Phonology

1. What are the typical sounds found in your MT language? Classify these as either consonants or
vowels. Include blends (two consonant sounds sounded as one -e.g. /bl/in the word blend) and
clusters (three consonant sounds sounded as one -e.g. /spr/ in the word spray).

The typical sounds found in our Mother Tongue ( Ilocano ) language are the vowel sounds a, e, and
u since o is a loan phoneme. It is the high back that is lowered to o in word final syllable. Example is
agsao - agsau.

The classification of consonants/ vowels are seen below.

2 Consonant sound 3 Consonant sound
/pl/ /pr/ /pl/ /pr/

plano Prutas Planggana Problema prinsesa

plato Prito platito
lato plete
plasa

/gr/ /kr/ /gr/ /kr/

Grupo Krus Granada granatis krayola

Gripo

/tr/ /ng/ /tr/ /dr/

Trapo Ngiwat Trianggulo trabaho dramatista

Tribu Ngipen
traktor Nganga
Ngilaw
Ngato
Ngamin

/dr/ /diay/; (jay)

Drama Idiay / sadiay (there)

Drowing
Droga

Consonant p, b, m, t, d, s, n, r, l, j, k, g, ng, w.

/p/ uppat four

/b/ kubbu humpback

/m/ Ammo/ammu know

/t/ latta only

/d/ Adda To exist

/s/ bassit little

/n/ punnu To fill

/r/ gurruud thunder

/l/ allukus To lean

/j/ gajjem friend

ABERIN, RACHEL MEDINA, CAROLYN

GALDAYEN, CATHERENE TORRES, EMERY
BEED 3C (ILOCANO)
 /k/ dakkel big

/g/ iggem Grasp/hold/touch

/ng/ tengga center

/w/ lawwa spider

Vowel sounds

/ue/ ;(we) /oa/; (wa)

Eskuela (school/class) Nasantoan (holy/sacred)

Dinguen (animals) Gapoanan (because/originated)

/ua/ ;(wa) /oe/; (we)

Dua (two) Saoen (say

Kuaderno (notebook)
Kadakuada (them)

2. Are there minimal pairs in your MT language? Enumerate at least ten examples for these.

1. ka`yo ( wood ) kayo` ( you )

2. ki` ta ( kind ) kita` ( see )

3. ba` dang ( to help ) bada` ng ( a kind of

pointless and shorter bolo )

4. ba` gi ( own ) bagi` ( body )

5. ba` ra ( heat ) bara` ( lungs ) 6. la` ta ( can )

mata` ( eyes )

7. ili ( hometown )
Sili ( chili )

8. billit ( bird ) sillit ( intestine )

ABERIN, RACHEL MEDINA, CAROLYN

GALDAYEN, CATHERENE TORRES, EMERY
BEED 3C (ILOCANO)
 3. Are there distinct sounds in your MT language not present in other MT language? If yes, list
them down.

There are distinct sounds in our MT language that might not present in other MT language
(because there’s a lot of MT language here in our country that we are not familiar). Iloko language
usually sounds how it spells (kung anong baybay, siya ring bigkas) but there are words that make
our MT distinct from others. Example given are:
1. /Met/ (saan met)
2. /Ket/ (wen ket)
3. /Ngay/
4. /Ngarud/

4. What usual phonological rules are present in your MT language? Provide at least three and
illustrate how these are applied.

1. The combination of vowels /oa/ or /ua/; (“wa”) & /oe/ or /ue/; (“we”) Sanggoanan/sangguanan
Ruar
Dinguen
Saoen

2. The combination of consonant+vowels+consonant /diay/; (“jay”)

Idiay
Sadiay

3. The combination of two consonants (ex. /pl/, /gr/, /ng/)

Plete
Grado
Ngipen

LEARNING ACTIVITY 2: MORPHOLOGY

1. How are words usually constructed in your MT language? Give a five-sentence description.
Ilocano words are usually constructed by adding affixes. The prefix ag- is usually added before
a word to make a in a future tense (ex. ‘laba’ - aglaba, ‘luto’- agluto, ‘sakdo’ - agsakdo, ‘digos’ -
agdigos, etc.). To make these verbs into its present tense, duplicate the first syllable of the root word
(ex. aglablaba, aglutluto, agsaksakdo, agdigdigos). On the other hand, to make these verbs into its
past tense, change the prefix ag- to nag- (ex. naglaba, nagluto, nagsakdo, nagdigos). When -g is
added to the prefix of an adjective, it emphasizes an extreme manner (ex. ‘nabanglo’ - nagbanglo,
‘napintas’ - nagpintas, ‘nasam-it’ - nagsam-it, ‘napudaw’ - nagpudaw, etc.). Adding -ak at the end of
a word tells that the person speaking is the doer or carrier of the word {ex. Napintasak (I am
beautiful); Tumawagak (I will call)}, but in some instances, using “nak” is also counted (ex. napintas
nak, tumawag nak).
2. List down words from your MT language. Classify these as either content or function words (at
least 10 each).
PART OF SPEECH WORD/SENTENCE GROUP
ADVERB Masapaak nga mapan makitienda nu bigat. CONTENT WORD

(I will go to the market early tomorrow.)

(tomorrow)
NOUN Nagmayat nga kitkitaen dagiti billit nga agtatayab CONTENT WORD
iti tangatang.

(It is nice to see the birds flying in the sky.) (sky)

ABERIN, RACHEL MEDINA, CAROLYN

GALDAYEN, CATHERENE TORRES, EMERY
BEED 3C (ILOCANO)
 VERB Dagiti lallaki ket madama nga aggapgapas iti CONTENT WORD
pagay idiay taltalon.

The men are currently harvesting rice at the field.

(harvesting)

ADJECTIVE Nagpintas iti sabong idiay paraangan. CONTENT WORD

(The flower in the front yard is beautiful.)

(beautiful)
NOUN Iti nuang ket maus usar nga agarado iti taltalon. CONTENT WORD

(The carabao is used to plow the field.) (carabao)

ADVERB Naka-an annad iti panagdalyasat na iti waig. CONTENT WORD

(He carefully crosses the river.)

(carefully)
NOUN Naulimek iti panagbiag idiay bantay. CONTENT WORD

(Living in the mountain is peaceful.) (mountain)

VERB Dagiti ubbing ket naragsak nga agay-ay-ayam CONTENT WORD

idiay arubayan.

(The children are playing happily in the yard.)

(playing)
CONTENT WORD
ADVERB Nakalamlammuyot iti panagsasao ni nanang ko.

(My mother speaks softly.)

ADJECTIVE Nabara iti pul-oy iti angin idiay probinsiya iti La CONTENT WORD
Union.

(The breeze is hot in the province of La Union.)

(hot)
PRONOUN Datayo kuma ket agtitinnulong iti panangsolbar iti FUNCTION WORD
parikot.

(We should be helping each other in solving the

problem.)
(we)
ARTICLE Nagliknaw iti danum idiay karayan. FUNCTION WORD

(The water in the river is clear.) (the)

CONJUNCTION Agkin-kinnamat ti aso ken pusa. FUNCTION WORD

(The dog and the cat are chasing after each

other).
(and)
CONJUNCTION Anya kaykayat mo, bayabas wennu manga? FUNCTION WORD

What do you like more, guava or mango?

(or)
PREPOSITION Maeturpos mo iti panageskuelam nu agadal ka FUNCTION WORD
nga naimbag.

(You will be able to finish your schooling if you

study well.)
(if)

ABERIN, RACHEL MEDINA, CAROLYN

GALDAYEN, CATHERENE TORRES, EMERY
BEED 3C (ILOCANO)
 PRONOUN Siak iti maekadwa nga anak dagiti nagannak ko. FUNCTION WORD

(I am the second child of my parents.)

(I)
PRONOUN Isuda ket mapan idyay eskuelaan nu bigat. FUNCTION WORD

They are going to school tomorrow.

(they)
CONJUNCTION Naimas iti durian ngem adda iti sabali nga angot FUNCTION WORD
na.

(Durian is delicious but it has a stinky smell.)

(but)
CONJUNCTION Nalayos idiay Cagayan gapu iti nagpigsa nga FUNCTION WORD
bagyo.

Cagayan was flooded because of the strong

typhoon.
(because)
PRONOUN Sika ket maysa kadagiti mapagtalkak nga FUNCTION WORD
gayyem.

You are one of my trusted friends.

(you-singular)

3. Give three examples of MT language words for each of the different parts of speech. Identify the
affixes or inflections that may have been added to the MT root or base words.
WORD/SENTENCE PART OF PREFIX INFIX SUFFIX INFLECTION
SPEECH
Siak iti agdalos iti balay tatta nga verb ag-
aldaw.

(I will be the one to clean the

house today.)
(will clean)
Nalammiis iti danum nga naggapo adjective na-
idiay ubbog.

(The water from the spring is cold.)

(cold)

Inikkan ni tatang ko iti nalabbaga verb in-

a sabong ni nanang ko.

(My father gave my mother a red

flower.)
(gave)
Mabalin nga tumugaw ka apagbiit? verb -um-

Would you sit for a while?

(sit)

Kasla agkinnamat ni Taya ken verb -inn-

Tony.

Taya and Tony seem to be

chasing each other.
(chasing)

ABERIN, RACHEL MEDINA, CAROLYN

GALDAYEN, CATHERENE TORRES, EMERY
BEED 3C (ILOCANO)
 Sumangpet iti bisitak verb -um
madamdama malem.

My visitor will arrive this afternoon.

(arrive)
Ayaten tayo dagiti pada tayo nga verb an
tattao kas ti panagayat tayo ti bagi
tayo.

(Love our fellowmen as we

love ourself.) (to love)

Daiten ni nanang diay napisang verb -en

nga kurtina.

(Mother will sew the torn curtain.)

(will sew)

Masapol nga sibugan dagiti mula verb -an

tapnu haan nga malaylay.

(It is needed to water the plant so

that it will not wither.)
(to water)
Nalpasen nga inarado ni tatang verb -en
diay talon.

Father is finished plowing the field.

(finished)

Naluton diay sidaen. verb -n

(The dish is already cooked.)

(cooked)
Simmardingen dagiti ubbing nga verb -en
agay-ay-ayam.

(The kids have stopped playing.)

(have stopped)

4. What unique morphological characteristics does your MT language have? Illustrate it below.

Past tense /mangan/ (eat) nangan

progressive /magna/ (walk) magmagna
Past participle /mangan/ nanganen
plural /addu/ (many) Nagaddu (many)
-- Innem nga sabong (6
flowers)
possessive -- Isu na
Bagik
comparative /bassit/ basbassit
superlative /dakkel/ kadakkelan

The affixes /ag/ and /nag/

Future tense Past tense

Agsampay (to hang) Nagsampay (hanged)
Agkalap (to catch fish) Nagkalap (caught fish)

ABERIN, RACHEL MEDINA, CAROLYN

GALDAYEN, CATHERENE TORRES, EMERY
BEED 3C (ILOCANO)
ABERIN, RACHEL MEDINA, CAROLYN
GALDAYEN, CATHERENE TORRES, EMERY
BEED 3C (ILOCANO)