GS(EE)-121 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (3+0)

Week-4
Equation reducible to homogeneous form
Exact and Non exact equations, Solution of
problems Ex 9.4 by S.M Yusuf
For
2nd Semester
BE Electrical Engineering,
FEST Indus University, Karachi
By
Engr. Muhammad Mohsin
 GS(EE)-121 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (3+0)

Lectures Learning Outcomes of This Week

After Attending these lectures student will be able:

“To Solve Equation reducible to homogeneous form

Exact and Non exact equations, Solution of problems Ex 9.4 by S.M
Yusuf
”
First Order and First Degree Differential Equations:
3. Exact Differential Equation:
A differential equation of the form:
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
is said to be Exact differential equation, if:
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

To Solve:
1. Integrate M with respect to 𝑥 keeping 𝑦 constant.
2. Add the integral with respect to ‘𝑦’of the terms of N free
from 𝑥.
3. Equate it to the arbitrary constant 𝑐.
i.e.

∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

Course Name: Applied Mathematics-II Tutor: Mr. Muteeullah Memon

Example#01: Solve,
(𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Solution:
Let,
𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦, 𝑁 = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦
Now,
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 0 + 4𝑥, = 4𝑥 + 0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 4𝑥 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
So, the Given Differential Equation is an Exact,
Now, for solution we use:

∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

∫(3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

3𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1 2𝑦1+1

+ 4𝑦 + =𝑐
2+1 1+1 1+1
3𝑥 3 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2𝑦 2
+ + =𝑐
3 2 2
Course Name: Applied Mathematics-II Tutor: Mr. Muteeullah Memon
 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
is the required General Solution.
Ans.

Example#02: Solve,
(𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Solution:
Let,
𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦, 𝑁 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑦 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦
Now,
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦, = 2𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑦 + 0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑦, = 2𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
∴ = 2𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
So, the given Differential Equation is an Exact.
Now, for solution we use:

∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

Course Name: Applied Mathematics-II Tutor: Mr. Muteeullah Memon

 ∫(2𝑥𝑦 + 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

∫ 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

𝑥 1+1
2𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝑐
1+1
2𝑥 2 𝑦
+ 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝑐
2
𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝑐
is the required General Solution.
Ans.

Example#03: Solve,
𝒅𝒚 −(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒉𝒚)
=
𝒅𝒙 (𝒉𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚)
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 −(𝑎𝑥 + ℎ𝑦)
=
𝑑𝑥 (ℎ𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)
Firstly, we rewrite the given Differential Equation in
Standard form of Exact D.E.
So, By Cross Multiplication:
(ℎ𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = −(𝑎𝑥 + ℎ𝑦)𝑑𝑥
Course Name: Applied Mathematics-II Tutor: Mr. Muteeullah Memon
 (ℎ𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑎𝑥 + ℎ𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 0
Let,
𝑀 = 𝑎𝑥 + ℎ𝑦, 𝑁 = ℎ𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= ℎ, =ℎ
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=ℎ=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
So, the Given Equation is an Exact Differential Equation.
For Solution, we use the formula:

∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

∫(𝑎𝑥 + ℎ𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

∫ 𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑏𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

𝑎𝑥 1+1 𝑏𝑦1+1
+ ℎ𝑥𝑦 + =𝑐
1+1 1+1
𝑎𝑥 2 𝑏𝑦 2
+ ℎ𝑥𝑦 + =𝑐
2 2
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2
=𝑐
2
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 2𝑐

Course Name: Applied Mathematics-II Tutor: Mr. Muteeullah Memon

is the required General Solution.
Ans.

Example#04: Solve,
(𝟔𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟓)𝒅𝒙 + (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚 − 𝟔)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Solution:
Let,
𝑀 = 6𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 5, 𝑁 = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 6
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 6𝑥 + 4𝑦, = 6𝑥 + 4𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
So, the Equation is an Exact Differential Equation.
Now, for solution we use the formula:

∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

∫(6𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 5)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 6𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

∫ 6𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 5𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 6𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

6𝑥 1+1 𝑦
+ 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 𝑐
1+1
Course Name: Applied Mathematics-II Tutor: Mr. Muteeullah Memon
 6𝑥 2 𝑦
+ 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 𝑐
2
3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 𝑐
is the required General Solution.
Ans.
Example#05: Solve,
(𝒚𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + (𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Solution:
Let,
𝑀 = 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑁 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥, = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 2
𝜕𝑁
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
So, the given equation is an Exact Differential Equation.
Now, for solution use the formula:

∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

∫(𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

∫ 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

Course Name: Applied Mathematics-II Tutor: Mr. Muteeullah Memon

 2𝑦 1+1
𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + =𝑐
1+1
2𝑦 2
𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + =𝑐
2
𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
is the required General Solution.
Ans.

Example#06: Solve,
(𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑)𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎, ∴ 𝒚( 𝟏) = 𝟐
Solution:
Let,
𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑦 − 3, 𝑁 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑥, = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑥 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
So, the given equation is an Exact Differential Equation.
Now, for solution we use the formula:

∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

Course Name: Applied Mathematics-II Tutor: Mr. Muteeullah Memon

 ∫(2𝑥𝑦 − 3)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

∫ 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 3𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

2𝑥 1+1 𝑦 4𝑦1+1
− 3𝑥 + =𝑐
1+1 1+1
2𝑥 2 𝑦 4𝑦 2
− 3𝑥 + =𝑐
2 2
𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 = 𝑐 (1)
is the required General Solution.
Now, the condition is:
𝑦(1) = 2 ∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2
Put these values in Equation (1), we get:
(1)2 (2) − 3(1) + 2(2)2 = 𝑐
2−3+8=𝑐
𝑐=7
Put the value of c in Equation (1), then:
𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 = 7
is the required Particular Solution.
Ans.

Course Name: Applied Mathematics-II Tutor: Mr. Muteeullah Memon

.
References
Related Books:
1. Differential Equations by SM Yousaf
2.Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Erwin Kreyszig,
10th Ed. Willey 2014. ISBN 978-0-470-91361-1
Related Internet Material:

• https://www.mathcity.org/bsc/notes_of_mathematical_method
/ch09_first_order_differential_equations
• https://www.mathcity.org/bsc/notes_of_mathematical_method
/ch10_higher_order_linear_differential_equations