METABOLISM

What is Metabolism?
• Metabolism is all the biochemical reactions
occurring in an organism

• Metabolism is all the chemical reactions by

which organic compounds are
synthesized (Anabolism) and degraded
(Catabolism)
 METABOLISM
CATABOLISM ANABOLISM
Breakdown (Degradation) Building up (Synthesis) of
of complex molecules complex molecules
• Exergonic = releases • Endergonic =
energy consumes energy
• Oxidation • Reduction
• e.g. • e.g.
• Oxidation of glucose • Biosynthesis of
• Oxidation of fatty acids glycogen, triacylglycerols
and proteins
Energy Flow
 ENERGY
The capacity to do work

Heat Energy Free Energy

• Helps to maintain • The useful part of

body temperature energy available to do
work
 Storage of Energy
• Energy is stored in the form of chemical
bonds
• There are 2 types:

• Low energy bonds

• High energy bonds

 Low-energy bonds
• On hydrolysis releases ~ 2–4Kcal

• Types of low energy bonds:

1. Peptide bond: Proteins

2. Glycosidic bond: Sucrose, Starch, Glycogen
3. Ester bond: Lipids
 High-energy bonds

• On hydrolysis releases ~ 7 -15Kcal

• Types of High Energy Bonds:

1. Pyrophosphate bond: ATP

2. Creatine-phosphate bond: Phosphagen
3. Thio-ester bond: Acetyl-CoA
Formation of ATP: Our Energy
Battery
ATP is formed by Oxidative Phosphorylation

• The main source of energy

• It occurs in mitochondria by the
Respiratory Chain enzymes =[Electron
Transport Chain ] (ETC enzymes)
 The Electron
Transport Chain
(ETC)
 The Electron Transport Chain [ETC]

• ETC is 4 enzyme complexes found in the Inner

Mitochondrial Membrane: Complex I, II, III, and
IV

• ETC is responsible for the gradual transfer of

electrons from the reduced coenzymes (NADH
and FADH2) to oxygen (O2)
 The Electron Transport Chain [ETC]

• The electrons from NADH and FADH2 are

passed from protein to protein until they arrive at
the final electron acceptor, O2

• Oxygen then combines with 2 H+ to make H2O

• This oxidation process is accompanied by the

release of free energy
 Oxidative Phosphorylation
• The liberated free energy is used by ATP
Synthase (Complex V) for the
phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP:
ADP + Pi → ATP
• This is called coupled “Oxidative
Phosphorylation”; because the oxidation of
the substrate and the phosphorylation of
ADP are coupled together and must occur at
the same time
 NADH and FADH2

• Oxidation of one mole of NADH in ETC

results in a free energy sufficient to
synthesize 3 ATP

• Oxidation of one mole of FADH2 in ETC

results in a free energy sufficient to
synthesize 2 ATP