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Pradip dey and manas ghosh pdf

Home » Programming » Programming in C, 2nd Edition Author : Manas Ghosh, Pradip DeyYear : 2012Pages : 528File size : 12.85 MBFile format : PDFCategory : Programming, C++Book Description: Beginning with the basic concept of programming, the book gives an exhaustive coverage of arrays, strings, functions,
pointers, and data structures. Separate chapters on linked lists and stacks, queues, and trees, with their implementation in C, have been provided to simplify the learning of complex concepts. Some advanced features of C such as memory models, command-line arguments, and bitwise operators have also been
included. Case studies demonstrating the use of C in solving mathematical as well as real-life problems have also been presented. This edition also highlights C99 features wherever relevant in the text. The book is easy-to-understand and student-friendly with plenty of programs complete with source codes, sample
outputs, and test cases. Readers will find this book an excellent companion for self-study owing to its numerous examples, review questions, and programming exercises. Download eBook eBooks in the same categorie : This book is primarily intended as a research monograph that could also be used in graduate courses
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abstract concepts of Starting with recipes demonstrating the execution of basic Boost.Asio operations, the book goes on to provide ready-to-use implementations of client a C++ is one of the preferred languages for game development as it supports a variety of coding styles that provides low-level access to the system.
C++ The concepts in this book are presented in a lucid and exhaustive manner using appropriate illustrations whenever applicable. The book deals with programming in C for the reader to learn the art of writing programs in C. Some advanced features of C have also been included. A separate chapter on linked lists with
their implementation in C has been provided to ease the learning of complex concepts. The book is easy-to-understand and student-friendly with plenty of programs with complete source codes and test cases. The theory is well-supported by both review questions and programming exercises at the end of each chapter.
The book also includes a comprehensive case study on simulation of OS system calls using C language. Programming in C Pradip Dey & Manas Ghosh © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 4 Control Statements © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. 1. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Understanding meaning of a statement and statement block Learn about decision type control constructs in C and the way these are used Learn about looping type control constructs in C and the technique of putting them to use Learn the use of special control constructs such as goto, break, continue, and return Learn
about nested loops and their utility © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. 2. CONTROL STATEMENTS INCLUDE Selection Statements Iteration Statements Jump Statements • if • for • goto • if-else • while • break • switch • do-while • continue • return © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.
PROGRAM CONTROL STATEMENTS/CONSTRUCTS IN ‘C’ Program Control Statements/Constructs Iteration/Looping Selection/Branching Conditional Type if if-elseif Unconditional Type switch break continue for goto © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. while dowhile OPERATORS < ! != > ==
Operators = && != © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. RELATIONAL OPERATORS To Specify Symbol Used less than < greater than > less than or equal to greater than or equal to = Equality and Logical Operators To Specify Symbol Used Equal to == Not equal to != Logical AND && Logical OR ||
Negation ! © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. POINTS TO NOTE If an expression, involving the relational operator, is true, it is given a value of 1. If an expression is false, it is given a value of 0. Similarly, if a numeric expression is used as a test expression, any non-zero value (including negative) will be
considered as true, while a zero value will be considered as false. Space can be given between operand operator (relational or logical) but space is not allowed between any compound operator like =, ==, !=. It is also compiler error to reverse them. a == b and a = b are not similar, as == is a test for equality, a = b is an
assignment operator. Therefore, the equality operator has to be used carefully. The relational operators have lower precedence than all arithmetic operators. © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. A FEW EXAMPLES The following declarations and initializations are given: int x=1, y=2, z=3; Then, The
expression x>=y evaluates to 0 (false). The expression x+y evaluates to 3 (true). The expression x=y evaluates to 2 (true). © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. LOGICAL OPERATORS MAY B E MIXED WITHIN RE LATION AL EXPRE SSI ONS BUT ONE MUST ABIDE B Y THEIR P RECEDEN CE
RULES WHICH IS AS FOLLOWS: (!) NOT operator && AND operator © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. || OR operator OPERATOR SEMANTICS Operators Associativity () ++ (postfix) -- (postfix) left to right + (unary) - (unary) right to left ++ (prefix) -- (prefix) * / % left to right +- left to right < >= left to
right == != left to right && left to right || left to right ? : right to left =+=-=*=/= right to left , (comma operator) left to right © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. CONDITIONAL EXECUTION AND SELECTION Selection Statements The Conditional Operator The switch Statement © Oxford University Press
2013. All rights reserved. SELECTION STATEMENTS One-way decisions using if statement Two-way decisions using if-else statement Multi-way decisions Dangling else Problem © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. ONE-WAY DECISIONS USING IF STATEMENT Flowchart for if construct if(Test. Expr)
stmt. T; T F Test. Expr stmt. T © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. WRITE A PROGRAM THAT PRINTS THE LARGEST AMONG THREE NUMBERS. Algorithm C Program 1. START #include int main() { int a, b, c, max; printf(“n. Enter 3 numbers”); scanf(“%d %d %d”, &a, &b, &c); max=a; if(b>max)
max=b; if(c>max) max=c; printf(“Largest No is %d”, max); return 0; } 2. PRINT “ENTER THREE NUMBERS” 3. INPUT A, B, C 4. MAX=A 5. IF B>MAX THEN MAX=B 6. IF C>MAX THEN MAX=C 7. PRINT “LARGEST NUMBER IS”, MAX 8. STOP © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. TWO-WAY
DECISIONS USING IF-ELSE STATEMENT The form of a two-way decision is as follows: if(Test. Expr) stmt. T; else stmt. F; Flowchart of if-else construct Test. Expr stmt. T © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. stmt. F WRITE A PROGRAM THAT PRINTS THE LARGEST AMONG THREE NUMBERS.
Algorithm C Program 1. START #include int main() { int a, b, c, max; printf(“n. Enter 3 numbers”); scanf(“%d %d %d”, &a, &b, &c); max=a; if(b>max) max=b; if(c>max) max=c; printf(“Largest No is %d”, max); return 0; } 2. PRINT “ENTER THREE NUMBERS” 3. INPUT A, B, C 4. MAX=A 5. IF B>MAX THEN MAX=B 6. IF
C>MAX THEN MAX=C 7. PRINT “LARGEST NUMBER IS”, MAX 8. STOP © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. MULTI-WAY DECISIONS if(Test. Expr 1) stmt. T 1; else if(Test. Expr 2) stmt. T 2; else if(Test. Expr 3) stmt. T 3; . . . else if(Test. Expr. N) stmt. TN; else stmt. F; if-else-if ladder switch(expr) {
case constant 1: stmt. List 1; break; case constant 2: stmt. List 2; break; case constant 3: stmt. List 3; break; …………………………. default: stmt. Listn; } General format of switch statements © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. FLOWCHART OF AN IF-ELSE-IF CONSTRUCT Test. Expr 2 Test. Expr 3
stmt. T 1 Test. Expr. N stmt. T 2 stmt. T 3 stmt. TN © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. stmt. TF THE FOLLOWING PROGRAM CHECKS WHETHER A NUMBER GIVEN BY THE USER IS ZERO, POSITIVE, OR NEGATIVE #include int main() { int x; printf(“n ENTER THE NUMBER: ”); scanf(“%d”, &x);
if(x > 0) printf(“x is positive n”); else if(x == 0) printf(“x is zero n”); else printf(“x is negative n”); return 0; } © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. NESTED IF Construct 2 When any if statement is Construct 1 written under another if if(Test. Expr. A) statement, this cluster is if(Test. Expr. B) called a nested if.
stmt. BT; else stmt. BF; The syntax for the else nested is given here: stmt. AF; if(Test. Expr. C) stmt. CT; else stmt. CF; © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. A PROGRAM TO FIND THE LARGEST AMONG THREE NUMBERS USING THE NESTED LOOP #include int main() { int a, b, c; printf(“n. Enter the
three numbers”); scanf(“%d %d %d”, &a, &b, &c); if(a > b) if(a > c) printf(“%d”, a); else printf(“%d”, c); else if(b > c) printf(“%d”, b); else printf(“%d”, c); return 0; } © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. DANGLING ELSE PROBLEM This classic problem occurs when there is no matching else for each if. To
avoid this problem, the simple C rule is that always pair an else to the most recent unpaired if in the current block. Consider the illustration shown here. The else is automatically paired with the closest if. But, it may be needed to associate an else with the outer if also. © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.
SOLUTIONS TO DANGLING ELSE PROBLEM Use of null else Use of braces to enclose the true action of the second if With null else if(Test. Expr. A) if(Test. Expr B) stmt. BT; else stmt. AF; © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. With braces if(Test. Expr. A) { if(Test. Expr B) stmt. BT; } else stmt. AF; 6.
THE CONDITIONAL OPERATOR It has the following simple format: expr 1 ? expr 2 : expr 3 It executes by first evaluating expr 1, which is normally a relational expression, and then evaluates either expr 2, if the first result was true, or expr 3, if the first result was false. #include int main() { int a, b, c; printf(“n ENTER THE
TWO NUMBERS: ”); scanf(“%d %d”, &a, &b); c=a>b? a : b>a ? b : -1; if(c==-1) printf(“n BOTH NUMBERS ARE EQUAL”); else printf(“n LARGER NUMBER IS %d”, c); return 0; } An Example © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. THE SWITCH STATEMENT The general format of a switch statement is
switch(expr) { case constant 1: stmt. List 1; break; case constant 2: stmt. List 2; break; case constant 3: stmt. List 3; break; …………………………. default: stmt. Listn; } The C switch construct © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. SWITCH VS NESTED IF
The switch differs from the else-if in that switch can test only for equality, whereas the if conditional expression can be of a test expression involving any type of relational operators and/or logical operators. A switch statement is usually more efficient than nested ifs. The switch statement can always be replaced with a
series of else-if statements. © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. ITERATION AND REPETITIVE EXECUTION A loop allows one to execute a statement or block of statements repeatedly. There are mainly two types of iterations or loops – unbounded iteration or unbounded loop and bounded iteration or
bounded loop. A loop can either be a pretest loop or be a post-test loop as illustrated in the diagram. © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. “WHILE” CONSTRUCT while statement is a Expanded Syntax. The of “while” pretest loop. basic and its Flowchart syntax of the. Representation while statement is
shown below: © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. AN EXAMPLE #include int main() { int c; c=5; // Initialization while(c>0) { // Test Expression printf(“ n %d”, c); c=c-1; // Updating } return 0; } This loop contains all the parts of a while loop. When executed in a program, this loop will output 5 4 3 2 1 ©
Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. TESTING FOR FLOATING-POINT ‘EQUALITY’ float x; x = 0. 0; while(x != 1. 1) { x = x + 0. 1; printf(“ 1. 1 minus %f equals %. 20 gn”, x, 1. 1 -x); } The above loop never terminates on many computers, because 0. 1 cannot be accurately represented using binary numbers.
Never test floating point numbers for exact equality, especially in loops. The correct way to make the test is to see if the two numbers are ‘approximately equal’. © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. “FOR” CONSTRUCT The general form of the for statement is as follows: for(initialization; Test. Expr;
updating) stm. T; for construct flow chart © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. EXAMPLE #include int main() { int n, s=0, r; printf(“n Enter the Number”); scanf(“%d”, &n); for(; n>0; n/=10) { r=n%10; s=s+r; } printf(“n Sum of digits %d”, s); return 0; } © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. 8. 3
“DO-WHILE” CONSTRUCT The C do-while loop The form of this loop construct is as follows: do { stm. T; /* body of statements would be placed here*/ }while(Test. Expr); © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. POINT TO NOTE With a do-while statement, the body of the loop is executed first and the test
expression is checked after the loop body is executed. Thus, the do-while statement always executes the loop body at least once. © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. AN EXAMPLE #include int main() { int x = 1; int count = 0; do { scanf(“%d”, &x); if(x >= 0) count += 1; } while(x >= 0); return 0; } © Oxford
University Press 2013. All rights reserved. WHICH LOOP SHOULD BE USED? ? ? © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. THERE ARE NO HARD-AND-FAST RULE REGARDING WHICH TYPE OF LOOP SHOULD BE USED Some methods of controlling repetition in a program are: Using Sentinel Values
Using Prime Read Using Counter © Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. GOTO STATEMENT The control is unconditionally transferred to the statement associated with the label specified in the goto statement. The form of a goto statement is goto label_name; The following program is used to find the
factorial of a number. #include int main() { int n, c; long int f=1; printf(“n Enter the number: ”); scanf(“%d”, &n); if(n

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