Study" Question Bank Badshah Containing oS ee Papers Wwvwietudybadshan.com Based on I G INI O UD synavus Sample Question Paper - I (Solved) B.E.G.E.-106 Understanding Poetry Disclaimer/Speclal Note: The Sanpls Quesiee Paperand thir answers ven bate pruvles you just he approximate pater fhe setal question paper However the acl question papsr might somewhat vary i itscontents dstibion of marks nits evel of iieuy. Thess Sample Answers Solutions are prepated bythe author forthe lp ofthe sade to get an idea of how hee can answer the questions, Sample answers may be seen 36 the GuideRefercnce Guide. Any Omission or rors bighlyrgrted though ver care hasbeen taken ile preparing thee Sample Answers’Saitons case const you Teacher Tuto or refer tothe preseribed and resorimended sudy material of the unversiy if you have any doubt ot confsion before appoaringiathecs Time: 3 Hours | {Maximum Marks: 100 Notes: Answer the ollowing questions Q. 1. (a) Comment on the following passages in re speet of the prosodic features: () Thy way aot min ¢, O Lord However dark it be; Lead me by thine own hand, uu 7UU And the swift Avinged arrows of ‘Anapestic trimester is the ground rhythm of the passage However, the first foot of each of the fist three lines is an Choose out the path for me. jambus, Ans, These lines are written in regular iambic timeter, (b) Write short notes on the following: The ehyme scheme is abab. ( Ballad Stanza ‘Ans, Before everything else, itis very important to throw AweRets lf US U Ligh’ on the etymology of the word baad. Eiymologically, the Thy way! not mine, © Lord ‘word ballad has been fakea from Latin word belle which, U Ulu means dancing song. Ballad isa shoner narrative poem, which comprises of short stanzas, F.B Gum has explained the defini tion of ballad as,“A poem micant for singing. quite impersonal Uu U U in material, probably connected in its origins with the commu- Lead me / with thine / own hand, nal dance but submitted toa process of oral traditions among people whe ate fiee ftom literary influences and fairly homo Howev /er dark! it be Uf i engous in character.” Ballad isa short story in verse, which Choose out! the pathy for me. is intended to be sung with the accompaniment of music. [tis ‘The quatrain above is in regular iambic trimeter. ‘opposite to the Epic, which isa lengthy story in verse. Itis a (Gi) How feet is the glance of the mind? popular poem among the common folks Souther Appalachian ‘Compared swith the speed of its flight Nowiuiehamete: ‘The tempest itself lags behind And the swift winged arrows of light (a) Rhyme Royal Ans. Rhyme royal thyme also spelled rime, sevemline ‘Ams. Context: These lines are in alapestic trimester. iambic pentameter stanza rhyming ababbec. The shyme royal Hourever, the frst foot of cach ofthe first thrce lines is an as first used in English verse inthe Lath century by Geo Trey iambuis, The rhyme scheme is abab, ‘Chauoer in Troihs and Criseyde and The Parliment of Fouls. Reference: UV) UU / UU Traditionally, the name thyme royal is said wo derive from The How feet fn the giftaive mind King is Quair (The King's Book) attributed to James 1 of Scotland (1394 — 1437), but some crtes trace the name tothe UU MOU U French chant royal. Chaucer probably borrowed it fiom the ‘Compared with the speed/ot is French poct and musician Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300- uruuru uU ited itor derived it from earlier Frenet ‘The tem/pest itself! lags behind and Provengal poets. Padonrtisoment for \.G.N.O.U, Reference Books, Guides, Questic www-neerajbooks.com ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-1/1 Bank, Please VisitBadshah Rhyme royal became the favourite form for long narrative poems during the 1Sth and early 16th centuries. Shakespeare's Rape of Lucrece (1594) was the last important poem of the period in rhyme royal. Later, Milton experimented with the form, and it was successfully used by William Morris in the 19%h century and by John Masefield in the 20h century. (iu) Sative Ans, Satire is @ genre of literature, and sometimes graphic and performing arts, in which Vices, folios, abuses, and short- comings are held upto ridicule, ideally withthe intent of shaun ing individuals, corporations, goverment, or society iselfinto improvement. Although satire is usually meant to be humor- ous, its greater purpose is offen constructive social criticism, using wi to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society A feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm — “in satire irony is militant” but parody, burlesque, exaggeration, juxtaposition, comparison, analogy, and double entende arc used in satirical speech and writing. This “militant” irony of sarcasm often professes to approve of (or at least accept as natural) the very things the Sa iy) Syneciiache ‘Ams, Synecdoche ist literary device in which a part of something represents the Whole, oF it may use a whole to rep- resent a part. Synecdoche may also use larger groups to refer to smaller groups. or vice versa. Itmay also calla thing by the ham of the material it is made ofr it may referto a thing in 1 container of packaging by the name of that container or packing. ‘A syneedoche isa figure of speech in which a term for a part of something refers to the whole of something or vice versa. A synecdache is a class of metonymy, offen by means of cither mentioning a part for the whole or conversely the whole for one of its parts (0) Yerza Rima Ans. Terza rima is a ehyming verse stanza form that consists of an interlocking three-ine shyme scheme, It was first used by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri. The literal translation of terza rima from Ialian is “third rhyme”. Terza rima is a theec-line stanza using chain thyme in the pattem, ABA BCR CDC DED. There isno limit to the numberof lines, ‘but poems or sections of poets writen in terza rima end w' cithera single line or couplet repeating the rhyme of the middle line ofthe final tercet. The two possible endings forthe example ahove are DED E, or DED EE, There is no set rhythm for terza rima, but in English, iambic pentameter is generally preferred. ‘The first English poet £0 write in terza rima was Geoffrey Chaucer, who used it forhis "Complaint to His Lady". Although difficult form touse in English because of the relative paucity fof thyme words available in a language whieh has, in ‘comparison with Italian, a more complex phonology, tera has been used by Thomas Wyatt, John Mitton, Lord Byron (The Prophecy of Danie) and Percy Bysshe Shelley ("Ode 10 ist wishes to attack Question Bank Containing 3 Sample Question Papers (With Solutions) saved on 1G INO US syitadue the West Wind” and The Triumph of Life). Thomas Hardy also used the form in “Friends Beyond” to interlink the characters, ‘and continue the flow of the pocm. A number of 20th-century poets also employed the form, These include: W. Hl. Auden, Andrew Cannon, T. S. Eliot, Robert Frost, Elizabeth Jennings, Philip Larkin, Archibald MacLeish, James Merril, Jacqueline Osherow, Gjertrad Schnacken-berg, Clark Ashton Smith, Derek Waleott, Richard Wilbur and William Carlos Williams. Edward Lowbury's adaptation of the form to six-syllable ines has been ‘named picoola terza rina, (si) Apostrophe ‘Ans, The apostrophe (‘or’) character is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritical mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet and some other alphabets. In English itis used for several purposes: © The marking of the omission of one or more letters (as ‘nthe contraction of do not to don’t) © The marking of possessive ease of nouns (as in the cagle's feathers, or in one month’s time). © The marking of plurals of individual characters (ez. p's and q's) ‘According to Unicode, the apostrophe isthe same character as the elosin mark, although the semantics of this character are “context-dependent™. (When it function asa closing quotation mark, it is always paired with an opening quotation mack.) The apostrophe also looks similar to, but is hot the same as, the prime symbol ( 2 ), which is used to indicate measurement in feet or areminutes and for various ‘mathematical purposes, and the »okina (» ), which represents ‘glottal stop in Polynesian languages. Other substitutes such ‘as (acute) and (open single quotation mark) are common due to ambiguous treatment of the apostrophe in digital typesetting. Q. 2, Comment on the following passages with reference to their context. (a) Vet in these thoughts myself almost despising, Haply L think on thee, and then my state, Like to the lark at break of day arising. From Sullen earth, sings hymns at heavens ga ‘Ans. Context: These lines are taken from William ‘Shakespeare's Sonnet 29. Explanation: Sonnet 29 shows the poet at his most insecure and troubled. He fecls unlucky, shamed, and fiercely jealous of those around him, What causes the poet's anguish ‘will remain a mystery; a8 will the answerto whether the sonnets are auto-biographical? However an examination of Shakespeare’ life around the time he wrote Sonnet 29 reveals two traumatic events that may have shaped the thame of the sonnet. In 1592 the London theatres closed duc to a severe outbreak of plague. Although it is possible that Shakespeare toured the outlying areas of London, itis almost certain that he left the theatre entirely uring this time to work on his sonnets and narrative poems The closing of the playhouses made it hard for Shakespeare and other actors of the day to earn a living. With plague and single quotat for 1G. Advertisement O.U. Reference Books, Guides, Question Bank, Please Visit = www.-.neerajbooks.com ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-1/2Question Bank Containing 3 Sample Question Papers (wath Solutions) on EG IN OU synavus poverty looming itis expected that he would fe to ty and “trip” Brother Lawrence just before death and get with fortune’ him condemned to hel. The speaker is hoping to trick Brother (b) Bui AML subsists by elemental strife: Lawrence into saying or doing something that will get him ‘And Passions are the elements of Life. damned as a "Manichee,” or a heretic. Don't bother looking “The gen'ral Order, since the whole began, for it in a Bible, though — it’s a made-up text. The sf Is kept in Nature, and is kept in Man. implies that it’s hard to find ("Once you tip on Ans. Context: These lines are taken from Alexander scholars have been debating about where Browning got this Pope's An Essay’ on Man for agest Explanations This is an awkward question because an (e) We slowed again, analytical reading of Section V shows that Pope only gives a And as the tightened brakes took hold, reverse definition of happiness and that defining happiness is thore swelled jot one of his objectives. Starting a the end fist, Pope declares LA sense of falling, like an arrow-shower his objective in Section V, the only Section in which he uses Sent out of sight, somewhere becoming the word “Happiness,” to be to contradict the philosophy rain. reflected in the statement that “Better for Us. pethaps, it might Ans. Context: These are taken from The Whitsun Wed- appear, Were there”. These deal wholly with aspectsofhuman dings by Philips Larkin life and the great questions they raise, according throughout ‘with the doctrine of the poet, and ofthe reasoning worl! about hhim in his latter day, that “the proper study of mankind is Man, (o) Now more than ever seems it rich to die, ‘To cease upon the midnight with no pain, While thou art pouring forth the soul abroad In such am cestasy! Ams, Contests These lines are taken from Ode toa Night Explanation: The train, now “aimed” at its London destination, hecomes an arrow: and whose arrow could it be, ‘on a day of so many weddings, but Cupid’s? Cupid's arrow ‘which changes indifference to desite, carries a valence greater than even the god can know: for what begins as indifference and tums to love also turns to new forms of neglect, of difficulty of disappointment (“And asthe tightened brakes took hold, there swelled!A sense of falling like an atrow-shower Sent out of sight, somewhere becoming rain.”). Keats’ imgae by Yh Keats apprehension of th sweling suture fits turns, n Laki's Explanation: He's really quite taken with this death idea. poem, to an experience of vertigo. Yet the power of this final While in the world of the nightingale, he thinks it would be image lies notin the Romantic allusion, but in how Larkin uses “rich to dic.” Many people are afraid that death willbeempty. a cliché, a shower of arrows, but richness is associated with an abundanee of good things, (P) When I heard the th-song. ‘which is almost the opposite of emptiness. He'd like to go out 1 was no longer braves quietly, in the middle of the night. He'd just stop existing: My avarice cooled. ‘cease.” This part of the poem is kind of creepy, because Like lust in the chill of the grave Keats di die very young, Ans. Contexts These lines are taken from Hamarreyu by Ralph Waldo Emerson ‘Explanation: Earth laughs in lowers, to sec her boastfl, boys/Earth-prouil, proud ofthe earth which is not theisy/ Who steer the plough, but cannot steer their feet/Clear ofthe grave. [Emerson's wisdom exposes the vain and fleting pride of hurman ‘beings when it comes to their relationship to the earth [Emerson then ratehets up the poem to another level of intensity with a sub-section that he tiles Earth-Song. Init the narrator continues in the theme of exposing the tile vanity of possession and then gives voice tothe earth: “They called me theirs/Who so conitolled meet everyone! Wished to stay. ud is gone/How am I thes, If they cannot hold me/But 1 hold them?" The poem ends withthe narrator reflecting on all he has heard and learat upon hearing the earth speak: When 1 the Earth-song, (g) We're blessed by our own seed and golden hairy naked accomplishment ~ bodies growing into mad black. Formal sunflowers in the sunset He wants todiest midnight, while listening othe nightingale singing. We were wondering what happened to the nightingale. He seems 10 forget about the nightingale at the beginning of the stanzas and then return to it at the end, as if he suddenly remembered: “Oh, right: tis is supposed to bea poem about a bitd!” The nightingale is kind of like a poet, sen into the air just as Keats sends his shyme into the air. The bird's music expresses its “soul.” Birds have souls? This one does. The bird is completely lost in the moment of pure j and “ecstasy.” (a) WE trip him just dying, ‘Sure of heaven as sure ean be, Spin him round and send him flying Off to hell, a Manichee? ‘Ans, Contexts These lines are taken from Soliaguy of the Spanish Cloister by Robert Browning. Explanation: The speaker is excited about his discovery of these “twenty-nine damnations” because he ean use them ng itswoiee Pldvertinament for \.G.N.O.U. Reference Books, Guides, Question Bank, Please Visit + www-neerajbooks.com ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-1/3‘Ams, Context: These lines are taken from Sunflower Sura by Allen Ginsberg. Explanation: Ginsberg's “Sunflower Sutra” is poem that compares the industrial, polluted landscape that he and Jack Kerouac witness while sitting on a hill overlooking San Francisco. The blight is represented by a locomotive, but sunflower comes to represent the hope of a different kind of ‘world — a world where the natural world is celebrated and accepted as the chief goal of society The sunflower also represents the vision of the Romantic pocts, which Ginsberg believed himself wo bea descendant of ‘This romanticism inspired these lines of hope, that humanity is not just industrial and social pollution but instead holds a hope inside of them that things can be fixed and things can be better Within people there is a “seed” of accomplishment that can either grow into “mad black” sunflowers, or can Hower to produce beauty (h) She opened her wormy legs wide I felt the hunger there, the other one, the fish slithering, turning inside. ‘Ans, Context: These fines are taken from Hunger by Jayanta Mahapatra Explanation: The fisherman reveals that his daughter has just turned fiftgen and the readers realize thatthe gir] he was talking about is his daughter. He asks the poct to “feel” her. Hore “feel” refers to the fulfilment of his sexual desires. The poet is shoeked with the tuth and sees through the fisherman's wile. He is a father who is using his daughter’s body to earn ‘money for food, The poet looks at the young girl, who is “long and Jean’, her age can be easily judged by her cold rubber-like skin and she looked malnourished. When she opened her ‘worm’ thin legs wide, as if ready to serve as a sexual slave, the poet felt the hunger, the hunger for Food which drove this father-daughter into this business. Q. 3. Bring out the salient features of English poetry the Mth century. Ans. The most puzzling episode in the development of later Middle E pparently sudden reap- pearance of unhymed alliterative poetry in the mid-I4th een tury. Debate continues as to whether the group of long, seri= ‘ous, and sometimes leaned poems written between about 1350 ‘and the first decade of the 1Sth century should be rezarded as an “Alliterative Revival” of rather as the late flowering of a largely lost native tradition stretching back to the Od English petiod. The eatliest examples of the phenomenon, William of Paleme and Winner and Waste, are Both datable tothe 1350, but neither poem exhibits to the full all the characteristics of the slightly later poems central to the movement. William of Paleme, condeseendingly commissioned by a nobleman for the benefit of "Them that know no French,” is 2 homely para phrase of a eourtly Continental romance, the only poem in the group to take love as its central theme. The poet's technical Question Bank Contnining 3 Sample Question Papers (with Solutions) Based on I G IN O US synavus competence in handling the difficult syntax and dietion of the alliterative style is not, however, to be compared with that of Winner and Waster's author, who exhibits full mastery of the form, particularly in descriptions of setting and spectacle. This poem's topical eoncern with social satire Tinks it pamarily with ‘another, less formal body of alliterative verse, of which Will iam Langland’s Piers Plowman was the principal represent tive and exemplar. Indeed, Winner and Waster, with its sense ‘of social commitment and occasional apocalyptic gesture, ‘well have served as a source of inspiration for Langland him- self. ative revival should note taken ogy scum tothe principles of classeal OW English ‘estore the ater Itrcntuyaliterative poms ener inherited or developed tcirown conventions, which resemble those ofthe OU English ration in only the most general wey ‘The yon and particularly the diction of later Mile English aiteaive verve were alto distinctive, and he sesh forallterting phrases and eo the of archi, teshmial and dialestal Words. Hunts, feasts bates, sons and lndscapes were esribed with lint Coneretin ofall parlctelsince, whl the abet poets Soo eantved subtle modulations ote spl vese-paagrah to accommodate ditlogo, discourse, sd argument. Among the poems cena othe movement were thie pices dealing wih the fe and legends of Alexander the Gre Destruction of Troy. andthe Siege of Jerusalem ‘heft that alot these derived fo various Latin sources suggests thatthe anonymous pots were Hcy o have been Cleves witha strong. bookish, historical sense of thei ce mates” The “mater of Brain” Was ropresnted by an outstanding composition, the aiterative Morte Anhure, th aie porayalot King Athurs congessia European his Creat fall, which combined a Song nartatve thst with considerable density an subty of dition, on Write short notes onthe fatowing (a) Anne Bradstreet Kase Anne Bradstreet vas the First woman 8 be feos nized ge an accomplished New World Poet. Her volume of postry The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up m America = Ceivedconsierable favorable attention wen twas ist pub Taken London n L630, Eight yar ae appar was Tiedby Willa London nis Catalogue ofthe Mon Venble Boas in Eaglind, an Georg ls reported to have had the Colume in his brary. Bradsects work has endured, and she ial easideredto be one ofthe most inportan’ early Amet- Ktthough Anne Dudiy Bradstet id not attend school, she rece an exelent eduction fom hater, who was scl read Caton Mather deseribed Thomas Dudley asa “Sevoue of books” and from her extensive reading inthe well stocked library of th state of he Faro ite, whe She lived while et father wis steward from 1619 to 1630 Therelhe young Anne Dudley read Ver, Ptrch, Livy Pliny teuetions led fo the extensive the massive Aldvortisnmant for 1.G.N.O.U. Reference Books, Guides, Question Bank, Please Visit : www-neerajbooks.com ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-1/4Question Bank Bads Containing 3 Sample Question Papers (With Solutions) sased on HG INI O UD sytiavus sonia, Hom, Hesiod, Ovid, Snes, and Tavis a8 pov derived rom thet popula heir writing was a well as Spenter, Sidney, Millon, Raleigh, Hobbes, Joshua Source of entertainment for familie gated around the fie Sylvester's 160 translation oF Guilume du Banas Divine atoms, Thenamne vas further nspired by Longfellow’ s 1850 Weeks and Workes, an! te Geneva version af the Bible. In pouty eallcon The Sesion the Freie Lowell published fener. chebenefe one Chaban adn at alued back ed Fire Tals in 868 which helped solfthe female edition, In about 1628 the dae snot certain ile Ame Dull mil Simon Bralsret whoasicd ir fathcr Ina eta without radi, elevsion oF ners these poss tthe management of the Earl's eaate fe Sempringhim. were able wo gamer a ganeal pubic popular that has 0 Sheremuned mai tohim nth death on Ve Septet, qunalent inthe 21st emtuy. Thai inuence was freed 1672 Badarea mmipatsiothenc worldwihberbestand by thelrespaavelomgives 2 wellather cer high-profile and parents in 1630, 1633 the fist of hr cilren, Samuel, gous, slang ving as professes ad acalemiccais, was bom, and her seven other children were born between editing popular newspapers, serving as foreign diplomats, 1638 and 1682; Dory (1635), Surah (1638), Sinon 1680), ging pope apeshes and wastting works by Dan and Hannah (682), Mercy (1648), Due (1848), and John Homa (1652). These poets’ general adherence to poetic convention Although Bradstreet was nat happy (0 exchange th€ (andar forms, regular meter, and shymed stanzas) made comfonts of th arora Is the Hat's manor house for eee : ther body of work partially stable for memorization and fe pier ot Now fogead clitceoma oy Ser nant ott patindaty Se Se canst Jomed her father and husband ad theif nthe Par © Only tonal Eurpcin forth his contemporain lize fant ito fhe wikia Atir ggg ieecrents Soltensllsespem keep inti oatercenias ots crossing, their ship, the Arbella, docked at Salem, ipa demain agen ea Masschusets, on 22 aly. 130 Disfensd by the sickens, ment ver fom. The pods primary nbjecs vars Somes hiked Yah ‘d the New !ifé+mythology, andthe politics ofthe United States. in which scarcity of food, and prisitive living conditions of the NeW several of them were directly involved. The fireside poets did England outpost, Bradstreet aciitted that her "heart 9s¢" if. aot write forthe sake of other poets, for critics, of For posterity. protest against the “New world ane! new manners.” Akhough PO a Dot a: Goleeatory wuionon ex genes the oxtnshy/fesnciled herself othe Puritan misston she ton, they wrote for « coiemporay mudioas of gency rot ta she" ot and jin the Church at Boa a a a elo Bids remained ambivalent abut the issues of salvation “MPIRE and tae fof he and reece mc = ete ‘Ans. The Chicago Black Renaissance was a creative oa et asthe ft published African. OYS™=H that blossomed ot ofthe Chicago Black Belt on American female poet, Bom in West Africa, she was sold into fig city’s South Sie and spanned gh gros and 1940s before , 2 transformation in art and culture in the mid-19S0s through slavery a the age of seven or cit and transported to North ‘ i the tum of the century, The movement included suel famous meric, She was purchased by the Wheatley Family of Bos- x = ben eb ie Wheaties = African-American writers as Richard Wright, Margaret Walker, tom, who taught her to read and write and encouraged hee ‘I pret pocty when they saw her talent, The publication of her po-_Gndohm Brook, Amt Bonteps and Loraine Hansbery, ‘ems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (1773) brought ** “ll as, musicians Thomas — ad Kaa ines. ther fame both in England and the Americ such as George Washington praised her work. Q. 4. Critically evaluate the following poems: (@) When the Assault Was Intended to the City (6) The Fireside Poets Ams. The fireside pocts ~ also known as the sehoolfoorn Ans, The Background of the Poem Milton wrote the sonnetin 1642, In this sonnet, Milton of household poets - were a group of 19th-ventury American i Lae 4 {imagines himself at his London home at apeviod when it might poets associated with New England. These poets were very vow atone onder and cries both in te United States hove boonttack hy King Charles land hisarmy a November tnd overseas. Their domestic themes and messages of moral- 1642, the King marched with his army near Brentford and put ity presented in conventional poetic forms deeply shaped ther the city in great consternation crauntil their decline in popularity atthe beginning ofthe 20th ‘The Text me When the Assault was intended on the City ‘colonies. Figures century The group istypicallythought‘oinclade Henry Wadsworth Captain or Colon, a Knight im Arms Longfellow, Willara Callen Bryan, John Greealeat Whit hase chance on these deenceles does may sease James Russell Lowell and Oliver Wendell Holmes Se, who [ever deed of honour did the please, Wrorethe nstAmerisan pots whose popularity valle that of Guard hom and im hin protect rom harms, British poets both at home and abroad. Ralph Waldo Emerson ‘He cam requite thee for he knows the charms is occasionally included in the uroup as wel, Thename “fireside That call Fame on such genite acts as these Fadvertiaement for \.G.N.O.U. Reference Books, Guides, Question Bank, Please Visi www.-neerajbooks.com ‘SAUPLE QUESTION PAPER-1/5Badshah Woracetudybadshah.con And he can spred thy Name O’re Lands and Seas, What ever clime the Suns bright circle warms. Life not thy spear against the Muses Bowre, The great Emashian Conguer or bid spare The house of Pindarus, when Temple and Tovsve Went to the ground: And the repeated air Of sad Electra Poet had the power To save th’ Athenian Walls from ruine bare. An Appreciation Millon, like most of London in! 642, perhaps expected the King’s forces to attack the city and designed this sonnet as a plea for special protection for poets during war:The poem has roference to Alexander the Great, who is saidio have spared the house of the poet Pindar when he invaded Thebes Why an invading army should spare a poet. The poet isa talented person whomay be a valuable resource forthe invader. The fact is during civil war and revolution the seizure and control of the means of production of ideas would be an important part of the struggle. Crities like Barbara Lewalski are ofthe view tha this sonnet “inaugurates the politial sonnet inthe English tradition The sonnetis written im iambic pentameter and follows a thyming scheme of abhaabbo deeded Milton avoids this ue and gives the feeling of life continuing into the future, an unknown future to be sure without aspecific end point (b) Ode to the West Wind ‘Ans, Analysis: The west wind has been called as the destroyer as well as the preserver, In the first stanza, the poet describes the wild west wind wiping away the dead leaves fiom the autumn trees. The image symbolically represents the poet's desire for the wiping out of the old order. The west ‘wind drives the dead leaves like an enchanter drives ghost Death as well as life is talked of in one go. The corpse is contrasted with the azure colour of the sky. The clarion call ives a hope that the sceds will one day rise and life will be renewed. It is not complete destruction but there is chance of renewal. Tn the second section, the poct moves to the sky for deseribing the impact upon the west wind upon the clouds tathered there, The west wind is moving the clouds here and there, The sky iS compared with the Maenad whose hai is being shaken by the wind. Then the poet gives the image of death, The old year will be buried giving rise tothe new sphere. Here. the sky is also personified. The sky isthe tomb where the dead will be buried. In the third section, the poe! moves to show the Mediterranean Sea which Les calm, The sea is dreaming about the absolute peacefil existence. The picture of the old Italian villas, ruined castles and the erstwhile palaces are reflected in the sea, It is contrasted with the tumultuous sky deseribed in previous section. ‘The fourth stanza shows the impact of the west wind ‘upon the poet. So a personal touch is given to the poem. He Question Bank Coniaining 3 Samplo Question (with Solutions) Base on I G IN O US syna thinks of becoming the dead lea, the swift cloud and the wave so as tobe flown by the wes! wind. The poet becomes nostalgic about his boyhood. He has lost the vigour of his youth. Sothe powerful west wind rcminds him of his early strength. He prays to the west wind to take him out of the miscrics and suffering ofthis world and liberate him In the lst setion the poet's mood is completely changed, He is showing vigor to come out of the dejection mood. His spirit now becomes like the spirit of the west wind. No the fire imagery is added to show the renewed vigour of the poct. He ‘wants to Wake to a new world of liberty and freedom. The poetn ends with profound hope. Look at the oft-quoted linc. Sif winter comes, can spring be far behind, ‘The Stanza form ‘Ode to the West Wind” has five parts. Each part has five stanzas — four three-line stanzas and a two-line couplet, all in iambic pentameter, The thyme scheme in each part follows a patiem known as terza rima, the three-line rhyme scheme employed by Dante in his Divine Comedy. In the three-Hine terzarima stanza, the first and third lines rhyme and the mide line does not; then the end sound of that middle line is employed asthe rhyme for the first and third lines inthe next stanza. The al couplet rhymes with the middle line of the last three-line ‘stanza, Thus, each part of “Ode to the West Wind” follows this scher fe) Pied Beauty Ans. Analysis of the Poem: ‘Pied Beauty’ is a happy poem. Iris hymn of creation and praises the creator by praising his creation. It conveys about the things that are either “pied” for spotted. The poct takes it as a manifestation of God's creativity. Hopkins gives a colourful sketeh of some objects and their patterns as examples ofthis kind of beauty The poem starts with @ eulogy of the creator: “Glory be to God for dappled things”-The poet then mentions things which are spotted sueh a the sky that is dappled at dawn, with blotches of bluc colour splashed against pale white, the contrast has been described as “couple-colour”. It reminds him of “prinded cow” of “brindled” or “piebald” cow, whose hide is ‘again a contrast of brown against white. The trout fish also has its body painted [stippled] with rose coloured moles. The next image is of a chestnut Its meaty interior cradled within its hard shell smoulders brilliance like coals ina fire black on. the outside, but glowing within as it splits and falls. Finches the tiny birds are multi-coloured usually with specks on their ‘wings: and the landscape of a farmland, enclosed in patches, forms a pattern Inthe octave, the poet talks about the tools and equipment ‘of his trade, which make a dappled pattern. Hopkins says man is only a part of the extensive natural world and even human achic-Vements like trade, gear, tackle and trim, can be seen conly as a part of the larger scheme of things. In the last five lines, Hopkins delves into their matures. All things are highly original, unconventional and strange. Whether for 1.G.N.O.U, Reference Books, Pdvertisament Guides, Question Bank, Please Visi www-neerajbooks.com ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-1/5Badshah they are freckled or fickle, with all their attributes of swiftness fr slowness, sweetness or sourness, brightness or dimness, they come from him, the creator, The creatures, in their ‘multiplicity, affimm the permanence and immutability of God the father, and inspire the world to "Praise Him”. The starting follows the adulatory style ofthe Psalmist in he Old Testament. Interestingly, the ending also has a note of Veneration; “else him!”, These opening and ending rework the mottoes of Jesuits, “To the greater Glory of God" and “praise to God always", making the poctn similar to artual observance, thus giving it a traditional favour. The parallelism in the first and the last lines, shows the larger symmetry of the poem: the octave, starting with praise, moves on to a laudatory inventory of creatures: the sestet, starts with a description of the characteristics of « and ends by praising the creator. By contrasting “fickle* with freckled, the poct introduces ‘a moral tenor, which imbues a mere physical deseription with fa deeper and denser significance. It suggests an acceptance of ‘unsightly and quirky things as beautiful ereation, Thus, Hopkins eviates from conventional romanticism which sees beauty only in conventionally beautiful things. Sprung rhythm gives vitality and vigour to the poem. Alliteration in lings such as "Glory be to God”, “Fresh firecoal chesinutfalls,finehes’ wings”, “plotted and pieced”, “fold, fallow”, “tackle and trim”, “fickle, freckled”, “swift, slow. sweet, Sour”, and assonance like “rose-moles”, and “finches wings”, impart a great aural felicity to the poem. The use of ‘compound words like "couple-colour” and “fresh-firecoal” add vividness in the poem. (d) NoSecond Troy ‘Ans “No Second Troy” plays out through some rhetoric: ‘questions. Firs, the speaker wonders “why” he should blame “hee” for is unhappiness and for her reckless manipulation of the emotions of Irish earamoners to rouse political violence. Then he asks whether it would even have been possible for “her” to be a “peaceful” person. He thinks her character and beauty. Last, because there was no “second Troy” for her to to destroy other things ~ like the speaker's c lives of Irish commoners. ‘Yeats has used juxtaposition of the images “litle street” ana “the great” which confirm hs fait in the aristocratic lineage, ‘and his enthusiasm for the traditional Irish society under the protection of the aristocratic lords. Thus, for Yeats the agents of nationalism should have been noble and valiant men of the luppet class rather than the “ignorant men”, who have no physical or moral courage equal to desire. TWo similes in the poem imply the nobility of Gonne’s ‘mind and her extraordinary beauty ‘What could have made her peaceful with a mind That nobleness made simple as fire, With beauty like tightened bow. a kind “That i not natural in an age like this, Question Bank Containing 3 Sample Question Pal (With Solutions) er mind as pure “as fire” and her physical “beauty like a tightened bow" give her superiority over the crowd, and. her presence out of place “in an age like this.” The smile “beauty like a tightened bow,” is alsoa symbol of sternness and grace ‘mix of austerity and passionate action, restraint and violence. The poem is like a sonnet, but t does not have the couplet. Ichas 12 lines. The rhyme scheme makes the poem into three {quatrains abab cded fet. (e) Death Sets a Thing Significant Ans, A Critieal Evaluation of the Poem: The opcning ‘of the poem states the theme, which is that death makes thingsmore significant. We overlook things that are part of our day-to-day life and the litle things that belong to or made by ‘ur dear ones. The poet gocs on to describe finding.a friend's ‘writing and sketches ~ things which “the eye hadhutried by” previously that have now become meaningful after the friend's death, ‘The second stanza evokes a common feeling experienced after the death ofa dear one: the desireto think over the traces left by the departed, The trivial “workmanships” in crayon or ‘wool become significant asthe person who dicd, They bec important and valuable asthe things in which the beloved was tast engaged in. They are the things that our loved ones created last and as they are now dead their selves seem to be in grained, in what they have left behind. “The death put to a sudlen halt to the industrious work of the departed. The last work of the poets friend had the sume fate as her life. Her work continued until her body could no. longer function and the sewing stopped. So the thimble becan toa heavy forher fingers and the stitches automatically topped. Like her body which was buried in the grave, her work was “put among the dust; upon the eloset shelves. ‘Then the poet speaks about a book her friend gave her. There are markings in peneil inside the book, but the fingers that made those matks are no more. The etchings in the pages are insignificant as such, but they become invaluable a th remind a dear friend who has died. She tiesto read the book butt becomes impossible to read as her the tearful eyes and ‘Blur fier sight. Teardrops may fall on the pages and obliterate the markings which are invaluable and too costly For repairs. The poet narrates how in significant things become unique ‘and precious after the death of a dear one. (P) Damayanti to Nala in the Hour of Exile Ans. Interpretation: These words are spoken by Damayanti to her husband Nala who has lost his kingdom in ‘gambling and the couple are now in exile ina forest. Dumayanti is trying to motivate dejected Nala. The first three sentences are rhetorical questions, Rhetorical questions suggestthat Damayanti is speaking with great emotion, Damayanti says that Nala, “Whose imperial head was never bent in sorrow of defeat”, cannot be overcome by adversities hie faces. She describes Nala as a warrior. His “imperial feet have shattered armies and stamped empires dead”. He is the for 1.G.N.O.U. Reference Books, Padvertisoment Guides, Question Bank, Please Visit © www.neerajbooks.com ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-1/7so will always remain a king. No ‘one can “unking” him. A contrast between the glories of earth and the divine glory of Nala has been presented. Earth's slories disappear and the kingdoms in this world fade away, but Nala’s glory will lst forever. The poem has a hyperbole as Damayanti says that winds, planets with rings around them andthe sun, everything will obey Nala’s command, Wherever his radiance falls, it will be dawn spreading her saffron foot cloth for him to walk on, The sunset will raise her purple and red eanopy for him. Hiskingly garment willbe made ofthe velvet soft night wrought with starry gold. As the night sky is bright with golden stars [Nala’s garment will have designs made with golden thread. ‘She says her hair in braid will be like a erown of sapphire for Nala. When Damayanti kisses Nala’s face, her braided hair ‘ill fall on his face and look like a crown, Her kisses will bring peace 10 him, as the music of sitar does to its listeners, Next norning, when Nala wakes up, the sun will pay homage to Fhim with is tight, These lines imply that Damayanti will always be with Nala in the days of his adversity. Rhetorical questions have been used again inthe concluding lines wihich suggest that the speaker is speaking with great imensity of passion. Damayanti is certain that no one can keep Nala away from his kingdom for long. Then she uses kingdom im a different sense, Nala has Damayanti’s love, This no one cea take away from him, Her love protects him and arms him with the sword of hope that is always victorious. Here, hope has been compared to a sharp sword on which flames have carved pattems. Q.5. Attempt a critique of the following poets: (a) Andrew Marvell Ans. Marvell is one of the metaphysical po ‘of love quite frankly and his persuasions ofthe bashful mistress rmakea delightful reading. He also wrote of spiritual experiences despite his puritan background. He is known for his elaborate ‘and often outlandish metaphorical constructs, or "conceits ‘Marvell has extended poetic comparison of the human sou! to a drop of dew, Marvell is also known as a eharged political writer and many of his pooms such as “An Horatian Ode Upon Cromwell’: Return to England” illustrate his strong belief in Republican government and principles that opposed absolute monarchy. Under Donne's influence, Marvell wrote of love quite frankly — his persuasions of the bashful mistress make a etightful reading. His sensuousness has a warmth and his arguments have an intellectual appeal, He was also influenced by Donne’s eandout, bold romanticism and the playfulness of language. ‘Marvell has highly intellectual style Eliot praised Marvell's claborate poetic techniques. A simplicity of utterance was an important feature of all the phases of his writing which was also united by a well-directed growth of emotional life. His joumey ean be likened to that of W.B. Yeats as both were is He wrote Question Bank Containing 3 Sample Question (With Solutions) Based on I G INI O U syna ses but explored thespirtuality rooted to deeply private experi inhuman life. Marvell was born in Winestead-in-Hokiemess, East Riding of Yorkshire, near the city of Kingston upon Hull, the son of a Church of England clergyman. The family moved to Hull when hs father was appointed Lecturer at Holy Trinity Church there, ‘and Marvell was educated at Hull Grammar School. A secondary ‘school inthe city the Andrew Marvell Business and Enterprise College, is now named after him. At the age of 13, Marvell attended Trinity College, Cambridge and eventually received a BA degree. Afterwards, trom the middle of 1642 onwards, Marvell probably travelled in continental Europe. ‘When England was embroiled in the civil war, Marvell, ‘seems to have remained on the continent until 1647. In Rome in 1645, he probably met the Villicrs brothers, Lord Francis ‘and the 2nd Duke of Buckingham, as-well-as Richard Flecknoe, about whom he would later on write a satirical poem. Marvell's first poems, which were written in Latin and Greck and published when he was still at Cambridge, lamented a visitation ofthe plague and celebrated the birth ofa ehild to King Charles Land Queen Henrietta Maria, He only belatedly became ‘sympathetic to the successive regimes during the Interregnum after Charles Is execution on 30 January 1649. His "Horatian de”. a political poem dated to early 1650, responds with lament to the regicidle even as it praises Oliver Cromwell's return from Ireland. Because of his active political life he was lected Member of Parliament On restoration of Chatles I, he ‘managed to avoid punishment and was re-elected M.P. for Hall in 1661, is political interests compelled him to compose essays and pamphlets in prose in which his views are expressed in a satirical view. His important prose works are The Rehearsal Transprosed, An Account ofthe Growth of Popery and Arbitrary Government in England. Me. Smirke or the Divine in Mode ‘The speaker tries to persuad his beloved by presenting this view that the end of youth is imminent and without youth there is no pleasure. He gives reference to the two continents where two rivers, the Ganges and the Humber, flow and ‘maintain the division ofthe world. The lovers would bave been by the banks of the wo rivers and would have passed time in ‘waiting ifonly they had the privilege of control over time. The speaker talks ofthe old age and death, He says the body of his beloved would decay and perhaps they could unite only in the ‘moment of death, of dust and ashes. After that he refers tothe ‘glowing skin ofthe beloved, to the fires burning in the cells of the body and suggests that the available time should be enjoyed! inlove. () Thomas Gray ‘Ans. Thomas Gray Was bom in 1716 in London. He went to Eton where he made friends with Horace Walpole. Gray ‘went on to Peterhouse and Pembroke College, Cambridge and ‘gained a high reputation for his Latin poetry, but failed to get a degree Patvortiaamant for \.G.N.O.U. Reference Books, Guides, Question Bank, Please Visit = www.neerajbooks.com ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-1/8In 1739, along with Walpole, he embarked on a tour ofthe continent, but they quarreled and Gray returned alone in 1741 He started the study of law and began writing « tragedy 4grippine which remained unfinished. Gray's fist pocm was the Ode On a Distant Prospeet of Eton College written in 1742 but published anonymously by Dodsley in 1747. ‘Gray lived in Peterhouse from 1742 and later Pembroke College, Cambridge, except fora period (1759-61) in London where he pursued his studies in the British Museum. Relations with Walpole were soon restored and inspired by the death of Walpole’s eat Gray wrote the delightful mock-heroic poem Otte on the Death of a Favourite Cat (1748). While staying with his mother and aunt at thei retirement hhome in Stoke Pages in 1742, Gray wrote Elegy Wrinten in a Country Churchyard. The pocm was published by Dodsley in 1751. achieving instant recognition asa masterpiece: I quickly sweat through 15 editions. Tis poem brought a great changeand many of is features make it historically very important. The use of nature, the ‘churchyard scene, the owilight atmosphere and the brooding. melancholy of the poem connects it with one side of the romantic movement.The contrast between the country and town — the peasant’s “simple life” and the “madding crowds" ignoble strife” - is anotable feature. The Elegy matks a stage inthe evolution of Gray's poetie genius In 1761, Gray composed @ number of poems. The Yatu! Sisters, The Descent of Odin (An Ode from the Norse tonguc) and The Triumphs of Owen (A Fragment from the Welsh) were published in 1768 in Dodsley's collected edition of his works: Poems by Mr. Gray In 1768, Gray was appointed Professor of Modem History at Cambridge, [n 1769, he travelled to the Lake District and his Journal published posthumously in 1775. Thomas Gray was a scholar who produced little but precious litle English poetry. What he wrote was not only ‘exquisite in quality and finish but also curiously interesting as «kind of epitome of the changes which were emerging in English literature during that period. Thomas Gray died in 1771 (o) William Wordsworth ‘Ans. Wordsworth is considered as the poet of nature; "Nature was not a mere physical entity or loveliness of a sensuous presentation and description. Nature is the manifestations of the divine to him, Natute in his poetry isa revelation of the ‘Supreme Being, a vision, an interpretation, a path to perception of the unseen and infinite. ‘Onekey principle ofhis poetry ishis love for human beings. For him to love nature is to love man who is part and parcel of nature. Healso gloifies childhood, nature is alsoa great teacher, healer and soother for him. His attitude to’ nature has changed through three stages ‘which get reflected in his poems. In the frst stage, his love of "Nature was like that of child. He took delight in the freshness and beauty of natural objects, In the second stage, he loved Question Bank Containing 3 Sample Question Papers (With Solutions) Based on I G INI O U synavus the sensuous beauty of nature. Inthe third stage, he became quieter and rote sober, He realized that nature was the abode of God. He felt an indissoluble bond between Nature, Man and God. He becameaware ofthe spiritual and human significance of nature His Theory of Poetry: In his Preface to The Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth elaborated his theory of pocty. He defines “poetry as the spontancous overflow of powerful feelings. It ‘originates from emotion recollected in tranquility. The emotion is contemplated till by « specics of reaction, the tranquility gradually disappears and an erotion, kindred to that which ‘was before the subject of cantemplationis gradually produced and does itself actually exist inthe mind.” Sensibility and “aught long and deep” by a calm mind are needed to write poetry Poctry provides “pleasure” and “delight. Wordsworth’s theory of postry is rooted in his ideas of a poet as a man speaking to mien who reveals to is fellow beings the hidden F thei experiences. The pect thinks and feels in the spirit of the passions of people and therfore his language is very akin to theirs In The Lyrica! Ballad, he writes that low rustic life was generally chosen because in that situation the essential passions Of the heart find « beter soil in which they can atain their maturity and ae ess under restraint. They speak a plainer and ‘more emphatic language (a) Seamus Heaney ‘Ans, Scams Heaney was a poet, translator, academician and. prose writer However, he is mainly known for his pocty, Jr ranks among the best in the contemporary er Heamey was born ia 1939 ina Roman Catholic Farming family in Mossbavsn, County Dey it Nother Irland land, which was since the’ 12th century by Britain, was legally nnexed by Brits and made a par of the United Kingdom in 1800 by the Act of Union passed by the parliament in Westminster, Ireland It ed toant-cotonalstrugeles mostly violent ike the one commemorated by W.B, Yeats in his poem “Easter Rising’ (1916), ireland became indspendeat in 1922. However, like India, it was divided on religous grounds. Norther Ireland, ‘which inckaded Ulster, hada majority Protestant population, and chose to be with the United Kingdom, as historically the Protestants descended from the Nobility, who were planted from Britain to control the kish land and trade. Retigiously, they had affinity with Britain and thus, they were notin Favour ‘ofan independent Ireland fearing the dominance ofthe Cathol population, who were in majority. The Republic of Ireland dominated by the Cathoies got freedom ‘Heaney, born ina Catholic family in Norther Ireland, was from the minority community, which molded his poetic Sensibility toa great extent le was bright in studies from childhood and was destined forimelletual and creative vocation, Hisrural oot also shape Pldvertiaamant for \.G.N.O.U. Reference Books, Guides, Question Bank, Please Visit : www-neerajbooks.com ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-1/9Badehah his poetry with as much intensity as his Catholic faith. In his poem “Digging”, the first poem in his collection Death of a Naturaliss, he recolleets his father digging potatoes and his grandfather cutting "more turf in a day,” and then writes: ‘Bui I've no spade to follow men like them Between my finger and my thumb The squat pen rests TU dig with it He did his graduation in English language and literature at ‘Queen's University, Belfast. Heaney, Michael Longley, Derek xy were casually referred to as the Group. erally in imitation ofthe Movement poets influences like those of Yeats, Hopkins and Hughes. Like the poems of the Movement group, their poetry also followed the traditional learns and modes, and depicted usual and routine events in casual, matter-of-fact manner Heaney’s first collection of poms, Death ofa Naturalist, was published in 1966, The poems are composed in the traditional modes. His second collection of poetry Door into the Dark (1969) had poems that present Heancy’s childhood ‘experiences in his village, those related tothe life ofthe farmer. Sensitive and colocfil images of the nature blended with poet's narrative about certain experiences are found in his poetry. Vivid aid sensvous description of nature gave Heaney the title ofa “Bucolic Poet” in the early part of his career. al objects in these pocms look more like they do in the poetry of Ted Hughes. Another poem from his first, collection popular was “Mid-Term Break.” The poem was on the death of his four years old brother. In 1966, he joined the School of English at Queen's University as a teacher, and ‘worked there till 1972, In 1972, his third collection of poetsy called JFintering Out was published. The ethnic conflict in Nonther Ireland made the life of the Catholic minority extremely oppressive. Heaney and his family decided to move to the Republic of Ireland. His four volume of poetry ealled North (1975) was published in 1975, which chose for its subject the countless people murdered in Iicland over the ages as a result of the colonial invasion of Briain ‘Over the decades, Heaney continued to publish numerous collections of poetry including Field Work (1979), Sweeny Ay/ ray (1984), Station dviand (1985). The Haw Lantern (1987), Seeing Things (1991), The Spirit Level (1996), District and Cigcle (2006), and uma Chain (2010), Each of his collections received great acclaim and appreciation from contemporary writers and critics. Analysis The title of the poem is an ironic exagueration. The poet's initial fascination with the frogspawn and the frogs has been preseated as that of a naturalist. However, he collects and observes the frogspawn in a jar So the poet would like to ‘makes us believe that the boy was a naturalist in the making, Natureand n Question Bank Containing 3 Sample Question Papers (With Solutions) Based on I G INO US sytiaus ‘and the incident on “one hot day.” witich holds the key to the thematic and tonal transformation of the poem results in the ‘death of the naturalist in him. The poem is composed in blank verse. Alan yymed iambic pentameter lines. An iambic isan arrangement of sound in poetry, in which nunaecented or unstressed syllable is followed by an accented of stressed one, The poem has two stanzas of unequal length. The first stanza has 21 lines, whereas the second stanza has only 12 Tines. The first stanza has sct the mood, atmosphere, and tone ‘of the poem, It also introduces the speaker, a young boy, sill innocent, but cager to know the natural phenomenon, who ‘requlary visits “the Mlax-dan” with inquisitive arnusement, and ‘a genuine interest bordering on pleasure and knowledge about the natural objects, especially frogspawn and frogs here “The setting ofthe poem is “the Mlax-dam”. The setting has been developed elaborately till the 10th line. The young poet perhaps used to visit this place quite offen, and “every spring” hhe would fill jam pot-full ofthe frogspawn to keep at home and school, The pocm has a neutral tone though a sense of decaying atmosphere of flax-dam” is being conveyed, which is proper considering that the young poet is a naturalist, a biologist, detached observer till the fist stanza ofthe poet ‘This neutrality is not absolute but is interspersed with a child's eagerness. Heaney has used words aptly to give a sensuous description. The words lend music to the description of the pool, dhe natural beings and objects living in and around it. The first line itself presents an interlocking of assonance and alliteration in the phrase “the flax-dam festered in the heat.” and so does the second line: “green and heavy-headed. Alliterative and assonant sound pattems have boon used 10 suggest the decaying state of the place. The words “festered and “rotted” and “Weighted” produce an aliterative resonance 1 imply the decay. Bunches of flat are traditionally kept in a pool in Norther Ireland to soften theie stems so that fiber could be extracted froth them, The poet visits this pool all over the year, and observes the decaying flax under the weight ofthe “huge sods.” Another poetic device that the poet has used is onomatepocia to blend sound and sense. Among the ‘developments inthe pool, including the presenee and the sounds of various kinds of flies such as “bluebottles”, "dragon-fMics.” and “spotted butterflies,” the one that eatches the attention of | the poet most is the drooling saliva ofthe frog spawn. “The fact that one could forecast the weather by locking whether the frogs were yellow or brown is also related to suggest the innocence as well as the confident curiosity of the ‘young boy. The first phrase of the second stanza introduces abrupt break in thought with the expression. The one hot day suggesting a radical reversal of the condition. The poem follows an entirely different movement. The frogs in the pool gear for revenge against the young poet for intrusion and forceful evacuation of the frogspawn, Pavartisoment for 1.G.N.O.U. Reference Books, Guides, Question Bank, Please Visit : www.neerajbooks.com SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-1/10Wwwcstudybadshan.com “The young naturalist, by filling jam potfuls ofthe jellied/ specks to range of window-sills at home. On shelves at school intruded in the territory of the frogs, and forced a separation of the frogspawn ftom the frogs. The setting in the second ‘formed into that ofa battlefield The fogs assume a menacing posture with theit “coarse croaking” which the post had not been used to. As an inferior ‘enemy, the poet “ducked through thehedges.” The place smelled unpleasant, of the cow dung, and the croaking sounded coarse 28 Well. The poet uses the language of metaphor followed by Jmile to suggest the sense of disgusting sound, and sight of the place as we tile frogs The poet again uses onomatopoeia to communicate the ‘young by perception of the immediate threat from the frogs. ‘The sounds “slap” and “plop” in the 8th line of the second stanza suggest a sense of assault from the frogs: The poet experiences fear as well as repulsion. His observation of the *gross-bellied frogs” whose “loose necks pulsed like sails” do ‘not suggest the objective response ofa naturalist bu the disgust ‘experienced by a fearful boy. The frogy pose threats as they “satipoised like mud grenades.” but they also fill him with loathing as he sees “theit blunt heads farting.”. The poct is overcome by a sense of nausea; he tums away from “the fax- dam” and runs knowing that the frogs he great slime kings” hhad invaded the place, and wanted revenge for his intrusion. Thesame spawn that he so eamestly held up in his hand to put into his jar seem to be ready to “clutch” his hand if he“dipped.” ito the spawn. The poem is so typical of the early poems of Seamus Heaney, as it vividly captures an experience ofthe natural world with immediacy of sounds, sights, and smells. One of the greatest qualities ofthe poet has been his ability to let meaning. merge from sounds, and he has successfully demonstrated ‘tat in this poem, as in all of his poems. (@) Robert Frost ‘Ans, Robert Frost was bom in San Francisco, California, fon 26th March 1874. His father William Prescott Frost, Jr. ournalist and his mother, Isabelle Moodie, was a Scottish school teacher. His father died when he was about ten years old. Afier that they moved to Lawrence, Massachusetts t0 stay with their paternal grandfather. Frost's first poem was published in the student magazine of Lawrence High School He joined Dartmouth College but left after a few months. After that he tried to do various jobs, including delivering newspapers, working in a factory and editing the loeal newspaper. In 1895, he married Elinor Miriam White, a former school mate. In 1897, he was enrolled in Harvard but left studies before obtaining a degree. For the next few years he lived in New Hampshire and worked as a farmer and during this period he ‘wrote many of his faanous poems. From 1906-1912, Frost worked as an English teacher at Pinkerton Academy and then the New Hampshire Normal School. Frost moved ta England with his family in 1912. Frost stanza has Question Bank Contsining 3 Sample Question Papers (With Solutions) saved on I INI O US synavus ‘net poets such as Edward Thomas, Rupert Brooke, Robert Graves an Ezra Pound. His frst collection of poems, A Boy's Wil was published in 1913. His next collection, North of Boston published in 1914, madehim popular as great poet. The sec Collection included poors like "Mending Wall,” “The Death ofthe Hired Man,” and “After Apple-Picking.” During World War-l, Frost returned to America with his family. He became a member of the National Insitute of Arts and Letters int 916, that Year, his third collection of poems “Mouniain Interval was published, which included poms like “The Road Not Taken” and “Birches. "In 1916, he also started teaching English at Amberst College. In 1921. he got. teaching fellowship atthe University of Michigan, His later publications inchude New Hampshire (1923), From Snow to Snow (1936), Witness Troe (1942) and Steeple Bush (1947), Tis collected ppocms was published in 1951 Rober Frost got the Pulitzer Prize fur times (1924, 1931 1937 and 1943). He got honourary degrees from a number of universities including the Oxford and Cambridge. He was an honoured guest at the inauguration of President John F. Kensedy in 1961. He abo travelled tothe Soviet Union as a member of a goodwill group inl 962. He died on 20th January 1063 Frost used the peasant life as a composite imagery to discuss the hard reaties and baffling complexities of life. His use of colloquial idiom creates rapport with the reader, He tumed the living speceh of men and women into pocty. Frost says poetry begins in trivial metaphors, pretty metaphors and toes on to the profoundest thinking that we have. Poctry provides the one permissible Way of saying one thing and meaning another.” He uses nature and human activities as imetaphors to evoke deeper realities of {Q. 6. How is Indian poetry in English different from English and American poetry? Ans. When Indian fst began fo write poetry im English, they were outnumbered by Ewasians and Englishmen who also ‘wrote poetry on Indian subjects. Hence, poetry by Indians was not distinguished from poetry by non-Indians. Indeed, both types were published by the same publishers, the Indian subsidiaries of British publishers such as Longman or Heinemann, or by the English newspapers and magazines of India, which were usually owned and edited by Eurasians or Englishmen. Most Indian English poets were educated by Englishmen in Anglophone schools; like other English poe they studied English literature. Because India was apart ofthe British Empire, Indian English poets did not have » trong tational identity and ther early efforts were considered tobe a tributary ofthe mainstream of English literature. Anglo-tndian Iierature was the term used to denote their poetry, the implication being that this was English iterature with Indian themes. The tem referred primarily the literature produced by Englishmen and Furasinsin Inia, tbough ital inhided werk by “native” Indians. The first scholarly work on Anglo-Indian literature Patoortinement for \.G.N.O.U. Reference Books, Guides, Question Bank, Please Visit = www.-neerajbooks.com ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-1/11was Edward Farley Oaten’s.4 Sketch of Anglo-Indian Literature (1908), a condensed version of which was included in the Cambridge History of Englich Literature (1907-1914), edited by A.C. Ward, Oaten’s primary concern was with English writers sueh as Jones, Sir Edwin Amol, and Rudyard Kipling, and Oaten made only passing reference to Indian writers in English. With India's independence from Britain and the withdrawal of the British from India, Anglo-Indiam literature, defined as literature written by Englishmen in India, more or less came to an end, On the other hand, literature by Indians in English increased, gradually evolving an indigenous tradition for self, Consequently, Oaten's approach became untenable in dealing satisfactorily with Indian English literature Nevertheless it continues tohave a few adherents-among them George Sampson, who, in The Concise Cambridge History of, English Literature (1970), cootendsthat Indian English iterature ‘wibutary of mainstream English literature Manmohan Ghose (1869-1924) was edugated in England. He was seat to England at ten, He is a classic example which shows an exile heat, sens of alienation and unhappy childhood and adolescence. Manmohan Ghose published ‘Premycera a collection of verse in 1890,, Love Songs and Elegies” in 1898 and “Songs of Love and Death’ in 1926. ‘Immortal Eve" and Mysteries’ are his poetic sequels. George Sampson rightly says, ‘Manmohan ic the most remarkable of Indian poets who wrote in English.” He is a poet as if trained in classic tradition. Sir Aurobindo (1872-1950), Manmohan’s younger brother, had also same kind of upbringing. He had passed Civil Service Fxamination and was a master of many languages like Greek, Latin, French, English, German, Italian, Sanskrit and Bengali In due course, he became Mahapurusha, a Mahayogi. He founded the centre of yoga at Pondicherry. Sir Aurobindo is Well known as a poet and critic of lfeand leters. His ‘Collected Poems and Plays” isthe best known, Sic Aurobindo hasa parallel rovord of poetic achievements as a translator and narrative poet, ‘asa metrical and verbal eratsman, a5 a lyricist and dramatist and asa fumarist' poet. ‘Urvasie and ‘Love and Death’ are his ‘beautifully articulated narrative poems. ‘Baji Prabhu isa frst rate action poem, ‘Perc, the Deliverer “isa blank verse drama. Thought the Paraclete’ and "The Rase of Ged’ are the finest ‘mystical poems in the language. His long poems “Ahama and lion’ ate the best examples of classical quantities” meters. ‘Savitri has created a new kind of epic poetry. He has been aptly called as Milton of India Rabindranath Tagore (1861-194}) was another prominent contemporary poet. Mahatina Gandhi called him as ‘The Great Sentinel’. He touched and enriched modem Indian life im many ways. He was poet, dramatist, novelist, short-story writer, composer, painter, thinker, educationist, nationalist and intemationalist ako. Hexs abiingual post occupied the significant place in Indo-Anglican poetry. ‘The Child” and a few other poems are written in English. His ‘Geetanjal’ (1913), a prose poem, compellada world-wide attention and le won the Nobel Patvortiaamant for 1.G.N.O.U. Reference Books, Guides, Question Bank, Please Visit + www .-neerajbooks.com Question Bank Contsining 3 Sample Question Papers (with Solutions) pased on IG INI O UD syne Prize for literature. His prose works too were written originally in English for international public. After ‘The Geetanjall Tagore wrote “The Gardener’ (1913), ‘Seray Binds’ (1916). ‘Lovers Gift and Crossing’ (1918) and ‘The Fugitive” (1921). W. B. Yeats and Ezra Pound were the admirers of Tagore’s poetry, Modernism emerged with its insistent breaks with the immediate past, its different inventions, ‘making it new” with «elements from cultures remotein time and space. The questions ‘of impersonality and objectivity seem to be crucial to modernist poctry. Modernism developed out of a tradition of lyrical expression, emphasising the personal imagination, culture temotions, and memories of the poet. For the modemists, i ‘vas essential to move away from the merely personal towards ‘an intellectual statement that poetry could make about the world. Even when they reverted to the personal, like TS. Eliot inthe Four Quartets and Ezra Pound in The Cantos, they dsilled the personal into a poctic texture that claimed universal hums significance. Herbert Read said of it, “The modem poet has no essential alliance with regular schemes of any sorts. He'she reserves the right to adapt his/her rhythm to his/her mood, to modulate hivher metre as he progresses. Far from secking freedom and ieresponsibilty (implied by the unfortunate term fice verse) he'she socks a stricter discipline of exact concord ‘oF thought and feeling.” The most famous English-lnguage modernist work arising ‘ut of this post-war disillusionment is T. S. Eliot's epic “The Waste Land” (192), Eliot was an American poet who had been living in London for some time, Although he was never formally associated with the Imagist group, his work was admired by Pound, who, in 1915, helped him publish “The Lov Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”,-which brought him to prominence. When Eliot had completed his original draft of a Jong poem based on both the disintegration of his personal life and mental stability and the culture around him, he gave the manuscript, provisionally titled “He Do the Police in Different Toices”, to Pound foe comment. After some heavy editing, ‘The Waste Land in dhe form in which we now know it was published, and Eliot came to beseen asthe voiee ofa generation, ‘The addition of notes tothe published poem served to highlight the use of collage as a literary technique. paralleling similar practice by the cubists and other visual ansis. From this point ‘on, modcmism in English tended towards a poetry of the Tragment that rejected the idea that the post could present a comfortingly coherent view of life. TS, Eliot's “The Waste Land” is a foundational ext of ‘modernism, representing the moment at which Imagism moves into modernism proper. Broken, fragmented and seemingly unrelated slices of imagery come together to forma disjumetive ‘anti-narrative. The motif of sight and vision is as central tothe ‘poem as it isto modernism; the omini-present character Tiresias ‘acting a8 a unifying theme. The reader is thrown into confusion, ‘unable o see anything but a heap of broken images. The narrator however (in “The Haste Land’ as in other texts), promises to show the reader a different meaning: that is, how to make ‘meaning from dislocation an fragmentation. This construction ‘of an exclusive meaning is essential to modernism, ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-1/12Badshah wnnwastudybadshah.con Sample Question Paper - I (Solved) B.E.G.E.-106 Understanding Poetry Question Bank Containing 3 Sample Question Papers (With Solutions) Based on fl G INI O UD syapus Dive paper 1er/Special Note: The Sample Quesien Paper and tsi answer Please consult you Teacher Tuer or sppearinginthe cam Time: 3 Hours ] Nowes: An er the following questions Q. 1. (a Read closely and sean the following passage and comment on the use of metre and rhyme in i, ‘On summer eves by haunted stream, “Then to the well-trod stage an If Jonson's learned sock be on, ‘Or sweetest Shakespeare, Fancy’s child, ‘Warble his native wood-notes wild. ‘Ans, Joba Milton's “L’Allegro” isa Iytic poem centering on the joy of taking pat in the dolights of a spring day, includ ing those provided by nature in a pastoral setting and those provided by the theater in an urban setting. L ‘Allegro, early Iyrie poem by John Milton, written in 1631 and published in his Poems (1645). It was writen in rh wast ned octosyllabies. A con- " “L’Allegro:in- ‘yokes the Goddess Mirth, with whomn the poet wants to live first in pastoral simplicity and then amid the "busy hum of ‘men’ in cities full of vitality. Following is an illustration ofthis pattem. A Tyrie poem reveals the poet's emotions in chymed ‘verses. You can think of this like modem music. The lytic coupled with the sounds of the music, evoke certain emotions, Likewise, the emotions conveyed in poetry are shown to the reader (oF listener) in part by the meaning ofthe words and in prt by the sound of the rhyme and other literary devices. The poem also shows that whilst he isa student of Chris tianity he is also stil very influenced by myth and certain folk stories, The poem uses allegorical figures of enjoyment and merriment to depict a day'in the life ofthe countryside and this has caused them to be classified as pastoral and also as part of assical philosophy and Renaissance poety by various critics and Elizabethan authorities. (H) Write short notes on the following: (@ Sonnet npanion piece to his “Il Penseroso.” Free hat, roves you just the apposite patra ofthe actal question suever the acta! ston paper might somewhat vary i itscontnts istibution of mark andi evel of tfcuty. Thee Sample Answers Solutions are prepared bythe suitor forthe help ofthe stale to get an ea of how hese can answer the questions. Sumple answers ay be seen25 the Guide Refercnee Guide. Any Omission or Frrorisighly regretted though every care has bee taken le preparing these Sample AnswersSolutions, er tothe prescribed and recommended study material of university, if you haveany doa or confusion bene 7 Masinum Marks: 100 Ans, Sonnets are actually 14-Tine poems which are in two ‘or three rhyme schemes. One of them is named after the Hal- fam sch (1304-74) who wrote sonnets to praise Laura, His sonnets and odes were included in cam oniere of Rime (1360), Structurally and in thought process, his sonnets are divided into octaves and sestets, /. eight-and six-line stanzas, The octaves follow the rhyme scheme abba. abba but therhyme scheme ofthe sesets differ and itis:cedoed for ededed ot edecde. ‘Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-42) was influenced by Petrarch. He translated Petrarch’s poems and essays and translated them into English. Milton and Wordsworth arethemost accomplished writers of Petrarchaa sonnets in English. Henry Howard, (by courtesy) Earl of surrey (1517- 47) wrote sonnets which were ppre-dominantly in the English's form, ie., abab, cded, ele. the schemes er later used by Shakespeare, Spenser had the third variety of sonnets The rhyme scheme of a Spenserian sonnets is ababbebsededes. (iy Ode Ans, The ode is a lyric poem. It conveys exalted and spited emotions. Iisa lyric in an elaborate form, expressed in a language that is imaginative, dignified and sincere. Like the lytic, ts of Greck origin. A classic ode is structured in three major pars: the srophe, the antistrophe, and the epode. Greek ‘odes were originally poetic picves performed with musical ‘accompaniment. There are three typical forms of odes: The Pindaric, Horatian, and iregula. Pindaric odes follow the form. and style of Pindar Horatian odes fllow conventions of Ho the odes of Horace deliberately imitated the Greek lyricists such as Alcaews and Anacteon, Iregular odes use thyme, but not the three-part form of the Pindaric ode, nor the ower or stanza of the Horatian ode. nanist and poet Pe foul Padvortisoment (for 1.G.N.O.U. Reference Books, Guides, Question Bank, Please Visit = www.-neerajbooks.com ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-2/1(iy Ballad ‘Ans. Before everything else, it is very important to throw Light on the etymology of the word ballad. Etymologicaly. th word ballad has been taken from Latin word ballare, which ‘means dancing song, Ballad isa shorter narrative poem, which comprises of short stanzas. FB Gum has explained the defini- tion of ballad as,” poem meant for singing, quite impersonal in material, probably connected in its origins with the commu- nal dance but submitted to a process of oral traditions among people who are free from literary influences and fairly homo- sgencous in character.” Ballad is a short story in verse, which is intended to be sung with the accompaniment of music. Its opposite to the Epic, which is a lengthy story in verse. It is @ popular pocm among the common folks Souther Appalachian Mountains of America Gv) Simite ‘Ans, A simile isa figure of speech that dircetly compares two things, Similes are a form of metaphor that explicitly use connecting words (such as like, as, 0, than, or various verbs such as resemble), though these specific words are not always necessary, While similes are mainly used in that compare the inanimate and the living, there are also terms in which similes and personifications are used for humorous purposes and comparison, Similes are used extensively in Brit- ish comedy, notably in the slapstick era of the 1960s and 1970s. In comedy, the simile is often used in negative style: “he wasas ddaft asa brush” They are also used in comedic context where 1 sensitive subject is broached, and the comedian will test the audience with response to a subtle implicit simile before going deeper. The sitcom Blackadder featured the use of extended similes, normally said by the ttle character (0) Metaphor Ans, Metaphor isa figure of speech that directly refers to one thing by mentioning another for thetorical effect. It may provide clarity or idntiy hidden similarities between two ideas. “Antithesis, hyperbole, metonymy and simile are all types of ‘metaphor. For example: forins of poetry All the world’ And all the men and women merely players; ‘They have their exits and their entrances William Shakespeare, As You Like I Q. 2. Explain the following passages with reference to their contexts and supply brief eritical comments, (a) Fit in, Ob Belong, cried the eategorizers. Don’t sit ‘On walls oF peep in through our lace-draped window. ‘Ams, These lines are taken from Kamala Das’s famous poem 1 Jniroduction, “The poct says that the language is as human as the narrator is human. She makes her case to use English very strong by claiming that itis useful to her as eawing Question Bank Containing 3 Sample Question Papers (with Solutions) Based on EG IN O U synavus “The narrator further illustrates herpoint with a series of {mages to clarify what the writing English is not like ‘She says that English “is not deaf, blind speseh”. "Of tres in storms or of monsoon clouds or of rain’ or the: Incoherent imutterings of the blazing funcral pyre” (b) One must have a mind of winter ‘To regard the frost and the boughs ‘OF the pine-trees crusted with snow. Ans. These lines aretaken from William Stevens's famous poem The Snow Man The Snow Man in the poom refers toa person with a mind ‘of winter, Atthe outset, the speaker has a voice of detachment. However, intensity in feeling the reality around is visible, The ‘poem is a single sentence that says a seemingly simplistic idea “One must have a mind of winter” to behold “Nothing. notthere and the nothing that i The branches ofthe trees around only manifest themselves in the images of winter and snow “One must have a mind of winter” says the speaker of Snow Man, “To regard the frost and boughs/af the pine-trees erusted with snow: (©) O hark, O hear! how thin and clear, And thinner, clearer, farther going! (© sweet and far from eliff and sear ‘The horns of Elfland faintly blowing! Ans, These lines are taken ftom Alferd, Lord Tennyson's famous poem The Splendour Falls In the poet hints atthe presence of someone else who has been asked to hear the faintly blowing homs of the Elf land, ‘The poet imagines them to be coming from Elf land, where the elves lives, The elves and fairies were believed to be objects that existed beyond the material World, in a parallel univers. The poet thinks that he is on a magic valle From here, we dive into the mind of the poet, where the inner setting is prominent. In the third stanza, the identity of the listener is revealed. The speaker is addressing his beloved (@) But of the while I think on thee, dear friend, [All losses are restor'd and sorrows end, Ans. These lines are taken from William Shakespeare's famous Sonnet 30. In Sonnet 30, he laments the lack of manya thing he wanted to have, The reason for the down cast siate in which he finds himself fal fom favour of Goddess Fotuna and people around ‘him, Nothing precipitous accounts for the dip in happiness in sonnet 30 but idle memory: sessions of sweet silent thought. In sonnet 29, the poct like Job in the Old Testament troubles deat heaven with his bootless cries, while in sonnet 30 he wastes oning old thoughtsto the court of his mind. A in his career Forces the poet to take recourse 10 the reassurance of religion in sonnet 29: in sonnet 30, the relaxed indulgence in past memories makes him so what distant, aloof and offish. So while in sonnet 30 he is conscious of the wast ‘age, his time, in sonnet 29 the experience is more intense and the poet like Job eurhis fate Pdvertizamant for 1.G.N.O.U, Reference Books, Guides, Question Bank, Please Visit : www-neerajbooks.com ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-2/2Q. 3. “One of the most prominent characteristics of ‘modernism is its bold experimentation.” Critically com- iment. ‘Ans, Modernism, in general, includes the activities and creations of those who felt the traditional forms of art, us faith, philosophy, social “organization, activities of daly life and even the sciences, were becoming ill-fited to their tasks and outdated in the new ‘economic, social, and political environment of an emerging fully industrialized world. The poct Ezra Pound's 1934 injunction to “Make it new!” was the touchstone of th ‘movement's approach towards what it saw as the now obsolete culture ofthe past, In this spit, ts innovations, like the sea ‘of-consciousness novel, atonal (or pantonal) and twelve-tone ‘musi, divisionist painting and abstract ar, all had precursors in the 19th century ‘A notable characteristic of consciousness and irony concerning literary and social traditions, which often le to experiments with form, alongwith the use of techniques that drew attention to the processes and materials used in creating a painting, pocm, building. etc. Modernism explicitly rejected the ideology of realism and makes use of the Works of the past by the employment of reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision and parody Some commentators define modernism as a mode of thinkin ‘one or more philosophically defined chara consciousness or self-reference, that rum aeross all the novelties in the arts and the disciplines. More common, especially in the West, are those who see it as a socially progressive trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create improve and reshape their environment with the aid of practical experimentation, scientific knowledge. oF technology. From this perspective, modernism encouraged the re-examination of every aspect of existence, from commerce topphilosophy, with the goal of finding that which was “holding back’ progress, and replacing it with new ways of reaching the same end. Others focus on mo aan aesthetic introspection. This facilitates consideration of speci to the use of technology in the First World War, and anti- technological and nihilistic aspects of the works of diverse thinkers and artists spanning the period from Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) to Samuel Beckett (196-1989) A broadly defined multinational cultural movement (oF series of movements) that took hold in the late 19th century and reached its most radical peak on the eve of World Wat I It grew out of the philosophical, scientific, political, and ‘dcological shifts that followed the Industrial Revolution, up to World War I and its aftermath. For artists and writers, the Modernist project was are evaluation of the assumptions and aesthetic values of their predecessors. It evolved from the Romantic tejection of Enlightenment positivism and faith in reason, Modernist writers broke with Romantic pieties and clichés (such as the notion of the Sublime) and became sel modernism is) self cteristies, like sell Question Bank Containing 3 Sample Question Papers (With Solutions) ‘consciously skeptical of language and its claims on coherence. Inthe carly 20th century, novelists such as Henry James and Virginia Woolf (and, later, Joseph Conrad) experimented with shifts in time and narrative points of view. While liv before the war, Gertrude Stein explored the possib creating literary works that broke with con ventional syntactic ‘and referential practices, Ezra Pound yowed to “make it new and “break the pentameter,” while TS, Fliot wrote The Hast Land in the shadow of World War I. Shortly after The Waste Land was published in 1922, it became the archetypical Modemist tex. rife with allusions, linguistic fragments, and nixed registers and languages. Other poets most often associated with Modernism include: H.D., WH. Auden, Hart Crane, William Butler Yeats and Wallace Stevens. Modernism also generated many smaller movements; see also Actneism, Dada, Free verse, Futurism, Imagism, Objectivism. Postmodemism and Surrealism. Browse more Modern poets, Or Robert Frost is often scen as looking towards the nine teenth century than his own time, Do you agree? Give a reasoned answer. Ans, Robert Frost was one of America’s leading 20th- ‘century poets and a four-time winner ofthe Pulitzer Prize. He thas been an inspiration to many young writers and aspiring poets. Although he lived through a troubled and tragic life, Frost was able to express his unique view of mature and the ‘world around him in the delicate art of poetry. His direct and ‘easy-to-read poems made him one of the mos reeounized poets inthe country, Robert Frost had the ability fo make his poems accessible to anyone reading them: His use of everyday vocabulary and traditional form’of poetry made it easy for readers, although translating them isnot as easy. Robert Frost's connotative in nature, making them very poems are ve profound to read AA petsom suho thinks more metaphorically might think, pethaps he is speaking of death. How he would love to stop ‘and just wait it out, but he has promises, and things he must fulfill before he can let go. Frost used metaphors constantly, inmost of his poetry. The above is only one example, there are fnuany in just the one poem, "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening’, His later poems were simpler, but still held to their metaphoric brothers. Frost wrote many of his best poems on several levels of meaning, He often described a natural setting ‘with beautiful seasonal imagery connections to human beings through them. There would bea literal meaning and a deeper, ‘more profound, meaning, Many of his poems were parables: simple stories which are meant to remind the reader of something else perhaps more spiritual or psychological. Frost often cautioned the reader, "Don’t press the poem too hard.” He said, “The real meaning is the most obvious meaning.” He ‘was not a poet of obscuration. He believed « good poem did ‘not requite footnotes, Wordplay was very important to Frost. ‘along with form and structure, but for the reader to need to Pdvertiaament for \.G.N.O.U. Reference Books, Guides, Question Bank, Please Visit + www-neerajbooks.com ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-2/3Woracetudybadshan.com stop and try to define a word, there was a chance the reader ‘couild miss the meaning of the poem. Frost was widely admired for his mastery of metrical form, which he often set against the natural rhythms of everyday, ied speech, In this way the traditional stanza and ‘metrical ine achieved new vigour in hishands. Frost of traditional metrics is evident in the tight, older, preseribed pattems of such sonnets as “Design” and “The Sifken Tent. His strongest allegiance probably wasto the quatrain with simple rhymes such as abab and ab, and within its resrictions he \was able to achieve an infinite Variety, as in the aforementioned “Dust of Snow” and “Desert Places.” Frost was never an enthusiast of free verse and regarded its looseness as something less than ideal, similar t playing tennis without a net. His, determination to be “new” butto employ “old ways vo be new" set him aside from the radical experimentalism of theadvocates of vers libre in the early 20th century. On occasion Frost did employ free verse to advantage, onc outstanding example being Apple-Picking,” with its random pattem of long and short lines and its non-traditional use of thyme. Herehe shows his power to stand as. transitional figure between the old and the new in poctry. Frost mastered blank verse (i.e. unthymed verse in iambic pentameter) for use in such dramatic narratives as “Mending Wall” and “Home Burial,” becoming one of the few modern poets to use it both appropriately and well. His chief technical innovation in these dramatie-dialogue poems was to unify the regular pentameter line with the irregular rhythms of conversational speech. Frost’s blank verse has the ‘same terseness and concision that matk his poetry in general Q. 4, Critically comment om the following: (a) NoSecond Troy ‘Ans. "No Second Troy”plays out through some rhetorical questions. First, the speaker wonders "why" he should blame ther” for is unhappiness and for her reckless manipulation of the emotions of Irish commoners to rouse political violence ‘Then he asks whether it would even have been possible for “her” to be a “peaceful” person. He thinks her character and beauty, Last, because there was no “second Troy” for her to destroy, she had to destroy other things — like the speaker's happiness, and the lives of Irish commoners. ‘Yeats has used juxtaposition of the images “litle street” and “the great” which confirm his faith in the aristocratic lineage, ‘and his enthusiasm for the traditional Irish soiety under the protection of the aristocratic lords. Thus, for Yeats the agents ‘of nationalism should have been noble and valiant men of the ‘upper class rather than the “ignorant men”, who have no physical oc moral courage equal to desire Two similes in the poem imply the nobility of Gonne's mind and her extraordinary beauty: What could have made her peaceful with a mind That nobleness made simple as fie With beauty like tightened bow.a kind “That is not natural in am age like this, wunador Question Bank Containing 3 Sample Question Papers (With Solutions) Based on IG INO US synavus ‘Her mind as pure “as fire” and her physical “beauty ike a tightened bow” give her superiority over the erord, anc! makes her presence out of place “inan age like this.” Thesmile “beauty like a tightened bow.” is also a symbol of sternness and grace, ‘mix of austerity and passionate action, restraint and violence. The poem is likea sonnet, but it does not have the couplet. Ithas 12 lines. The ehyme scheme makes the poem into three uatrains abab cded efet. () Damayante to Nala in The Hour of Exile Ans, These words arc spoken by Damayanti to. her husband Nala who has lost his kingdom in gambling and the couple are now in exile in a forest. Damayanti is trying to motivate dejected Nala, The first three sentences are rhetorical questions. Rhetorical questions suggestthat Damayanti is speaking with great emotion Damayanti says that Nala, “whose imperia| head was never bent in sorrow of defeat”, cannot be overcome by adversities he faces. She describes Nala as a warrior. His “imperial feet have shattered armies and stamped empires dead”. He is the “husband of a queen” and so Will always remain a king. No fone can “unking” hie, A contrast between the glories of this ‘earth and the divine glory of Nala has been presented. Earth tlories disappear and the kingdoms in this world fade away, but Nala’s glory will ast forever. The poem has a hyperbole as Damayanti says that winds, planets with rings around them andthe sun, everything will obey Nala’s command. Wherever his radiance falls, it will be dawn spreading her saflron foot cloth for him to walk on. “The sunset will raise her purple and red canopy for him Hiskingly gament will be made ofthe velvet soft night wrought with starry gold. As the night sky isbright with golden stars, Nala’s garment will have designs made with golden thread ‘She says her aie in braid will be like a crown of sapphire for Nala. When Damayanti kisses Nala’s face, her braided hair will fall on his faceand look like a crown, Her kisses will bring peace to hin, a the music of sitar does to its listeners. Next ‘morning, when Nala wakes up. the sun will pay homage to thi with is light. These lines imply that Damayanti will always bbe with Nala in the days of his adversity, Rhetorical questions have been used again in the concluding, Tunes which suggest that the speaker is speaking with great intensity of passion. Damayanti is certain that no one ean Keep. [Nala away from his kingdom for long. Then she uses kingdom in a different sense, Nala has Damayanti’s love. This no one cean take away from him, Her love protects him and arms him with the sword of hope that is always victorious. Here hope s been compared 10 a sharp sword on which flames have ‘carved patterns. ANote on Form and Style The pocin has used old English. The poet has used such language to give an old world ring to the poem. The poem also thas an almost declamatory style. Such Language is uscd by an ‘orator. Notice how the poem begins and ends with rhetorical questions, for \.G.N.O.U, Reference Books, www-neerajbooks.com Pdvertiaamant Guides , Question Bank, Please Visit : ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-2/4Badehah Www.studybadshah.com “The poem has hyperboles as Nala has been deseribed in cosmie terms, For instance, “The winds, the planets and the sun obey his commands”. The poem also has images that suggest brightness and light. The words like “dazzling command” and “radiance of thy coming” suggest brightness. fe) The Raven Ans. “The Raven" begins with a variation of fairy tale ‘opening—"Once upon a midnight dreary...” Is late and the speaker is tired and weak, reading an old collection of folklore. As he’s about to fall asleep, he hears something tapping at his door. The speaker, somewhat startled, consoles himself by ‘muttering “ts some visitor” and "nothing more.” Theambiguity of the narrator’s mental state is introduced in the first stanza ‘and becomes a topic of debate throughout the poem Stanza 2 provides bnekground information. The incident takes place in December and the narraior suffers from depression. He is scarching desperately to end his sorrow. The ‘mood, somewhat established in Stanza I with 'midnight dreaty” and “forgotten lore,” becomes entrenched a8 Poe includes dotails such as “bleak December,” dying ember,” “ghost upon the floor,” sorrow,” and a bev¥y of alliterative phrases and ‘words with Anglo-Saxon coots, In stanza 3, to combat the fear caused by the wind blown curtains, the narrator repeats that the commotion is merely a visitor at the door. The opening line ofthe statza contains the greatest example of consonan alliteration, and internal shyme in the history of poctry. Why the speaker is so frightened by the curtains Muttering in th clear. It could be demonic movement of the h would cause even the most stalwart individual wind isu ‘curtains, whi utter to himself, oc the speaker could be crazy. ‘The language, the atmosphere and the situation progressively heighten a keen sense of the exotic and the mysterious, But the plotline is simple and centres round a common literary theme, the death of a beloved and the ‘unrelieved gloom of bereavement Q. 5. Attempt a critique of the following poets with special reference to the poems prescribed for you: (a) Tod Hughes ‘Ans. The Thought Introduction ‘The Thought-Fox" appeared in Ted Hughes's first collection of poems Havik in the Rain (1957). The poem is known for is simplicity of voiee, imagery and diction with ‘which it unravels the secrets of poetic creation, The pocm tracks the movement ofthe imaginary fox from nature into the ‘mind of the poet, It presents the oneness of nature, human and ‘animal, ferociousness and tenderness, The Text imagine this rdnight moments forest: Somerhing else is alive Beside the clock loneliness And this Blank page where my fingers move Question Bank Containing 3 Sample Question Papers (With Solutions) sased on IG NEO U synasus Through the window I see no star: Something more near Though deeper within darkness ke Cold, delicately as the dark snow A fox’ nove touches twig, lea Two eves serve a movement, that now And again now, and now: and now ntering loneliness ‘Sets neat prinas nue the snow Between tess, and warily a lame Shadow lags by stump and in hollow Of a body that is bold to come Across clearings, an eve ‘A widening deepening greenness Brilliantly, concentrately Coming about its own business Til with a sudden sharp hot stink of fox renters the dark hole of the head The window is starless still: the clock ticks Analysis ‘The setting is aroom and the ime is midnight. The poet is sitting at his writing desk by the open window; outside les the starless and dark night, The poet looks into the darkness into the forest. It propels the dark interiors of his imagination. Itis as sensual, instinctual and bodily alive as the real fox. The fox: of his mind, the thought-fox, appears as the pocm itself. The poem is about the writing of the poem itself: In a 1961 BRC broadcast, Hughes says writing as “The special kind of excitement, the slightly mesmerized and quite involuntary concentration with which you make out the stirrings ‘of anew poem in your mind. Thi ‘a new species of ercature, a new specimen of life In this poem, itis the fox that the poet pursues. He starts ‘with a vague appretiension of its presence, but gradually there arrives clearer perceptions of is figure and movements, till it transfers itself as a whole creature into the mind of the poet, find appears on the page of the poem. The poem opens on a "Midnight's Moment”. There is utmost silence, loneliness and darkness all around. Their intensity is enhanced by the clock’s ticking. The poct sits his fingers on a blank picee of paper searching for a poem in his mind, The setting has contradictions. The poct sits inside his room, while outside there is forest defined by darkness which symbolizes the inactivity of imagination before the poctic creation takes its root in the natural landscape. Subseuently, it bocomes clear, the fox takes its shape and movement inside the mind of the poet. In the second stanza, the poct sces no star in the sky. The poet has to search inwards for appropriate words to clearly alize the figure and movement of being sill unidentified in the poem, is hunting and the poe for Advertiaament G.N.O.U. Reference Books, Guides, Question Bank, Please Visit : www.-.neerajbooks.com ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-2/5,clseisalive™ in the first stanza the speaker ‘notes the imagined animal as“something mote neat." The word “something” in the two stanzas connotes both ereative inspiration, The poet avoids naming the animal a this wants to retain the vagueness of the inspiration, until a tue discovery of the poetic form, Ta the third stanza, the figure of the fox is still not clear. However, its presence is more acutely Felt Coli, delicately as the dark snow A foxs nose touches twig. leaf: ‘The simile contains a visual image. The poet has only sce its dark nose touching the twig and the leaf as snow looking ark in darkness ofthe night falls touching them on the ‘The sense of coldness contained in this metaphoric coldness of the world of nature ‘The third and the fourth stanzas have been syntactically joined by the eye movements ofthe fox that make the body of the fox appe: Two eves se And again now, and now, and now ‘Sets neat prinis into the snow Between iess, and warilya lame ‘Shadow lags hy saump and in hollow Of a body that is bold to come ‘The appearance of the two eyes within the deep darkness of the snow and trees gives an eerie feeling, ‘The last two lines of the third stanza and the first line of the fourth stanza convey through rapidness of rhythm the nervous movements of the fox and sudden excitement fet by the poet as he perceives the fox setting its paw’s prints on the ‘snow in hetween the trees. There is sudden twist to theme, rinythm and sound patter to convey the discovery of the fox. The word ‘now’ appears twiee as end rhyme suggests an attainment of elaity inthe poet's consciousness about the fox. It serves to introduce an element of surprise involved in discovery the first true signs ofthe fox. The repetition of the phrase “and now” provides speed to the rhythm of the poem as the poet almost correctly the animal. The poct is almost certain ofits figure as it lurks there in dark The line sets neat prints into the snow suggests by its short half-ehyming sounds ofthe first three words a suspense that achieves clarity as the line settles finally in the vowel prominent sound of “sno”. The phrase “lame shadow""in the next line provides the first fuller picture ofthe fox, and “bold to come” suggests that the fox is luking on the outer edges of the forest roady to leap inside, ‘The phrase “actoss clearing” inthe first line of the fifth stanza serves as definite breaking point in the poct as well as the scene outside imagined by the poet. The fox breaks through to full ealization with its leap and descends on the imagination of the poct as well a the reader: Across clearings, an eve. A widening deepening greenness ea movement, that now Question Bank Containing 3 Sample Question Papers (With Solutions) Based on I G INO U synavus ‘Brilliantly, concentratedly Coming about its own business The diction “widening, decpening, greenness” suggests hhow close the fox stands to the poet and the reader. The two eyes of the previous stanzas have merged into single ‘eenness” that has grown wider and deeper as the fox comes The last stanza presents such close perception of It appears so close that we along with the poet can smell its “suddon sharp stink.” Is sensuality is so fully realized in us; its smell affects our consciousness, The fox almost literally centers the head of the poet as if it was entering its den. And thereafter appears on the page as poem. The fox isthe poem. ‘The long line of the poem finally finds a full stop in the last Tine, as the pieture of the fox becomes real in the page of the poem. () GM. opkins ‘Aas. Gerard Manley Hopkins was bom at Stratford, Essex England. He was the eldest of nine children of Manley Hopkins and Catherine Smith. His father, the proprietor of a marine insurance firm, the British Consul General in Hawaii, Church Warden, was a published writer and reviewer. His mother was 4 music and book lover. The family was deeply religious. Hopkins was attracted towards asceticism from his boyhood. His maternal aunt Maria Smith Gibeme taught him to sketch, He also learned visual arts which later helped him in writing, He studied atthe Highgate boarding school where he composed his first poem, ‘The Escorial’ at theage of ten. He was inspired by John Keats. Hopkins went to the Balliol College, Oxford, where he studied Classics and won a ‘Double Furst’ in the subject and was awarded the ttle, The Star of Balliol’. He developed a lifelong friendship with Robert Bridges at Balliol. At Balliol he betriended writer and critic Walter Pater and became a follower ‘of Edward Pusey, member of the Oxford Movement, In 1864, he read John Henry Newman’s Apologia Pro Vita Sua [A Defence of My Life]. Newman was a prominent figure in the Oxford Movement which had led to the establishment of Anglo-Catholicism, He was also impressed by Christina Rosseti's works In 1866, Hopkins was received into the Cathotic Church and after a short while he decided to join priesthood. After that, he burt all his poems with a believe that poetry would prevent him from total devotion to his faith. After reading the philosophy of Duns Scos, the medicval pathologist. he joined the Society of Jesus to become a Jesuit father Hopkins Ieatned theology at St. Bcuno’s Jesuit House in Noth Wales, which influenced his ereativity. There he read Welsh poet from which he drew his unique’ sprung rhythm After getting encouragement of his superior, Hopkins wrote “The Wreck of the Deutschland” which praised the heroie sel sacrifice of group of Franciscan nuns whose ship sank in a storm. Its theme is conventional, the poem was daringly for 1G! Advertisement .O.U. Reference Books, Guides, Question Bank, Please Visit : www.-neerajbooks.com ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-2/8Badehah Wwvaastudybadshan-com, ‘experimental, where used a new rhythm and named “sprung rhythm”, ‘The frown of his face Before me, the hurtle of hell Behind, where, where was a, where was a place? 1 whirled out wings that spell And fled with a fling ofthe heart to the heart ofthe Host. My heart, but you were dovewinged, I can tell, Carriet-witied, Tam bold to boast, To flash from the flame to the flame then, tower from the srace to the grace Stanza 3 "The Wreek of the Dewiseltand” However, the poem was not published, a it was rejected by the Jesuit magazine, He continued to write poetry. Heworked as a parish priest, teacher and preacher in several churches ‘nd institutions. Later on, he was appointed Professor of Greek Literature at University College, Dublin In 1885, he started writing a series of sonnets beginning swith ‘Carrion Comfort” that reflect his anguish, desolation and frustration, These poems are called as “terible sonnets”. They present his dilemma in reconciling his immense fascination for the sensuous World and the equally powerful devotion to religious vocation. Hopkins died of typhoid fever in 1889. His last words on his lips were, “Tam happy. so happy”, He is buried in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin. In 1918, Robert Bridges, who was the poet laureate of Britain atthe time, published a collection of his poems. His original subtle and vibrant verses, with rich aural pattern; displaying imaginative and intellectual depths, influenced 20th century poets such as T'S, Eliot, WH. Auden, Dylan Thomas and many others. A Note on Sprung Rhythm ‘The tem “Sprung rhythm’ was coined by Hopkins. Its a ‘complex type of metrics which he derived partly from his Knowledge of Welsh poetry. He was inspired by the Welsh uses @ concept of sound arrangement ness, alliteration and rhyme ‘Sprung rhythm is different from common rhythm like d iambic meter It provides for feet of varying lengths n running ‘regular rhythm, stressed and unstressed syllables will alterna in pattem, In sprung chythm, stressed syllables oceur at regular intervals but the unstressed or slack syllables vary from one t0 four ‘The following line, written in iambic meter, has the first zach foot unsiressed or slack while the second one is stressed or accented, [Each foot is separated with the ‘slash’ [/] sign. The unstressed syllables are shown in normal font while stressed ‘ones are denoted marking them in botd and ing them | The eur'few tolls’ the knell of parving day (From Elegy Writen in a Country Churchyard’) Given below is an example of sprang thythm: Margaret are you! grieving Over Golden grove/unleaving [From Hopkins’ poem Spring and Fall’) word Question Bank Containing 3 Sample Question Papers (With Solutions) on EG NO VU synavus ‘Sprung thythm gives poetry masculinity and makes the ‘common speech dynamic, It ereates more acoustic possibilities. Sprung rhythm anticipates free verse of modem times Other features of Hopkins” poetry Hopi nd dialectal words as well as new words. He cnergizes language greatly. Influenced by Welsh and Anglo-Saxon poctry, Hopkins uses alliterations and compound terms. (i) Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds, Example: “king/dom of daylight’s dauphin/dapple- dawn-drawa i) Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds Example: rose-moles, finches wings, wimpling wing. te (1) Compound words: Example: ‘couple-colout’, dawn-drawn’, ‘blue-bleak’, ete. () Rabindranath Tagore ‘Ans, Rabindranath Tagore is the most widely-known Indian writer of the 20th century. In 1913, he was the first Indian and also the first Asian, to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. He received the Nobel Prize for his Gitanjal, collection of devotional songs, “Tagore was gifted with many talents. Apart from writing poems and songs, he wrote novels, short stories, plays and essays. A thinker and a philosopher, he also contributed 10 Indian education, He established Shantiniketan in West Bengal, ‘now a central university called the Vishwa Bharati Univeristy “Tagore introduced philosophy and an element of spirituality im Indian poetry in English. His poctry is mystical and has a very prominent spiritual clement in it: He also wrote about nature. His novels and shortstories deal with human relationships and human struggles. One of his most well-known novels is Gora. Some of his best known plays are Red Oleanders and The Mother's Prayer. ‘We will briefly discuss life and works of two great poets ‘Rabindranath Tagore and Sarojini Naidu, Both the poets included philosophy and spicitualiy in Indian poetry in English. They ‘rote their best poetry inthe closing decades of the 1 Sth century and in the carly years of the 20th century. Their poetry is regarded asan important landmark inthe history of Indian poctry in English, We will discuss two poems each of Tagore and Naidu. Interpretation ‘The pocm reads like a narrative-The narrator says that ‘when he east his net into the sea he dragged up from the dark abyss some very beautiful things, He considered them beautiful ‘and wanted to present them to the person he loves. Bit his beloved, who was sitting inthe garden idly tearing the leaves of a flower, rejects them, Dejected, he throws those things into the stret, Ia the morning, travelers from different places pass that way, pick those beautiful things up and carry them to far-off places. The poem is symbolic and has a decper meaning. uses archaic gon.."; “heat in hiding” ete lapple- Pldvertinament for \.G.N.O.U, Reference Books, Guides, Question www-neerajbooks.com Bank, Please Visit : ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-2/7i ean be interpreted with the important nouns used in the poem such as the "sea", ove” and “travelers” It can be interpreted thatthe poet talks about the material things and the world of spirituality. The seare present this phenomenal world filled with sense-abjects that people consider fer which they run. Material things fulfil our important and desires but we cannot reach God with those things. They may be bright and be reality. They look very attractive but have no value in spiritual . we have to reject them at some point to but they do not stand for the ultimate terms. In our lives row spiritually, The speaker is ashamed to realize that he tried to express his devotion to God by offering Him things that belong to the physical, transient world. He says that he did not make an effort to aequite these things nor has he renounced anythin for them. They have simply come to him as apart of being born in this world, Therefore they ar God. ‘When the speaker realizes that what he considers beautiful he throws them out of his window. fit for offerings to are of no valu all, it suggests that he gave up the belief that the ial world is theultimate rality. Smiles, tears and passion mentioned inthe poem represent the various emotions that the Metaphor physical objects cause in us. Q. 6 Comment on the salient features of Indian En- lish poetry. ‘Ans, When Indians frst began to write poetry they were outnumbered by Eurasians and Eny wrote poetry on Indinn subjeets. Hence, poetry by Indians was r-ndians. Indeed, both types were published by the same publishers, the Indian English, ishmen whoalso not distinguished fiom poetry by 1 subsidiaries of British publishers such as Longman or Heinemann, or by the English newspapers and magazines of India, which were usually owned and edited by Eurasians or Englishmen, Most Indian English poets were educated by Englishmen in Anglophone schools; like other English poets, they studied English literature, Because India was a part ofthe British Empire, Indian English poets did! not have a strong, national identity and their early efforts were considered to be a wibutary of the mainstream of English litersture: Anglo-Indian literature was the term used to denote their poetry, the implicato being that this was English litraure with Indian themes. The ‘term referred primarily tothe literature produced by Englishmen and Eurasiansin India, though italso included work by “native” est scholarly work on Anglo-Indian literature Indians. The was Edward Farley Oaten’s 4 Sketch of Anglovdndian Literature (1908), a condensed version of which was included in the Question Bank Containing 3 Sample Question Papers (With Solutions) Based on G INO UD sytiaus Cambridge History of English Literature (1907-1914), edited by A. C. Ward. Oaten's primary concern was with English \writers such as Jones, Sir Edwin Amold, and Rudyard Kipling, and Oaten made only passing reference to Indian writers in English. With India's independence from Britain and the withdrawal of the British ftom India, Anglo-Indian lite defined as literature written by Englishmen in India, more or {ess came to an end, On the other hand, literature by Indians English increased, gradually evolving an wdigenous traditio for itself Consequently, Oaten's approach became untenable in dealing satisfactorily with Indian English literature. Nevertheless, it continues tohavea few adherents-among them George Sampson, who, in The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature (1970), contends tat Indian English literature is a tributary of mainstream English literature, Another approach, initiated by seholars in England in the carly 1960°s, is to consider Indian English literature as a partof ‘Commonwealth literature or the literature of former British colonies and dominions such as Canada, Australia, the West Indies and countries in Aftica, South Asia, and Southeast Asia ‘The Journal of Commonwealth Literature, based at the University of Leeds, has done much to foster such an approach, wcademies ‘asa part of a global literature in English. The journal WLWE: World Literatures Written in English represents this approach, These approaches are faifly useful when the focus is large and the scholar is located in the United States or the United Kingdom, but they share the problem that the literatures of the various nationalities have lite in common and ‘often belong to different traditions: For example, Nigerian the United States attempted to sce Indian English erature and Australian literature ‘Toru Dutt brought up Indian English Poetty from imitation to authenticity: Torulata was bor in a Hindu family but was baptized with family members in 1862. Readingand musie wer her hobbies. She learnt English in France and England. She sailed for Europe in1869 and returned to India in 1873. She died atthe age of twenty one when her talent was maturing, ‘There are two collections of poems on her name, Out of which ‘one appeared in her owa life time. However it was notin the nature of original work. It was “A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields” (1876) which comprised 165 lyrics by about a hundred French poets. These lyrics are translated by her. To Edmund Gosse, the volume is ‘a wonderful mixture of strength and weakness’. Toru Dutt’s Keatsian progress during the last two years of her life is revealed in her posthumous publication ‘Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan’ (882). The themes of these poems indicate that Toru Du isthe fist Indian poet Padvartisoment for 1.G.N.O.U. Reference Books, Guides, Question Bank, Please Visit : www.neerajbooks.com ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-2/8‘who used Indian myth and legend extensively. Though she was, ‘brought up in Christian living or in half anglicized environment, she gives the treatment of instinctive and spiritual understanding of the legends, Toru Dutt’s postic technique shows sure grasp ‘morethan poetic mode, Her diction is naturally ofthe Vietorian romantic school, She shows her prosodic skill in using different forms likeballa, blank verse and the sonnet. Unlike Kashiprasad Ghose and M. M. Dutt, Toru Dutt’s poetry is virtually free from imitation. Behram Merwanji Malbari (1853 -1912) wrote “The Indian Muse in English Garb’ (1876). It is a slender collection of 32 pieces. “Manmohan Ghose (1869-1924) was educated in England. He was sent to England at ten. He is a classic example which shows an exile heat, sense of alienation and unhappy childhood and adolescence. Manmohan Ghose published "Premvecra’ a collection of verse in 1890, “Love Songs and Elegies” in 1898 and ‘Songs of Love and Death” in 1926, ‘leamortal Eve" and Mysteries ate his poste sequels. George Sampson rightly says, Manmohan is the most remarkable of Indian poets who wrote in English.” He is a poet a8 if trained in classic tradition. Sir Aurobindo (1872-1950), Manmohan’s younger brother, had also same kind of upbring ng. He had passed Civil Service Fxamination and was a master of many languages like Greek, Latin, French, English, German, Italian, Sanskrit and Bengali In duc course, he became Mahapurusha, a Mahayogi, He founded the ceatre of yoga at Pondicherry. Sir Aurobindo is ‘well known as apoet and critic of life and leters. His ‘Collected ir Aurobindo has parallel record of poctic achievements as translator and narrative post, as a metrical and verbal craftsman, asa Iyrcist and dramatist, andasa uturist"poet. ‘Unvusieand ‘Love and Death’ archis beautifully aticulated narrative poems, ‘Baji Prabhu" a frst rate action poem, ‘Percus, she Deliverer "isa blank verse drama Thought the Paractete" and ‘The Rase of God’ are the finest sical poems in the language. His long poems “Ahana and Hlion’ are the best examples of ‘Savitri has created a new kind of epic poetry, He has been aptly called as Milton of indi Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) was aniother prominent contemporary poet. Mahatma Gandhi called him as “The Great Sentine!. He touched and enriched moder Indian life in many ways. He was poct, dramatist, novelist, short-story writer, Poonss anu Plays" isthe best known, assical quantities’ meters. ‘composer, painter, thinker, educationist, nationalist and ‘intemationalistalso, Heasa bilingual poct occupied the significant place in Inde-Anglican poetry. ‘The Child” and a few other poems are written in English. His ‘Geetanial’ (1913), a prose poem, compelled world-wide attention and he won the Nobel Question Bank Containing 3 Sample Question Papers (with Solutions) on EG N O U synavus Prize for literature. His prose works (00 we ‘writen originally in English for international public. After ‘The Geetanjal’, Tagore wrote ‘The Gardener’ (1913). ‘Stray Birds (1916), ‘Lovers Gift and Crossing’ (1918) and ‘The Fugiuve’ (1921). W. B. Yeats and Ezra Pound were the admirers of Tagore’s poet. ‘Tagote’s verse in English had lyrical quality: it had rhythm of. frce verse. He dealt with simplicity, seriousness and passion, He used colloquial idiom and archaie vocabulary like the’ and ‘thou’. Sarojini Naidu (1879-1949) started her career asa poet icin of Gandhian era She ld recognition in England much earlier. Her first volume (of poetry, “The Golden Threshold’ (1903) was followed by “The Bird of Time (1912) and ‘The Broken Wing’ (1917). Her collected poems appeared in "The Scepied Pinte’ (1946). 8 small collection of lyries written in 1927, Furher ofthe Down, \was published posthumously in 1961, Her Iyrics are strongly influenced by British romanticism and Percian and Urdu poets, Inall the four volumes by Sarojini Naidu witness her unerring sense of beauty and melody. Her poems presenta feastof delight tothe reader. Asa lyricist, she always spoke in a ‘private voice ‘and never bothered to express the burning problems of her day, But she is the frst rank artist having the strength of perfeet rhythm with which she ean be eloseto Toru Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore and Sri Aurobindo. Though she appears hopelessly outdated by the standards of modem poetic taste, she is historically significant and intrinsically important Q. 7, Attempt a eritie: modern English poetry. Ans. Notwithstanding itis usually said to have begun with the French Symbolist movement and it artificially ends with the Second World War. the beginning and ending of themodemist petiod are of course arbitrary. Poets like W. B. Yeats (1865- 1939) and Rainer Maria Rilke (1875-1926) started in a post- Romantic, Symbolist vein and modemised their poctie idiom ‘but later she beeame a prominent pol ‘essay on the background of after being affected by political and literary developments. and important, marking a new point of | leparture for poctry. Some consider it began in the works of ry and Pound, Eliot and Yeats, Williams and Stevens, English language poets, like TS. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Robert Frost, Basil Bunting (*a born modemist"), Wallace Stevens and E.E. ‘Cummings also went on to produce werk after World War I ferged with its insistent breaks with the nmediate pas, its different inventions, “making it new" with clements from cultures remote in time and space. The questions Tmagism proved radi Moderns ‘of impersonalty and objectivity seem fo be crucial to modernist poetry. Modernism developed out of a tradition of lyrical emp ‘expression, ising the personal imagination, culture, Ptvortisoment (for .G.N.O.U. Reference Books, Guides, Question Bank, Please Visit + www-neerajbooks.com ‘SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-2/9amos) r Question Bank Badshah Containing 3 Sample Question Papers Wownnstudybadshan.com sased on fl G INI O UB synavus emotions, and memories of the poet. For the modernists, it and mental stability and the culture around him, he gave the was essential to move away ftom the merely personal towards manuscript, provisionally titled “He Do the Police n Difforent anintelleotual statement that poetry could make abouttheworkl, Voices" to Pound for comment. After some heavy editing, Even when they reverted tothe personal, ike. S. Elit in the “The #Faste Land” in the form in whic we now know it was Four Quartets and Ezra Pound in The Cantos, they distilled the published and Flit came tobe seen as the voice ofa generation, personal into a poetic texture that claimed universal human The addition of notes tothe published poem serves to highlight nificance. Herbert Read said of't, “Themodem poet hasno the use of collage as a litgrary' technique, paralleling similar essential alliance with regular schemes of any sorts. He’she Practice by the cubist and other visual artists. From this point sree the right te adapt histor ythm to ser mood, tg 0% modernism in English tended towards a poetry of the modulate histher metre as he progresses, Far from seeking ™#mew* that rejected the idea thatthe poet could present a freedom and responsibility (implied by the unfortunate term Comforingly eoherent view of is free vers) hehe oes aster dissptne of exze concord ES liars “The Wie Lan ia fon Cierra tale? sadernisn, representing the moment at which imagism moves into modcmism proper. Broken, fragmented and seemingly ‘The most famous English-lan : unrelated slices of imagery come together to form a disjunctive out of this post-war disillusionment is T. S. Elis epic “The rapeRIBS anti-narrative. The motif of to the Waste Land’ (1922), Eliot was an American poet who had poem as it isto modernism; the omni-present character Tiesias been living in London for some time. Although he was never ing asa unifying theme. The rader i thrown ito confusion, formally associated with the Imagist group, his work was ‘unableto see anything but a heap of broken images, The narrator, admired by Pound, who, in 1915, helped him publish “The jowever (in “The Waste Land” as in other texts), promises to Love Soug of J. Aifved Paigrock", which brought him to show the reader a different meaning; that is, how to make prominence, When Eliot had completed his original draft ofa eaning from dislocation and fragmentation, This construction long pocm based @n both the disintegration of his personal life of an exclusive meaning is essential to modernism. tional text of tage modernist work arising and vision is as ent Pavartisoment for 1.G.N.O.U. 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