CHAPTER – 3

THE OSI MODEL

PREPARED BY: KRUTI DHYANI

Prepared By:Kruti Dhyani

INTRODUCTION
➢ An ISO Standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the open system interconnect.
➢ An open system is a model that allows any two different
systems to communicate regardless of their underplaying
architecture
➢ ISO is the organization.
➢ OSI is the model.

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PURPOSE OF OSI MODEL
➢ To open communication between different systems without
requiring the changes to the logic of underlined hardware or
software.
➢ Layered Architecture

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➢ The designer identify which networking functions had related
uses and collected those functions into discrete groups that
became the layers.
➢ The designers created an architecture that is both
comprehensive and flexible.
➢ The OSI model allows complete transparency between
otherwise incompatible systems.

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PEER-TO-PEER PROCESSES
➢ Within a single machine each layer calls upon the services of a
layer just below it or above it.
➢ Between the two machines, Layer X on one machine
communicates with layer x on another machine.
➢ This communication is governed by and agreed upon series of
rules and conventions called protocols.
➢ The processes on each machine that communicate at a given
layer is called peer-to-peer processes.
➢ At physical layer communication is direct.
➢ At higher layer, however the communication must move down
through the layers on machine A to Machine B and then back
up through the layers.

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CONT…
➢ Each layer on the sender side adds its own information to the
message it receive from the layer above it.
➢ This information is added in form of headers and trailers.
➢ Headers are added at layer 6,5,4,3 and 2.
➢ Trailers are added at layer 2.
➢ At Receiving machine message is unwrapped with each
process receiving and removing data meant for it.
➢ Interface:
➢ The passing of data and network information down through
layers of sending machine and back up the layers of receiving
machine is made possible by and interface between each pair
of adjacent layers.

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PHYSICAL LAYER
➢ Physical layer is responsible for transmitting a bits stream over a
physical medium.
➢ It is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node to
next.
➢ It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of interface
and transmission medium.

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Duties are:
1. Physical characteristics of interface and media: It Defines
the characteristics of the interface between the devices and
transmission medium.
2. Representation of bits: It defines how 0’s and 1’s are
represented in form of signals.(electrical or optical)
3. Data Rate or Transmission Rate: It defines the number of
bits send and receive per second. Means the duration of bits,
which is how long it lasts.
4. Synchronization of Bits: The sender and receiver clock
must be synchronize.
5. Line Configuration: Either point to point or multipoint

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6. Physical Topology: how devices are connected to make a
network.
7. Transmission Mode: Defines direction of transmission
between devices

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DATA LINK LAYER
(NODE TO NODE DELIVERY)
➢ Create reliable link
➢ It makes physical layer appear error free to the upper layer
(network layer)

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Duties are:
1. Framing: the data link layers divide stream of bits received
from network layer into manageable data units called frames
2. Physical addressing: if frames are to be distributed to
different system on the network, data link layer adds header
to the frame to define the physical address of the sender and
receiver of the frame.
3. Flow control: It imposes flow control to prevent
overwhelming of the receiver.
4. Error control: adds reliability to the physical layer by adding
mechanisms to detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames.
# It also uses a mechanism to prevent duplication of frame.
#Achieve through trailer added to the end of frame.
5. Access control: When two or more devices are connected to
the same link data link layer protocols are necessary to
determine which devices has control over the link at a
particular time.

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EXAMPLE

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NETWORK LAYER
(SOURCE-DESTINATION LAYER)
➢ Network layer is responsible for source to destination delivery
of a packet possibly across multiple network.
➢ If two system are connected to a same link there is usually no
need for a network layer.
➢ If they are attached to different network with connecting
devices between networks there is a need for a network layer
to accomplish end to end delivery.

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➢ Duties:
1. Logical Addressing: The physical addressing solves the
networking problem locally.
❑ If the packet crosses the network boundary there comes
the need of network layer
2. Routing Independent Network: when two or more network
are connected to form a large network the connecting devices
route the packet to their final destination.

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NETWORK LAYER EXAMPLE

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CONT..

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TRANSPORT LAYER
(PROCESS TO PROCESS DELIVERY)
➢ Network layer does not recognize relationship between
packets. Each treated independently.
➢ Network layer just sent to its relevant destination.
➢ Transport layer ensures that the whole message arrives intact
and in order.

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➢ Duties:
1. Port Addressing: Several processes running on same time.
❑ Process to Process delivery means delivery from specific
process on one computer to a specific process on another
computer.
❑ Transport layer header include port address.
2. Segmentation and reassembly:
❑ At sender side, a message divided into transmittable segment.
Each containing sequence number.
❑ At receiver side, transport layer reassemble the message
correctly upon arrival at the receiver end.
3. Error control: Same as Data Link layer however it focus on
process to process.
4. Flow control: Same as Data Link layer however it focus on process
to process.

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3. Connection control:
a) Connection less: Treat each segment as an independent
packet and delivers it to the transport layer at the
destination.
b) Connection oriented: Links the connection first with the
transport layer at the destination and then delivers the
packet.
Example:

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SESSION LAYER
➢ Session layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining and
synchronizing the interaction between communication system.

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➢ Duties:
1. Dialog control: It is concerned with communication between
two processes either in half duplex or full duplex way.
❑ It allows two system to enter into a dialog.
2. Synchronization: It allows a process to add checkpoints into
a stream of data.
❑ Example: If system sending 4000 pages of document &
checkpoint is after every 50 pages.
❑ If crashes happens at page 773 then retransmission
begins from page 751.

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PRESENTATION LAYER
(SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS OF DATA)
➢ It is concerned with syntax and semantics of information
between two systems.

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➢ Duties:
1. Translation: As different computer use different encoding
system, the presentation layer is responsible for
interoperability between two different encoding methods.
❑ At sender side, changes the information sender
dependent format to common format.
❑ At receiver side, changes common format to receiver
dependent format.
2. Encryption: To ensure privacy, the sender transfer the
original information to another form and sends the resulting
message over the network.
❑ Decryption at receiver side recovers the message.
3. Compression: Data compression reduces the number of bits
to be transmitted.

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APPLICATION LAYER
➢ It allows user to access the network.

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➢ Services provided are:
1. Network virtual terminal(NVT): It is a software version of
physical terminal which enhances the communication
between two different system.
2. File transfer, access & Management: It allows users to
access file, retrieve and manage or control file in remote
computer.
3. Mail services: Provides basis of e-mail forwarding & storage.
4. Directory Services: Provide access to global information
about various directory.

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SUMMARY OF LAYER

NOTE: Also Study TCP/IP Protocol from book or

Lecture Notes. Also Compare Both OSI and TCP/IP.

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 Any Question???

Prepared By:Kruti Dhyani