of the
Spanish zarzuela.
Examples:
 Walang Sugat (1902)- is a sarsuwela (drama in
the form of singing) drawn from the period of
Revoluton, depicting the cruelty and corruption
of friars and the heroism of the soldiers of the
Katipunan.
 Hindi Aco Patay (1903) by Juan Matapang Cruz
 Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas (1903) bu Aurelio
Tolentino- is an allegorical presentation of the
history of the nationalist struggle and how the
U.S frustrated the Philippine revolution.
 Tanikalang Guinto (1902) by Juan Abad- is
about Liwanag and K’Ulayaw, lovers who stand
for freedom and the Filipino.
3. Remake Novels- took up Dr. Jose Rizal’s Portrayal of social

conditions by colonial repression.
 Gabriel Beato Francisco (1850-1935)- is best known
for his trilogy of Fulgenca Galbillo (1907), Capitan
Bensio (1907), Alfaro (1909) , depicting the 30 years
of colonial repression y the Spanish rule.
 Inigo Ed. Regalado (1888-1976)- Madaling Araw
(1909) was his first novel showing the complex
interrelations of issues and people in contemporary
Philippine society.
 Juan Lauro Arsciwals (1889-1928)- Lalaking Uliran o
Tulisan (1914), allusion to the colonial law that
branded Filipino patriots as bandits.
American Influences on the Philippine Literature
 Schools/New Education System

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 Cleanliness/Hygiene
 English Language
 Politics
 Freedom of Speech
Characteristics of Literature
 Nationalism
 Freedom of Speech
 Experience
 Search and use of new medium
Themes of Literature
 Desire of Freedom
 Love of Country
 Fight against Colonialism/ Imperialism
Newspapers
 El Nuevo Dia (The New Day) established by Sergio Osmenia in 1900.

 El Grito Del Pueblo (The Call of the Nation) established by Pascual Poblete in
1900.
 El Renaciemento (The Rebirth) founded by Rafael Palma in 1900.
Plays
 Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow) Written by Aurelio

Tolentino
 Tanikalang Ginto of Juan Abad
 Malaya by Thomas Remigio
 Walang SUgat by Severino Reyes
SELF ASSESSMENT CHECK: During this period, Footnote to Youth by Jose

Garcia Villa stood out from the other literary pieces. Read this story and answer the
questions below. ADD TO FOLDER!
Footnote To Youth by Jose Garcia Villa
The sun was salmon and hazy in the west. Dodong thought to himself he would tell
his father about Teang when he got home, after he had unhitched the carabao from the
plow, and let it to its shed and fed it. He was hesitant about saying it, but he wanted his
father to know. What he had to say was of serious import as it would mark a climacteric in
his life. Dodong finally decided to tell it, at a thought came to him his father might refuse to
consider it. His father was silent hard-working farmer who chewed areca nut, which he had

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learned to do from his mother, Dodong's grandmother. I will tell it to him. I will tell it to
him. The ground was broken up into many fresh wounds and fragrant with a sweetish
earthy smell. Many slender soft worms emerged from the furrows and then burrowed again
deeper into the soil. A short colorless worm marched blindly to Dodong's foot and crawled
calmly over it. Dodong go tickled and jerked his foot, flinging the worm into the air. Dodong
did not bother to look where it fell, but thought of his age, seventeen, and he said to
himself he was not young any more. Dodong unhitched the carabao leisurely and gave it a
healthy tap on the hip. The beast turned its head to look at him with dumb faithful eyes.
Dodong gave it a slight push and the animal walked alongside him to its shed. He placed
bundles of grass before it land the carabao began to eat. Dodong looked at it without
interests. Dodong started homeward, thinking how he would break his news to his father.
He wanted to marry, Dodong did. He was seventeen, he had pimples on his face, the down
on his upper lip already was dark-these meant he was no longer a boy. He was growing into
a man--he was a man. Dodong felt insolent and big at the thought of it although he was by
nature low in statue. Thinking himself a man grown Dodong felt he could do anything. He
walked faster, prodded by the thought of his virility. A small angled stone bled his foot, but
he dismissed it cursorily. He lifted his leg and looked at the hurt toe and then went on
walking. In the cool sundown he thought wild you dreams of himself and Teang. Teang, his
girl. She had a small brown face and small black eyes and straightglossy hair. How desirable
she was to him. She made him dream even during the day. Dodong tensed with desire and
looked at the muscles of his arms. Dirty. This field work was healthy, invigorating but it
begrimed you, smudged you terribly. He turned back the way he had come, then marched
obliquely to a creek. Dodong stripped himself and laid his clothes, a gray undershirt and red
kundiman shorts, on the grass. The he went into the water, wet his body over, and rubbed
at it vigorously. He was not long in bathing, then he marched homeward again. The bath
made him feel cool. It was dusk when he reached home. The petroleum lamp on the ceiling
already was lighted and the low unvarnished square table was set for supper. His parents
and he sat down on the floor around the table to eat. They had fried fresh-water fish, rice,
bananas, and caked sugar. Dodong ate fish and rice, but didnot partake of the fruit. The
bananas were overripe and when one held them they felt more fluid than solid. Dodong
broke off a piece of the cakes sugar, dipped it in his glass of water and ate it. He got
another piece and wanted some more, but he thought of leaving the remainder for his
parents. Dodong's mother removed the dishes when they were through and went out to the
batalan to wash them. She walked with slow careful steps and Dodong wanted to help her
carry the dishes out, but he was tired and now felt lazy. He wished as he looked at her that
Page 23
he had a sister who could help his mother in the housework. He pitied her, doing all the
housework alone. His father remained in the room, sucking a diseased tooth. It was paining
him again, Dodong knew. Dodong had told him often and again to let the town dentist pull it
out, but he was afraid, his father was. He did not tell that to Dodong, but Dodong guessed
it. Afterward Dodong himself thought that if he had a decayed tooth he would be afraid to
go to the dentist; he would not be any bolder than his father. Dodong said while his mother
was out that he was going to marry Teang. There it was out, what he had to say, and over
which he had done so much thinking. He had said it without any effort at all and without
self-consciousness. Dodong felt relieved and looked at his father expectantly. A decrescent
moon outside shed its feeble light into the window, graying the still black temples of his
father. His father looked old now. "I am going to marry Teang," Dodong said.His father
looked at him silently and stopped sucking the broken tooth. The silence became intense
and cruel, and Dodong wished his father would suck that troublous tooth again. Dodong
was uncomfortable and then became angry because his father kept looking at him without
uttering anything.
"I will marry Teang," Dodong repeated. "I will marry Teang." His father kept gazing
at him in inflexible silence and Dodong fidgeted on his seat. "I asked her last night to marry
me and she said...yes. I want your permission. I... want... it...." There was impatient clamor
in his voice, an exacting protest at this coldness, this indifference. Dodong looked at his
father sourly. He cracked his knuckles one by one, and the little sounds it made broke dully
the night stillness. "Must you marry, Dodong?" Dodong resented his father's questions; his
father himself had married. Dodong made a quick impassioned easy in his mind about
selfishness, but later he got confused. "You are very young, Dodong." "I'm... seventeen."
"That's very young to get married at." "I... I want to marry...Teang's good girl." "Tell your
mother," his father said. "You tell her, tatay." "Dodong, you tell your inay." "You tell her."
"All right, Dodong." "You will let me marry Teang?"
"Son, if that is your wish... of course..." There was a strange helpless light in his
father's eyes. Dodong did not read it, too absorbed was he in himself. Dodong was
immensely glad he had asserted himself. He lost his resentment for his father. For a while
he even felt sorry for him about the diseased tooth. Then he confined his mind to dreaming
of Teang and himself. Sweet young dream.... Dodong stood in the sweltering noon heat,
sweating profusely, so that his camiseta was damp. He was still like a tree and his thoughts
were confused. His mother had told him not to leave the house, but he had left. He had
wanted to get out of it without clear reason at all. He was afraid, he felt. Afraid of the
Page 24
house. It had seemed to cage him, to compares his thoughts with severe tyranny. Afraid
also of Teang. Teang was giving birth in the house; she gave screams that chilled his blood.
He did not want her to scream like that, he seemed to be rebuking him. He began to
wonder madly if the process of childbirth was really painful. Some women, when they gave
birth, did not cry. In a few moments he would be a father. "Father, father," he whispered
the word with awe, with strangeness. He was young, he realized now, contradicting himself
of nine months comfortable... "Your son," people would soon be telling him. "Your son,
Dodong." Dodong felt tired standing. He sat down on a saw horse with his feet close
together. He looked at his callused toes. Suppose he had ten children... What made him
think that? What was the matter with him? God! He heard his mother's voice from the
house: "Come up, Dodong. It is over." Of a sudden he felt terribly embarrassed as he looked
at her. Somehow he was ashamed to his mother of his youthful paternity. It made him feel
guilty, as if he had taken something no properly his. He dropped his eyes and pretended to
dust dirt off his kundiman shorts. "Dodong," his mother called again. "Dodong." He turned
to look again and this time saw his father beside his mother. "It is a boy," his father said. He
beckoned Dodong to come up.
Dodong felt more embarrassed and did not move. What a moment for him. His
parents' eyes seemed to pierce him through and he felt limp. He wanted to hide from them,
to run away. "Dodong, you come up. You come up," he mother said. Dodong did not want
to come up and stayed in the sun. "Dodong. Dodong." "I'll... come up." Dodong traced
tremulous steps on the dry parched yard. He ascended the bamboo steps slowly. His heart
pounded mercilessly in him. Within, he avoided his parents eyes. He walked ahead of them
so that they should not see his face. He felt guilty and untrue. He felt like crying. His eyes
smarted and his chest wanted to burst. He wanted to turn back, to go back to the yard. He
wanted somebody to punish him. His father thrust his hand in his and gripped it gently.
"Son," his father said. And his mother: "Dodong..." How kind were their voices. They flowed
into him, making him strong. "Teang?" Dodong said. "She's sleeping. But you go in..." His
father led him into the small sawali room. Dodong saw Teang, his girl wife, asleep on the
papag with her black hair soft around her face. He did not want her to look that pale...
Dodong wanted to touch her, to push away that stray wisp of hair that touched her lips, but
again that feeling of embarrassment came over him and before his parents he did not want
to be demonstrative. The hilot was wrapping the child, Dodong heart it cry. The thin voice
pierced him queerly. He could not control the swelling of happiness in him. You give him to
me. You give him to me," Dodong said. * * * Blas was not Dodong's child. Many more

Page 25
children came. For six successive years a new child came along. Dodong did not want any
more children, but they came. It seemed the coming of children could not be helped.
Dodong got angry with himself sometimes. Teang did not complain, but the bearing of
children told on her. She was shapeless and thin now, even if she was young. There was
interminable work to be done. Cooking. Laundering. The house. The children. She cried
sometimes, wishing she had not married. She did not tell Dodong this, not wishing him to
dislike her. Yet she wished she had not married. Not even Dodong, whom she loved. There
has been another suitor, Lucio, older than Dodong by nine years, and that was why she had
chosen Dodong. Young Dodong. Seventeen. Lucio had married another after her marriage
to Dodong, but he was childless until now. She wondered if she had married Lucio, would
she have borne him children. Maybe not either. That was a better lot. But she loved
Dodong... Dodong whom life had made ugly. One night, as he lay beside his wife, he roe
and went out of the house. He stood in the moonlight, tired and querulous. He wanted to
ask questions and somebody to answer him. He w anted to be wise about many things. One
of them was why life did not fulfill all of Youth's dreams. Why it must be so.
Why one was forsaken... after Love. Dodong would not find the answer. Maybe the
question was not to be answered. It must be so to make Youth. Youth. Youth must be
dreamfully sweet. Dreamfully sweet. Dodong returned to the house humiliated by himself.
He had wanted to know a little wisdom but was denied it. * * * When Blas was eighteen he
came home one night very flustered and happy. It was late at night and Teang and the
other children were asleep. Dodong heard Blas's steps, for he could not sleep well of nights.
He watched Blas undress in the dark and lie down softly. Blas was restless on his mat and
could not sleep. Dodong called him name and asked why he did not sleep. Blas said he
could not sleep. "You better go to sleep. It is late," Dodong said. Blas raised himself on his
elbow and muttered something in a low fluttering voice. Dodong did not answer and tried to
sleep. "Itay ...," Blas called softly. Dodong stirred and asked him what was it. "I am going to
marry Tena.
She accepted me tonight." Dodong lay on the red pillow without moving. "Itay, you
think it over." Dodong lay silent. "I love Tena and... I want her." Dodong rose f rom his mat
and told Blas to follow him. They descended to the yard, where everything was still and
quiet. The moonlight was cold and white. "You want to marry Tena," Dodong said. He did
not want Blas to marry yet. Blas was very young. The life that would follow marriage would
be heard... "Yes." "Must you marry?" Blas's voice stilled with resentment. "I will marry
Tena." Dodong kept silent, hurt. "You have objections, Itay?" Blas asked acridly. "Son... n-
Page 26
none..." (But truly, God, I don't want Blas to marry yet... not yet. I don't want Blas to marry
yet....) But he was helpless. He could not do anything. Youth must triumph... now. Love
must triumph... now. Afterwards... it will be life. As long ago Youth and Love did triumph for
Dodong... and then Life. Dodong looked wistfully at his young son in the moonlight. He felt
extremely sad and sorry for him.
Answer the following questions:
1. Who are the characters and what of their qualities stand out?
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2. How does the setting/time period affect the language, atmosphere or social
circumstances of the short story?
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3. What is the most important event in the story?
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4. Who is the narrator or the speaker in the story?
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5. How would you describe the main conflict?
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6. Is there a turning point in the story and when does it take place?
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7. What is/are the theme/s of the expressed in the story?
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LESSON 4: Philippine Literature during the Japanese and the Republic

a. Enumerate the forms of Literature during these two periods
b. Differentiate the forms of Literatures during the Japanese Period
and the Republic
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CHECKPOINT: Create a short skit by filling out the dialogue boxes of the
manga strip below. The manga strip shows the students and the angry
teacher.

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The Philippine Literature came into a halt. Filipino was given a break
during this period. Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. topics
and themes were often about life in the provinces.
The use of the English language was forbidden, and the use of the
Filipino Language was mandated under the Japanese rule.
FORMS
1. Drama- the drama a lull during the Japanese period because movie
houses showing American films were closed. The big movie houses were
just made to show stage shows. Many of the plays were reproductions to
English plays to Tagalog.
2. Newspapers- writing that came out during this period were journalistic
in nature, writers felt suppressed but slowly, the spirit of nationalism
started to seep into their consciousness. While some continued to write,
the majority waited for a better climate to publish their works.

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3. Poetry- the common theme of the most poems during the Japanese
occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith,
religion and the arts.
4. Fiction- the field of the short story widened during the Japanese
Occupation. Many wrote short stories.
5. Essays- essays were composed to glorify the Filipinos and the same time
to figuratively attack the Japanese.
 Tagalog was favored by the Japanese Military authority and writing in English
was considered to a limbo.
 Japanese were able to influence and encourage the Filipino developing the
vernacular Literature.
 Victoria Abelardo has described Filipino writing during the Japanese
occupation as being pessimistic and bitter.
SELF-ASSESSMENT CHECK: Read the short story Lupang Tinubuan by Narciso

Reyes and answer the question below.
LUPANG TINUBUAN
Ni Narciso Reyes
Ang tren ay tumulak sa gitna ng Sali-salimuot na mga ingay. Sigawan ang

mga batang nagtitinda ng mga babasahin, Tribune, mama, Tribune, Taliba? Ubos
nap o. Liwayway, bagong labas. Alingawngaw ng mga habilinan at pagpapaalam.
Huwag mong kalimutan, Sindo, ang baba mo ay sa Sta. Isabel, tingnan mo ang
istasyon. Temiong, huwag mong mabitiw-bitiwan ang supot na iyan. Nagkalat ang
mga magnanakaw, mag-ingat ka! Kamusta na lang sa Ka Uweng. Sela, sabihin mong
sa Mahal Na Araw na kami uuwi. Ang pases mo Kiko, baka mawaglit. Maligayang
Paglalakbay, Gng. Enriquez. Ngumiti ka naman, Ben, hindi naman ako magtatagal
doon at susulta ako araw-araw. Kamusta na lamang. Paalam. Paalam. Hanggang sa
muli.

Page 30
Ang tren ay nabuhay at dahan-dahang kumilos. H-s-s-s-Tsug. Tsug. Naiwan
sa likuran nina Danding ang takipsilim ng Tutuban, at sila’y napagitna sa malayang
hangin at sa liwanag ng umaga.
Huminga nang maluwag ang kanyang Tiya Juana at ang sabi, ‘Salamat at
tayo’y nakatulak na rin. Kay init doon sa istasyon.’ Ang kanyang Tiyo Goryo ay
nakadungaw at nagmamasid sa mga bahay at halaman sa dinaraanan.
Ang galaw ng makina ngayon ay mabilis na’t tugma-tugma, tila pintig ng

isang pusong wala nang alinlangan. Napawing tila ulap sa isip ni Danding ang gulo at
ingay ng pag-alis, at gumitaw ang pakay ng kanilang pag-uwi sa Malawig.
Nagsasalita na naman ang kanyang Tiay Juana, ‘Ang namatay ay ang Tata Inong
mo, pamangkin ng iyong Lola Asyang at pinsan namin ng iyong ama. Mabait siyang
tao noong siya’y nabubuhay pa.’
Si Danding ay sinagian ng lungkot, bagama’t hindi niya nakita kailanman ang

namatay na kamag-anak. Ang pagkabanggit sa kanyang ama ang tumimo sa ilang
bahagi ng kanyang puso, at naglapit sa kanyang damdamin ang hindi kilalang patay.
Naalala niya na sa Malawig ipinanganak, lumaki at nagkaisip ang kanyang ama.
Bumaling siya sa kanyang Tiya Juana at itinanong kung ano ang anyo ng nayong
iyon, kung mayaman o dukha, kung liblib o malapit sa bayan. At samantalang nag-
aapuhap sa alaala ang kanyang butihing ate ay nabubuo naman sa isip ni Danding
ang isang kaaya-ayang larawan, at umusbong sa kanyang puso ang pambihirang
pananabik.
Sa unang malas, ang Malawig ay walang pagkakaiba sa alinmang nayon sa

Kallagitnaang Luzon. Isang daang makitid, paliku-liko, natatalukapan ng makapal at
manilaw-nilaw na alikabok. Mga puno ng kawayan, mangga, niyog at akasya. Mga
bahay na pawid, luma na ang karamihan at sunog sa araw ang mga dingding at
bubong. Pasalit-salit, isang tindahang hindi mapagwari kung tititigan sa malapit.
Doon at ditto, nasisilip sa kabila ang madalang na hanay ng mga bahay. At sa
ibabaw ng lahat, nakangiti at puno ng ningning ng umaga, ang bughaw, maaliwalas
at walang ulap na langit.
‘Walang maganda rito kundi ang langit,’ ang sabing pabiro ng kutsero ng
karitelang sinasakyan nila. Pinaglalabanan ni Danding ang sulak ng pagkabigo sa
kanyang dibdib. ’ Hindi po naman,’ ang marahan niyang tugon. Naisaloob niyang sa
mga nayong tulad nito isinilang at nagsilaki sina del Pilar, at iba pang bayani ng lahi,
at sa gayong mga bukid nagtining ang diwa ng kabayanihan ng himagsikan laban sa
mga Kastila. Ang alaalang iyon ay nakaaaliw sa kanya, nagbigay ng bagong anyo sa
lahat ng bagay sa paligid-ligid.
Kay rami pala niyang kamag-anak doon. Hindi mapatid-patid ang

pagpapakilala ng kanyang Tiya Juana. Sila ang iyong Lolo Tasyo, at sila ang iyong
Lola Ines. Ang mga pinsan mong Juan, Seling, Marya at Asyas. Ang iyong Nana Bito.
Ang iyong Tata Enteng. Yukod at ngiti rito, halik ng kamay roon. Mga kamag-anak
na malapit at malayo, tunay at hawa lamang, matatanda at mga bata. Ang lahat yata

Page 31
ng tao sa bahay, buhat sa mga nangasapuno ng hagdan hanggang sa nagasaloob ay
pawang kamag-anak ni Danding. ’Mabuti na lamang at likas na sarat ang ilong ko,’
ang naisaloob niya. ’ Kung hindi ay pulpol na marahil ngayon.’
Sapagkat sila lamang ang nagsipanggaling sa Maynila, sa pagtitipong iyon ay

napako kina Danding ang pansin ng lahat. Umugong ang kamustahan. Balana ang
nagtanong kay Danding ng kung ano ang lagay ng kanyang amang may sakit at ng
kanyang inang siya na lamang ngayong bumubuhay sa kanilang mag-anak.
Sinulyapan ng kanyang Tiya Juana si Danding at sinikap na saluhin ang mga tanong.
Bantad na siya sa pagkamaramdamin ng kanyang pamangkin, at alam niyang ang
kasawian ng ama nito ay talusaling na sugat sa puso nito. Ngunit hindi niya
maunahan ng pagtugon sai Danding, na tila magaan ngayon ang bibig at palagay na
ang loob sa piling ng mga kamag-anak na ngayon lamang nakilala.
Isang manipis na dingding ng sawali ang tanging nakapagitan sa bulwagan at

sa pinakaloob ng bahay, na siyang kinabuburulan ng patay. At sa bukas na lagusan,
na napapalamutihan sa magkabilang panig ng mga puting kurtina salo ng pinagbuhol
na lasong itim, ay walang tigil ang pagyayaut-yaot dito ng mga taong nakikiramay sa
mga namatayan, nagmamasid sa bangkay. Ngunit pagpasok na pagpasok ni Danding
ay nag-iba ang kanyang pakiramdam. Napawi sa kanyang pandinig ang alingawngaw
sa labas, at dumampi sa kanyang puso ang katahimikan ng kamatayan. Dahan-
dahan siyang lumapit sa kabaong, at pinagmasdan ang mukha ng bangkay. Maputi,
kaaya-aya ang bukas, isang mukhang nagbabandila sa katapatan at kagitingan.
Nabakas ni Danding ang lapad ng noo, sa mga matang hindi ganap ang
pagkakapikit, at sa hugis ng ilong, ang bahagyang pagkakahawig sa kanyang ama.
Bigla siyang nakaramdam ng awa at lungkot.
’Hindi mo nababati ang Nana Marya mo,’ ang marahang paalala ng kanyang
Tita Juana. ’At ang pinsan mong si Bining,’ ang pabulong pang habol. Humalik ng
kamay si Danding sa asawa ng yumao, at naupo sa tabi ni Bining, ngunit wala siyang
nasabing anuman. Puno ang kanyang puso. Pagkaraan ng ilang sandali ay umabot
siya ng isang album sa mesang kalapit, binuksan iyon, at pinagmuni-muni ang
mahiwaga at makapangyarihang kaugnayan ng dugo na nagbubuklod ng mga tao.
Pagkakain ng tanghalian ay nanaog si Danding at nagtungo sa bukid sa may

likuran ng bahay. Nakaraan na ang panahon ng paggapas, at namandala ana ang
ani. Malinis ang hubad na lupa, na naglalatang sa init ng araw. Naupo si Danding sa
ilalim ng isang pulutong ng mga punong kawayan, at nagmasid sa paligid-ligid.
Hindi kalayuan, sa gawing kaliwa niya, ay naroon ang kanyang Lolo Tasyo na
nagkakayas ng kawayan. Ang talim ng matanda ay tila hiyas na kumikislap sa araw.
Tumindig si Danding at lumapit sa matanda. Si Lolo Tasyo ang unang nagsalita.
’Kaparis ka ng iyong ama,’ ang wika niya.
’Bakit po?’
’Balisa ka sa gitna ng karamihan; ibig mo pa ang nag-iisa.’

Page 32
’May mga sandali pong kailangan ng tao ang mapag-isa.’
’Ganyan din siya kung magsalita, bata pa’y magulang na ang isip.’
’Nasaksihan po ba ninyo ang kanyang kabataan?’
’Nasaksihan!’ Napahalakhak si Lolo Tasyo. ’Ang batang ito! Ako ang nagbaon ng
inunan ng ama mo. Ako ang gumawa ng mga una niyang laruan. Naulila agad siya
sa ama.’
Tumayong bigla si Lolo Tasyo at itinuro ng itak ang hangganan ng bukid.

’Doon siya malimit magpalipad ng saranggola noong bata pa siyang munti. Sa
kabilang pitak siya nahulog sa kalabaw, nang minsang sumama siya sa akin sa pag-
araro. Nasaktan siya noon, ang akala ko’y hindi siya titigil sa kaiiyak.’
Lumingon ang matanda at tiningala ang punong mangga sa kanilang likuran.

’Sa itaas ng punong ito pinaakyat ko at pinagtago ang ama mo isang hapon, noong
kainitan ng himagsikan, nang mabalitaang may mga huramentadong Kastila na
paparito. At doon, sa kinauupuan mo kanina, doon niya isinulat ang kauna-unahan
niyang tula-isang maikling papuri sa kagandahan ng isa sa mga dalagang nakilala
niya sa bayan. May tagong kapilyuhan ang ama mo.’
Napangiti si Danding. ’Ang dalaga po bang iyan ang naging sanhi ng

pagkakaluwas niya sa Maynila?’
’Oo,’ natigilan si Lolo Tasyo na tila nalalasap sa alaala ang mga nangyari. ’Nahuli sila
sa tabi ng isang mandala ng palay.’
’Nahuli po?’
’Oo – sa liwanag ng aandap-andap na bituin.’
Marami pang ibig itanong si Danding, ngunit naalala niya ang patay at ang
mga tao sa bahay; baka hinahanap na siya. Unti-unting pinutol niya ang pag-uusap
nila ni Lolo Tasyo, at iniwan ang matanda sa mga alaala nito.
’Ano ang pinanood mo sa bukid?’ ang usisang biro ng isa sa mga bagong tuklas
niyang pinsan.
’Ang araw,’ ang tugon ni Danding, sabay pikit ng mga mata niyang naninibago at
hindi halos makakita sa agaw-dilim na tila nakalambong sa bahay.
Ang libingan ay nasa gilid ng simbahan, bagay na nagpapagunita kay

Danding ng sumpa ng Diyos kay Adan sa mga anak nito, at ng malungkot at batbat –
sakit na pagkakawalay nila, na kamatayan lamang ang lubusang magwawakas.
Nagunita niya na sa maliit na bakurang ito ng mga patay na nakahimlay ang alabok
ng kanyang ninuno, ang abang labi ng Katipunan, ng mga pag-asa, pag-ibig, lumbay
at ligaya, ng palalong mga pangarap at mga pagkabigo na siyang pumana sa kanya
ng kanyang angkan. Magaan ang pagyapak ni Danding sa malambot na lupa, at
sinikap niyang huwag masaling maging ang pinakamaliit na halaman.
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Handa na ang hukay. Wala na ang nalalabi kundi ang paghulog at
pagtatabon sa kabaong. Ngunit ng huling sandali ay binuksang muli ang takip sa
tapat ng mukha ng bangkay, upang ito’y minsan pang masulyapan ng mga naulila.
Nabasag ang katahimikan at naghari ang impit na mga hikbi at ang mga
piping pananangis na higit na makadurog-puso kaysa maingay na pag-iyak.
Pinagtiim ni Danding ang kanyang mga bagang, ngunit sa kabila ng kanyang

pagtitimpi ay naramdaman niyang nangingilid ang luha sa kanyang mga mata.
Sandaling nag-ulap ang lahat ng kanyang paningin. Nilunod ang kanyang

puso ng matinding dalamhati at ng malabong pakiramdam na siya man ay
dumaranas ng isang uri ng kamatayan. Balisa at nagsisikap ang dibdib ng
damdaming ito, si Danding ay dahan-dahang lumayo at nagpaunang bumalik sa
bahay.
Ibig niyang mapag-isa kaya’t nang makita niyang may taong naiwan sa bahay
ay patalilis siyang nagtungo sa bukid. Lumulubog na ang araw, at nagsisimula nang
lumamig ang hangin. Ang abuhing kamay ng takipsilim ay nakaamba na sa
himpapawid. Tumigil si Danding sa tabi ng pulutong ng mga kawayan at pinahid ang
pawis sa kanyang mukha at leeg.
Ang kapayapaan ng bukid ay tila kamay ng isang inang humahaplos sa nag-

iinit na noo ni Danding. Huminga siya nang malalim, umupo sa lupa, at ipinikit ang
mga mata. Dahan-dahang inunat niya ang kanyang mga paa, itinukod sa lupa ang
mga palad; tumingala at binayaang maglaro sa ligalig niyang mukha ang banayad na
hangin.
Kay lamig at kay bango ng hanging iyon.
Unti-unti siyang pinanawan ng lumbay at agam-agam, at natiwasay ang

pagod niyang katawan. Sa kapirasong lupang ito, na siyang sinilangan ng ama niya,
ay napanatag ang kanyang puso.
Palakas nang palakas ang hangin, na nagtataglay ng amoy ng lupa at kay

bango ng nakamandalang palay! Naalala ni Danding ang mga kuwento ni Lolo Tasyo
tungkol sa kanyang ama, at siya’y napangiti nang lihim. Ang pagsasaranggola sa
bukid, ang pagkahulog sa kalabaw, dalaga sa bunton ng palay, ang lahat ay
nananariwa sa kanyang gunita. Tumawa nang marahan si Danding at pinag-igi pang
lalo ang pagkakasalampak niya sa lupa. Tila isang punong kababaon doon ang mga
ugat, siya’y nakaramdam ng pagkakaugnay sa bukid na minsa’y nadilig na mga luha
at umalingawngaw sa mga halakhak ng kanyang ama.
Sa sandaling iyon ay tila hawak ni Danding sa palad ang lihim ng tinatawag

na pag-ibig sa lupang tinubuan. Nauunawaan niya kung bakit ang pagkakatapon sa
ibang bansa ay napakabigat na parusa, at kung bakit ang mga nawawalay na anak
ay sumasalunga sa bagyo at baha makauwi lamang sa Inang Bayan. Kung bakit
walang atubiling naghain ng dugo sina Rizal at Bonifacio.

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Sa kabila ng mga magigiting na pangungusap ng pambihirang mga
pagmamalasakit, at ng kamatayan ng mga bayani ay nasulyapan ni Danding ang
kapirasong lupa, na kinatitirikan ng kanilang mga tahanan, kinabubuhayan ng
kanilang mga kamag-anak, kasalo sa kanilang mga lihim at nagtatago na pamana ng
kanilang mga angkan. Muli siyang napangiti.
Sa dako ng baybay ay nakarinig siya ng mga tinig, at nauulinigan niyang

tinatawag ang kanyang pangalan. Dahan-dahan siyang tumayo. Gabi na, kagat na
ang dilim sa lahat ng dako. Walang buwan at may kadiliman ang langit. Ngunit
nababanaagan pa niya ang dulo ng mga kawayang nakapanood ng paglikha ng
unang tula ng kanyang ama, at ang ilang aandap-andap ng bituing saksi ng unang
pag-ibig nito.
Answer the following questions:
1. Who are the characters and what of their qualities stand out?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__________
2. How does the setting/time period affect the language, atmosphere or social
circumstances of the short story?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__________
3. What is the most important event in the story?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__________
4. Who is the narrator or the speaker in the story?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__________
5. How would you describe the main conflict?

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_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__________
6. Is there a turning point in the story and when does it take place?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__________
7. What is/are the theme/s of the expressed in the story?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__________
LESSON 5: Philippine Literature during the Contemporary Period

c. Familiarize the significant events happened to the Philippine
Literature during the Contemporary Period.
d. Identify Filipino Artists and their works during this period.
CHECKPOINT: Look at your surroundings, choose 10 things from what you can see
around you. Using the 10 things you chose, create a 3-4 stanza poem tackling any
theme of your choice. Remember to underline the 10 things that you used in creating
your beautiful poem.

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The early post-liberation period was marked by a kind of “struggle of mind
and spirit” posed by the sudden emancipation from the enemy, and the wild
desire to see print.
Philippines literature in Tagalog was revived during this period. Most themes
in the writings dealt with Japanese brutalities, of the poverty of life under the
Japanese government and the brave guerilla exploits.
PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)
• Many young people became activists to ask for changes in the government. In the
expression of this desire for change, keen were the writings of some youth who were
fired with nationalism in order to emphasize the importance of their petitions.
THE LITERARY REVOLUTION
• The youth became completely rebellious during this period. This was proven
not only in the bloody demonstrations and in the sidewalk expressions but
also in literature. Campus newspapers showed rebellious emotions. The once
aristocratic writers developed awareness for society. They held pens and

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wrote on placards in red paint the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To
dare!).
WRITING DURING THE PERIOD OF ACTIVISM
• The irreverence for the poor reached its peak during this period of the mass
revolution. It was also during this period that Bomba films that discredit our
ways as Filipinos started to come out.
PALANCA AWARDEES FOR LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
• Established in 1950, the Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature had been
giving cash prizes for short story, poetry and one-act play writing as an
incentive to Filipino writers. The prizes come from La Tondena, Inc., the firm
founded by the late Carlos Palanca Sr.
PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-1980)
• The period of the New Society started on September 21, 1972. The Carlos Palanca
Awards continued to give annual awards.
• Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the development or progress of the
country –like the Green Revolution, family planning, proper nutrition, environment,
drug addiction and pollution. The New Society tried to stop pornography or those
writings giving bad influences on the morals of the people. All school newspapers
were temporarily stopped and so with school organizations.
FILIPINO POETRY DURING THE PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY
• Themes of most poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture,
customs and the beauties of nature and surroundings.
THE PLAY UNDER THE NEW SOCIETY
• The government led in reviving old plays and dramas, like the Tagalog
Zarzuela, Cenaculo and the Embayoka of the Muslims which were presented
in the rebuilt Metropolitan Theater, the Folk Arts Theater and the Cultural
Center of the Philippines.
RADIO AND TELEVISION
• Radio continued to be patronized during this period. The play series like SI
MATAR, DAHLIA, ITO AND PALAD KO, and MR. LONELY were the forms of
recreation of those without television
FILIPINO FILMS
• A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulng Pilipino (Yearly Filipino Film Festival) was
held during this time. During the festival which lasted usually for a month,
only Filipino films were shown in all theaters in Metro Manila.

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1. MAYNILA…SA MGA KUKO NG LIWANAG written by Edgardo Reyes
and filmed under the direction of Lino Brocka. Bembol Roco was the
lead role.
2. MINSA’Y ISANG GAMU-GAMO; Nora Aunor was the principal

performer here.
3. GANITO KAMI NOO…PAANO KAYO NGAYON: led by Christopher de

Leon and Gloria Diaz.
4. INSIANG: by Hilda Koronel
5. AGUILA: led by Fernando Poe Jr., Jay Ilagan and Christopher de

Leon
COMICS, MAGAZINES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS
• During this period of the New Society, newspapers donned new forms.
News on economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism and the like were
favored more than the sensationalized reporting of killings, rape and
robberies.
OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE DURING THE NEW SOCIETY
• Bilingual education which was initiated by the Board of National Education

as early as 1958 and continued up to the period of Martial Rule in September
21, 1972, resulted in the deterioration of English in the different levels of
education. The focus of education and culture was on problems of national
identity, on re-orientation, renewed vigor and a firm resolves to carry out
plans and programs.
PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981-1985)
• After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of the Filipino which
started under the New Society, Martial Rule was at last lifted on January 2, 1981.
FILIPINO POETRY
• Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and
revolutionary. Writers wrote openly of their criticism against the government.
The supplications of the people were coached in fiery, colorful, violent,
profane and insulting language.
FILIPINO SONGS
• Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were really true-to-life like those
of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country and of
fellowmen.
PHILIPPINE FILMS DURING THE PERIOD

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• The yearly Festival of Filipino Films continued to be held during this period.
The people’s love for sex films also was unabated.
PERIODS (1986-1999)
• History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people regained their
independence which they lost twenty years ago.
• In the span of four days form February 21-25, 1986, the so-called People
Power (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed. Together, the people barricaded the
streets petitioning the government for changes and reforms.
ON NEWSPAPERS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS
• Newspapers which were once branded crony newspapers became instant

opposition papers overnight. This was true of BULLETIN TODAY which
became the opposition paper.
ON BOOKS
• The Philippine revolution of 1986 and the fire of its spirit that will carry the
Filipinos through another epoch in Philippine history is still being documented
just as they have been in the countless millions who participated in body and
spirit in its realization.
From your phone, choose 1 song that you think best describe you.
Write a portion of the lyrics and explain it’s relevance to you.
Title of the song:___________

Artist:___________
Lyrics:
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________.

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Write your answer here!
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
Some of the literary works and artists of this period:
 HEART OF THE ISLANDS (1947) –a collection of poems by Manuel

Viray
 PHILIPPINES CROSS SECTION (1950) –a collection of prose and
poetry by Maximo Ramos and Florentino Valeros
 PROSE AND POEMS (1952) –by Nick Joaquin
 PHILIPPINE WRITING (1953) –by T.D. Agcaoili
 PHILIPPINE HAVEST –by Amador Daguio
 HORIZONS LEAST (1967) –a collection of works by the professors of
UE, mostly in English (short stories, essays, research papers, poem
and drama) by Artemio Patacsil and Silverio Baltazar The themes of
most poems dealt with the usual love of nature, and of social and
political problems. Toribia Maño’s poems showed deep emotional
intensity.
 WHO SPOKE OF COURAGE IN HIS SLEEP –by NVM Gonzales
 SPEAK NOT, SPEAK ALSO –by Conrado V. Pedroche
 Other poets were Toribia Maño and Edith L. Tiempo, Jose Garcia
Villa’s HAVE COME, AM HERE won acclaim both here and abroad
Spoken Poetry: With all the emotions and feelings, record and recite the
poem that you created. The video should not be more than 2 ½ minutes.

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Send it to: guiangjerick@gmail.com
PERFORMANCE TASK: Imagine you are an online influencer and you will be creating
your reaction video. Paragraph form:
 Watch the film “Maynila, sa mga kuko ng liwanag” :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ij0q5HvRbgo
 You will be stating your reaction about the movie using a video recording.
 Filipino and English Language are encouraged to be used in making your
reactions.
 Refrain from using obscene languages or gestures while doing the reaction video.
 Reaction video should not be more than 4 minutes and not less than 2 minutes.
 Make sure to identify the Title, Director, Year and the Main actors of the movie.
 Send your reaction video at guiangjerick@gmail.com
RUBRIC FOR EVALUATING REACTION VIDEO
INCOMPLETE FAIR GOOD EXCELLENT

1 3 4 5
Organization Missing one of Minimal details Speaking is fluent Discussion is well
and the following: from the video and mostly supported.
Mechanics details from the included. interesting: Rseponses is to
video, Conclusion or an discussion could be the point, in
opinion/reaction. opinion is not supported more complete

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clear. strongly, minimal sentences, no
errors and grammar errors and uses
is mostly accurate. grammar
correctly.
Ideas and Information is Information Information is Information is
Content not accurate. provided is accurate. Discussion accurate and
Not insight, generally makes a logical response shows
analysis or accurate but no conclusion or an good insight of
opinion is insght or opinion is offered. the video. The
offered. analysis is Missing an insightful response is
offered. analysis of the complete.
video. Discussion makes
a logical
conclusion or an
opinion is offered.
Reflection There is no The response is The response is The response is
response to the not related to somewhat specific very specific and
theme of the theme of and related to the rlated theme of
judgement. judgement. The theme of judgement. Many
Writing is ideas are not judgement. Some of of the ideas are
completely off- clearly the ideas are clearly clearly supported
topic. supported. supported. with
details/evidence.
LESSON 6: Literary Genres

A. Discuss how different contexts enhance the text’s meaning and enrich
the reader’s understanding.
B. Compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the
ones from the earlier (genres/periods citing their elements, structures
and traditions.

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C. Identify 21st century literary genres and the one from the early
periods.
D. Cite elements, structure, and tradition of literary genres.
Literary genres are important to learn about. Numerous literary genres

exist to broaden knowledge andentertain. Literature was divided into two
main categories: tragedy and comedy. Nowadays, the list of possible types
and literature genres can seem endless but it is still possible to narrow down
the vast amountof literature into a few basic group. And, this lesson will show
you that.
What is a Literary Genre?
 A literary genre is a category of literary composition. Genres may be

determined by literary technique, tone, content, or even (as in the
case of fiction) length. The distinctions between genres and
categories are flexibleand loosely defined, often with subgroups.
 Genres should not be confused with age categories, by which
literature may be classified as either adult, young adult, or children’s.
They are defined by the general cultural movement of the historical
period in whichthey were composed.
 Categories used to group different types of literary work, such as non-
fiction, fiction and poetry.
CHECKPOINT: Tell us what you think!

In your opinion, how did literary genres help you understand better literary
texts and distinguish its deeper meaning?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______
LITERARY GENRES OF THE WORLD
Non-Fiction
This can also be called “informational” material. These types of books provide
information that is factual. Nothing is make-believe in these types of materials. More
specific examples of this type of genre would be:

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Biographies: A true account of a person's life written, composed, or produced by
another.
Autobiographies: The biography of a person written by that person.
Fiction
In this type of work, the author can make up the whole entire story. Authors can
also choose to include factual information in a made-up story. The author can have wizards
creating magic spells or it can be about a 12 year old girl who has a secret crush.
Different types of fiction
Historical Fiction: The story takes the reader back to a particular time period
where they learn about the everyday life of a person. The character may interact
with actual historical characters, but usually, the main character is not based on a
real person.
Realistic Fiction: The Fab They may cover such topics as family situations, peer
relationships, and cultural differences.
Science Fiction: This is a type of modern fantasy. It explores scientific fact and
can pose ethical questions about current scientific trends and predictions. The
author focuses on the adventure of exploring the unknown and the wonder of
discovering new worlds and people.
Mystery: There are different types of mystery stories, but usually a crime has been
committed and the reader wants to try to figure out “whodunit”. There is usually a
great deal of suspense and intrigue abounds.
Fantasy
In this type of story, the author has created a magical world where anything is
possible. There are many types of fantasy, from fables to fairy tales and may include
magical beings, talking animals and gods and goddesses
Traditional Fantasy: When we think of this type of fantasy story, we often

consider stories such as Cinderella. This genre includes folk tales, tall tales, fables,
and myths. These are stories that have been told over and over, sometimes for
hundreds or even thousands of years!
Fairy Tales: We often know we are reading or hearing a fairy tale with the words,
“once upon a time . . .” Fairy tales often feature a fight between good and evil. Evil
always loses to a triumphant hero or heroine. We also know it’s a fairy tale because
most end with “and they lived happily ever after.”
Fables and Myths:
Fables.These stories usually have a moral that is being taught. It often uses animals
that speak and act like humans.

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Myths. A story or group of stories that form part of the traditional knowledge of a
society. Myths often use imaginative plots and characters to explain how the world
began and why nature and people behave the way they do
Modern Fantasy: The events in modern fantasy are outside the realm of
possibility. These stories cannot happen in real life, but even though we know the
events can’t happen, they are very believable. These stories allow us to live in an
imaginary world where anything is possible.
Using the Venn diagram, compare and contrast the difference between 21st century
literary genres and the ones from the earlieror in ancient literature. Make sure to
recall the previous discussions in making accomplishing this activity. Description will
be provided as your guide to answer it. Write the letter of the correct answer in the
diagram, whether it’s modern, ancient, or both.
a. Literature can be dynamic and arbitrary.

b. It has strict conformity on system, norm, elitism, and romanticism.
c. Has oral lore.
d. Human versus artificial intelligence.
e. Topics can be about technology and new knowledge.
f. It’s a free verse that focuses on peculiar subjects, and unconventional point
of views. No set rhyme scheme or format
g. Mythology and epics were being told to generations and generations.It is
usually spoken.
h. It has spoken word performance, poetry reading, etc. predominantly written
o audio-visual
i. Can do creative writing.
j. Human versus god topic.
k. Technology, computer, and internet are normally use to publish.
l. It’s predominantly oral, didactic, and mythical.
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m. Uses scrolls, manual writing and/or typing and use a lot of papers to publish.
n. Mythologies and epics.
o. Read tweets and FB statuses
HERE ARE MORE EXAMPLES OF LITERARY GENRES IN THE 21ST CENTURY

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE:
Creative nonfiction
It’s a rich mix of ﬂavors, ideas, and techniques, some of which are newly invented and
others as old as writing itself. Creative nonﬁction can be an essay, a journal article, a
research paper, a memoir, or a poem; it can be personal or not, or it can be all of these.
Some of the creative nonfiction in the Philippines are:
1. “The Cardinal’s Sins, the General’s Cross, the Martyr’s Testimony, and Other Affirmations” by
Gregorio C. Brillantes
2. “Manananggal Terrorizes Manila and Other Stories” by Jessica Zafra
3. “Sapay Koma” by Jhoanna Lynn Cruz
Hyper poetry
Hypertext poetry and hypertext fiction are new genres of literature that use the computer
screen as medium, rather than the printed page. The literary works rely on the qualities
unique to a digital environment, such as linked World Wide Web pages or effects such as
sound and movement. Hypertext “poetry” can consist of words, although not necessarily
organized into lines and stanzas, as well as, sounds, visual images, movement or other
special effects. Although the poem may be dazzling with sounds, perhaps of a lawnmower,
while the words “mowing,” “stop,” “Sunday,” and “morning” float across your computer
screen in pseudo-three-dimensional letters, one will have been hard pressed to identify the
use of any formal poetics.
Mobile phone text tula
A cell phone novel, or mobile phone novel is a literary work originally written on a cellular
phone via text messaging. This type of literature originated in Japan, where it has become a
popular literary genre. However, its popularity has also spread to other countries
internationally, especially to China, United States, Germany, and South Africa. Chapters
usually consist of about 70-100 words each due to character limitations on cell phones.
Chick lit
This is genre fiction, which “consists of heroin-centered narratives that focus on the trials
and tribulations of their individual protagonists”. The genre often addresses issues of
modern womanhood – from romantic relationships to female friendships to matters in the
workplace – in humorous and lighthearted ways.

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Some of the chick lit in the Philippines are:
1. Spotlight New Adult by Mina V. Esguerra

2. Tall Story by Candy Gourlay
3. All’s Fair in Blog and War by Chrissie Peria
Speculative fiction
It covers all stories from fantasy to science fiction to slipstream to magic realism to urban
fantasy — so on and so forth. In other words (or in other worlds), it encompasses all the
stories that are removed from the reality that we are currently living in. As the introduction
states, “speculative fiction is a type of story that deals with observations of the human
condition but offers the experience through a different lens…and challenges us to see what
tomorrow could be like or what the mythic past of our imagination actually is.”
Some of the speculative fiction in the Philippines are:
1. Smaller and Smaller Circles by FH Batacan

2. Sink by Isabel Yap
3. The Secret Origin of Spin-Man by Andrew Drilon
Flash fiction
Flash fiction goes by many names, including microfiction, microstories, short-shorts, short
short stories, very short stories, sudden fiction, postcard fiction and nanofiction. While it can
be difficult to pinpoint an exact definition of flash fiction based on word count, consideration
of several of its features can help provide clarity, like its brevity, length, background and
purpose.
Some of the flash fiction in the Philippines are:
1. 100 Kislap, by Abdon M. Balde Jr.

2. Karapote: Antolohia Dagiti 13 a Nasuerte A Sarita, by Ariel S. Tabag
Blog
A blog (shortening of “weblog”) is an online journal or informational website displaying

information in the reverse chronological order, with latest posts appearing first. It is a
platform where a writer or even a group of writers share their views on an individual
subject.
Graphic novels
The ‘graphic novel’ has existed as an art form arguably from the time our species learned
how to paint. However, the term has only been in use since the 1960’s, and though it’s

Page 48
often a hotly debated issue, it’s generally accepted that a graphic novel is a longer work or
collection of works presented in ‘comics’ style.
Some of the graphic novels in the Philippines are:
1. The Mythology Class (Nautilus comics) by Arnold Arre

2. Light (Anino comics) by Rob Cham
3. Sixty Six (Anino comics) by Russell Molina
4. Maktan 1521 by Tepai Pascual
ASSIGNMENT: WRITE A BIOGRAPHY OF A PERSON WHO INFLUENCED/INSPIRED

YOU THE MOST.
 Choose any inspiring person and write his biography
 Make sure to include how this person inspires you.
 No minimum or maximum words to consider.
LESSON 7: Multimedia Formats in Interpreting Literary Text

a. Demonstrate understanding of a iterary text;
b. Apply ICT skills in crafting an adaptation of a literary text; and
c. Shos an appreciation on the use of multimedia to creatively interpret a
literary text.

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What is Multimedia?
 Defined as computer-controlled, integration of text, graphics, drawings, still
and moving images (video), animation, audio, and any other media where
every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and
processed digitally (Marshall, 2001).
Watch the video interpretation of the song “Ang Pipit” by Levi Celerio and answer
the questions.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPa0rjDtVMQ
Questions:
1. What message does the lyricist, Levi Celerio, convey in his song?
2. How did the students interpret the song?
3. What media platform did the students use in interpreting the
song?
Six Multimedia Formats in Interpreting Literary Text

1. Blog or Weblog- is a website containing informational articles about
a person’s own opinions, interesta and experiences. These are usually
changed regularly.
You can write blogs in the following websites:
- Twitter - Instagram
- Wix sites - Tumbler
- Facebook - Wordpress
- Weebly etc.
2. Mind Mapping- is a graphical technique to visualize connections of

ideas and pieces of information. This tool structures information to
better analyze, comprehend, synthesize, recall and generate new
ideas. You can use Microsoft Word or online mind mapping tools in
creating a mind map (Pasuello, 2017).

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3. Mobile Phone Text Tula- is a traditional Filipino poem. A particular
example of this poem is a Tanaga that consists of 4 lines with 7
syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line.
4. Slideshow Presentation- is created with the use of Microsoft PowerPoint. It

contains series of pictures or pages of information (slides) arranged in
sequence and often displayed on a large screen using a video projector
(Computer Hope, 2018).

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5. Tag Cloud- is a visual, stylized arrangement of words or tags within a textual content such as
websites, articles, speeches and databases (Techopedia, 2020).
6. Video- is an electronic device used to record, copy, playback, broadcast, and display moving
visual media (Lexico, 2020).
SELF-ASSESSMENT: Read the 2015 Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature
First Prize entitled “Hindi Ko Alam” by Karl Gabrielle B. De Los Santos.
 Read the text here:

o https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dq_D-lrat3wkVsazS_fLTZTBt9vf8xn6/
view?ts=5ff4134e
 Choose one (1) multimedia format among the six types.
 Give your interpretation and understanding of the text through illustrating your
ideas and thoughts using any of the multimedia formats.

Page 52
References: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jm8R66W4KHs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZInqJq7uE7A

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2 Ist Century Lit 11 GUIDE

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2 Ist Century Lit 11 GUIDE

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HOW ARE YOU GOING TO LEARN?

This icon signals an activity you need to perform.

This icon introduces a list of important ideas to remember. Read it carefully

LESSON 1: Philippine Literature during the Pre-colonial Period

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

Bari- bari apo,

Tabi tabi po, Ingkong, makikiraan po lamang.

2. Proverbs- is a simple and concrete saying, popularly known and repeated,

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

Example of Folk Songs:

 Folktale- this is a characteristically anonymous, timeless and placeless

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

 Fable- this features animal characters or inanimate objects that behave

The Monkey and the Crocodile

The crocodile was greatly surprised by the monkey’s

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

Trying to conceal its anxietyt, it said, “I’m very glad

Convinced that the monkey was telling the truth, the

 Legend (Alamat)- This is presented as history but is unlikey to be

The Flood Story (A Legend of Bukidnon)

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

 Myth- this is told to explain a belief, a practice, or a natural

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

 Epic- this narrative poem celebrates the adventures and achievements

Matching Type: Match the statements/phrases on Column A to the items on Column

1. Ilocano epic of a man with supernatural a. folk songs

5. to explain a belief, a practice, or a natural h. Fable

6. use in witchcraft and enchantments j. Pre-colonila Literature

7. Maranao epic k. Uyayi

8. They are often metaphorical l. Hinilawod

9. Lullaby m. The Flood Story

10. A legend from Bukidnon n. Folk Narratives

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

 What are your feelings about the piece?

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

LESSON 2: Philippine Literature during the Spanish Period

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

Neneng puti pansit

buslo sinta Humanap

lalaking saya ganda

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

Gumising ka _______, tayo’y manampalok

Halika na Neneng at tayo’y magsimba

Ako’y ibigin mo, ___________ matapang

Spanish colonization in the Philippines started in 1565 during the tine of

FORMS- include thumbnails/photos

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

2. Seculiar or Non-Religious Literature- revolves around tales of valaince and

a. Graciano Lopez Jaena

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

Dr. Jose Rizal

 El Heraldo de la REvolucion(Herald of the Revolution)- printed the decrees of the

From the Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Obligations of our

 Filipinos were called two things: “Taga-Bayan” and “Taga-Bukid” or “Taga-Bundok”

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

LESSON 3: Philippine Literature during the American Period