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R.C Notes
R.C Notes
│CHAPTER 1│
Learning Objectives
Appreciate the concept of limit state design and the application of
partial factors of safety
Determine the design forces for simple structural elements
Appreciate the concept of load combination and envelope of
design forces
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 1
HD in Civil Engineering (Aug 2014)
CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
The Hong Kong Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete – 2013
(hereinafter called HKCP-2013) published by the Buildings Department of
HKSAR is adopted in this course.
Essential design data, formulae and tables, which are useful for studying this
course, are extracted and summarized in the “Annex – R C Design
Formulae and Data”.
(a) BS8110: 1985 and BS8110: 1997, Structural Use of Concrete – Part 1:
Code of Practice for Design and Construction.
The design rules of HKCP-2013 are quite similar to that of
BS8110: 1985.
The major change in the 1997 code is that the partial safety
factor for steel reinforcement is changed from 1.15 to 1.05.
However, HKCP-2013 retains the 1.15 partial factor of safety for
steel.
Both versions of BS8110 have been superseded by Eurocode 2
in UK and European countries.
(c) 混凝土結構設計規範(GB50010-2010)/中華人民共和國國家標準.
Chapter 1 2
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(e) Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads – 2011 published by
the Buildings Department of HKSAR.
It specifies the dead loads and imposed loads for design of
buildings and street works in Hong Kong.
(f) Code of Practice for Fire Safety in Building – 2011 Part C – Fire
Resisting Construction published by the Buildings Department of
HKSAR.
It specifies the minimum size of structural elements and the
minimum concrete cover to reinforcement bars for specified fire
resisting construction of building.
Chapter 1 3
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
X
Elevation of the Reinforcement
Section X-X
1 Reinforcement can also be provided in other forms, e.g. welded fabric wire mesh, plates, etc. This course
focuses on the design using steel bars.
Chapter 1 4
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Chapter 1 5
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Key Words
Tensile stress
Ductility
Buckling
Cracks
Min steel ratio
Max clear bar spacing
Stiffness and deflection
Robustness
Concrete cover
Fire resistance
Corrosion
Bond length
Chapter 1 6
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Before the advent of limit state design, structural design is based on the
concept of permissible stress design, by which the structure is designed
such that the stresses in any parts of the structure would not exceed the
elastic limit of the materials. In other words, it aims to ensure all the
materials in the structure remain linear elastic.
However, it is found that a structure may not collapse or even can still
perform satisfactorily if certain parts of the materials in a structure have
stressed beyond the elastic limit. Hence, a more rational and realistic
assessment of the uncertainties in structural design, the Limit state design
(LSD), is advocated. It aims to ensure an acceptable probability that a
structure will perform satisfactorily during its design life. In other words, it
ensures the structure would not exceed its limit states, which are broadly
classified into two: (i) ultimate limit state (ULS) and (ii) serviceability limit
state (SLS).
Ultimate limit state (ULS) is the state when the structure collapses. It
concerns with the strength and stability of the structure.
Serviceability limit state (SLS) is the state when the structure fails to serve its
purposes. It concerns with deflection, cracking, durability, vibration, etc. of
the structure.
2 For some special structures, the most critical limit state may not be the strength under ULS. For examples,
control of crack width dominates the design of water retaining structure; deflection dominates the design of
long-span prestressed concrete girder; settlement dominates the design of footing, etc.
Chapter 1 7
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Two important parameters for structural strength design are loads and
material strengths. Loads induce forces in the structure while material
strengths provide capacity for the structure to resist the forces. However, the
values of loads and strengths cannot be ascertained with definite values.
They are statistical values, and therefore their "characteristic values"
together with "safety factors" come in play in structural design.
Frequency of
occurrences Not more than 5%
of the occurrences
exceed the
characteristic load
Load
Mean load, Characteristic Design Load,
Fm load, Fk f Fk
The characteristic strength of the material (fk) is a value of the strength of the
material that is sufficiently lower than the mean value so that only a small
portion of the materials in the structure is expected to fall below it, as
illustrated in Figure 1.3 below. The characteristic strength is further reduced
by partial safety factor (m) to arrive at the design strength for calculating the
Chapter 1 8
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Strength
Design Characteristic Mean
strength, fk / m strength, fk strength, fm
Different partial factors of safety are adopted for different types of load and
different material stresses to account for their variability and their effect on
the probability and consequence of structural failure.
The above approach is for ULS checking. On the other hands, SLS checking
in principle uses mean values instead of characteristic values and almost
always does not apply partial factor of safety (i.e. partial factor of safety for
SLS = 1.0.)
Chapter 1 9
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
1.3.1 Concrete
As the testing condition and the shape and size of test specimen for
compressive cube test is quite different from the actual effect on the concrete
in the structure, in order to accommodate the differences, the cube strength
fcu, is modified by a coefficient for deriving the design formulae in the design
code. In the UK codes and HKCP-2013, a coefficient of 0.67 is adopted and
therefore,
Two specified grades of steel are used in Hong Kong as given the following
3 For certain type of steel, where a yield is not present, 0.2% proof strength is adopted.
Chapter 1 10
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
table4:
4 In the previous version of HKCP, there are two grades of steel, 250 and 460. HKCP-2013 retains grade 250 but
replaces 460 with 500B and 500C. Grade 250 steel is seldom used nowadays.
5 BS4449:2005 replaces grades 250 and 460 with three grades of steel, namely 500A, 500B & 500C, with the
same characteristic proof or yield strength of 500 MPa but of different levels of ductility. Grade 500B is
commonly used. Grade 500A is cold form steel with low ductility while 500C is hot rolled steel with very high
ductility.
6 The notation is according to BS4466:1989. Some engineers in Hong Kong prefer to use "Y" to denote high
yield bars. However, BS4466 has been superseded by BS8666:2005, which uses H to denote Grade 500 steel
and is further subdivided to HA, HB & HC to denote Grade 500A, 500B & 500C. It is expected the current
notation, using T and R, will be used in parallel with the new system for certain period of time.
Chapter 1 11
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Reinforcement 1.15
The partial factors of safety for material strength (m) are usually incorporated
in the design formulae or design table provided in the design code.
Question A
Determine the design tension capacity of 2T32 rebar.
Chapter 1 12
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Solution
fy = 500 MPa
Steel area, As = 2 x 804 mm2
= 1608 mm2
Design Tension Capacity = 0.87 fy As
= 0.87 x 500 x 1608 / 103
= 700 kN
Question B
Determine the design tension capacity of a T16-150 rebars.
Solution
(T16-150 means T16 bars at 150mm center-to-center spacing)
fy = 500 MPa
Steel area, As = 201 / 0.15
= 1340 mm2 per meter width
Design Tension Capacity = 0.87 fy As
= 0.87 x 500 x 1340 / 103
= 583 kN/m
?
Q.1 – Q.3
Dead load
Imposed load
Wind load.
There are other types of load, like water pressure, earth pressure,
construction load, etc. Details can be found in the relevant design codes.
For the purpose of this course, only dead and imposed loads are
considered.
Chapter 1 13
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Dead loads are the self-weight of permanent items, e.g. structural element
itself (or called self-weight, s/w), partitions, finishes, etc.
Cement mortar 23
Soil 20
Imposed load7 arises from the usage of the building. It is highly variable and
depends on the type of occupancy. It is usually specified by the building
regulations or design code. Examples are given in the table below:
7 In the previous design codes, it is called live load. So, the abbreviation, LL, is still frequently used.
Chapter 1 14
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
F = (f Fk)
If the structure is designed for dead and imposed loads only, the partial
safety factors for ULS are:8
8 For simplicity, only partial safety factors for dead load and imposed load are considered in the course. There are
other partial safety factors for other loads, like wind load, earth load, fire load, etc. Details can be found in the
relevant design code.
Chapter 1 15
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Therefore, the maximum design load for ULS can be expressed as:
Question A
Determine the design load for the following slab:
Overall slab thickness, h : 175 mm
Weight of finishes : 1.5 kPa
Usage : Offices for general use
Solution
Dead Load
Finishes : 1.50 kN/m2
Self-weight : 24.5 x 0.175 = 4.29 kN/m2
gk = 5.79 kN/m2
Imposed Load
Office for general usage: qk= 3.00 kN/m2
Design Load, w = 1.4 x 5.79 + 1.6 x 3.00
= 12.91 kN/m2
Question B
Determine the design load for the following slab:
Overall slab thickness, h : 225 mm
Finishes : 20 mm granite + 25 mm cement mortar
Usage : Department stores
Other loads : Allow 1.5 kPa for movable light-weight partitions
Chapter 1 16
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Solution
Dead Load
Finishes : 29 x 0.02 = 0.58 kN/m2
23 x 0.025 = 0.58 kN/m2
Self-weight : 24.5 x 0.225 = 5.51 kN/m2
gk = 6.67 kN/m2
Imposed Load
Department stores : 5.00 kN/m2
Partitions9 : 1.50 kN/m2
qk = 6.50 kN/m2
Design Load, w = 1.4 x 6.67 + 1.6 x 6.50
?
= 19.74 kN/m2
Q.4 – Q.5
ଵ
Mid-span Moment, M = 0.125 F L or 0.125 w L2 or w L2
଼
ଵ
Shear at Support, V = 0.5 F or 0.5 w L or
ଶ
wL
where
L = Effective span (in m)
F = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk (in kN)
9 Partitions which are permanent in nature with its construction and position indicated on the building plan are
considered as dead load. Partition, the location of which is not defined in the building plan and subject to
change during the usage of the building, shall be regarded as imposed load.
Chapter 1 17
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Question A
Determine the design forces for the following simply-supported beam under uniformly
distributed load (udl):
Effective Span, L = 8 000 mm
Characteristic Dead Load, gk = 29.2 kN/m
Characteristic Imposed Load, qk = 23.5 kN/m
Solution
Gk = 29.2 x 8 = 233.6 kN
Qk = 23.5 x 8 = 188.0 kN
The design load, F = 1.4 x 233.6 + 1.6 x 188.0
= 627.8 kN
Design Mid-span Moment, M = 0.125 F L
= 0.125 x 627.8 x 8
= 627.8 kN-m
Design Shear at Support, V = 0.5 F
= 0.5 x 628
= 313.9 kN
Question B
Determine the design forces for the following simply-supported beam under uniformly
distributed load (udl):
Effective Span, L = 9 000 mm
Overall depth of the beam, h = 750 mm
Breadth of the beam, b = 300 mm
Details of the slab supported by the beam:
Slab thickness = 160 mm
Finishes = 2.0 kPa
Imposed load = 5.0 kPa
Width of slab supported by the beam = 3 300 mm
[Refer to the beam 5B2 on the framing plan in DWG-01 attached at the end of this Chapter
for the details. It is adapted from the 2012/13 examination paper.]
Chapter 1 18
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Solution
Dead Load
Finishes: 2.0 x 3.3 = 6.6 kN/m
Slab S/W: 24.5 x 0.16 x 3.3 = 12.9 kN/m
Beam S/W: 24.5 x 0.3 x (0.75 - 0.16) = 4.3 kN/m
gk = 23.8 kN/m
Imposed Load
5.0 x 3.3 = 16.5 kN/m
qk = 16.5 kN/m
The design load, w = 1.4 x 23.8 + 1.6 x 16.5
= 59.7 kN/m
?
= 268.7 kN
Q.6 – Q.11
Chapter 1 19
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
For a continuous beam, i.e. beam with more than one span, all spans being
loaded with maximum design ultimate load, i.e. [1.4Gk + 1.6Qk], may not
necessarily produce the most adverse bending moment for design. As
illustrated in the following example for a 2-span continuous beam, the most
critical mid-span moment occurs when only one span is maximum loaded,
i.e. [1.4Gk + 1.6Qk] and another span is minimum loaded, i.e. [1.0Gk].
Question
Determine the mid-span design moment for the following 2-span continuous beam.
gk = 11.5 kN/m
qk= 6.0 kN/m
6 000 6 000
Solution
Maximum design load = 1.4gk + 1.6qk
= 1.4 x 11.5 + 1.6 x 6.0
= 25.7 kN/m
Minimum design load = 1.0gk
= 1.0 x 11.5
= 11.5 kN/m
Chapter 1 20
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
115.7 kN-m
65.0 kN-m
Case II – Only one span is maximum loaded while the other span is minimum loaded
83.7 kN-m
78.4 kN-m
Chapter 1 21
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
The design code requires the following three load arrangements have to be
considered to determine the design forces, i.e. moment and shear, for
continuous beam (Cl. 5.2.5.2 of HKCP-2013):
Case I: all spans maximum loaded to obtain the maximum support reactions
Case 2: alternate spans loaded with maximum and minimum load to obtain
the maximum sagging mid-span moments
Case 3: any two adjacent spans maximum loaded and all the other spans
minimum loaded to obtain the maximum hogging support moment
1.4Gk+1.6Qk 1.4Gk+1.6Qk
1.0Gk 1.0Gk 1.0Gk 1.0Gk
Chapter 1 22
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Question
Find the shear force and bending moment envelopes of the beam 1-2-3-4 simply supported
at 2 and 3 with overhang over each support as shown in the following figure.
gk = 15.0 kN/m
qk = 23.0 kN/m
1 2 3 4
Solution
Maximum design load = 1.4gk + 1.6qk
= 1.4 x 15 + 1.6 x 23
= 57.8 kN/m (say 58 kN/m)
Minimum design load = 1.0gk
= 1.0 x 15.0
= 15.0 kN/m
The following table lists 5 possible load patterns and Figures A, B, C, D & E in the following
pages show their load patterns and their shear force and bending moment diagrams.
Load Span with
Effects
Pattern max. load
A 2-3 Max sagging moment of span 2-3
Max shear of span 2-3
B 1-2 & 3-4 Max hogging moment of span 2-3
Max shear and moment of cantilevers 1-2 & 3-4
C All Max support reactions
D 1-2 & 2-3 Max support moment at 2 (but not controlling)
E 2-3 & 3-4 Max support moment at 3 (but not controlling)
By plotting all the shear force diagrams for different load patterns on a single drawing, we
can obtain the shear force envelope which is the outer boundary of all the shear force
diagrams, as shown in Figure F. In similar manner, we can obtain the bending moment
envelope as shown in Figure G. These envelops will then be used for reinforcement
design and detailing.
Chapter 1 23
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Chapter 1 24
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Chapter 1 25
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Chapter 1 26
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
In the analysis of beams and slabs, the supports are idealized as a point
without width. However, in reality supports have width, so we have to identify
the effective span for analysis.10 The design code defines the effective span
as follows (Cl.5.2.1.2(b) of HKCP-2013):
Except for beam seating on bearing, where the center of bearing should be
used to assess the effective span.
BEAM
Sw Sw
Clear Span, Ln a2 = h/2 (if h < Sw)
a1 = Sw/2 (if Sw < h)
Effective Span, L
SUPPORT 1 SUPPORT 2
Elevation
10 The design code allows moment reduction over supports to account for the width of the support. They are not
taken into consideration in this course. Details refer to Cl. 5.2.1 of HKCP-2013.
Chapter 1 27
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Question
Determine the effective spans of the beam 5B2 and the slab 5S1 as shown in drawing
DWG-01 attached at the end of this Chapter.
Solution
Beam 5B2
Clear Span Ln = 9000 – 250 – 250 = 8 500 mm
a1 = a2 = Min(750/2 or 500/2) = 250 mm
Effective Span L= Ln + a1 + a2
= 8500 + 250 + 250
= 9 000 mm
Slab 5S1
Clear Span Ln = 3300 – 150 – 150 = 3 000 mm
a1 = a2 = Min(300/2 or 160/2) = 80 mm
Effective Span L= Ln + a1 + a2
= 3 000 + 80 + 80
= 3 160 mm
?
Q.12 – Q.17
Chapter 1 28
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
115.7 kN-m
78.4 kN-m
92.6 kN-m
78.4 kN-m
Hence, the beam is safe to design for a reduced support moment, i.e.
Chapter 1 29
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Cl.5.2.9 of HKCP-2013 allows moment redistribution for design and the limit
is 30%. The percentage of redistribution for the above beam is (1 -
92.5/115.7) = 20%. It is within this limit.
In the design code, the effect of redistribution is taken into account by the
following parameter:
11 In addition to plastic redistribution as illustrated in the example, bending moment in beam, or indeterminate
structure, will also undergo redistribution when its sections cracks, or even under service load. The section
modulus reduces when the section cracks and therefore the stiffness of the beam is no more uniform, and the
moment will then be redistributed according to the changes in stiffness along the beam. This effect is ignored
and outside the scope of this course.
Chapter 1 30
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Chapter 1 31
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│Key Concepts/Terms│
Ultimate Limit State and Serviceability Limit State ULS & SLS
Gk & Qk
Characteristic Dead Load and Imposed Load
gk & qk
Moment Redistribution βb
Chapter 1 32
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
│Self-Assessment Questions│
A. 123 kN
B. 213 kN
C. 245 kN
D. 107 kN
A. 141 kN
B. 246 kN
C. 123 kN
D. 57 kN
A. 565 mm2 /m
B. 113 mm2
C. 22.6 mm2
D. 5656 mm2
Q.4 Determine the characteristic dead load, gk, of a 150 mm thick R C slab with 1.0 kPa finishes.
A. 4.68 kN/m
B. 6.75 kN/m2
C. 6.55 kN/m2
D. 4.68 kN/m2
Chapter 1 33
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Q.5 Determine the characteristic dead load, gk, of a 175mm thick RC slab with 25 mm thick
cement mortar and 450 mm thick soil on it.
A. 13.9 kPa
B. 19.4 kPa
C. 4.86 kN/m2
D. 13.9 kN/m
Q.6 Determine the design moment, M, for the following simply-supported beam under a uniformly
distributed load (udl):
Effective Span = 7 000 mm
gk = 21.5 kN/m; qk = 15.2 kN/m
A. 381 kN
B. 225 kN-m
C. 3.33 x 105 kN-m
D. 333 kN-m
Q.7 Determine the design moment, M, for the following simply-supported beam under udl:
Effective Span = 7.0 m
Gk = 151 kN; Qk = 106 kN
A. 381 kN
B. 225 kN-m
C. 3.33 x 105 kN-m
D. 333 kN-m
Chapter 1 34
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Q.8 Determine the design load, F, for the following simply-supported beam under udl:
Effective Span = 7 000 mm
gk = 21.5 kN/m; qk = 15.2 kN/m
A. 381 kN
B. 257 kN
C. 3.33 x 105 kN-m
D. 333 kN-m
Q.9 Determine the design moment, M, for the following cantilever beam under udl:
Effective Span = 3 740 mm
gk = 21.5 kN/m; qk = 15.2 kN/m
A. 381 kN-m
B. 257 kN-m
C. 3.33 x 105 kN-m
D. 333 kN-m
Q.10 Determine the design moment, M, for the following cantilever beam under udl:
Effective cantilever span = 4 000 mm
Characteristic dead load = 15.2 kN/m
Characteristic imposed load = 10.3 kN/m
A. 302 kN-m
B. 151 kN
C. 3.03 x 105 kN-m
D. 204 kN-m
Chapter 1 35
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Q.11 Determine the design moment, M, for the following cantilever beam under udl:
Effective cantilever span = 3.5 m
Characteristic dead load = 53 kN
Characteristic imposed load = 35 kN
A. 456 kN-m
B. 154 kN-m
C. 228 kN-m
D. 797 kN-m
A. 5400 mm
B. 5100 mm
C. 5495 mm
D. 5550 mm
A. 5400 mm
B. 4900 mm
C. 5295 mm
D. 5350 mm
Chapter 1 36
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Q.14 Determine the clear span, Ln, of the following simply-supported beam:
Center-to-center distance between supports = 5 400 mm
Width of the supports at both ends = 500 mm
Effective depth of the beam = 335 mm
Overall depth of the beam, h = 400 mm
A. 5400 mm
B. 4900 mm
C. 5235 mm
D. 5550 mm
Q.15 Determine the design moment, M, for the following simply-supported beam under udl:
Clear Span = 6 700 mm
Width of the supports at both ends = 300 mm
Overall depth of the beam, h = 500 mm
gk = 21.5 kN/m; qk = 15.2 kN/m
A. 381 kN-m
B. 257 kN-m
C. 3.33 x 105 kN-m
D. 333 kN-m
Q.16 Determine the design shear, Vs, at the face of the support for the following simply-supported
beam under udl:
Center-to-center span = 7 000 mm
Width of supports at both ends = 300 mm
Overall depth of the beam, h = 500 mm
gk = 21.5 kN/m; qk = 15.2 kN/m
A. 381 kN
B. 182 kN
C. 190 kN
D. 333 kN-m
Chapter 1 37
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Q.17 Determine the design shear, Vs, at the face of the support for the following simply-supported
beam under udl:
Center-to-center span = 9 500 mm
Width of supports at both ends = 400 mm
Overall depth of the beam, h = 500 mm
Design load, w = 73.2 kN/m
A. 381 kN
B. 311 kN
C. 348 kN
D. 333 kN
Answers:
Q1 B T: Grade 500 steel, fy = 500MPa; area of a 25 bar = 491mm2; design tension = 500 x 491 / 1.15 = 213 kN
Q2 C T: Grade 250 steel, fy = 250MPa; area of a 12 bar = 113mm2; design tension = 5 x 250 x 113 / 1.15 = 123 kN
Q3 A Area of a 12 bar = 113mm2; total area for 12 bar at 200 spacing = 113 / 0.200 = 565 mm2 per meter
Q12 A As Sw = 300 < h = 450, Sw controls, and therefore, L = c/c distance btw supports = 5400 mm
Q13 D As h = 450 < Sw = 500, h controls, and therefore, L = 5400 – 500 + 450 = 5350 mm
Q15 D L = 6700 + 300 = 7000mm; M = 0.125 x (1.4 x 21.5 + 1.6 x 15.2) x 72 = 333 kN-m
Q16 B Ln = 7000 – 300 = 6700mm, Vs = 0.5 x (1.4 x 21.5 + 1.6 x 15.2) x 6.7 = 182 kN
Chapter 1 38
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│Tutorial Questions│
[Present your answers with detailed working steps in a neat, tidy and logical manner.]
AQ2 Determine the design forces for the beam 5B2 shown in DWG-01 with the
following changes:
i. The center-to-center distance between adjacent beams is changed
from 3300 mm to 3500 mm, i.e. the distance between gridlines 6
and 7 is changed to 10 500 mm.
ii. An additional allowance for 300 mm thick soil is required.
iii. The width of the beam is increased to 400mm.
The other design parameters remain unchanged.
(Design Load: 94.5 kN/m, BM: 957 kNm, SF: 425 kN)
(Reference: Question B of Example 1.4.5)
A B C D
Figure AQ3
Chapter 1 39
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│CHAPTER 2│
Learning Objectives
Appreciate the stress-strain properties of concrete and steel for
R.C. design
Appreciate the derivation of the design formulae for bending
Apply the formulae to determine the steel required for bending
CONTENTS
Chapter 2 1
HD in Civil Engineering (Aug 2014)
CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Deformation
Strain, Ɛ = (Dimensionless)
Length
Force
Stress, f = (in N/mm2 or MPa)
Area
2.1.1 Concrete
The shape of stress-strain curves varies with the strength of the concrete.
The elastic modulus, i.e. the slope of the initial part of the curves, is higher
for higher strength concrete. In addition, the higher is the strength of the
concrete, the more sudden the failure of the concrete, i.e. more brittle.
Chapter 2 2
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Stress
(MPa)
120
80
40
0
0.001 0.003
Strain
0.002 0.004 0.005
Chapter 2 3
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Ɛcu = 0.0035
The concrete crushes when it deforms to this value and the failure is
brittle and sudden. This value defines the ultimate limit state, ULS,
of R. C structure.
2.1.2 Reinforcement
Steel is much stronger and more ductile than concrete as illustrated in the
typical stress-strain curves of steel in Figure 2.3.
The initial part of the curve is linear and the slope, i.e. the elastic module, is
constant disregard of the strength. The following value of elastic modulus is
adopted in R.C. design.
1 This value is for concrete not higher than Grade C60. Concrete becomes more brittle when its strength is higher,
and therefore the value of Ɛcu is lower. Details refer to the design code.
Chapter 2 4
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Stress
(MPa)
800
700
0.2% Proof
Stress
600
500
400
300
Yield Stress
200
A typical stress-strain
100 curve of concrete
Most of the grades of steel exhibit a definite yield point at which strain
increases suddenly without increase in stress. The stress at this point, i.e.
yield stress, fy, is adopted for design. For steel without yield, 0.2% proof
stress is adopted. Beyond this point, the strength of steel continues to
increase but with substantial increase in strain.
The tensile and compressive strength properties of steel are the same.
The design code provides an idealized stress-strain curve for design as
given in Figure 2.4.
Chapter 2 5
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Ɛy
fy / m = fy / 1.15 = 0.87 fy
Stress = Es Ɛs
= 200 000 Ɛs
(c) The yield strain, i.e. beyond which the stress of steel is 0.87fy, is:
Chapter 2 6
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Question
Determine the design ultimate capacity for axial compression of the following concrete
section:
Concrete : C40
Dimensions : 400mm x 400mm
Rebars : 4T25 vertical bars fully restrained by links
Solution
Asc = 4 x 491
= 1 964 mm2
Anc = 400 x 400 – 1 964
= 158 036 mm2
Nuz = 0.45 fcu Anc + 0.87 fy Asc
= (0.45 x 40 x 158036 + 0.87 x 500 x 1964) x 10-3
= 2845 + 854
= 3 699 kN
2 The application of this equation is subject to the following conditions: (i) the column is subject to axial load only,
without eccentricity and moment, (ii) the rebars restrained from buckling, and (iii) the column is not slender.
Design of column will be discussed in another chapter.
Chapter 2 7
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When a beam is under downward bending as shown in Figure 2.5 below, the
upper part of the beam is in compression and the lower part is in tension. If
the plane section remains plane after deformation as shown in figure (a), the
strain distribution will be linear as shown in figure (b), with zero strain at the
neutral axis and increasing linearly outward towards the top and bottom
fibers of the section.3
a d
b c
Elevation of a Beam under Load
Ɛcc
a d
M M x
Neutral
d Axis
Rebar
b c
Ɛst
(a) Deformation of a-b-c-d (b) Strain (c) Stress (Elastic) (d) Stress (Plastic)
When the load is small and the material is still linear elastic, the stress will be
in linear proportion to the strain. The distribution of the compressive stress
above the neutral axis is then in triangular shape as shown in figure (c).
The concrete below the neutral axis is assumed unable to take up any
tensile stress, and rebars are provided to take up the tension.
3 The "plane section remains plane" assumption is usually valid in beam design, except under some
circumstances, for examples, deep beam with span-to-depth ratio is smaller than 4, at section under very high
shear force, etc. It is out of the scope of this chapter.
Chapter 2 8
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If the load is further increased until the section become plastic, the
compressive stress block of concrete will become parabolic in shape and the
tension steel become yielded as shown in figure (d).
Ɛcc (d – x)
Ɛst =
x
where
d = The effective depth of the section. It is the depth
measured from the top of the section (for sagging
moment) to the centroid of the tension reinforcement.
Therefore, 0.0035 (d – x)
≥ 0.002175
x
In other words, the section should be designed such that depth of neutral
axis should not exceed the limit to ensure ductility.
Chapter 2 9
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x ≤ 0.5 d [2.1]
If moment redistribution is more than 10%, i.e. βb < 0.9, the depth of neutral
axis is limited to:
Question A
Determine the effective depth of the following section:
Overall beam depth, h = 500 mm
Concrete cover = 40 mm
h d
Size of link: 10
Bottom bars: 3T32 in one layer
3T32
Solution
Effective Depth, d = 500 – 40 – 10 – 32 / 2
= 434 mm
d
Bar size / 2
Link size
Cover
Question B
Determine the effective depth of the following section:
Overall beam depth, h = 650 mm
Concrete cover = 45 mm h d
Size of link: 12
2T32
Bottom bars: 2T40 + 3T32 in two layers
2T40 + T32
4 This limit is for concrete not higher than Grade C45. For higher grade of concrete the limit is more stringent.
Details refer to the design code.
Chapter 2 10
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Solution
The clear spacing between two layers of bars should not be less than (vide Cl.8.2 of
HKCP-2013):
(a) maximum bar size
(b) aggregate size + 5 mm
(c) 20 mm
Alternatively, the effective depth is simply taken to the "center", instead of the centroid, of
the two layers of rebars as follows.
Effective depth, d = 650 – 45 – 12 – 40 – 40/2
= 533 mm (the deviation is about 2.9% only)
Unless rigorous checking is required, this method is in general acceptable for
manual calculation in design office. In fact, during the initial design stage, the amount
steel required is unknown. Assumption has to be made on the bar size, based on which to
estimate the effective depth for calculating the steel required and then the number and size
of bars. Once the bar size is known, the initial assumption on effective depth has to
verified. If the initial assumption is on conservative side and does not deviate too much
from actual value, the result will then be treated as acceptable and the calculation would not
be re-done.
After the steel has yielded, the beam continues to deform until the top
concrete crushes at the ultimate strain, Ɛcu, and the distribution of
compressive stress in the compression zone, i.e. above the neutral axis, will
then be in the shape of rectangular-parabolic as shown in (b) of Figure 2.6
below. In order to make it more manageable in deriving the design formula
for bending, a simplified rectangular stress block as shown figure (c) of
Figure 2.6 is adopted (Figure 6.1 of HKCP-2013).
Chapter 2 11
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s/2
x s
Neutral
d Axis
z
Ɛst
s = 0.9 x
and, the lever arm, z, between the centroid of the compression force in the
concrete and the tension force of rebars is:
z =d–s/2
Rearranging, s = 2 (d – z)
The objective of the design formulae is to determine the steel area, As, with
the following information given:
5 It is for concrete not higher than Grade C45. The value of "s" is smaller for higher grade of concrete. Details refer
to the design code.
Chapter 2 12
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Effective depth : d
b 0.45fcu
s = 0.9 x
s/2
x
Fcc
Neutral
Axis
M
d z
Fst
As
= 0.9 fcu b (d - z)
Tension in the rebar Fst = 0.87 fy As
M = Fcc z
= 0.9 fcu b (d - z) z
Chapter 2 13
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
(z / d)2 – (z / d) + K / 0.9 = 0
M = Fst z
= 0.87 fy As z
The limit to the depth of neutral axis, i.e. x ≤ 0.5 d, imposes a lower limit to
the lever arm6:
z ≥ d – 0.9 (0.5d) / 2
z ≥ 0.775 d [2.5]
6 This limit is for concrete not higher than Grade 45. This limit is more stringent for higher grade of concrete.
Refer to the design code for details.
Chapter 2 14
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In addition, the design code also provides an upper limit to the lever arm (Cl.
6.1.2.4 (c) of HKCP2013):
z ≤ 0.95 d
When putting z = 0.95d into the equation of lever arm [2.3], we can find that
the corresponding value of K is 0.0428. In other words,
If the amount of reinforcement is provided such that the depth of the neutral
axis is just at the limit of 0.5d, the section will then fail by crushing of the
concrete immediately after the steel has yielded. This beam section is called
a balanced section. The corresponding level arm is 0.775d. Putting this
value into the equation of equilibrium of moment about the tension force, the
moment of resistance of the balanced section is:
Mbal = Fcc z
= 0.9 fcu b (d – 0.775d) 0.775d
Therefore, Mbal = 0.157 fcu bd2
If the design moment of a section is larger than Mbal, it will fail by crushing of
concrete before yielding of steel no matter how much tension steel is
provided, that is undesirable; unless compression steel is provided as
discussed in 2.2.8 below.
In other words, if a section is over-reinforced, the neutral axis will exceed the
upper limit leading to failure without ductility, though the moment capacity is
increased, as illustrated in following figure.
Chapter 2 15
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Moment
As > As,bal (w/o compression steel)
Mbal
As As,bal
As < As,bal
0
Deflection
If moment redistribution is more than 10%, i.e. βb < 0.9, the value of K' is
reduced to:
7 It is for concrete not higher than Grade C45. The value of K' is smaller for higher grade of concrete. Details
refer to the design code.
Chapter 2 16
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4. Check z / d ≤ 0.95
5. Calculate the steel area As = M / (0.87 fy z)
Question A
Determine the rebars for the following beam section:
Design ultimate moment, M = 350 kN-m βb = 1.0
Breadth, b = 350 mm
Effective depth, d = 480 mm
Concrete, fcu = 35 MPa
Steel, fy = 500 MPa
Solution
K= M / (bd2 fcu)
= 350 x 106 / (350 x 4802 x 35)
= 0.124
βb = 1.0 < 0.156 (Singly reinforced)
Question B
For the section in Example A, find the moment of resistance of the balanced section and the
corresponding amount of steel.
Solution
Mbal = K' fcu bd2
Chapter 2 17
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z= 0.775 d
= 0.775 x 480
= 372 mm
As = M / (0.87 fy z)
= 440 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 372)
= 2719 mm2
Question C
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the following beam section:
Breadth, b = 350 mm
Effective depth, d = 480 mm
Area of steel provided, As = 2412 mm2 (i.e. 3T32)
Concrete, fcu = 35 MPa
Steel, fy = 500 MPa
Solution
(The design formulae in the design 0.45fcu
Simplified Rectangular
For equilibrium of compression and tension forces: Stress Block
Fcc = Fst
0.45 fcu (b s) = 0.87 fy As (assuming steel has yielded)
s= 0.87 fy As / (0.45 fcu b)
= 0.87 x 500 x 2412 / (0.45 x 35 x 350)
= 190.3 mm
Chapter 2 18
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= 211.5 mm
< 0.5 x 480 = 240 mm (steel has yielded as assumed)
?
= 404 kN-m
Q.5 – Q.8
K > K',
The neutral axis cannot be further lowered. It remains at the limiting depth
to retain ductility. Therefore,
z = (1.18 – 0.45βb) d
Fcc z = K' fcu bd2
For βb > 0.9,
z = 0.775 d
Fcc z = 0.156 fcu bd2
Chapter 2 19
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Ɛcu
0.45fcu
Ɛsc
d'
Fsc
As' x s
Fcc
Neutral M
Axis
d
d – d'
z = d – s/2
As
Fst
Ɛst
Section
(a) (b)
Strain at Ultimate Limit Simplified Rectangular
State Stress Block
Rearranging, it becomes
M - 0.156 fcu bd2
A's =
fsc (d - d')
Chapter 2 20
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By equilibrium of forces
Fst = Fcc + Fsc
Rearranging, it becomes
0.156 fcu bd2 fsc
As = + As'
0.87 fy z 0.87 fy
The value of fsc can be determined from the strain distribution in Figure 2.8(a)
above, that is
Ɛsc / (x - d') = Ɛcu / x
Rearranging, d' / x = 1 - Ɛsc / Ɛcu
If Ɛsc > 0.002175 at Ɛcu = 0.0035, the compression steel has yielded at the
ultimate limit state, i.e. fsc = 0.87 fy :
Chapter 2 21
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
the compression bars are so close to the neutral axis that they has not
yielded and the stress in the compression bars has to be calculated by:
fsc = Es Ɛsc
Question A
Determine the steel required for the following beam section:
Design ultimate moment, M = 500 kN-m βb = 1.0
Breadth, b = 350 mm
Effective depth of tension steel, d = 480 mm
Effective depth to comp'n steel, d' = 70 mm
Concrete, fcu = 35 MPa
Steel, fy = 500 MPa
Chapter 2 22
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Solution
K= M / (bd2 fcu)
= 500 x 106 / (350 x 4802 x 35)
= 0.177
βb =1.0 > 0.156 (Compression steel is required)
Chapter 2 23
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Question B
Determine the strain and stress of the compression reinforcement for a doubly reinforced
concrete section with the following information:
d= 350 mm
d' = 70 mmm
Ɛcu
Ɛsc
d'
x
Solution
Neutral
For doubly reinforced section, x= 0.5 d d
Axis
= 0.5 x 350
= 175 mm
d' / x = 70 / 175
= 0.40 > 0.38 (Compression steel has not yielded)
?
= 420 N/mm2
Q.9 – Q.13
Chapter 2 24
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
shallower neutral axis, which, in most circumstances, falls within the flange
without trespassing into the web of the beam. On the other hand, the flange
does not assist in resisting the hogging moment at the supports, where the
compression zone is at the bottom of the section.
Chapter 2 25
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
beff beff
Compression
hf
d
h
Tension bw
bw
T – Section L – Section
Notes:
(a) The length of the cantilever, l3, should be less than half the adjacent span.
(b) The ratio of the adjacent spans should lie between 2/3 and 1.5.
For simply-supported beam, the whole span is under sagging moment, and
therefore, lpi = effective span of the simply-supported beam (L).
Chapter 2 26
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
The design of flanged section for bending can be simply treated as the
design of rectangular section by putting:
b = beff
x ≤ hf
or (d – z) / 0.45≤ hf [2.11]
Question A
Determine the effective flange width for an interior span of a continuous beam with
approximately equal spans with the following information:
Breadth, bw = 350 mm
Chapter 2 27
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Solution
Internal span of ctu beam lpi = 0.7 x 6700
= 4 690 mm
b1 = b2 = 2 500 / 2
= 1250 mm
beff,1 = beff,2 = Min (0.2 x 1250 + 0.1 x 4690 or 0.2 x 4690 or 1250)
= Min (719 or 938 or 1250)
= 719 mm
beff = 2 x 719 + 350
= 1788 mm
Note: As 719 > 0.1 x 4690, the shear stress between the web and flange has to be checked,
i.e. Note 1 of Figure 2.12, which is outside the scope of this chapter and is ignored for the
purpose of this course.
Question B
Determine the effective flange width for the following simply-supported beam:
Breadth, bw = 300 mm
Effective span, L = 9 000 mm
Clear spacing btw adjacent beams = 2 000mm (same on both sides)
Solution
Simply supported beam lpi = 9000
b1 = b2 = 2000 / 2
= 1000 mm
beff,1 = beff,2 = Min (0.2 x 1000 + 0.1 x 9000 or 0.2 x 9000 or 1000)
= Min (1100 or 1800 or 1000)
= 1000 mm
beff = 2 x 1000 + 300
= 2300 mm
Chapter 2 28
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Question C
Determine the steel required for the following beam section:
Design ultimate moment, M = 500 kN-m (sagging)
Breadth, bw = 350 mm
Slab thickness, hf = 150 mm
Effective flange width, beff = 1780 mm
Effective depth of tension steel, d = 480 mm
Concrete, fcu = 35 MPa
Steel, fy = 500 MPa
Solution
b = beff = 1780mm
K= M / (bd2 fcu)
= 500 x 106 / (1780 x 4802 x 35)
= 0.0348
< 0.156 (No compression steel required)
K < 0.0428 Lever arm, z = 0.95d
= 0.95 x 480
= 456 mm
Check x= (480 – 456) / 0.45
= 53 < 150 mm (N.A. is within the flange)
This example is similar to Question A in 2.2.9 except that it is a flanged section. As the value
of b in this case is 5 times that of the rectangular section in the previous example, the value
of K is therefore reduced also by almost 5 times and becomes much smaller than K' and, as
a result, the upper bound value of z is adopted. When the total steel area required (2521
mm2) is compared with that required for rectangular section (322 + 3043 = 3365 mm2), there
?
is a saving of 25%.
Q.14 – Q.17
Chapter 2 29
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There are lower and upper limits to the amount of steel and the spacing
between bars in reinforced concrete. The lower bound is to prevent unsightly
cracking due to shrinkage, temperature effect, restrained action and brittle
failure. On the other hand, the upper bound is to prevent congestion of
reinforcement bars that would affect the proper compaction of concrete.
On the other hands, reinforcement bars cannot be placed too far apart; they
have to be placed close enough to distribute the cracks on the surface of the
concrete element. The maximum spacing of the bars is determined by the
service stress in the rebars, their distance from the concrete surface and the
thickness of the concrete element. Detailed requirements for beams and
slabs can be found in Cl.9.2.1.4 and Cl.9.3.1.1 of HKCP-2013. They will not
be covered in this chapter. For simplicity, the following rules of thumb can be
adopted for preliminary design:
Chapter 2 30
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Example
For a beam of 400 mm wide, provide 3 to 4 bars at the outer layer depending on the size
of the bars.
For slab, under most circumstances, limit the spacing of main bars to not
more than 2h or 250 mm whichever is lesser.
The maximum and minimum limits for Grade 500 steel commonly used in
R.C. design are summarized in the table below:8
Beam
Column 0.80 6
Wall
In calculating the steel ratio for the above table, the gross area of the
concrete, Ac, is adopted.
8 There are more specific requirements on the steel ratios, like compression steel in the flange of flanged beam,
steel area at the lapping of rebars, cantilever slab, ductility requirements for members resisting lateral load, etc.
Refer to the design code for details.
Chapter 2 31
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?
Q.18 – Q.20
Chapter 2 32
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
│Key Concepts/Terms│
Effective Depth d
Chapter 2 33
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
│Self-Assessment Questions│
A. 510 mm
B. 530 mm
C. 265 mm
D. 550 mm
A. 557 mm
B. 541 mm
C. 525 mm
D. 312.5 mm
A. 159 mm
B. 138 mm
C. 144 mm
D. 150 mm
Chapter 2 34
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Q.4 Determine the allowable depth of the neutral axis, x, of the following rectangular beam
section.
βb = 1.0
A. 322 mm
B. 300 mm
C. 539 mm
D. 269.5 mm
Q.5 Determine the K value for the following rectangular beam section.
Breadth, b = 300 mm
A. 0.142
B. 0.108
C. 1.415
D. 0.124
Chapter 2 35
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Q.6 Determine the amount of tension steel, As, required for the following rectangular beam
section.
A. 3212 mm2
B. 2320 mm2
C. 1856 mm2
D. 2134 mm2
Q.7 Determine the amount of tension steel, As, required for the following rectangular beam
section.
A. 701 mm2
B. 2320 mm2
C. 1856 mm2
D. 693 mm2
Q.8 Determine the amount of tension steel, As, required for the following rectangular beam
section.
A. 372 mm2
B. 366 mm2
C. 327 mm2
D. 701 mm2
Chapter 2 36
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Q.9 Determine the lever arm, z, for the following rectangular beam section.
K= 0.178 βb = 1.0
A. 462 mm
B. 426 mm
C. 317 mm
D. 491 mm
Q.10 Determine the compression steel, A's, required for the following rectangular beam section.
K= 0.188 βb = 1.0
A. 3617 mm2
B. 642 mm2
C. 4776 mm2
D. 491 mm2
Chapter 2 37
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Q.11 Determine the steel required for the following rectangular beam section.
Q.12 Determine the steel required for the following rectangular beam section.
Q.13 Determine the lever arm, z, for the following rectangular beam section.
K= 0.150 βb = 0.8
A. 462 mm
B. 520 mm
C. 317 mm
D. 491 mm
Chapter 2 38
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Q.14 Determine the effective flange width, beff, for the end span of a continuous beam with
approximately equal spans with the following information:
Breadth, bw = 300 mm
A. 2918 mm
B. 2600 mm
C. 2129 mm
D. 1829 mm
Q.15 Determine the effective flange width, beff, for the following simply-supported beam:
A. 1395 mm
B. 2290 mm
C. 2540 mm
D. 2750 mm
Chapter 2 39
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Q.16 Determine the lever arm, z, for the following flanged beam section.
A. 457 mm
B. 355 mm
C. 376 mm
D. 461 mm
Q.17 Determine the steel area required for the following flanged beam section.
Q.18 In the design of a 600mm (h) x 400mm (b) reinforced concrete beam, if the amount of steel
required for resisting the design moment by the rectangular section is found to be 210 mm2,
which of the following reinforcement is most appropriate?
A. 2T12
B. 2T16
C. 4T12
D. 1T20
Chapter 2 40
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Q.19 In the design of a 400mm x 400mm reinforced concrete column, if the amount of steel
required for resisting the design axial force is found to be 1250 mm2, which of the following
reinforcement is most appropriate?
A. 4T20
B. 3T25
C. 4T25
D. 12T32
Q.20 Which of the following is the most appropriate rebars for the flanged beam under sagging
moment as described below?
The amount of bottom steel required to resist the sagging moment = 380 mm2
A. 2T20
B. 2T16
C. 4T12
D. 5T12
Chapter 2 41
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Answers:
Q6 D K = 0.114; z = 0.851 x 534 = 454.7mm; As = 422 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 454.7) = 2134 mm2
Q7 A K = 0.0511; z = 0.940 x 534 = 501.7mm; As = 153 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 501.7) = 701 mm2
Q8 A K = 0.0303; z = 0.95 x 169 = 160.6mm, As = 26 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 160.6) = 372 mm2
Q10 B As' = (0.188 - 0.156) x 35 x 350 x 6342 / (0.87 x 500 x (634 - 70)) = 643 mm2
Q11 D K = 0.1913; As' = (0.1913 - 0.156) x 40 x 350 x 5052 / (0.87 x 500 x (505-70)) = 666 mm2; As = 0.156
Q12 A K = 0.2122; As' = (0.2122 - 0.156) x 40 x 400 x 4752 / (0.87 x 500 x (475-70)) = 1151 mm2; As =
0.156 x 40 x 400 x 4752 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.775 x 475) + 1151 = 4668 mm2
Q13 B βb = 0.8 < 0.9, max x = (βb – 0.4)d = 0.4 x 634 = 253.6; z = 634 – 0.45 x 253.6 = 520mm
Q14 C bi = 2600 / 2 = 1300mm; lpi = 0.85 x 7700 = 6545 mm; beff = 2 x min(0.2 x 1300 + 0.1 x 6545, 0.2 x
6545, 1300) + 300 = 2129 mm
Q15 C bi = (3000 - 250) / 2 = 1375mm; lpi = 8700mm; beff = 2 x min(0.2 x 1375 + 0.1 x 8700, 0.2 x 8700,
1375) + 250 = 2540 mm
Q17 A K = 0.0345 < 0.0428; z = 0.95 x 486 = 461.7 mm; As = 668 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 461.7) = 3326 mm2
Q18 C Min As = 0.13 x 600 x 400 / 100 = 312 > 210 mm2; preferably provide 4 bars over 400mm; therefore
use 4T12, As = 452 mm2
Q19 C (A) 100As / bh = 0.785 < 0.8 unacceptable; (B) At least 4 bars; (D) 100As / bh = 6.03 > 6
unacceptable
Q20 D Min As = 0.18 x 600 x 400 / 100 = 432 > 380; although the steel area 4T12 is ok, it is preferable to
provide at least 5 – 6 bars over the width of 600mm.
Chapter 2 42
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│Tutorial Questions│
[Present your answers with detailed working steps in a neat, tidy and logical manner.]
Chapter 2 43
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
AQ3 Identify the assumptions that have been made in deriving the formulae for
bending.
Chapter 2 44
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
│CHAPTER 3│
Learning Objectives
Appreciate the derivation of the design formulae for shear and
apply them to design for shear
Apply the concept of span-to-depth ratio to check deflection of
beam
Apply the concept of bond strength to determine the anchorage
and lap length of reinforcement bars
CONTENTS
Chapter 3 1
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
V
v= [3.1]
bvd
where
V= design ultimate shear force
d= effective depth of the section
bv = breadth of the section for shear resistance
for rectangular section, bv = b
for flanged section, bv = bw
Concrete itself has some inherent shear resistance, which is provided by (i)
the uncracked concrete in the compression zone, (ii) aggregate interlocking
and (iii) the dowelling action of tension bars. If the shear stress, v, is less
than this inherent shear resistance, the section is, theoretically, not required
to provide any shear reinforcement. However, in practice, unless the
element is of minor importance or it is a slab, even the shear stress is very
small, nominal shear reinforcement should be provided.
The design concrete shear stress, vc, is defined by the following equation
(Table 6.3 of HKCP-2013):
100 As 400 1
vc = 0.79 ( )1/3 ( )1/4 [3.2]
bvd d m
where
100 As should not be taken as greater than 3. (As is the steel area of
( )
bvd longitudinal tension steel.)
Chapter 3 2
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
400 should not be taken as less than 0.67 for members without shear
( )1/4
d reinforcement.1
400 should not be taken as less than 1 for members with minimum
( )1/4
d shear reinforcement.
m 1.25, partial factor of safety for shear strength of concrete
If fcu > 25 MPa, the value of vc has to be multiplied by (fcu / 25)1/3. The value
of fcu should not be taken as greater than 80MPa.
Example
If 100As / (bvd) = 1.5, d = 300 mm, for Grade C35 concrete,
the value of vc = 0.78 x 1.12 = 0.874 MPa.
(where 1.12 = (35/25)1/3)
If the averaged shear stress, v, is greater than the design concrete shear
stress, vc, shear reinforcement should be provided. The amount of vertical
1 Members do not required to provide shear reinforcement are normally referring to slabs or beam of minor
important and the design shear stress is very small.
Chapter 3 3
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
shear links2 required can be derived by assuming that the angle of shear
crack is 45o to the horizontal as illustrated in the figure below.
V d
45o
sv
Therefore, the shear resistance of the shear links = 0.87 fyv (d/sv)Asv
For equilibrium, the sum of shear resistances due to concrete and shear
links has to be larger than the design shear:
Having determined the value of Asv/sv, the size and spacing of shear links
can be read from the following table:
8 1.257 1.005 0.804 0.670 0.574 0.503 0.447 0.402 0.366 0.335 0.309
10 1.964 1.571 1.257 1.047 0.898 0.785 0.698 0.628 0.571 0.524 0.483
12 2.827 2.262 1.810 1.508 1.293 1.131 1.005 0.905 0.823 0.754 0.696
16 5.027 4.021 3.217 2.681 2.298 2.011 1.787 1.608 1.462 1.340 1.237
Table 3.2 – Asv / sv Values for Single Link (2 legs) (in mm2 per mm)
2 Other than link or stirrup, shear reinforcement can be in the form of bent-up bars. However, bent-up bars are
seldom used nowadays. Detail design requirements for bent-up bars can refer to Cl.6.1.2.5(e) of HKCP-2013.
Chapter 3 4
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Example
If the shear reinforcement (Grade 250) required is found to be Asv / sv = 0.552,
R10-275-2/legs can be used (Asv / sv pro = 0.571 > 0.552).
As mentioned above, even the average shear stress is very small (i.e. v < vc),
the following nominal shear reinforcement (i.e. minimum links) should be
provided, unless (i) the beam is of minor importance or v < 0.5 vc or (ii) it is a
slab.3
where
Asv = cross-sectional area of all legs of a link (in mm2)
sv = spacing of links (in mm)
fyv = characteristic strength of the link (in N/mm2)
Example
The nominal links (Grade 250) required for a beam section with bv = 450mm is
Asv / sv = 0.4 x 450 / (0.87 x 250) = 0.828
Provide R10 - 175 - 2legs.
3 This formula for nominal link is applicable for concrete not higher than Grade C40. Refer to the design code for
modification for higher grade of concrete.
Chapter 3 5
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
If the shear stress of a section is found to exceed the above limits, the
concrete will crush under shear, and the size of the section has to be
increased.
Example
For Grade C45 concrete,
the maximum allowable shear stress is the lesser of 0.8 √ 45 = 5.4 MPa or 7 MPa,
i.e. 5.4 MPa.
Chapter 3 6
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
2d/av
The upper limit to the enhanced design concrete shear stress is still the
lesser of 0.8√fcu or 7 MPa.
Simplified Approach
(1) Check the maximum design shear force at the face of support, Vs:
(2) Design the shear reinforcement for the design shear force at a distance,
d, from the face of support. Vd:
Vd = Vs – wd and vd = Vd / (bvd)
If vd < (vc + 0.4), provide nominal links [3.4] over the span;
otherwise, provide shear links [3.3] for Vd up to the face of support.
Chapter 3 7
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
V
Vs
Vd
Vn
Links cannot be placed too far apart. The maximum spacing of links is
limited by Cl.9.2.2 of HKCP-2013:4
sv 0.75d [3.7]
(b) At right-angle to the span, the horizontal spacing should be such that
no longitudinal tension bar is more than 150 mm from a vertical leg;
this spacing should in any case not exceed d.
4 There are other detailing requirements affecting the spacing of links. If compression steel is provided, the size
and spacing of link shall comply with the requirements on containment of compression steel as specified in
Cl.9.2.1.9 and Cl.9.5.2 of HKCP-2012. The requirements on transverse reinforcement in lap zone specified in
Cl. 8.7.4 of HKCP-2013 may also affect the details of links if there is lapping of rebars.
Chapter 3 8
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
≤ 0.75d X
Elevation
≤d
d
≤ 150
Section X - X
In order to maintain the stiffness of the reinforcement cage during fixing and
concreting, it is advisable not to have spacing of links more than 300 mm.
Question A
Design the shear reinforcement for the following section.
fcu = 30 MPa bv = 200 mm
fy = 500 MPa. h= 200 mm
fyv = 250 MPa. d= 134 mm
Tension rebars: 2T32
Design Shear Force, V = 120 kN
Chapter 3 9
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Solution
Average shear stress v= V / (bvd)
= 120 x 103 / (200 x 134)
= 4.48 MPa
> 0.8 √ 30 = 4.38 MPa
(Concrete will crush. Re-design the section)
Question B
Design the shear reinforcement for the following section.
fcu = 30 MPa bv = 300 mm
fy = 500 MPa. h= 400 mm
fyv = 250 MPa. d= 334 mm
Tension rebars: 2T32
Design Shear Force, V = 120 kN
Solution
Average shear stress v= V / (bvd)
= 120 x 103 / (300 x 334)
= 1.20 MPa
< 0.8 √ 30 = 4.38 MPa (Concrete does not crush)
! Counter-check
the value of vc,
0.774, by reading
(400 / d)1/4 =
vc =
=
(400 / 334)1/4 = 1.046 > 1
0.79 x (1.60)1/3 x (1.046) / 1.25 x (30 / 25)1/3
0.774 x 1.063
from Table 3.1.
= 0.82 MPa
Nominal Links
Asv / sv = 0.4 x bv / (0.87 fyv)
= 0.4 x 300 / (0.87 x 250)
= 0.552
Max sv = 0.75 x d
Chapter 3 10
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(Although the steel area of R10 – 275 - 2legs is adequate, it cannot fulfill the maximum
spacing requirements.)
Question C
Design the shear reinforcement for the following section.
fcu = 40 MPa bv = 350 mm
fy = 500 MPa. h= 650 mm
fyv = 250 MPa. Cover = 35 mm
Tension rebars: 3T40
Preferred size for link: 12
Design Shear Force, V = 360 kN
Solution
Effective depth, d = 650 – 35 – 12 – 20 = 583 mm
Average shear stress
v= V / (bvd)
= 360 x 103 / (350 x 583)
= 1.76 MPa
< 0.8 √ 40 = 5.06 MPa (Concrete does not crush)
!
100As / (bvd) = 100 x 3771 / (350 x 583) = 1.85 < 3
1.0 is used as
(400/d)1/4 = (400 / 583)1/4 < 1 (use 1.0)
links not lesser
vc = 0.79 x (1.85)1/3 x (1.0) / 1.25 x (40 / 25)1/3 than nominal will
= 0.776 x 1.17 be provided
= 0.91 MPa
Shear Links
Asv / sv = bv (v – vc) / (0.87 fyv)
Chapter 3 11
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?
(Alternatively, R10 – 225 - 4legs (Asv / sv, pro = 2 x 0.698 =1.396) is also adequate.)
Q.1 – Q.9
Question
Design the shear reinforcement for the following simply-supported beam.
Design parameters
Effective depth, d = 550 mm
Beam breadth, b = 300 mm
c/c distance btw supports = 7 000 mm
Width of support, Sw1 = Sw2 = 300 mm
fcu = 35 MPa
fyv = 250 MPa
Design Load (udl), w = 65 kN/m (S/W included)
Bottom bars provided for bending = 4T25 at mid-span with 2T25 curtailed at
560 from the face of the support
Solution
As h > Sw L= c/c distance between support
= 7 000 mm
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ai = 300 / 2 = 150 mm
(This beam is symmetrical; shears at both ends are the same.)
V= F/2
= 65.0 x 7 / 2
= 227.5 kN
Shear Links
Asv / sv = bv (v – vc) / (0.87 fyv)
= 300 x (1.10 – 0.59) / (0.87 x 250)
= 0.703
(Provide R10 – 200 - 2legs as shear links)
Chapter 3 13
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Max sv = 0.75 x d
= 0.75 x 550 = 413 mm
(Provide R10 – 275 – 2legs as nominal links)
Asv / sv, prov = 0.571 > 0.552
6R10-200 SS 6R10-275 SS 6R10-200 SS
Elevation
Chapter 3 14
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
and,
Allowable L / d = ml mt mc (Basic L / d )
As "effective span" and "effective depth" are adopted in definng the ratio,
design codes and text books always refer it to "effective span-to-depth ratio"
or "span-to-effective depth ratio". For simplicity, this teaching material
simply calls it "span-to-depth ratio" or "L/d ratio".
The basic L/d ratio should be obtained from Table 7.3 of HKCP-2013.
Chapter 3 15
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
The basic L / d ratio has to be reduced if the span is too large. For effective
span > 10 m, the basic L/d ratio should be multiplied by ml:
The basic L/d ratio should be modified by the factor, mt, obtained from Table
7.4 of HKCP-2013, which depends on the design ultimate moment and the
service stress of the tension reinforcement at the center of the span (or at
the support of cantilever beam). The units of M/(bd2) and fs are in N/mm2.
Example
For a simply-supported rectangular beam, if M/(bd2) = 5.00 MPa and fs = 300 MPa, the
modification factor, mt = 0.80, and therefore the allowable L/d = 0.80 x 20 = 16.0.
Chapter 3 16
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Chapter 3 17
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Question A
Without the knowledge on the rebars, perform a preliminary check on the adequacy of the
beam mentioned above for deflection.
Solution
Basic L / d = 20 (Table 7.3)
Allowable L / d = 0.83 x 20
= 16.6
Question B
For the above beam, with following additional information, check its adequacy for deflection
again.
As, req = 1575 mm2
Tension steel provided: 2T32 + 1T25
Chapter 3 18
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Solution
Basic L / d = 20 (Table 7.3)
Allowable L / d = 0.98 x 20
= 19.6
Question C
If two additional steel bars, 2T16, are provided in the compression zone of the beam
mentioned above, check the deflection again.
Solution
Assume the additional bars, 2T16, are placed in the compression zone and are fully
restrained from buckling by links. The first part of the calculation is the same, but one more
modification factor, mc, has to be applied.
Basic L / d = 20 (Table 7.3)
Chapter 3 19
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
?
Q.10 – Q.13
The design ultimate bond stress, fbu, i.e. the ultimate strength of the
concrete to hold the bar, is given by Eqn 8.3 of HKCP-2013:
fbu = β √fcu
Chapter 3 20
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Chapter 3 21
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Example
For Grade 500 bars embedded in Grade C40 concrete, the ultimate anchorage bond length
is 35ϕ. Therefore, the ultimate anchorage bond length of T25 bar in Grade C40 concrete is
35 x 25 = 875 mm (say 900 mm).
5 The transmission of force from one bar to another bar can also be achieved by other means, like welding and
mechanical couplers. Refer to the design code for details.
Chapter 3 22
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│Key Concepts/Terms│
Chapter 3 23
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│Self-Assessment Questions│
Q.1 Determine the averaged shear stress, v, for the following beam section.
A. 1.76 MPa
B. 1.49 MPa
C. 0.55 MPa
D. 0.33 MPa
Q.2 Determine the design concrete stress, vc, for the following beam section.
A. 0.63 MPa
B. 0.57 MPa
C. 0.51 MPa
D. 0.79 MPa
Q.3 Determine the design concrete stress, vc, for the following beam section.
A. 1.29 MPa
B. 0.88 MPa
C. 0.90 MPa
D. 1.03 MPa
Chapter 3 24
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Q.4 Determine the minimum value of design concrete stress, vc, for a rectangular beam section
constructed with Grade C45 concrete and reinforced with Grade 500 steel.
A. 0.34 MPa
B. 0.41 MPa
C. 0.51 MPa
D. 0.79 MPa
Q.5 Determine the nominal shear reinforcement required, Asv / sv, for the following beam section.
A. 0.276 mm2/mm
B. 0.309 mm2/mm
C. 0.724 mm2/mm
D. 0.552 mm2/mm
Q.6 Determine the shear capacity, Vn, of the following beam section if it is provided with nominal
shear reinforcement.
A. 40 kN
B. 146 kN
C. 106 kN
D. 183 kN
Chapter 3 25
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Q.7 What is the maximum allowable shear stress of Grade C40 concrete?
A. 0.8 MPa
B. 7.0 MPa
C. 5.06 MPa
D. 5.1 kN/m2
Q.8 If Asv / sv required is 1.20 mm2/mm, which of the following links is most appropriate?
Q.9 If Asv / sv required is 2.40 mm2/mm, which of the following links is most appropriate?
Q.10 Determine the modification factor, mt, to the Basic Span-to-depth ratio for the following
rectangular beam section.
A. 1.22
B. 0.70
C. 0.80
D. 0.78
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Q.11 Determine the modification factor, mt, to the Basic Span-to-depth ratio for the following
flanged beam section.
bw = 400 mm
A. 0.77
B. 1.19
C. 0.82
D. 1.70
Q.12 Find the allowable span-to-depth ratio of the end-span of a one-way continuous slab with the
following information:
A. 22.1
B. 23.0
C. 21.0
D. 25.0
Q.13 Find the allowable span-to-depth ratio for a simply-supported flanged beam with the following
information.
A. 16.8
B. 16.0
C. 15.3
D. 21.0
Chapter 3 27
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Answers:
Q2 A 100As / (bd) = 0.718; 400 / d < 1 (use 1); vc = 0.566 x 1.119 = 0.63 MPa
Q4 B Min vc in Table 6.3 of HKCP-2013= 0.34; for Grade C45 concrete 0.34 x 1.216 = 0.41 MPa
Q8 A (A) Asv / sv = 1.26 >1.2 Ok; (B) spacing too small; (C) Asv / sv = 0.897 < 1.2 inadequate; (D) Asv / sv =
Q9 C (A) ) Asv / sv = 2.26 < 2.4 inadequate; (B) ) Asv / sv = 1.79 < 2.4 inadequate; (C) ) Asv / sv = 2.51 < 2.5
OK; (D) ) Asv / sv = 2.5 > 2.4 adequate but bar size is too large, hence (C) is comparatively better.
Q10 D M / (bd2) = 5.45 MPa; fs = 0.603 x 500 = 302 MPa; mt = 0.55 + 0.23 = 0.78
Q11 B M / (bd2) = 1.06 MPa; fs = 0.653 x 500 = 327 MPa; mt = 0.55 + 0.64 = 1.19
Chapter 3 28
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│Tutorial Questions│
[Present your answers with detailed working steps in a neat, tidy and logical manner.]
AQ1 Design the shear reinforcement for the following beam section:
bw = 450 mm
(a) Check by flanged section with As, req = 4239 mm2. (mt = 1.29)
(b) Check by using rectangular section with As, req = 5012 mm2. (mt = 0.73)
Chapter 3 29
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
│CHAPTER 4│
Design of R C Beams
Learning Objectives
Identify the data, formulae and procedures for design of R C
beams
Design simply-supported and continuous R C beams by integrating
the following processes
o determining design loads
o determining design forces by force coefficients
o determining reinforcement for bending and shear
o checking deflection by span-to-depth ratio
CONTENTS
Chapter 4 1
HD in Civil Engineering (Aug 2014)
CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
The design data, formulae and rules that you have learnt in Chapters 1 to 3,
which are summarized in the "Annex – R C Design Formulae and Data", will
be adopted in this Chapter. You will learn how to integrate and apply them
to carry out the whole process of design calculations for a beam.
1 Beam may also be subjected to torsion and axial load. They are beyond the scope in this chapter. Refer to
the design code for details.
Chapter 4 2
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
In general, the following data are required to determine the design forces:
(b) Span
Center-to-center span
Support width, Sw, and overall depth of the beam, h
Effective span, L
2
For the purposes of this course, we focus our discussion on gravitational loads only.
3 Beam may also be part of the structural frame to resist lateral load. Design forces, i.e. moment and shear,
obtained from the lateral analysis have to be considered together with that due to gravitation loads. In order to
ensure robustness of the whole structure in resisting lateral load, additional ductility requirements are imposed.
It is beyond the scope of this chapter. Refer to the design code or other text for details.
Chapter 4 3
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
For simply-supported beam under uniformly distributed load (udl), the force
coefficients are:
For continuous beams with approximately equal spans under udl, the
following force coefficients are provided by HKCP-2013:
Notes:
2. Characteristic imposed load may not exceed the characteristic dead load.
The values in the above table can be presented in the form of moment and
shear force diagrams as shown below.
Chapter 4 4
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
0.11FL
0.08FL
Bending
Moment
Diagram
0.07FL
0.09FL
0.45F 0.55F
Shear Force
Diagram
0.55F
0.6F
Figure 4.1 – Moment and Shear Force Diagrams for Continuous Beams
with Approximately Equal Span under udl
In the above table, the design moment at the outer support is zero, i.e.
simply supported. However, reinforced concrete beams are usually
constructed monolithically with the support. In order to avoid unsightly
cracks due to the moment arising from partial fixity at the support, a
minimum design bending moment of at least 15% of the span moment is
recommended by Cl.9.2.1.5 of HKCP-2013.
Chapter 4 5
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4. Calculate the shear forces at d from the faces of the supports, Vd.
5. Calculate vc.
Chapter 4 6
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Question
A rectangular beam simply supported at both ends as shown below. Design the
reinforcement and check if the deflection is acceptable or not.
Chapter 4 7
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
h
Sw1 Sw2
Elevation Section
Design parameters
Beam overall depth, h = 750 mm
Beam breadth, b = 300 mm
c/c distance btw supports = 9 050 mm
Width of LHS support, Sw1 = 400 mm
Width of RHS support, Sw2 = 850 mm
fcu = 35 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
fyv = 250 MPa
Cover = 35 mm
Preferred bar size = 40 mm
Preferred link size = 10 mm
Design Load (udl), w = 60 kN/m (S/W included)
Solution
Effective Span
Clear Span, Ln = 9050 – 400 / 2 – 850 / 2
= 8425 mm
Effective Span, L = Ln + a1 + a2
Design Forces
(In this question, it is not necessary to determine the design load as it is given.)
Design Load, w = 60 kN/m (given)
Design Moment, M = 0.125 w L2
Chapter 4 8
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
= 0.125 x 60.0 x 92
= 607.5 kN-m
Design Shear, V = 0.5 w L
= 0.5 x 60 x 9
= 270 kN
Effective Depth
d= 750 – 35 – 10 – 40 / 2
= 685 mm
Chapter 4 9
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Chapter 4 10
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Question A
Design the R C beam, 5B2, shown on the framing plan in DWG-01 of Chapter 1. The
following are the design parameters for the beam.
Design parameters
Beam overall depth, h = 750 mm
Beam breadth, b = 300 mm
Slab thickness, hf = 160 mm
c/c distance btw supports = 9 000 mm
Width of support, Sw = 500 mm (similar at both ends)
c/c distance btw adjacent beams = 3 300 mm (similar on both sides)
fcu = 35 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
fyv = 250 MPa
Cover = 35 mm
Preferred bar size = 32 mm
Preferred link size = 10 mm
Density of concrete = 24.5 kN/m3
Allowance for finishes = 2.0 kPa
Characteristic imposed load = 5.0 kPa
Solution
Effective Span
As h > Sw L= c/c distance between supports
= 9 000 mm
a1 = a2 = Sw /2 = 250 mm
Loading
Load width = 3300 mm It is the c/c distance
between adjacent beams.
Dead Load
Finishes: 2.0 x 3.3 = 6.6 kN/m
Slab S/W: 24.5 x 0.16 x 3.3 = 12.9 kN/m
Chapter 4 11
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Design Forces
Design Moment, M = 0.125 x 59.7 x 92
= 604 kN-m
Design Shear, V = 0.5 x 59.7 x 9
= 269 kN
Effective Depth
d= 750 – 35 – 10 – 32/2
b
eff
= 689 mm
x
hf
Lpi = L = 9 000 mm
beff,1 = beff,2 = Min (0.2 x 1500 + 0.1 x 9000 or 0.2 x 9000 or 1500)
= Min (1200 or 1800 or 1500)
= 1200 mm
beff = 2 x 1200 + 300
= 2 700 mm
Chapter 4 12
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Chapter 4 13
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Question B
Re-design the R C beam, 5B2, in Example A, as 5B2A with the following changes:
Q1 – Q2
?
Beam overall depth, h = 550 mm (reduced)
Additional load = 100 mm thick brick wall with 15mm cement mortar on
both sides, 3.0 m high seating directly on the beam
over the whole span
Density of brick is 21.7 kN/m3
Density of cement mortar is 23 kN/m3
Chapter 4 14
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Solution
Design parameters
Beam overall depth, h = 550 mm (revised)
Beam breadth, b = 300 mm
Slab thickness, hf = 160 mm
c/c distance btw supports = 9 000 mm
Width of support, Sw = 500 mm (similar at both ends)
c/c distance btw adjacent beams = 3 300 mm (similar on both sides)
fcu = 35 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
fyv = 250 MPa
Cover = 35 mm
Preferred bar size = 40 mm (An increased value is assumed)
Preferred link size = 10 mm
Density of concrete = 24.5 kN/m3
Allowance for finishes = 2.0 kPa
Characteristic imposed load = 5.0 kPa
Effective Span
As h > Sw L= c/c distance between supports
= 9 000 mm
a1 = a2 = Sw / 2 = 250 mm
Loading
Load width = 3.3 m
Dead Load
Finishes: 2.0 x 3.3 = 6.6 kN/m
Wall: (21.7 x 0.1 + 23 x 0.03) x 3.0 = 8.6 kN/m (additional)
Slab S/W: 24.5 x 0.16 x 3.3 = 12.9 kN/m
Beam S/W: 24.5 x 0.3 x (0.55 - 0.16) = 2.9 kN/m
gk = 31.0 kN/m
Imposed Load
5.0 x 3.3 = 16.5 kN/m
qk = 16.5 kN/m
Chapter 4 15
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Design Forces
Design Moment, M = 0.125 x 69.8 x 92
= 707 kN-m
Design Shear, V = 0.5 x 69.8 x 9
= 314 kN
Effective Depth
d= 550 – 35 – 10 – 40 / 2
= 485 mm (revised)
Chapter 4 16
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As,pro = 3 x 1257
= 3 771 mm2
100As / bh = 100 x 3771 / (300 x 550) = 2.285
> 0.18 and < 4.0 (Steel ratio ok)
Chapter 4 17
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Nominal Links
Asv / sv = 0.4 x bv / (0.87 fyv)
= 0.4 x 300 / (0.87 x 250)
?
= 0.552
Max sv < 0.75 x d Q3 – Q4
Chapter 4 18
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(a) In order to support the links, top bars are provided at the top corners
of the links. They are called carriers, and should not be regarded as
compression steel unless they are properly restrained from buckling.
(c) Provision of 3 number of bars on the tension face of the beam with
300mm width, the bar spacing deems appropriate for dispersing the
cracks. (Refer to chapter 2 for details.)
4 The rules of reinforcement detailing are beyond the scope of this chapter. Refer to the design code for details.
Chapter 4 19
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Questions A & B in 4.3.2 let you appreciate the design of a long-span beam
by sub-frame analysis. It accentuates the heavily reinforced sections at the
supports, and illustrates the effect of moment redistribution on the design.
Question
DWG-03 at the end of this Chapter shows the framing plan of a roof garden. There is a
continuous beam RB21-RB22-RB23. Design the reinforcement and check the deflection
for the end span, RB21 of this beam.
Solution
Design parameters
The following design parameters can be obtained from DWG-03:
Beam overall depth, h = 600 mm
Beam breadth, b = 350 mm
Slab thickness, hf = 150 mm
c/c distance btw supports = 6 500 mm (same for all spans)
Width of LHS support, Sw1 = 200 mm
Width of RHS support, Sw2 = 350 mm
c/c distance btw adjacent beams = 3 200 mm (same on both sides)
fcu = 35 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
fyv = 250 MPa
Cover = 40 mm
Preferred bar size = 32 mm
Preferred link size = 10 mm
Density of concrete = 24.5 kN / m3
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Effective Span
As h > Sw, L= center-to-center distance btw support
= 6 500 mm
a1 = Sw1 / 2 = 100 mm
a2 = Sw2 / 2 = 175 mm
Loading
Load width = 3200 mm
Dead Load
Roofing: 2.0 x 3.2 = 6.4 kN/m
Soil: 20 x 0.45 x 3.2 = 28.8 kN/m
Slab S/W: 24.5 x 0.15 x 3.2 = 11.8 kN/m
Beam S/W: 24.5 x 0.35 x (0.60-0.15) = 3.9 kN/m
gk = 50.9 kN/m
Imposed Load
5.0 x 3.2 = 16.0 kN/m
qk = 16.0 kN/m
Chapter 4 21
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Effective Flange Width (equal slab span on both sides of the beam)
b1 = b2 = 1 425 mm
bw = b = 350 mm
(End-span) Lpi = 0.85 x 6500 mm
= 5525 mm
beff,1 = beff,2 = Min (0.2 x 1425 + 0.1 x 5525 or 0.2 x 5525 or 1425)
= Min (837.5 or 1105 or 1425)
= 837.5 mm
beff = 2 x 837.5 + 350
d
= 2 025 mm
K= M / (bd2fcu)
b
w
= 368 x 106 / (2025 x 5342 x 35)
= 0.018
βb = 1.0 < 0.156 (Singly reinforced)
Chapter 4 22
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Chapter 4 23
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K= M / (bd2fcu)
= 450 x 106 / (350 x 5342 x 35) b
w
= 0.129
βb = 1.0 < 0.156 (Singly reinforced)
Chapter 4 24
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Vd = Vs – w d
= 360 – 96.8 x 534 / 103
= 308 kN
vd = 308 x 103 / (350 x 534)
= 1.65 MPa
Chapter 4 25
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= 1.569
Question A
A continuous beam 3B5-3B6-3B7-3B8 is analyzed by the method of sub-frame5 according
to Cl. 5.2.5.1 of HKCP-2013, as shown below.
C7 C8 C9 C1 C1
The center-to-center distances between columns are used as the span length for analysis.
The design moment and shear force diagrams of the interior span, 3B7, are given below.
There is no redistribution of moment, (i.e. βb = 1.0). The load cases are:
5 There are several approaches to simplify monolithic reinforced concrete frames for analysis. Details can be
found in Cl. 5.2.4 of HKCP-2013. It is beyond the scope of this chapter.
Chapter 4 26
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‐2000
‐1,691
‐1500
‐1,113
‐1000
Moment‐1
‐500 Moment‐2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Moment‐3
0
500
748
1000
‐1000
‐625
‐500
Shear‐1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0 Shear‐2
17
Shear‐3
500
705
1000
Design the bending and shear reinforcement and check the deflection of the beam, 3B7,
with the following design parameters.
Design parameters
Beam overall depth, h = 650 mm
Beam breadth, b = 550 mm
Slab thickness, hf = 150 mm
c/c distance btw supports = 11 000 mm
Width of supports, Sw = 500 mm
clear distance btw adjacent beams = 3 300 mm (same on both sides)
fcu = 40 MPa
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fy = 500 MPa
fyv = 500 MPa
Cover = 40 mm
Max design load, w = 111 kN/m
Solution
Design for Mid-span Bending Moment
M= 748 KN-m (sagging Mt resisted by flanged section)
Effective Flange Width (Equal slab span on both sides of the beam)
b1 = b2 = 3 300 / 2 = 1 650 mm
bw = b = 550 mm
(Read from BMD) Lpi = 9000 – 1400 = 7600 mm
beff,1 = beff,2 = Min (0.2 x 1650 + 0.1 x 7600 or 0.2 x 6600 or 1650)
= Min (1090 or 1320 or 1650)
= 1090 mm
beff = 2 x 1090 + 550
= 2 730 mm
K= M / (bd2fcu)
= 748 x 106 / (2730 x 5802 x 40)
= 0.0204
βb = 1.0 < 0.156 (Singly reinforced)
Chapter 4 28
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
= 3 496 mm2
100As / bh = 100 x 3496 / (550 x 650) = 0.98
> 0.18 and < 4.0 (Steel ratio ok)
K= M / (bd2fcu)
= 1074 x 106 / (550 x 5702 x 40)
= 0.150
βb = 1.0 < 0.156 (Singly reinforced)
6 Refer to Cl.5.2.1.2(b) of HKCP-2013 for details. It is beyond the scope of this chapter.
Chapter 4 29
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Nominal Link
Asv / sv = 0.4 x bv / (0.87 fyv)
Chapter 4 30
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K= M / (bd2fcu)
= 1647 x 106 / (550 x 5402 x 40)
= 0.257
βb = 1.0 > 0.156 (Compression steel required)
Chapter 4 31
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Chapter 4 32
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Question B
Moment redistribution is applied to the design moments at the supports of the beam 3B7.
The RHS support moment of load case 2 is redistributed by 25% and the LHS support
moment of load case 3 is redistributed by 30% and the resultant design moment and shear
diagrams are given below. The design parameters in Example A are still applicable.
Re-design the beam 3B7.
Chapter 4 33
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‐2000
‐1500
‐1,183
‐1000
‐835
Moment‐1
‐500 Moment‐2a
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Moment‐3a
0
500
748
1000
‐1000
‐599
‐500
Shear‐1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0 Shear‐2a
17
Shear‐3a
500
659
1000
Solution
There is no change to the mid-span design moment.
As a demonstration, only the RHS support bending moment is checked.
Chapter 4 34
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K= M / (bd2fcu)
= 1142 x 106 / (550 x 5702 x 40)
= 0.160
βb = 0.7 > 0.104 (Compression steel is required.)
Chapter 4 35
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Comments:
(a) As βb = 0.7, the value of K', the upper limits to the depth of neutral axis, x, and the
lever arm, z, are reduced.
(b) As the upper limit to the neutral is reduced, d'/x becomes so large that the
compression bars have not yielded at ultimate limit state.
(c) As the compression bars have not yielded, the stress in the compression bars has
to be determined from the strain, which is then used, instead of the yield stress, in
the calculating the amount of compression bar.
(d) The total amount of steel saved in this section is about 26%. The percentage of
steel in this section is reduced from 3.37% to 2.58%.
Chapter 4 36
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Chapter 4 37
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Chapter 4 38
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│Self-Assessment Questions│
Q.2 Calculate the nominal shear reinforcement (fyv = 250MPa) for the following beam sections:
Chapter 4 39
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Distance from the end of effective span to the face of support, ai = 200mm
(a) Calculate the design shear force at the face of support, Vs.
(b) Calculate the design shear force at d from the face of the support, Vd.
(c) What is the value of design shear force shall be used to check for crushing of concrete?
Q.4 Calculate the shear reinforcement (fyv = 250MPa) required for the following sections:
Answers:
Q1a=0+3430; Q1b=0+3060; Q1c=1366+6641; Q1d=0+5723
Chapter 4 40
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│Tutorial Questions│
AQ1 The design parameters, including loading, span, beam size, etc. of the
beams in the examples in 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 are quite similar.
AQ2 Re-design the reinforcement and check the deflection for the beam 5B2
shown in DWG-01 of Chapter 1 with the following changes (refer to Question
A of 4.2.2 for the original design):
(As req = 3380 mm², vc = 0.786 N/mm², mt = 1.46)
fcu = 35 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
Cover = 35 mm
Chapter 4 41
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AQ3 Design the reinforcement and check the deflection for the interior span,
RB22, of the continuous beam in 4.3.1, and as shown in DWG-03. Adopt
the design parameters in 4.3.1.
(As req = 1297 mm², vc = 0.77 N/mm², mt = 1.68)
Chapter 4 42
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│CHAPTER 5│
Design of R C Slabs
Learning Objectives
Differentiate one-way and two-way slabs
Design simply-supported and continuous one-way slabs by
integrating the processes of
o determining design loads
o determining design forces by force coefficients
o determining of reinforcement for bending and shear
o checking of deflection by span-to-depth ratio
Extend the design method to design simple R C stairs
CONTENTS
5.4 Stairs
5.4.1 Types of Stairs
5.4.2 Design for Stair Slabs
5.4.3 Example – Self-weight of Stair Flight
5.4.4 Examples – Longitudinally-spanned Stairs
Chapter 5 1
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Support
Support Support
Support Support
Support
On the other hand, if the slab is supported on four edges as shown in the
right-hand-side of the figure, it bends in two directions as indicated by the
arrows marked on the slab. It is called a two-way slab. Reinforcements in
two directions have to be designed to resist the bending in their respective
direction.
In reality, most of the slabs are surrounded by beams on four edges. If the
length-to-width ratio, i.e. aspect ratio, of the slab is more than 2 as shown in
Figure 5.1 below, the supporting beams on shorter edges can be ignored,
and the slab is therefore treated as a one-way slab being supported on the
two opposite longer edges only.
L > 2L
Effective Support
Effective Support
Chapter 5 2
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1m
1m
1 Slab subjected to uniformly distributed load (udl) is adopted in this chapter to illustrate the fundamental
procedures in slab design. Slabs may be subjected to concentrated load in the forms of point load or line load.
An effective width of the slab has to be determined to design for the extra moment and shear induced by the
concentrated load. Details can be found in the design code.
Chapter 5 3
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Question
Determine the design forces for the following simply-supported one-way slab.
Design parameters
Slab thickness, h : 150 mm
c/c distance btw supports : 3 000 mm
Width of the supporting beam, Sw : 350 mm (same for both ends)
Allowance for finishes : 1.5 kPa
Usage of the floor : Department Store
Solution
Dead Load
Finishes : 1.50 kN/m2
Self-weight : 24.5 x 0.15 = 3.68 kN/m2
gk = 5.18 kN/m2
Imposed Load
Department Store: qk= 5.00 kN/m2
Chapter 5 4
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! ?
The design moment
and shear are in per Q.1
meter width of the
slab.
For continuous slabs with approximately equal spans under udl, the
following force coefficients (extracted from Table 6.4 of HKCP-2013) can be
adopted:
Notes:
1. Area of each bay exceeds 30 m2.
2. Characteristic imposed load does not exceed 5kPa.
3. The ratio of characteristic imposed load to the characteristic dead load does not
exceed 1.25.
4. An allowance of 20% redistribution of the moments at the supports has been made.
5. Load should be substantially uniformly distributed over three or more spans.
A bay mentioned in "Note 1" of the above table is defined as a strip across
the full width of a structure bounded on the other two sides by lines of
2 The force coefficients for continuous end support is omitted from this table. If necessary, refer to the original
table in the design code for details.
Chapter 5 5
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The values in the above table can be presented in the form of moment and
shear force diagrams as shown below.
0.086FL
0.063FL
Bending
Moment
Diagram
0.063FL
0.086FL
0.5F 0.5F
0.4F
Shear Force
Diagram
0.5F
0.6F
In the above table, the design moment at the outer support is zero, i.e.
simply supported. However, reinforced concrete slabs are usually
constructed monolithically with the supporting beam. In order to avoid
unsightly cracks due to the bending arising from partial fixity at the support, a
minimum design moment of at least 50% of the mid-span moment is
Chapter 5 6
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Take note of the following differences when compared with that for beam in
Chapter 4 (i.e. Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1):
(a) The force coefficients for slab are in general smaller than those for
beam. The support moments are about 22% lesser, and the
mid-span moments are 5% to 10% lesser.
If a slab does not fulfill the conditions to use the force coefficients in the
above table, structural analysis has to be performed to determine the design
forces. The most unfavorable arrangement of design loads as described in
Section 1.5 of Chapter 1 has to be designed for. However, if the slab fulfills
conditions 1 to 3 stated in the notes of Table 5.1 above, a single-load case of
maximum design load on all spans can be adopted for design.
Q.2
?
5.3 Design of Slab
The design method for slabs is quite similar to that for beam with the
following differences:
(a) The breadth of the section, b = 1 000 mm, i.e. taking one meter
width for design.
(d) No compression bar is usually designed for unless the slab is very
thick, i.e. h > 200mm, and heavily loaded. Simply check if K < K';
Chapter 5 7
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(f) The steel area, As, obtained is per meter width of the slab, i.e. in
mm2 per m. The reinforcement is provided in the terms of bar
spacing instead of number of bars.
?
Example
If As,req = 723 mm2/m, we can provide: Q.3
Size 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 350
8 503 402 335 287 251 223 201 183 168 144
10 785 628 524 449 393 349 314 286 262 224
12 1131 905 754 646 565 503 452 411 377 323
16 2011 1608 1340 1149 1005 894 804 731 670 574
3 Design for shear is critical for slabs supported directly on columns, i.e. flat slab, or slabs subjected to high
magnitude concentrated load. The thickness of this types of slab is always controlled by punching shear stress
at the perimeter of the column or concentrated load.
Chapter 5 8
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2. Calculate vc.
If v > vc, increase the thickness of the slab and re-design it.
For one-way slab, the reinforcement bars designed to resist the bending
moment are placed in one direction only, i.e. in the direction of span. In
addition to these main reinforcement bars, secondary reinforcement bars
have to be provided in the direction at right angle, i.e. transverse, to the main
bars to tie the slab together and to distribute uneven loading or any
accidental concentrated load that may arise during its life of usage. These
secondary reinforcement bars are called distribution bars, Asd, which has to
fulfill the following requirements:
Chapter 5 9
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Question A
Design the reinforcement and check if the deflection is acceptable for the following
simply-supported one-way slab.
Design parameters
Slab thickness, h = 175 mm
c/c distance btw supports = 4000 mm
Width of supporting beams, Sw = 250 mm
fcu = 30 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
Cover = 25 mm
Preferred bar size = 10 mm
Characteristic imposed load = 3.0 kPa (Offices)
Allowance for finishes = 1.0 kPa
Partition load = 1.0 kPa (Lightweight undefined)
Solution
Dead Load
Finishes : 1.00 kN/m2
Self-weight : 24.5 x 0.175 = 4.29 kN/m2
gk = 5.29 kN/m2
Imposed Load
Partition load : 1.00 kN/m2
Offices : 3.00 kN/m2
qk= 4.00 kN/m2
Chapter 5 10
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= 3925 mm
Design Moment, M = 0.125 x 13.81 x 3.9252
= 26.6 kN-m
Design Shear, V = 0.5 x 13.81 x 3.925
= 27.1 kN
! b = 1000
K=
=
=
M / (bd2fcu)
26.6 x 106 / (1000 x 1452 x 30)
0.042
βb = 1.0 < 0.156 (Singly reinforced)
Chapter 5 11
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Comment: For this slab, deflection controls the amount the steel required.
Chapter 5 12
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Question B
Present the reinforcement detail of the slab in Question A in proper engineering drawing.
Solution
(a) Top bars are provided at the supports for anti-cracking purposes. The nominal
requirement is 50% of the steel required at mid-span. They are provided with full
anchorage length into the supports and extend 0.15L or 45ϕ into the span.
(b) The bar spacing of 125mm for main bars and 250mm for top bars deem appropriate.
Refer to chapter 2 for details.
(c) Pay attention that the slab may be designed to act as the top flange of the
supporting beams to take up flexural compressive stress. If it is the case, the
amount of top bars has to be increased to 15% and extends into the slab over the
whole effective flange width of the flanged section.
(d) Theoretically, 50% of the bottom bars can be curtailed at about 0.1L from the
support. However, for simplicity, all the bottom bars are extended into the support in
this case.
(e) The bottom bars have to extend 12ϕ beyond the centerline of the support.
4 The rules of reinforcement detailing is beyond the scope of this chapter. Refer to the design code for details.
Chapter 5 13
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Question A
Design the end span of the continuous slab. 5S1, shown on the framing plan in DWG-01 of
Chapter 1. The following are the design parameters for the slab.
Design parameters
Slab thickness, h = 160 mm
c/c distance btw supports = 3 300 mm
Width of support, Sw = 300 mm (similar at both ends)
fcu = 35 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
Cover = 25 mm
Preferred bar size = 10 mm
Density of concrete = 24.5 kN/m3
Allowance for finishes = 2.0 kPa
Characteristic imposed load = 5.0 kPa
Solution
Effective Span
As h < Sw L= 3300 – 300 + 160
= 3 160 mm
Loading
Dead Load
Finishes: 2.00 kN/m2
Slab S/W: 24.5 x 0.16 = 3.92 kN/m2
gk = 5.92 kN/m2
Imposed Load qk = 5.00 kN/m2
Chapter 5 14
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Chapter 5 15
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!
βb = 0.8 is for support
mt = 0.55 + (477-276) / [120 (0.9+0.828)] (Table 7.4)
moment. For L/d checking,
mid-span moment is used.
= 0.55 + 0.969
= 1.52
Allowable L / d = 1.52 x 23 = 34.9
Actual L / d = 3160 / 130
= 24.3 ≤ 34.9 (Deflection ok)
Question B
Design the interior span of the continuous slab. 5S1, shown on the framing plan in DWG-01
of Chapter 1. The design parameters in Question A are still applicable.
Solution
The effective span, effective depth and the design loads of the interior span of this beam are
the same as that for the end-span in Question A. The only differences are the design
moment, design shear and span-to-depth ratio. Although they are not critical for this case,
the calculation is presented below as an illustration of the complete process of design.
Design Forces
Design Moment, M = 0.063 x 51.5 x 3.16
= 10.3 kN-m
Design Shear, V = 0.5 x 51.5
= 25.8 kN
Chapter 5 16
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When a slab is supported on four edges and the aspect ratio of the slab is
smaller than 2, the four edges are considered effective in supporting the slab,
which is then considered to be spanned in two directions. Reinforcement
bars have to be provided in two directions to resist the bending moment in
their respectively direction as shown below.
Chapter 5 17
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msx msy
Ly Lx
Long span
Short Span
If the four edges are simply supported and the four corners are not
prevented from uplifting and there is no provision for torsion, the maximum
moments per unit width are given by the following equations of HKCP-2013.5
The bending moment coefficients αsx & αsy are given in the following table.
where
n= Design ultimate load per unit area
Lx = Effective span of shorter span
Ly = Effective span of longer span
5 Refer to the design code for the moment coefficients for slab with continuous edges and the requirements on the
details to restrain corners from uplifting and torsion.
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When Ly/Lx > 2.0, the slab can be treated as one-way slab and the force
coefficients described in the previous paragraphs can then be adopted. For
simply supported one-way slab the moment coefficient is 0.125.
Question
Design the reinforcement and check the deflection of the following simply-supported
two-way slab.
Design parameters
Slab thickness, h = 200 mm
Effective spans, Lx = 4 200 mm
Ly = 5 460 mm
fcu = 35 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
Cover = 25 mm
Preferred bar size = 12 mm
Density of concrete = 24.5 kN/m3
Allowance for finishes = 2.0 kPa
Characteristic imposed load = 10.0 kPa
Solution
Loading
Dead Load
Finishes: 2.00 kN/m2
Slab S/W: 24.5 x 0.20 = 4.90 kN/m2
gk = 6.90 kN/m2
Imposed Load qk = 10.00 kN/m2
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! Lx instead of Ly
is used to
calculate msy
Ly/Lx =
αsy =
msy =
5460 / 4200 = 1.3
0.055
0.055 x 25.7 x 4.22
Table 6.5
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Chapter 5 21
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5.4 Stairs
Steps and handrail/parapet are usually not regarded as parts of the structure
of a stair unless they are specifically designed as structural elements.
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Figure 5.6 –
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The design of stair slabs is quite similar to that for solid slab with the
following points highlighted:
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W2
W1 W1
L1 L2 L1
Question
Determine the self-weight of the following stair flight:
Tread = 250 mm
Riser = 150 mm
Waist thickness, h = 175 mm
Solution
For a meter width of the stair flight
For a single step horizontal length = 250 mm
Inclined length = (2502 + 1502)1/2
= 292 mm
Weight of a step 24.5 x 0.150 x 0.250 /2 = 0.459 kN / m
Weight of the waist 24.5 x 0.292 x 0.175 = 1.252 kN / m
Total = 1.711 kN / m
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Therefore, udl per meter horizontal length of the flight = 1.711 / 0.25
= 6.84 kN / m
(per meter width)
Alternatively,
For a meter width of the stair flight
Ratio of inclined length to horizontal length = (2502 + 1502)1/2 / 250
= 1.166
Weight of a step 24.5 x (0.25 x 0.150 / 2) / 0.25 x 1 = 1.84 kN / m
Weight of the waist 24.5 x 0.175 x 1.166 x 1 = 5.00 kN / m
Total udl per meter horizontal length of the flight = 6.84 kN / m
(per meter width)
Q.4
?
5.4.4 Examples – Longitudinally-spanned Stairs
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Solution
Effective Span
Effective L1 = 1200 + 200 / 2 = 1300mm
Overall L = 3500 + 2 x 1300
= 6100 mm
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Design Forces
Design Mid-span Mt, M = 0.5 x 19.53 x 1.32
+ 0.5 x 23.67 x 3.5 x (1.3 + 0.25 x 3.5)
= 16.5 + 90.1
= 107 kN-m (per meter width)
Distribution Bar Ads = Max (0.13 x 1000 x 275 / 100 or 1608 x 20%)
= 358 mm2 / m
(Provide T12-275 DB)
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Comments:
?
Q.5 & Q.6
In this example, it is the deflection that controls the amount of steel required. The
amount of steel provided is about 48% more than that required for resisting the
design moment so as to reduce the service stress in the bars and therefore
increase the modification factor to the L/d ratio.
The width of the flight is not large in this example; it may be more convenient to use
the actual width of 1200mm instead of a unit width of 1000mm for design. If the
actual width is used in the design calculations, i.e. b = 1200mm, the As obtained is
then the total area for the whole section instead of per meter width and therefore
rebars to be provided will then be in terms of number of bars instead of spacing.
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Chapter 5 30
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Solution
In this example, the flight slab is supported by landing slabs. Hence, two slabs have to be
designed: (I) flight slab and then (II) landing slab. The widths of the landing slabs, Lb, will be
regarded as the widths of the supports to the flight slab and will be used for determining the
effective span, L2 + 2L1, of the flight slab, where L1 is the lesser of Lb/2 or 1800mm, (Cl.
6.6.1.2 of HKCP-2013). As the width of support is comparatively large, and there is no
loading at the support width, partial udl is adopted in the design. The support reaction, R,
from the flight slab will be transmitted to the landing slab for design.
Loading (flight, w)
Inclined length ratio = (2502 + 1502)0.5 / 250 = 1.166
Dead Load
Steps 24.5 x 0.150 / 2 = 1.84 kN / m2
Self-weight 24.5 x 0.2 x 1.166 = 5.71 kN / m2
Finishes 1.50 kN / m2
gk = 9.05 kN / m2
Imposed Load qk = 5.00 kN / m2
Design Forces
Design Mid-span Mt, M = 0.5 x 20.7 x 3.5 x (0.6 + 0.25 x 3.5)
= 53.4 kN-m (per meter width)
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K= M / (bd2fcu)
= 53.4 x 106 / (1000 x 1692 x 35)
= 0.053
βb = 1.0 < 0.156 (Singly reinforced)
Check Shear
Max shear at the face of support
v= 36.2 x 103 / (1000 x 169)
= 0.21 MPa < 0.34 MPa
(the smallest value of vc in Table 6.3 of HKCP-2013)
(No shear reinforcement required)
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Effective Span
As h = Sw, Effective L= 2600 + 200
= 2800 mm
Loading (landing)
Width of the landing = 1200 mm
Dead Load
From flight slab 9.05 x 3.5 / 2 = 15.84 kN / m
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Design Forces
Design Mid-span Mt, M = 0.125 x 47.11 x 2.82
= 46.2 kN-m
K= M / (bd2fcu)
= 46.2 x 106 / (1000 x 1692 x 35)
= 0.046
βb = 1.0 < 0.156 (Singly reinforced)
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Check Shear
Max shear at the face of support
v= 66 x 103 / (1000 x 169)
= 0.39 MPa
< 0.8 √ 35 = 4.73 MPa (Concrete does not crush)
Calculate the design concrete shear stress, vc : (Table 6.3)
100As/(bvd) = 100 x 754 / (1000 x 169) = 0.45 < 3
(400/d)1/4 = (400 / 169)1/4 = 1.24 (> 0.67)
vc = 0.79 x (0.45)1/3 x 1.24 / 1.25 x (35/25)1/3
= 0.6 x 1.12
= 0.671 MPa > 0.39 MPa
Comment:
Although the configuration of the stairs in Questions A and B are the same, different
structural arrangements can lead to substantial saving in materials. The thickness of the
stair slabs and the amount of steel required for the stair in Question B are reduced by about
27% and 30% respectively.
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Chapter 5 36
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Chapter 5 37
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│Self-Assessment Questions│
Q.2 (a) Identify the conditions under which a single-load case of maximum design load on all
spans can be used for slab design.
(b) Identify the additional conditions to those you have identified in (a) for the usage of the
force coefficients in Table 5.1 (i.e. Table 6.4 of HKCP-2013).
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Q.5 For the stair in Question A of 5.4.4, if the clear width of the landing of the staircase, Ln is
proposed to be increased to 1300mm.
(a) Determine the new design bending moment.
(b) Check if the original bar provided is adequate or not.
(c) Determine the allowable L/d ratio and check if deflection is acceptable or not and give
advice.
Q.6 Determine the reinforcement for the flight slab of a stair with the following given:
Waist thickness, h = 280 mm
Cover = 35 mm
Preferred bar size = 16 mm
fcu = 35 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
Design Moment, M = 122 kN-m per m width
Answers:
Q1a: gk=5.79kPa, qk = 4.50kPa; Q1b: 15.31kN/m; Q1c:M=18.1kN-m, V=23.6kN
Q2a: (i) one-way slab with bay size > 30m2, (ii) Qk/Gk ≤ 1.25, (iii) qk ≤ 5kPa;
Q2b: (i) the load is substantially uniformly distributed, (ii) 3 or more spans, (iii) approximately equal span.
Q3a: T10-225, 0.23; Q3b: T12-175, 0.37; Q3c: T16-150, 0.67
Q4: 6.81kN/m per m width
Q5a: M=113.4kN-m; Q5b: As,req=1153, ok; Q5c: Allowable L/d = 25.0, unacceptable, increase h or As
Q6: As,req = 1279mm2/m, provide T16-150, Asd = 364mm2/m, provide T10-200, comment: pay attention to L/d ratio.
Chapter 5 39
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│Tutorial Questions│
(Present your calculations with detailed working steps in a logical, neat and tidy
manner.)
AQ1 Re-design the reinforcement and check the deflection of the end span of the
the continuous one-way slab, 5S1 as shown in DWG-01 of Chapter 1 with
the following changes (make reference to Question A of 5.3.5 for the original
design):
i. The center-to-center distance between beams is changed from 3300
mm to 3500 mm, i.e. the distance between gridlines 6 and 7 is changed
to 10 500 mm.
ii. An additional allowance for 300 mm thick soil is required.
iii. The width of the beam is increased to 400mm.
(As req: 420 mm²/m, mt: 1.17, vc: 0.34 x (35/25)(1/3) = 0.38 N/mm²)
AQ2 If a very heavy equipment is to be placed on the slab, 5S1 of AQ1, at the
area marked "Area A" on the DWG-01 of Chapter 1. Give advice on the
possible implications to the design of the slab, without doing any detail
calculations. (Adapted from 2012/13 Sem 3 examination paper.)
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AQ4 Design the reinforcement and check the deflection by span-to-depth ratio of
the stairs as shown in DWG-04 with the following design information:
(As req: 1172 mm²/m, v: 0.29 N/mm², mt: 1.37)
Design parameters
Waist, h = 275 mm
Tread = 260 mm
Riser = 160 mm
Number of Risers, N = 14
Flight horizontal length, L2 = 260 x 14 = 3640 mm
Flight width, W = 1250 mm
Landing slab thickness = 275 mm (same as waist)
Landing clear width, Ln = 1250 mm (same at both ends)
Width of support, Sw = 200 mm (same at both ends)
fcu = 40 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
Cover = 25 mm
Preferred bar size = 16 mm
Density of concrete = 24.5 kN/m3
Allowance for finishes = 1.5 kPa
Allowance for handrail/parapet = (assume negligible)
Characteristic imposed load = 5.0 kPa
Chapter 5 41
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CHAPTER 6│
Learning Objectives
Classify columns for design
Design R C short braced columns for uniaxial and biaxial loads
Extend the design method to design R C walls
CONTENTS
6.1 Columns
6.1.1 Classification of Columns
6.1.2 Example – Effective Height to Width Ratio
6.1.3 Design Forces
6.1.4 Example – Reduction of Design Loads
6.1.5 Example – Design Moment by Simplified Sub-frame Analysis
6.3 Walls
6.3.1 Classification of Walls
6.3.2 Design for Axial Load
6.3.3 Design for Axial Load and In-plane Moment
6.3.4 Design for Axial Load and Out-of-plane Moment
6.3.5 Examples
6.3.6 Notes on Detailing
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6.1 Columns
N
Before embarking on the calculation to
Δ
determine the amount of steel required
for a column section, the design forces
have to be established. In addition to
the forces applied directly to the
δ
member or obtained by elastic analysis,
when a member is under compression,
additional bending may be induced
when it deflects laterally as shown in the
figure on the right.
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Column Height
resist further propagation of lateral Column is sturdy
enough against
deflection and bending, this additional further bending
Example
For the structural framing plan as illustrated in the following figure, lateral loads in the
Y-direction will be resisted by shear walls at both ends of the structure and therefore
the columns are considered as braced in the Y-direction. However, as the bending
stiffness of the wall in the X-direction is comparatively small, the columns will deflect
under lateral loads in the X-direction and therefore the columns are considered as
non-braced in the X-direction.
1 Otherwise, reference shall be made to Cl. 6.2.1.3 of HKCP-2013 for additional design moments. It is beyond
the scope of the chapter.
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Y
X A B C D
3
2
1
Framing Plan
of the Typical Floor of a Multistory Building
For braced column, if the effective height to width ratio of the column is
less than 15, the column can then be regarded as short, and additional
moment due to lateral deflection of the column, or δ-effect, can be ignored
in the design.2
Take note that effective height, Le, instead of overall height is used in
defining the slenderness of a column. It is given by:
Le = βLo [6.1]
where
2 Otherwise, reference shall be made to Cl. 6.2.1.3 of HKCP-2013 for additional design moment. For non-
braced column, this ratio is reduced to 10.
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1 2 3
End Condition
at the Top
2 0.80 0.85 0.95
The end conditions are defined as follows (extracted from Cl. 6.2.1.1(e)ii
of HKCP-2013):3
Question
A braced column is shown in the figure below. Beams are connected monolithically to it.
With the information given, determine whether the column is short or slender.
3 Value of β for non-braced column is in general larger than that for braced column. Refer to Table 6.12 of
HKCP-2013 for details.
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Solution
Plane in the X-Direction (bending about Y-axis)
Beam depth/column width Condition
Top end 400/450 < 1 2
Bottom end 500/450 > 1 1
β= 0.80
Loy = 7000 – 400 = 6600 mm
Ley = 0.80 x 6600 = 5280 mm
Effective height to width ratio, Ley /b = 5280 / 450
= 11.7 < 15 (Short column)
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β= 0.85
Lox = 7000 – 425 = 6575 mm
Lex = 0.85 x 6575 = 5589 mm
Effective height to width ratio, Lex/h = 5589 / 550
?
= 10.2 < 15 (Short column)
iii. maximum bending moment combined with co-existent axial load, and
iv. any another co-existent combination of axial load and bending
moment which will be more critical to the column design than the
above cases.
In the absence of rigorous structural analysis, the design code allows the
following simplified methods to obtain the design forces:
(a) The design axial force may be calculated by assuming slabs and beams
simply supported (Cl.6.2.1.2(c) of HKCP2013); or, in other words, by
tributary area method as illustrated in the following figure.
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M = N emin
This is the nominal design moment for column; or, in other words, the
design moment of a column should not be taken as less than this value.
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ii. Beam of longer span, b1, is maximum loaded while that of the shorter
span, b2, is minimum loaded to obtain the maximum unbalanced
moment.
If a column carries loads from more than one floor, the total distributed
imposed load on it may be reduced by 5% per additional floor up to the
maximum of 40%. Details of this allowance shall refer to Cl.3.7 of the Code
of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads – 2011.
Chapter 6 9
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Question
A 600 x 600 short braced column supports beams in approximately symmetrical arrangement.
Solution
Allowable percentage reduction = (10-1) x 5% = 45% > 40% (use 40%)
Dead Load, Gk = 5.3 x 95 x 10
= 5 035 kN
Imposed load, Qk = 3.0 x 95 x 10 x (1 – 40%)
= 1 710 kN
Design axial load, N = 1.4 x 5035 + 1.6 x 1710
= 9 785 kN
(Comment: If there is no reduction, the total design axial load is 11 609 kN. Although the
reduction in imposed load is 40%, the reduction in total design axial load is only 16%.)
Question
A braced short column supports beams B1 and B2 on each side and an upper column with
the following design parameters. Determine the maximum design moment transmitted from
the beams.
Column dimensions b= 350 mm
h= 400 mm (in the direction of the beams)
Floor-to-floor height, Lc = 3500 mm (same for upper and lower columns)
Beam dimensions hxb= 700 x 300 mm (same for B1 & B2)
Span of B1, Lb1 = 9700 mm
Span of B2, Lb2 = 5000 mm
Loading on the beams B1 & B2
Dead Load, gk = 30.16 kN / m (beam self-weight included)
Imposed Load, qk = 53.25 kN / m
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Solution
Max design load for beam = 1.4 x 30.16 + 1.6 x 53.25
= 127.4 kN / m
Min design load for beam = 1.0 x 30.16
= 30.2 kN / m
FEMB1 = (1 / 12) x 127.4 x 9.72
= 999 kN-m
FEMB2 = (1 / 12) x 30.2 x 5.02
= 63k N-m
Unbalanced moment, Mes = 999 – 63
= 936 kN-m
Moment Distribution
Kcl = Kcu = 4 x (1 / 12 x 350 x 4003) / 3500
= 2.133 x 106 mm3
0.5Kb1 = 0.5 x 4 x (1 / 12 x 300 x 7003) / 9700
= 1.768 x 106 mm3
0.5Kb2 = 0.5 x 4 x (1 / 12 x 300 x 7003) / 5000
= 3.430 x 106 mm3
Moment Distribution Factor = 2.133 / (2 x 2.133 + 1.768 + 3.430)
= 0.225
Therefore,
Design moment to column, M = 936 x 0.225
?
= 211 kN-m
Q.2 (a)
FEM=999
FEM=63
127.4 30.2
B1 B2
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(a) Short Column Subjecting to Axial Load with Moment due to Nominal
Eccentricity
The axial load capacity given by this formula deems to have taken into
account the moment induced by asymmetric loading of the beams.
Note that the above two formulae have included an allowance for m.
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Question
Design the main reinforcement for the column in the example of 6.1.4 with the following
design parameters.
Column dimensions: h = b = 600 mm
Grade of concrete , fcu = 40 MPa
Reinforcement bars, fy = 500 MPa
Solution
Design axial compression, N = 9,785 kN (from 6.1.4)
As the column is supporting approximately symmetrical arrangement of beams
Eqn 6.56 of HKCP-2013 is adopted.
N= 0.35fcu Ac + 0.67fyAsc
0.67 fy Asc = 9 785 x 103 – 0.35 x 40 x 600 x 600
= 4745 x 103 N
Asc = 4745 x 103 / (0.67 x 500)
= 14 164 mm2
(Provide 8T40 + 8T32)
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Ɛcu
kc fcu
Ɛs2
d'
Fs2
As/2 x ks x
Fcc
Neutral
Axis
d
N
M
As/2 Fs1
Ɛs1
Section
(a) (b)
Strain at Ultimate Simplified Rectangular
Limit State Stress Block
(iv) By equilibrium of axial forces and moments, the values of N and M can
then be obtained.
Chapter 6 14
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N
f
Nuz
e
d
c
Compression failure
b
Tension failure
a
0 M
Strain distribution
When the value of x increases, the strain when x is small
Chapter 6 15
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The M-N interaction curve represents the capacity of the section reinforced
with an amount of steel, As. If the point of coordinates of the design forces,
(N, M), falls within the curve, that means the section is stronger than enough
to resist the design forces, and vice versa. Hence, it is desirable to identify a
value of As of which the N-N curve just touches and embraces the point of
the design forces.
By altering the value of As, a set of M-N curves in the form of design chart
can be derived to facilitate the determination of the amount of steel required
for a column section. Instead of d, N, M and As, the following dimensionless
parameters are used to derive a set of generalized design charts.
d N M Asfy
A set of five typical Column Design Charts and the notes on their derivation
are attached at the end of this chapter for reference.
The steps in using the Column Design Charts for design are as follows:
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ii. Calculate the values of N / (bhfcu) and M / (bh2fcu) and plot it on the
Chart.
iii. Linear interpolate the value of Asfy / (bhfcu) from the two adjacent
curves.
For example,
If d / h = 0.825, use the Design Chart with d/h = 0.80.
If N / (bhfcu) = 0.45 and M / (bh2fcu) = 0.094, the value of Asfy / (bhfcu) read from the
Design Chart is 0.34, as illustrated below.4
4 A more rigorous approach is to find also the value of Asfy / (bhfcu) from the Chart with d / h = 0.85, which is 0.30 in
this case, and then calculate the value of Asfy / (bhfcu) corresponding to d / h = 0.825 by linear interpolation, i.e.
(0.30 + 0.34) / 2 = 0.32. Nevertheless, the value of 0.34 is on the safe side and the difference is only 6%.
Chapter 6 17
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Loads
Question A
DWG-06 shows a part plan and the elevation of a braced building structure. Determine the
main reinforcement bars for column C2 at Ground Floor by considering the loading
arrangement that will create the maximum bending moment to the column.
Design parameters
Column C2
Column breadth, b = 350 mm (in X-dir)
Column depth, h = 400 mm
Floor-to-floor height = 3500 mm (same for all floors)
Beams in Y-direction
Beams BY1 & BY2, h x b = 700 x 300 mm
Beam BY1 span, Lby1 = 9900 – 400/2 = 9700 mm
Beam BY2 span, Lby2 = 5000 mm
Beams in X-direction
Beams BX1 & BX2, h x b = 500 x 300 mm
Beam BX1 span, Lbx1 = 3500 mm
Beam BX2 span, Lbx2 = 3600 mm
Solution
The column is obviously a short column because even the floor-to-floor height to width ratio,
i.e. 3500 / 350 = 10 << 15.
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Self-weight of Column
Dead Load only 24.5 x 0.35 x 0.40 x 3.5 = 12.00 kN per floor
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Chapter 6 20
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100As / (bh) = 3.6 > 0.8 and < 6 (Steel Ratio ok)
Question B
?
Q.2 & Q.4
For the column in question A, determine the main reinforcement required for the following
two loading cases:
(i) Maximum design axial load with coexist moment
(ii) Minimum design axial load from floors above with maximum moment
Summary of Loading (from Question A)
Loading to Beams in Y-Directions
Dead Load 30.16 kN/m
Imposed Load 53.25 kN/m
Loading to Beams in X-Direction
Dead Load 2.02 kN/m
Imposed Load 0.00 kN/m
Self-weight of the column
Dead Load 12.0 kN per floor
Axial Load from the Floors Above 1/F
Dead Load 481 kN
Imposed Load 705 kN (reduced by 10%)
Solution
Case (i) – Max. Axial Load
Design Axial Forces
Axial load from above 1/F 1.4 x 481 + 1.6 x 783 x 0.9 = 1801 kN
Beam in Y-Dir at 1/F, BY1 (1.4 x 30.16 + 1.6 x 53.25 x 0.9) x 9.7 / 2 577 kN
=
Beam in Y-Dir at 1/F, BY2 (1.4 x 30.16 + 1.6 x 53.25 x 0.9) x 5.0 / 2 297 kN
=
Beams in X-Dir at 1/F 1.4 x 2.02 x (3.6 + 3.5) / 2 = 10 kN
2685 kN
Design Moment in Y-Direction (i.e. about X-Axis)
Max Design Load: 1.4 x 30.16 + 1.6 x 53.25 = 127.4 kN/m
Min Design Load: 1.0 x 30.16 = 30.2 kN/m
FEMB1 = (1 / 12) x 127.4 x 9.72
= 999 kN-m
FEMB2 = (1 / 12) x 127.4 x 5.02
= 265 kN-m
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= 0.20
M / (bh2fcu) = 211 x 106 / (350 x 4002 x 40)
= 0.094
Asfy / (bhfcu) = 0.16 (Not critical compared with Q.A)
The results of the three loading cases in Questions A, B(i) and B(ii) are plotted
in the following figure.
B (i)
B (ii)
For this column, it is apparent that the critical load case is "A", which is well
above the balanced failure mode. However, in some cases, if the result for
maximum design axial load is close to balanced failure mode, the other cases
may become more critical.
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When a symmetrically-reinforced
rectangular column section is
subjected to bending in two directions
as shown in figure on the right, it can
be designed by transforming the
biaxial moment into uniaxial moment
using the following equations (Eqn
6.57 and 6.58 of HKCP-2013), and the
section can then be designed for an
increased moment about the
corresponding axis only.
Question
X X
400
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Design Parameters
Design Axial Load, N = 1800 kN
Design Moment about X-axis, Mx = 85 kN-m
Design Moment about Y-axis, My = 95 kN-m
fcu = 30 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
Cover = 40 mm
Preferred link size = 10 mm
Preferred bar size = 32 mm
Solution
b= 350 mm
b' = 350 – 40 -10 – 32 / 2 = 284 mm
h= 400 mm
h' = 400 – 40 – 10 – 32 / 2 = 334 mm
Mx / h' = 85 / 334 = 0.25
My / b' = 95 / 284 = 0.33
As My / b' > Mx / h', increase My for design
N / (bhfcu) = 1800 x 103 / (350 x 400 x 30)
= 0.43
β= 0.53 – (0.53 - 0.42) x 0.3 = 0.497
My' = 95 + 0.497 x (284 / 334) x 85
= 131 kN-m
As bending about Y-axis is considered,
the following parameters are used for Design Chart
d/h=
h=
d=
350
284
284 / 350 = 0.81 (use 0.80)
! The definition of h is the
dimension of the column
section in the direction of
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6.3 Walls
Height
acting on the building by in-plane bending of the
wall. The design of wall for the combined effect
of axial load and in-plane moment is quite similar
to that for column. A wall can be visualized as strips
of column placed together side-by-side for design.
Walls may also be designed to resist out-of-plane moment, e.g. walls of water
tank, earth retaining structures, etc. of which, if the design force is
predominantly transverse bending, the design principles of slab can be
adopted.
Le/h < 15
5 For slender reinforced concrete wall, determination of additional moment is similar to that for slender column.
Refer to Cl. 6.2.1.3 of HKCP-2013 for details. It is beyond the scope of this chapter.
6 Take note that the determination of Le and the limits on Le/h are different for non-braced wall and for plain wall.
Refer to the design code for details.
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Example
A 180mm thick reinforced wall is constructed monolithically with 150mm slabs at each
floor and the floor-to-floor height is 3200mm, and the building structure is braced.
When the design forces of the wall is so small that the strength of the
concrete alone is adequate to resist the design forces, the wall can then
be designed as plain wall. In other words, plain wall is walls of which the
design is based on without reinforcement, although nominal
reinforcement of 0.25% has to be provided. 7 On the other hand,
reinforced wall are walls of which reinforcement bars have to be provided
to resist the design forces, and the nominal reinforcement for reinforced
wall is 0.4%.
where, nw is the total design axial load on the wall. An allowance for m is
included in the formula.
7 Not only the nominal steel requirement is different, the determination of effective height, the design formulae,
etc. for plain wall are also different from those for reinforced wall. Hence, you have to decide at the outset
whether the wall is to be designed as plain wall or reinforced wall, or you can do it by try and error. This chapter
focusses on the design of reinforced wall.
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It is identical to [6.4] above for column design, which deems to have taken
into account of the out-of-plane bending moment induced by asymmetric
loading of the slabs.
Where a wall section is designed for combined axial load and out-of-plane
moment, a unit length, i.e. 1.0m, of the wall can be designed as a column and
the Column Design Charts can be used for design.
Example
A 3000 x 250 braced stocky wall is b
d
h
of 145 kN-m/m. Given fy = 500 MPa, fcu =
40 MPa, cover = 30mm.
N / (bhfcu) = 0.40
M / (bh2fcu) = 0.058
d=250-30-10-16/2=202mm, d/h = 0.81 (use 0.80)
From Column Design Chart, Asfy / (bhfcu) = 0.13
Therefore, As = 0.13x250x1000x40/500 = 2600 mm2/m
Provide T16-150 on both faces. As,prov = 2680 mm2/m
Note: In this example, loads are given in per meter run, and therefore the calculations
is also done in per meter run without taking into account of the overall length of the wall.
There are various methods to analysis and design wall section subjected to
in-plane moment. Two simplified methods are introduced here.
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(i) Treat the wall as a rectangular column section with its length9 as
depth, h, while its thickness as breath, b.
b
(ii) Group the reinforcement bars into top half
and bottom half. Determine the depth, d, to
the centroid of the bottom steel bars. Use
this value to obtain the d/h ratio. If the wall
d
uniformly reinforced along its length, d = h –
h
X X
h / 4 = 0.75h, and therefore d/h is simply
taken as 0.75.
(iii) Calculate N / (bhfcu) and M / (bh2fcu) and then
obtain the value of Asfy / (bhfcu) from the
Column Design Chart with corresponding d/h
value.
The combined effect of axial load and in-plane moment can be regarded
as a linear distribution of axial forces and then design the wall as strips
of column as described below:
(i) Transform the design moment, M, and the design axial load, N, by
elastic method into a linear distribution of axial force per unit length
along the length of the wall as shown below.
8 Pay attention that this method is based on the assumption that plane section remain plane, i.e. strain distribution
is linear. However, if the height to length ratio of the wall is small, it will behave more like a deep beam.
9 Be careful with the usage of the notation, h, which is not referring to the length of the wall, but, with its usual
meaning in slab and beam design, to which thickness and depth is referred, and is therefore very often referring
the thickness of the wall. However, when the length of the wall is designed for in-plane bending, h refers to the
length. To be more precise, h is defined as the dimensions of the section in the direction of the design moment.
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N
M
2
N/b + 6M/b
2
N/b – 6M/b
b/n
(ii) Visualize the wall as n number of columns with length equal to b/n
each. Calculate the design axial load at the center of each strip by
linear interpolation.
(iii) Determine the amount of steel required for each strip of column by
[6.3] above for column under axial load.
(vi) If the value of the design axial load of a strip is negative, that means
it is under tension; ignore the concrete and provide reinforcement to
take up the tension.
6.3.5 Examples
Question A
Determine the main reinforcement for the following stocky braced wall by using appropriate
Column Design Chart.
Design Parameters
Wall dimensions b x h = 350 x 4000
Design Axial Load, N = 27000 kN
Design in-plane Moment, M = 12000 kN-m
fcu = 40 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
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Cover = 30 mm
Preferred link size = 10 mm
Preferred bar size = 32 mm
Solution
N / (bhfcu) = 27000 x 103 / (350 x 4000 x 40)
= 0.48
M/ (bh2f cu) = 12000 x 106 / (350 x 40002 x 40)
= 0.0536
Assume the steel is uniformly distributed, therefore d / h =0.75
From Column Design Chart of d / h = 0.75
Asfy / (bhfcu) = 0.22
As = 0.22 x 350 x 1000 x 40 / 500
= 6160 mm2 per meter width
!
(Provide T32-250 BF)
Limits to steel ratio
As,prov = 2 x 804 / 0.250 = 6432 mm2
for column refer to
Table 2.1 in Chapter 100As / (bh) = 1.8 > 0.4 and < 4 (Steel Ratio ok)
2 or the Annex.
Question B
Determine the main reinforcement for the following stocky braced wall by using Linear Load
Distribution Method.
Design Parameters
Wall dimensions h x b = 350 x 4000
Design Axial Load, N = 27000 kN
Design Moment in-plane M = 12000 kN-m
fcu = 40 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
Cover = 30 mm
Preferred link size = 10 mm
Preferred bar size = 32 mm
Solution
N/b= 27000 / 4 = 6750 kN/m
6M / b2 = 6 x 12000 / 42 = 4500 kN/m
As 6750 – 4500 > 0, there is no tension.
Divide the wall into 4 strips
Width of each strip = 4000 / 4 = 1000 mm
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Comments:
1. The nominal reinforcement for wall is 0.4%. Therefore, the amount of steel required
to strip 1 is 350 x 1000 x 0.4 /100 = 1400 mm2.
2. Although the configuration and design forces for the walls in questions A and B are
the same, two design methods come up with two different reinforcement
requirements.
3. The total amount of steel required in Question A is 4 x 6160 = 24640mm2, while that
for Question B is 1400 + 1400 + 6067 + 12067 = 20934mm2, about 15% lesser.
5. If the design in Question B has to cater for reversal of bending, the amount of steel
required will then be 2 x (6067 + 12067) = 36268mm2, about 47% more than that of
Question A. However, it has to note that the equation used to determine steel area
in Question B has taken into account of the out-of-plane moment due to nominal
eccentricity of the axial load, which has not been accounted for in Question A.
The design code limits the spacing of vertical bars in wall (Cl.9.6.2 of HKCP-
2013) as follows:
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10
The rules of detailing is beyond the scope of this chapter. Refer to the design code for details.
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│Self-Assessment Questions│
Q.1 The following are the dimensions for a column and the connecting beams of a building structure
which is provided with shear walls to resist lateral loads.
Q.2 A short braced column at the roof floor of a building structure supporting two beams, B1 and
B2, on each side in the Y-direction with the following design parameters.
fcu = 40 MPa
fy = 500 MPa
Cover = 40 mm
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(a) Determine the maximum design moment transmitted from the beams by Simplified Sub-
frame Analysis.
(b) Determine the co-existing design axial load for the design moment in (a).
(c) Find the steel area required for the above design forces by using Column Design Chart.
(d) Determine the maximum design axial force for the column by tributary area method.
(e) Use equation 6.4 (i.e. Eqn.6.56 of HKCP-2013) to find the steel area required.
(f) Compare the results in (c) and (e).
Q.3 Given the following information of a short braced column which is subjected to axial load only:
Q.4 For the column C2 in Question A of 6.2.4, if the length of the column from G/F to 1/F is increased
to 4.5m and the others remain unchanged,
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Q.5 Determine the area of main reinforcement required for the following braced short columns by
completing the table.
Design Axial Load, N= 4800 kN Preferred link size = 10
Design Moment about X-axis, Mx = 450 kN-m Preferred bar size = 40
Design Moment about Y-axis, My = 200 kN-m Cover = 40 mm
fy = 500 MPa
fcu = 40 MPa
Answers:
Q1a: Lex = 5398, Ley = 5440; Q1b: Lex/h = 9.8, Ley/b=12.1; Q1c: Short Column
Q2a: Mes=1080kN-m; M=444kN-m; Q2b:1642kN;
Q2c: N/(bhfcu) = 0.26, M/(bh2fcu) =0.174, use Chart (d/h=0.80),, Asfy/(bhfcu) =0.50, As=6400mm2;
Q2d: 2340+22(SW) = 2362kN; Q2e: 364mm2.
Q3a: 80kN-m; Q3b:0.30, 3840mm2; Q3c: 3840mm2
Q4a: 173kN-m; Q4b: Asfy/(bhfcu) = 0.26. As = 2912mm2
Q5a: M=538, d/h=0.86, As=7600; Q5b: M=627, d/h=0.90, As=6200; M=494, d/h=0.81, As=10800
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│Tutorial Questions│
(Present your calculations with detailed working steps in a logical, neat and tidy
manner.)
AQ1 Design the edge column C1 shown on DWG-06 with the following information
given.
(Design Moment: 353 kNm, Design Axial Load: 2006 kN, Design Chart Value: 0.53, As req: 5936 mm²)
Design parameters
Column C1
Column breadth, b = 350 mm (in X-dir)
Column depth, h = 400 mm
Floor-to-floor height = 3500 mm (same for all floors)
Beams in Y-direction
Beams BY1, h x b = 700 x 300 mm
Beam BY1 span, Lby1 = 9900 – 400/2 = 9700 mm
Beams in X-direction
Beams BX3 & BX4, h x b = 500 x 300 mm
Beam BX3 span, Lbx1 = 3500 mm
Beam BX4 span, Lbx2 = 3600 mm
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AQ2 The dimensions of a braced reinforced concrete column of a multi-story building are
The image part w ith relationship ID rId43 w as not found in the file.
Depth, h = 550mm
h' = 470mm
Breadth, b = 400mm
b' = 320mm
The top and bottom ends of the column are connected monolithically to reinforced
concrete beams deeper than the dimensions of the column in both directions.
(a) Check the slenderness of the column and comment on its implications on the
column design.
(b) The design ultimate loads for the column at roof floor are found to be as follows:
Axial compression, N = 1,000 kN
Moment about x-axis, Mx = 300 kN-m
Moment about y-axis, My = 100 kN-m
Calculate the percentage of steel required for the column at roof floor.
(c) The design ultimate loads for the column at the fourth floor below the roof floor
are found to be as follows:
Axial compression, N = 5,500 kN
Moments are same as (b).
Calculate the percentage of steel required for the column at this floor.
(d) Estimate the percentage of steel required, by using Eqn 6.56 of HKCP-2013
given below for the column in (c), i.e. N = 5,500 kN, and ignoring the design
moments.
N = 0.35fcuAc + 0.67fyAsc
(e) Discuss your observations in the above calculations.
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Depth, h = 500 mm
h' = 425 mm
Breadth, b = 400 mm
Loading from beams in the X-direction and the self-weight of column can be ignored.
(a) Apply the Simplified Sub-frame Method as illustrated in Figure Q.3b to verify
that the maximum design moment transferred from the beams is Mx = 705 kN-
m.
(b) Verify that the design axial load which co-exists with the design moment in (a)
is N = 1794 kN.
(c) Find the steel area of reinforcement required for the design forces in (a) and (b)
by using the Column Design Chart and then design the reinforcement for it.
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│CHAPTER 7│
Learning Objectives
Design the reinforcement for simple footing by integrating the
following processes:
o Determination of ultimate design load and soil pressure
o Identify the critical sections for design for bending and shear
o Design the reinforcement for bending
o Check shear stresses
Design the reinforcement required for simple pile cap by
integrating the following process
o Determine the tensile force in the reinforcement by truss
analogy and design the reinforcement accordingly
o Check shear stresses
CONTENTS
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Fc – Column Load
Column
wi – Imposed load at floor level
Ground
ws – Weight of soil
wf – Footing self-weight
Pad Footing
ps – Soil pressure
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For the purpose of this course, to illustrate the essences of the structural
design of footing, we will focus on the design of simple concentrically-loaded
square footing seating on granular soil.
Soil, like all other materials, deforms under the action of load that will then
cause settlement to the structure. Therefore, the pressure exerted on the
soil under working load should not induce excessive settlement to the
structure so as not to impair the function of the building. It is the
serviceability limit state (SLS) requirement for the design.
In addition, the footing, when under design ultimate load, should be designed
such that it would not subside into the soil, or, in other words, the ultimate
pressure exerted on the soil would not be so large that it ruptures the soil,
pushing the soil to flow, and therefore leads to collapse of the building. This
is the ultimate bearing pressure of the soil, and is the ultimate limit state (ULS)
requirement for the design.
The deformation behaviour and the ultimate strength of a soil mass depends
on the geotechnical properties of the soil. For footing seating on granular
soils, the safe soil bearing pressure is usually controlled by settlement, i.e.
SLS. Hence, for simplicity, an allowable soil bearing pressure, qa, is usually
adopted for checking the SLS of a pad footing seating on granular soil.1
The adequacy of the base area of the footing is checked by ensuring the
additional pressure exerted on the soil due to the working load, i.e. unfactored
1 For footing seating on fine-grained or cohesive soil, both ultimate soil pressure and settlements are important
consideration. The behavior of settlement in fine-grained or cohesive soil is different from that in granular soil; it
is time dependent. The distribution of soil pressure under the footing is also different. It is beyond the scope of
this chapter. Details shall refer to relevant text books and publications.
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load, from the structure would not exceed the allowable soil bearing pressure,
qa,. The gross soil pressure, qg, just beneath the footing is the summation
of all the effects due to working load from the column, imposed load on the
ground, weight of soil above the footing and self-weight of the footing as
illustrated in Figure 7.1. Therefore, for granular soil, the base area should
be designed such that
qg – γshs < qa
However, be conservative and for simplicity, the soil above the founding level
of shallow foundation is usually ignored and the soil pressure is assumed to
be uniformly distributed as shown in the Figure 7.2, and therefore, for
granular soil, the required base area is then determined as follows.2
Column
Ground
Soil above
Fc
founding level is
ignored
Pad Footing
wf
Founding Level
ps
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Question
A square footing is designed to support a column placed at the center of it. With the
following information, prepare a preliminary estimate of the size of the footing based on
allowable soil bearing pressure.
Design Parameters
Characteristic loads from the column
Dead load, Gk = 1800 kN (s/w of column included)
Imposed Load, Qk = 1550 kN
Footing founding level: at 1.5m below ground level
Soil: Dry dense sand (i.e. granular soil)
Allowable soil bearing pressure, qa = 300 kPa
Solution
Assume the self-weight of footing, Wf = 200kN (to be verified later)
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The structural design of footing concerns with the ultimate structural capacity
of the R C footing. Design ultimate load (i.e. factored load) should be used,
and the design load from the column is:3
Fc = 1.4 Gk + 1.6 Qk
For determining the design shear and bending in the footing, the net upward
reaction pressure from the soil is adopted, which is:
pn = Fc / Af
(a) Self-weight of the footing, the soil load above the footing and the
surcharge on the ground, which are uniformly distributed and are self-
balanced by their induced uniformly-distributed upward reaction
pressure from the soil, can then be simply excluded from the
calculation of the net upward reaction pressure.
(b) The assumption that the soil pressure is uniformly distributed is in
general valid if the footing is sufficiently rigid and is seating on granular
soil.
While the geotechnical design determines the minimum base area of the
footing, the structural design determines the thickness and reinforcement of
the footing. A footing can be regarded as a slab panel subjected to a
concentrated load from the column. Unlike one-way or two-way slab
discussed in Chapter 5, where bending controls the design, the high shear
stress induced by the concentrated load, i.e. the column, determines the
thickness of the footing.4 The cantilever moment induced by the upward net
3 In this Chapter, we focus on designing for Dead and Imposed Loads only. A footing may also have to be
designed for wind load, soil pressure, etc. and appropriate partial factors of safety and combination of loads have
to be considered. Details shall be referred to the design code.
4 In addition to shear, the depth of footing should also be adequate in providing compression bond length for the
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soil pressure on the vertical section across the column face, on the other
hand, determines the reinforcement required.
Column
Ground
Fc
Pad Footing
Founding
Level
SECTION
a c
Pad Footing
(2) Perimeter of the column –
check vmax
e f
b d
PLAN
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Hence, for a simple square footing, a total of 4 critical sections (1 for bending
and 3 for shear) have to be checked and designed as illustrated in Figure 7.3
and as explained below.
Column width = c
Cantilever span = (L – c) / 2 (L – c) / 2
²
M
2 2 8
Then, using L as the breadth of the section with the effective depth, d,
calculate the K value, the level arm, z, and then the area of steel required,
As, by the formulae of bending in Chapter 2.
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c
`(3) Check the shear across the section of the footing at 1.0d
from the column face (i.e. c-d in Figure 7.3)
d
The area of the footing on (L – c) / 2 - d
V = pn L (L/2 – c/2 – d)
v = pn L (L/2 – c/2 – d) / Ld
< vc
V = pn [L2 – (c + 3d)2]
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If the shear stress in either (3) or (4) is larger the vc, you may have either
(i) to increase the depth of the footing, (ii) to increase vc by providing more
flexural reinforcement, or (iii) to provide shear reinforcement.
Question
A square pad footing supporting a column at its center is shown in DWG-07. The design
parameters for the pad footing are given below. Assuming the soil reaction pressure beneath
the footing is uniformly distributed; design the reinforcement for the footing.
Design Parameters
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Cover to rebar = 50 mm
Grade of concrete, fcu = 35 MPa
Grade of rebars,fy = 500 MPa
Preferred size of main bars = 20
Dead load from column, Gk = 1200 kN
(column s/w included)
Imposed Load from column, Qk = 450 kN
Solution
Design load from column, F = 1.4 x 1200 + 1.6 x 450
= 2400 kN
Base area, Af = 3.02 = 9.0 m2
Net upward soil pressure, pn = 2400 / 9.0
= 266.7 kPa There are 2 layers of bars, and
the upper bottom layer is used
to determine the value of d.
Effective depth, d = 600 – 50 – 20 – 20/2
= 520 mm
d
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?
= 0.30 < 0.39 MPa ok
Q.1 & 2
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Pile cap, as its name implies, seats on top of the piles, acting as the transition
between the superstructure and pile foundation. It not only provides a bridge
between two different forms of construction, but also acts as a transfer
structure to transmit the loads between two different structural systems. The
elevation shown in Figure 7.4 illustrates the load transfer mechanism of a pile
cap transmitting the load of a single column onto two piles below it.
Pile cap, unlike beam and slab as discussed in Chapters 4 & 5, is subjected
to high concentrated loads, or point loads, and the span-to-depth ratio is very
small, most often less than 3, and therefore, it behaves like a deep beam,
where the assumption of linear distribution of strain is no more valid, and its
structural design is dominated by shear.
The surcharge, soil weight and self-weight of the pile cap are in general very
small and negligible when compared with the design loads from the column,
and therefore, for simplicity, they are ignored in the following discussion.
Two methods of design are commonly used in pile cap design: bending theory
or truss analogy. In this chapter, we adopt truss analogy, in which the pile cap
is modelled as a triangular truss with the bottom reinforcement acting as the
bottom chord to resist tension, and the solid concrete acting as diagonal
members to resist compression as illustrated in Figure 7.4.
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Fc Fc
Column
Pile cap
C C
d
T
Fc/2 Fc/2
Pile
Pile L
2 T = FcL / (4d)
L
3 T = FcL / (9d)
L
4 T = FcL / (8d)
L
Table 7.1 – Tensile Force for the Reinforcement in Simple Pile Cap
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
7.2.2 R C Design
Once the flexural tension, T, is obtained from truss analogy, the amount of
reinforcement can then be determined by:
As = T / (0.87fy)
Where the spacing of piles (center-to-center) exceeds 3ϕ (i.e. 3 times the pile
diameter), only those reinforcement within 1.5ϕ from the center of a pile
should be considered to constitute a tension member of the truss.
(2) Shear across the vertical section at av from the face of the column
The critical section for the shear should be taken at 0.2ϕ inside the pile
face as indicated in Figure 7.5.
av = (L – c – ϕ) / 2 + 0.2 ϕ
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
0.2ϕ
av
Figure 7.5 – Critical Section for Shear Check in Pile Cap (Plan)
(Adapted from Figure 6.19 of HKCP-2013)
For cap with 3 or more piles, the shear stress, v, should be less than vc
or the enhanced shear strength, vc (1.5d / av), if av is less than 1.5d. That
is:
Shear enhancement
v < vc max(1.5d / av or 1.0)
for beam is 2d/av
while for slab is
Where the spacing of piles (center-to-center) 1.5d/av.
exceeds 3ϕ (i.e. 3 times the pile diameter), the
enhancement may be applied only to the strip of 3ϕ, centered on each
pile.
The thickness of the pile cap is usually dimensioned such that no shear
reinforcement is required, and nominal horizontal links of T12-250 are then
usually provided.
Chapter 7 16
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Question
A group of four piles supports a column by using a square RC pile cap as shown in DWG-
08. Check the shears and design the reinforcement for the pile cap with the design
parameters provided below.
Design Parameters
Solution
Design load from column, F = 1.4 x 1100 + 1.6 x 600
= 2500 kN
Effective depth, d = 700 – 75 – 20 – 20/2
= 595 mm The effective depth
to the upper layer of
the bottom bars is
(1) Design Bottom Tension Reinforcement adopted.
Design tension per bottom chord, T = FcL / (8d)
= 2500 x 1350 / (8 x 595)
= 709 kN
As,req = 709 x 103 / (0.87 x 500)
= 1630 mm2 per chord
Check pile spacing, L/ϕ = 1350 / 450 = 3 ≤ 3
(rebars uniformly distributed over the section)
As, req (over the whole section) = 1630 x 2
= 3260 mm2
(Provide 11T20)
As,pro = 11 x 314
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
= 3456 mm2
100As / bh = 100 x 3456 / (2100 x 700)
= 0.235
> 0.13 and < 4.0 (Steel ratio ok)
Q.3
?
Chapter 7 18
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Chapter 7 19
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Chapter 7 20
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
│Self-Assessment Questions│
Q.1 A column is supported by a square footing with the following design parameters:
Design Parameters
Q.2 For the example in 7.1.6, if the size of the footing is increased to 4000 x 4000 with other
parameters remain unchanged, check the shear and re-design the reinforcement of the footing
by answering the following questions.
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Q.3 For the pile cap in example in 7.2.4, if the design loads are changed to Gk = 1200kN, Qk =
750kN and the diameter of the pile is changed to 460mm, check the shear and re-design the
reinforcement of the pile cap by answering the following questions. The c/c distance between
piles, dimensions of the cap and other design parameters remain unchanged.
(a) What is the steel area required for the bottom reinforcement over the whole section?
(b) What is the value of the maximum shear stress, vmax?
(c) If 13T20 is provided for the bottom reinforcement, what is the value of vc?
(d) What is the value of av and the enhanced vc at av from the column face?
(e) Is it necessary to check punching shear? Why?
Answers:
Q1a: 4.73MPa; Q1b: 2567kN; Q1c: 1283/d; Q1d: 352mm
Q2a: 150kPa; Q2b: 919kNm, 4275mm2;
Q2c: non-uniform distribution of bar, vc= 0.39MPa;
Q2d: 2.27MPa; Q2e: 0.35MPa; Q2f: 0.41MPa
Q2g: The section fails by punching shear. Possible solutions are, if allowable: (i) increase the amount of reinforcement, (ii) increase
the thickness of the footing or (iii) reduce the size of the footing. Interesting to note that increase in the size of the footing, though
can reduce the pressure exerted on the soil, the amount of steel and/or thickness of the footing has to be increased
correspondingly.
Q3a: 3750 mm2; Q3b: 2.85MPa; Q3c: 0.44MPa;
Q3d: 324.5mm, 1.21MPa; Q3e: No, as L/ϕ≤3.
Chapter 7 22
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
│Tutorial Questions│
(Present the calculations with detailed working steps in a logical, neat and tidy manner.)
AQ1 A square pad footing supporting a column at its center is shown in DWG-07.
The design parameters for the pad footing are given below. Assuming the
soil reaction pressure beneath the footing is uniformly distributed; check the
shear and design the reinforcement for the footing.
Design Parameters
Side length of the square footing, L = 3500 mm
Overall depth of the footing, h = 700 mm
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CON4339 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
AQ2 A group of four piles supports a column by using a square R C pile cap as
shown in DWG-08. The design parameters for the pad footing are given
below. Check the shear and design the reinforcement for the pile cap.
Design Parameters
Chapter 7 24
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Annex - R C Design Formulae and Data
The design formulae and data provided in this Annex are for education, training and assessment purposes only.
They are based on the Hong Kong Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013 (HKCP-2013).
Usage qk (kPa)
Domestic 2.0
Materials Density (kN/m3) Offices for general use 3.0
Reinforced concrete 24.5 Department stores, shops, etc. 5.0
Cement mortar 23
Natural stone Table 1.5 - Examples of Imposed Load
29 (Extracted from Table 3.2 of the Code of Practice for Dead
(granite) and Imposed Loads – 2011)
Soil 20
BEAM
Sw Sw
Clear Span, Ln a2 = h/2 (if h < Sw)
a1 = Sw/2 (if Sw < h)
Effective Span, L
SUPPORT 1 SUPPORT 2
Elevation
Figure 1.5 - Effective Span
As = M / (0.87 fy z) [2.4]
K 0.043 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.156
z/d 0.950 0.941 0.928 0.915 0.901 0.887 0.873 0.857 0.842 0.825 0.807 0.789 0.775
Notes:
(a) The length of the cantilever, l3, should be less than half the adjacent span.
(b) The ratio of the adjacent spans should lie between 2/3 and 1.5.
(c) For simply-supported beam, lpi = L.
100 As 400 1
vc = 0.79 ( )1/3 ( )1/4 [3.2]
bvd d m
where
100 As
( ) should not be taken as greater than 3. (As is the steel area of longitudinal tension steel.)
bvd
400
( )1/4 should not be taken as less than 0.67 for members without shear reinforcement.
d
400
( )1/4 should not be taken as less than 1 for members with minimum shear reinforcement.
d
m 1.25, partial factor of safety for shear strength of concrete
Table 3.23 – Asv / sv Values for Single Link (2 legs) (in mm2 per mm)
Table 4.1 – Force Coefficients for Continuous Beams with Approximately Equal Span under udl
(Table 6.1 of HKCP-2013)
Table 5.1 – Force Coefficients for One-way Slabs with Approximately Equal Span
under udl (Extracted from Table 6.4 of HKCP-2013)
Bar Spacing in mm
Bar Size
100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 350
8 503 402 335 287 251 223 201 183 168 144
10 785 628 524 449 393 349 314 286 262 224
12 1131 905 754 646 565 503 452 411 377 323
16 2011 1608 1340 1149 1005 894 804 731 670 574
w2
w1 w1
Shear and moment for simply-supported beam
symmetrically loaded with two partial udl loads, L2 L1
L1
w1 and w2, as shown in the figure on the right:
End Condition at the Condition 1. The end of the column is connected monolithically to beams
Bottom on either side which are at least as deep as the overall dimension of the
column in the plane considered. Where the column is designed to a
1 2 3 foundation structure, this should be of a form specifically designed to carry
the moment.
1 0.75 0.80 0.90 Condition 2. The end of the column is connected monolithically to beams
Condition at
on either side which are shallower than the overall dimension of the column
the Top
End
Biaxial Bending
a c
Pad Footing
(2) Perimeter of the column –
check vmax
e f
b d
PLAN
2 T = FcL/(4d)
L
L
ϕ
L
3 T = FcL/(9d) av
L
Critical section for shear check
Assignment No. 1
Format: The answers shall be handwritten in a neat and tidy manner.
Working steps of the calculations shall be logically presented
with adequate details.
Size of paper: A4
Margins: 20mm on four sides
Binding: Staple all pages together at the top left hand corner
Provide the following information at the top of each page:
Student name
Student number
Programme/Class
Module Code
Question number
Page number
Contribution to the 5%
Module Marks of
this module:
HONG KONG INSTITUTE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION (TSING YI NEXUS)
DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION
HIGHER DIPLOMA IN CIVL ENGINEERING
Assignment No. 2
Format: The answers shall be handwritten in a neat and tidy manner.
Working steps of the calculations shall be logically presented
with adequate details.
Size of paper: A4
Margins: 20mm on four sides
Binding: Staple all pages together at the top left hand corner
Provide the following information at the top of each page:
Student name
Student number
Programme/Class
Module Code
Question number
Page number
Contribution to the 5%
Module Marks of
this module:
Chapter 1
Design Data
Loading
Dead Load: (D.L.)
Slab = 24.5 * 0.16 = 3.92 kPa
Finishes = = 2.00 kPa
Total = 5.92 kPa
Imposed Load: (L.L.) = 5.00 = 5.00 kPa
Design Data
Effective Span, L
(Similar support at both ends)
Clear span, Ln = 9000 - 500 = 8500 mm
a1 = a2 = min ( 375 or 250 )= 250 mm
Effective Span, L = 8500 + 250 *2
= 9000 mm
Loading
Load width = 3500 mm c/c distance btw adj beams
Dead Load: (D.L.)
Slab = 24.5 * 0.16 * 3.5 = 13.72 kN/m
Soil = 20 * 0.3 * 3.5 = 21.00 kN/m
Finishes = 2.00 * 3.5 = 7.00 kN/m
SW = 24.5 * 0.40 * 0.59 = 5.78 kN/m
Total = 47.50 kN/m
Imposed Load: (L.L.) = 5.00 * 3.5 = 17.50 kN/m
Notes to Tutor
Ensure the students can present the calculations in proper manner.
Differentiate the meaning of "load" and "force".
Differentiate the meanings of "characteristic" and "design" when used to describe load and force.
Chapter 1
AQ3
(a) Max load (1.4Gk + 1.6Qk) on span BC
Min load (1.0Gk) on spans AB and CD
Design Data
(e) Provide 5 T 32
As, pro = 4021 > 3692 mm2
Notes to Tutor
The convention in usage of units: Dimensions: mm, mm2 ; Stress: MPa, N/mm2; Forces: kN, kN-m.
Answer presented to 3-4 significant figures are adequate depending on the relative magnitude.
For bar spacing, 5T32 is ok for a breadth of 600.
If 3T40, As = 3771, is provided, the spacing may be too large and the value of d is reduced. The section has to be re-check
If time is allowed, vary the moment and ask the student to try again.
If time is allowed and student is capable, try larger moment for doubly reinforced section as shown below.
Design Data
z = 0.775 * d = 263 mm
d' = 35 + 10 + 32 /2 = 61 mm
x = ( 339 - 263 )/0.45
= 168.9
d'/x = 0.361
fsc = 435
Chapter 2
AQ2 Flanged-section
Design Data
(f) Provide 4 T 32
2
As, prov = 3217 > 3034 mm
Notes ot Tutor
Take note that clear spans of the slab are adopted to calculate b1 and b2 in the determination of effective flange width.
Under most circumstances, for flanged section, the upper bound value of z, i.e. 0.95d, is adopted.
The minimum steel ratio for flanged section is 0.18 instead of 0.13.
Chapter 2
AQ3
(1) The stress distribution in the section is linear (i.e. plane section remain plane)
(2) Concrete will not take up any tension
(3) Steel bar undergo same deformation as its surrounding concrete, i.e. no slip.
(4) Idealized stress block for concrete
Guide the students to read through the teaching notes to identify the above assumptions.
Discuss with them on their validity. They will be re-visited in the laboratory works.
You may also like to arouse the students on the following:
(i) The uniformity of the material concrete in the beam
(ii) The effect of shear on the stress distribution in the beam section
(iii) The effect of link carriers acting as compression bars
(iv) The effect of thermal and shrinkage effects during the hardening of concrete
Chapter 3
Steel provided 3 T 40
As, pro = 3770 mm2
Shear Link
Asv/Sv = ( 2.01 - 0.930 ) * 325 /( 0.87 * 250 )
= 1.608
Min Spacing = 0.75 * 583 = 437 mm
Provide R 12 - 2 legs - 125 c/c
Asv/Sv prov = 1.810 > 1.608 mm
Nominal Link
Asv/Sv norm = 0.4 * 325 /( 0.87 * 250 )
= 0.598
Min Spacing = 0.75 * 583 = 437 mm
Provide R 12 - 2 legs - 350 c/c
Asv/Sv prov = 0.646 mm > 0.598
Chapter 3
Therefore
Allowable L/d ratio = 1.29 * 16 = 20.72
Actual L/d ratio = 9800 / 685
= 14.31 < 20.72 ok
Therefore
Allowable L/d ratio = 0.73 * 20 = 14.66
Actual L/d ratio = 9800 / 685
= 14.31 < 14.66 ok
CON4339 – R C Design
The following are attached with this Instruction Sheet (the Instruction):
Drawing showing the details of the beam specimen and experimental setup
(the Drawing)
A template of Laboratory Report with Worksheets (the Worksheets)
2 Objectives
To appreciate the structural behaviour of a reinforced concrete beam when being
loaded to failure, including:
(a) Deformation
(b) Strain distribution
(c) Cracks
(d) Failure modes
4 Experimental Setup
(a) The precast reinforced concrete beam specimen fixed with strain gauge
is simply supported on the steel load frame per the Drawing.
(b) The distance between supports is set to L as specified in the Drawing.
(c) Two hydraulic jacks with the load cells are set at a distance av from each
end support, as specified in the Drawing, to apply two point loads onto
the beam specimen.
(d) Displacement transducer is positioned to measure the mid-span
deflection of the beam.
(e) The load cells, displacement transducer and strain gauge are connected
to the data logger.
5 Test Procedures
(a) Check the setup of the test specimen and apparatus.
(b) Verify the principal dimensions.
(c) Check the connections to the data logger and record which channels are
used to record the data.
(d) Apply 10kN at the two hydraulic jacks and then release the load to check
the proper functioning of the apparatus.
(e) Set all readings to zero.
(f) Measure the initial distances of the Demec discs.
(g) Apply equal load to the two hydraulic jacks at 10kN increment until the
beam fails. After each load increment, perform the following:
i. Record the loads at the load cells and the mid-span deflection,
and monitor the load-deflection curve.
ii. Record the strain in the reinforcement.
iii. Trace and mark the crack pattern, and measure the crack width
by using the crack detection microscope. Take photos of the
crack pattern.
iv. Measure the distances of the Demec discs.
(h) Test the compressive strength of the concrete cube.
(i) Complete the Worksheets in a neat and tidy manner.
(Ensure all the data required in the Worksheets are properly recorded during the
laboratory session.)
6 Points to Address
You are required to address the following points in the analysis and
discussion of the experimental results, and then draw conclusion and
7 Report
Each group shall prepare and submit a laboratory report with the following
contents:
(a) A cover page
(b) An index showing the sections, subsections and page numbers
(c) Experimental setup and procedures
A brief description of the experimental setup and test procedures
with annotated photos/diagrams
Reporting any deviations from that specified in the Instructions
(d) Data and analysis
The test data, graphs and calculations in the Worksheets
properly completed and indexed.
Additional calculations, graphs, charts, diagrams, etc. where
necessary, to analyze the data.
Annotated photos/diagrams, where necessary, showing the test
results or observations.
(e) Discussion (refer to para.6 above)
(f) Conclusion and Recommendations
8 Marking Scheme
Your performance will be assessed with the following marking scheme:
(a) Quality of the experimental record (20%)
The experimental setup is clearly illustrated with annotated
diagrams/photos with comprehensive descriptions.
Any deviations in the setup and procedures from that specified in the
Instructions are properly recorded.
All required data are properly taken and recorded using appropriate
units and accuracy, and are presented clearly and neatly.
Observations, if any, are clearly described and, where appropriate,
with the aides of annotated diagrams/photos with salient results
highlighted.
(b) Data analysis (30%)
The experimental data are appropriately analyzed and presented in
appropriate manners, e.g. tables, charts, graph, ratios, etc., to
facilitate interpretation or comparison.
Appropriate theories are adopted and properly presented.
The working of the calculations, procedures in evaluation and
methodology of analysis are presented logically and in
comprehensible manner.
(c) Discussion, conclusion and recommendation (30%)
The results and/or observations are appropriately interpreted and
evaluated.
Relevant theories are applied to discuss the validity or implications
of the results and/or observations.
The experimental setup and procedures are reviewed with proposal
for improvements.
Conclusion and recommendations are drawn from the discussion
and presented in a precise and concise manner.
(d) Report presentation (20%)
The report is presented in good English, and properly organized and
structured.
All the tables, graphs, charts, diagrams, photos, etc. are properly
numbered and are referred to in the text.
Relevant literatures are properly referenced.
Appropriate and consistent format is applied throughout the report,
including, font style, font size, line spacing, margin, paper size,
headings, pagination, etc.
Jack Drawing
Load cell
225 mm
R.C. Beam
support support
displacement
transducer
100 mm 100mm
675 mm 750 mm 675 mm
Fig. 1
150
2R8
225
2T20
50 30 30
Level 2
locating
disc Level 3
50
Level 4
Figure 3
Reported by:
Student Name Student Number Contribution Signed by
(Note 1) (Note 2) the student
(Note 3)
Total:
Notes:
1. The number of team members should not be more than 6 or less than 4; unless otherwise approved by the
Lecturer, marks will be deducted for large and small teams.
2. Estimate the percentage of the laboratory work and report that you have contributed to. The total sum of the
percentages of all members should be equal to 100%.
3. You have to signify your agreement by signing on this form.
IVE Construction
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Index
Contents Page
Cover page i
Index ii
2 Worksheets
Worksheet 1 – Principal Dimensions, Channels of Data Logger and Location
of Strain Gauges
Worksheet 2 – Load-Deflection Relationship
Worksheet 3 – Load-Strain Relationship
Worksheet 4 – Strain Distribution
Worksheet 5 – Calculation of Design Ultimate Moment Capacity
Worksheet 6 – Calculation of Design Ultimate Shear Capacity
Worksheet 7 – Cracking
Worksheet 8 – Concrete Compressive Strength
3 Discussions
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Load-Deflection Data
Loading Point Load on Point Load on Average Point Mid-span Remarks /
Stage the left the right Load, F Deflection Observations
0 0 0 0
10
11
Plot "average point load" vs "mid-span deflection" on the graph on next page and then identify the following
from the graph.
Deflection at L/500
Deflection at L/250
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Graph 01
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Load-Strain Data
Loading Ave Strain Strain of Concrete
Stage Point of
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
Load Steel
Reading Strain Reading Strain Reading Strain Reading Strain
(kN) (x 10-6)
(x 10-6) (x 10-6) (x 10-6) (x 10-6)
0 0
10
Theoretically, the strain of steel when it Steel yield strain, Ɛy = 0.87 x 500 / 200 000
yields, Ɛy = 0.87fy / E = 2,175 x 10-6
where fy = 500 N/mm2
The load, F, when steel yield =
E = 200 000 N/mm2 kN
(Read from the Graph 02)
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Graph 02
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Plot the curves of strain vs depth for each loading on the graph below.
Measure the minimum distance from the top of the beam to the nearest flexural
mm
cracks when the beam collapses: (Measured from the test specimen or photo.)
Graph 03
IVE Construction
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b 0.45fcu
s = 0.9 x
s/2
x
Fcc
Neutral
Axis
M
d z
Fst
As
b= fcu =
d= fy =
As =
IVE Construction
Aug 2014
As = Asv/sv =
(100As/bvd) =
(400/d) =
(fcu/25) =
vc =
vc bv d =
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Worksheet 7 – Cracking
Loading Ave Point Load Maximum Crack Observations (highlight when flexural crack and shear crack first appears
Stage (kN) Width (mm) and when the maximum crack width just exceeds 0.3mm)
0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
(B) At failure
(Identify and annotate the cracks with substantial increase in width upon failure.)
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Date of test :
Mode of failure :
N/mm2
b= d=
= =
= =
(iii) Compression force in the compression zone (iv) Compressive strength of concrete
= =
= =
N/mm2
(Identify the assumptions that have been made in the above calculations and discuss their validity in the Discussion section.)
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Revision on Structural Mechanics
Bending Stress
Shear Stress