CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

Assignment on -Geospatial Data for Resources

Management

Submitted to: - Dr. Laxmi Kant Sharma

Associate Professor
Department of Environmental science

Submitted by: - Aarti Meena

Enrollment no: - 2021MSES001
MSc. Environmental Science (2semester)
Abstract-

With geospatial technologies, data can be captured in real time. With this data, investigators can
study and investigate the causes and consequences of problems and take appropriate action.
Through this technology, we learn better about the management of natural resources. It is a
technique that efficiently handles most tasks that would otherwise have been impossible. For
example, if you recognize the risk of natural disasters, implement Conversation Programs and
more. Therefore, geospatial data in resource management is a great collaboration to conserve and
safeguard nature for present and future generations. can be used to demonstrate and elaborate
methodologies for decision making system related to resource management. Geospatial
engineering acts as an important circuit for controlling and managing terrestrial resources. It
provides a strategic technique for terrestrial resource management through the integration of
geospatial techniques. It would enable us to carry out proper plans for a proper water supply and
drainage system in any geographic region. The integrated technical planning support system GIS
includes Topics such as 3D visualization of city buildings through the integration of different
tools and thus providing a platform for city management that also includes multidisciplinary
factors. These factors are used to understand the phenomenon, retrieve information from aerial
photography and the local city planning system database, and enable efficient planning by
providing accurate data on various aspects and forecasting a city's urban growth.

1. Introduction-
Resources are important to a country's economy as they play a crucial role in employment
and help industries manufacture their products. The use of geospatial data in resource
management is an advantageous technique that helps to measure resources efficiently and
effectively way. It allows GIS technicians to see human impacts on resources, and helps
identify ways to use those resources. It begins by collecting data on vegetation, land
cover, soil and geology, which are the critical components of our resources. Once the
data is collected, the information is mapped using GIS technology. The data are collected
by remote sensing: satellite images or aerial photographs for research.Geospatial data is
information that describes objects, events, or other features with a location on or near the
earth's surface. Geospatial data generally combines location information (usually
terrestrial coordinates) and attribute information (the properties of the object, event, or
 phenomenon). in question) with temporal information (the time or lifetime in which the
location and attributes exist). The location provided can be short-term static (e.g., the
location of a device, an earthquake, children living in poverty) or dynamic (e.g., a
moving vehicle or a pedestrian, the spread of a contagious disease). Geospatial data
typically includes large sets of geospatial data collected from many different sources in
various formats, and can include information such as census data, satellite imagery,
weather data, cell phone data, drawn images, and social media data. Geospatial data is
most useful when it can be discovered, shared, analyzed. It is used to model and represent
how people, objects, and phenomena interact in space and to make predictions based on
trends in relationships between places.

(Image source: Wikimedia Commons, via USGS)

2.Types and examples of geospatial data

 Types of geospatial data

Geospatial data is information that is recorded along with some sort of geographic indicator.
There are two main forms of spatial data: vector data and raster data.

 Vector data is data in which points, lines, and polygons represent features such as lots,
cities, roads, mountains, and bodies of water. For example, a visual representation using
 vector data could include houses represented by points, streets represented by lines, and
entire cities represented by polygons. Includes network analysis and high-quality maps.
Vector data is a set of explicit coordinates and is represented as points, lines, or
polygon features. Point data is often referred to simply as "location data" because it
represents a location in space. Features with a length or distance, e.g., Features with an
area, such as rivers and roads, are called lines, while features with an area are called
polygons. Polygons are used to represent regions such as parcels, cities, forests, states
or countries.

https://data.library.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/styles/uaqs_large/public/Layout2.jpg?
itok=rj2JcPQY

 Raster data is pixelated or rasterized cells identified by row and column. Raster data
produces images that are much more complex, such as B. Photographs and satellite
images. Continuous surfaces with fuzzy boundaries or with qualities that change
gradually over space (e.g.-soil, land cover, vegetation, pollution.). Includes spatial
analysis and modelling (e.g., agricultural suitability). Raster, or coverages, are images
whose edges have been assigned a geographic location. Although vector data is explicit
because raster are made up of pixels, they represent average values within the area
covered by the pixel. Raster are commonly used in a GIS to display elevations, satellite
imagery, or paper maps scanned into a digital format and at specific geographic extents.
 https://data.library.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/styles/uaqs_large/public/
ShadedReliefDoc_Final.jpg?itok=8pLrSj3K

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
255850776_Application_of_MultiSensor_Satellite_and_Fishery_Data_Statistical_Models_and_
Marine-GIS_to_Detect_Habitat_Preferences_of_Skipjack_Tun
Examples of geospatial data are:

 Vectors and Attributes - Descriptive information about a location, such as points, lines,
and polygons

 Point Clouds - A collection of mapped points that can be recontextualized as 3D

models.

 Raster and satellite images: high-resolution images. our world, taken from above

 Census data: published census data tied to specific geographic areas to study
community trends

 Cell phone data: calls routed via satellite based on GPS location coordinates

 Drawn images: CAD images of buildings or other structures that provide geographic
information and architectural data

 Social Media Data: Social media posts that data scientists can examine to identify
emerging trends

3.Role of geospatial data in resources management

The main application of geospatial data in resource management is to deal with environmental
issues such as floods, landslides, soil erosion, drought, earthquakes, etc. It addresses current
issues such as climate change, habitat loss, population growth, pollution, etc. The solution to
these problems is the application of GIS in the management of resources. Remote sensing with
space sensors is an excellent tool to obtain repetitive observations (with a range from minutes to
days) and synoptic observations (with global coverage).; assessment of drought and flood
damage; Monitoring of land use and Administration, etc. Today, India is one of the world's
leading providers of Earth Observation data with a wide range of spatial, spectral and temporal
resolutions, covering the needs of many applications relevant to national development.

 Risk Management
Geospatial technology, when applied to resource management, can help reduce natural hazards
such as landslides, floods, soil erosion, droughts, earthquakes, etc. Although it is not possible to
prevent or stop these natural disasters through GIS or geospatial techniques, there are ways to
reduce them. Some of the most important ways are early planning, strategy and execution. It
plays an important role in managing and monitoring such dangers and risks. With the help of
GIS, we can have them all Geospatial data on natural hazards from the past or those that are
likely to occur in the near future. With this spatial data, we have a better chance of combating
and reducing the impact of these natural disasters. Spatial data is presented in a GIS-based map.

A GIS floodzone map showing areas of Illinois that would be inundated in a in year flood
https://i0.wp.com/gis-university.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/GIS_floodzone09-small.jpg?
w=612&ssl=1

 Change Detection
In natural resource management, geospatial data helps collect information about land area
changes over rare periods of time. Land change documents are identified using aerial
photos or satellite images. The geospatial application proves useful in assessing
deforestation, land change, habitat fragmentation, urbanization, etc. The information
gathered from the application allows experts to comprehensively study, monitor, and
infer the changes occurring in the landscape, particularly the area. It also serves as a great
help in environmental management. For example- deforestation monitoring of amazon

2001 - November 18, 2019

https://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/145000/145988/amazoninpe_av.jpg
 2001 – 2018
https://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/145000/145988/
forestlosszm2_oli_2000_2018.jpg

 Monitoring the environment

When geospatial technology is applied to resource management, it presents graphical data
that allows professionals to monitor the environment. Identifies quantitative and
qualitative data on environmental issues such as land degradation, pollution, soil erosion
and others. In this way, we can also predict similar future threats and find solutions to
prevent them.
 Ozone Pollution by Monitoring Its Key Ingredients

https://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/91000/91234/nox_maps_2005-
2015.png

 Creating a natural resource inventory

Geospatial technology is used to create a resource inventory, which is a type of statistical
survey to find out the state of our natural resources. It gives us important information
about environmental conditions and talk show policies. We obtain this information
through GIS-based maps of current location and natural resources. Therefore, it is
nothing but a study and management of the earth's resources.
 Soil moisture determination
Soil moisture determinations are critical in a number of ways. While remote sensing
techniques can be used to identify and delineate areas of differing soil moisture,
microwave remote sensing shows promise for subsurface moisture measurements. Such
information is vital not only for irrigation engineers but also for farmers. Models for soil
moisture estimation using single frequency, polarization, and viewing angle SAR data
have also been developed.
 Soil survey and mapping
Soil information is a basic requirement for agricultural planning. It is a three-dimensional
variable and, in addition to image interpretation, requires soil profile investigations in
many places. Satellite data helps reduce the number of profiling studies by optimizing its
location and delimiting the boundaries of the association of soils. Satellite remote sensing
data in analog (image) and digital form were mainly used experimentally. Current
satellite data can be a very efficient tool for small-scale mapping approaching rapid
reconnaissance and reconnaissance levels. These two approaches to interpreting satellite
data, namely the visual interpretation and the computational approach. Visual
interpretation techniques have been used in India to describe soil associations. A
combination of physiographic and photographic features, supported by limited field
verification, has been widely used due to its adaptability to different soil conditions and
at different mapping scales. High resolution stereoscopic data is useful to generate
1:12,500 scale land resource information required for optimal micro-scale land use
planning.

 Land use /cover mapping

Earth observation satellites are the basic tools for mapping and monitoring changes
related to urbanization, identifying sites for tourism development and its impact on flora
and fauna, mining, transport networks, etc. Space-based multispectral data from the IRS-
1A/1B/1C/1D satellites were used to create land use/land cover maps for the entire
countries. IRS IC/ID has improved spatial resolution capabilities, provision of additional
 spectral bands, ability to capture stereoscopic images and improved temporal resolution
compared to IRS IA/IB. IRS-IC/ID satellites have three image sensors, namely a
panchromatic camera with a resolution of 5.8 meters, a Linear Imaging Auto scanner
(LISS-III) with a resolution of 235 meters and a Wide Field Sensor (WiFs) with a spatial
resolution of 188 meters. The combined PAN + LISS-III data will be used for 1:50,000
scale land-use and land-cover mapping under different Projects such as the National
(Natural) Resources Information System (NRIS) of the Department of Space, Natural
Resource Development Management System (NRDMS) of the Department of Science
and Technology. IRS-P6 (Resourcesat-1), launched in October 2003 with a LISSIV
camera on board, now provides multispectral data with a spatial resolution of 5.8 meters.
These data are very useful for mapping land use at levels III and IV, which is difficult
with IRS-LISS-III data.

 Mapping Minerals with Satellite Imagery

Mapping of minerals from space was one of the main reasons behind the development of
the first multispectral satellite systems, such as the Landsat satellites, when they were
launched in 1972. More modern systems, including the recent Landsat 8, Sentinel-2 and
ASTER, have augmented this effort by providing more accurate readings at higher
resolutions. The use of spectral response functions in conjunction with pixel aggregation
has shown that the Sentinel-2 satellite compares favorably to maps produced by ASTER,
which has become one of the leading multispectral maps since the early 2000s. Satellite
systems for geological mapping. Especially short-wave infrared (SWIR; 0.9-1.7 microns
for wavelength) and the visible and near-infrared bands (VNIR; 0.36-1.05 microns for
wavelength) show comparable results in detecting iron.
 Data from the Copernicus Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 missions, as well as data from other
satellites such as NASA’s Shuttle Radar Topography Mission and the US WorldView-3
mission were used to map Namibia’s geology and mineral resources
https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/w_690+q_glossy+ret_img+to_webp/https://
www.gislounge.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Geological_mapping.jpg
 Marine fisheries
Advance data on probably regions of fish aggregation is beneficial in planning fishing
exercises. Aggregation of fishes in a selected area is inspired through some of physical,
organic and environmental parameters including sea floor temperature, ocean biology as
manifested through chlorophyll awareness, currents, combined layer intensity, inner
waves, winds, oxygen, salinity, predator-prey courting etc. During the closing numerous
years, fishery prospect charts were generated and disseminated through developing
anomalies / gradients in sea floor temperature (SST). This is commonly performed
 through bringing nutrient wealthy cooler water to the floor main to greater organic
activity. Though this method has yielded satisfactorily, there's a hassle of detecting SST
gradients applicable to fishery, especially all through summer time season while floor
waters are thermally homogenous. In addition, SST is best a floor phenomenon. On the
opposite hand, ocean shade /chlorophyll awareness is an instantaneous variable
withinside the marine meals chain. So, it's miles anticipated that oceanic capabilities
derived from the shade must offer data on organic productiveness of water masses. In
view of this, an incorporated method for progressed fishery forecast the usage of each
SST and ocean shade is being developed. Different forms of oceanic capabilities
including coastal fronts, rings, mushrooms, meanders, capabilities including tongue –
fashioned fronts, jets are diagnosed on composite photographs for producing fishery
prospect charts. Data to be had from the IRS-P4 (Oceansat-1) Ocean Color Monitor
information and NOAA- AVHRR are getting used for those investigations. Feedback
acquired in phrases of capture in line with unit efforts suggests that full-size observations
each at 50-a hundred m intensity area and in 30-50 m intensity are observed to be
positive. Chlorophyll derived from ocean shade information is likewise utilized in
estimating number one productiveness. This in flip helps fish inventory assessment. Use
of spaceborne information for figuring out colleges of fish has been greater a hit for
pelagic fishes in preference to dimmersal variety.

4.Benefits of applying geospatial data in resource management

 Enables land management by providing useful data needed for construction or farming
work.
 Helps conserve biodiversity on a large scale by helping us extract previous information.
 It contributes to the protection of various biological habitats and promotes flora and
fauna.
 It provides us with the hydrological data to successfully carry out our watershed
management.
 It is also being extended for use in mineral exploration in countries such as Canada,
Australia and the United States.
 Early warning system.
 References
 Choudhury B.U. and Patiram- “Geospatial Techniques and their Role in
Natural Resources Management”
 Mark Altaweel | April 11, 2018 | GIS Data Mapping Minerals with Satellite
Imagery
 Manfré Augusto Luiz September 2012International Journal of Geo-
Information 1:166-185 “An Analysis of Geospatial Technologies for Risk
and Natural Disaster Management”
 Rudra P Ramesh and Dickinson Trevor William- “Journal of Water
Management Modeling Application of GIS in Watershed Management”
 https://www.getfast.ca/general/how-geospatial-technology-contributes-to-
natural-resource-management/#:~:text=Benefits%20of%20applying
%20geospatial%20technology%20in%20natural%20resource,for
%20carrying%20our%20watershed%20management%20successfully.
%20More%20items
 https://ellipsis-drive.com/blog/natural-resource-management-using-gis-
technology/#!
 https://gisresources.com/free-gis-data-mineral-resourcesoil-gas/
 https://www.ibm.com/in-en/topics/geospatial-data
 https://www.uaf.edu/nre/research/gis-improve-resource-management.php
 https://gis-university.com/natural-resources-management-and-gis/