TITLE PAGE

GIFT AND EXCHANGE IN ACADEMIC LIBRARY,

UNIVERSITY OF JOS LIBRARY

BY

FAITH V. AGBO
FPN/SIT/LIT/2015/2016/945

GRACE TISHI CHRISTOPHER

FPN/SIT/LIT/2015/2016/947

COMFORT IME SUNDAY

FPN/SIT/LIT/2015/2016/950

CAROLINE O. IBEH
FPN/SIT/LIT/2015/2016/961

GRACE ODIONG
FPN/SIT/LIT/2015/2016/969

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN
LIBRARY AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA

SEPTEMBER, 2017.

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 APPROVAL PAGE

This project has been read and approved for the Department of Library and Information

Technology, the Federal Polytechnic, Nasarawa.

BY

……………………………….. ………………………………
Mal. Habib Shehu Mrs. Victoria Ale
(Project Supervisor) (Head of Department)

Date:…………………………. Date:………………………

……………………………….. ……………………………
Dean of School External Examiner

Date:…………………………. Date:………………………

ii
 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to God Almighty.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our gratitude goes to God Almighty who gave us wisdom, knowledge, understanding and

protection throughout our period of study in Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa.

Our profound gratitude to our research project supervisor, Mallam Habib Shehu whose diligence

and sympathetic disposition throughout the period and toward the success of this research work.

May God in his infinites mercy bless you Sir.

Special thanks to our Head of Department, Mrs. Victoria Ale, Department of Library and

Information Technology, for her intellectual contributions towards our education. We can’t

forget all our lecturers in the department, may God continue to be with them.

Our sincere appreciation goes to our parents, Mr. and Mrs. Agbo, Mr. and Mrs. Ime Sunday, Mr.

and Mrs. Ibeh, Mr. and Mrs. Odiong and Mr. and Mrs. Christopher for their prayers, care,

support both morally and financially throughout our studies.

We also want to say a big thanks to our friends, course mates, well-wishers and guidance for

their support throughout our studies. We say thank you all and may Almighty God bless you all.

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 ABSTRACT

The study of this research work about the gifts and exchange programme in North Central Zone,
University of Job library. It started by looking at the background of the study, the problem
associated with the phenomenon and expressing the relevance of the research. The research
focuses on the aims and objectives of the programme and found out that, gifts and exchange was
an important source for the acquisition of materials which became expensive that library cannot
afford. It also tries to look at the historical background of Jos University Library as well as
explaining the source of gifts and exchange programme. Furthermore, purposive sampling
techniques and questionnaire were adopted for this research study though; questionnaire was
the main research instrument that provided the researcher an easy accumulation of data
analysis. Data presentation and analysis assisted the researcher in showing the number of gifts
and exchange books and purchased books in diagram and figure for about five (5) academic
sessions of Jos University. In a summarized articulation, the research study drew to conclusion
that, the fall of the value of naira, prices of books and other library material have gone beyond
the reach of the library to acquire the books, journals and other materials have gone beyond the
reach of the library to acquire the books, journals and other materials. Thus, the researcher in
recommendation stated the contributions that would aid the library in meeting the required
materials.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page - - - - - - - - - i

Approval Page - - - - - - - - - ii

Dedication - - - - - - - - - iii

Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - iv

Abstract - - - - - - - - - v

Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - vi

List of Tables - - - - - - - - - viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 1

1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - - - 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem - - - - - - - 2

1.3 Research Objectives - - - - - - - - 3

1.4 Research Questions - - - - - - - - 3

1.5 Significance of Study - - - - - - - - 3

1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study - - - - - - 4

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms - - - - - - 4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review - - - - - - - - 5

2.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 5

2.2 Historical Background of University of Jos Library - - - - 5

2.3 Aims and Objectives of Gifts and Exchange - - - - - 7

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2.4 Significance of Gifts and Exchange - - - - - - 9

2.5 Official Policies Guiding the Collection Development of Gifts and Exchange- 10

2.6 Problems Encountered in the Operation of Gifts and Exchange - - - 11

2.7 Sources of Gifts and Exchange - - - - - - 13

2.8 Summary of the Review - - - - - - - 15

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Methodology - - - - - - - - - 16

3.1 Research Techniques Utilized- - - - - - - 16

3.2 Research Population - - - - - - - - 16

3.3 Sample and Sampling Technique - - - - - - 16

3.4 Sample Size of the Respondents - - - - - - 17

3.5 Research Instrument - - - - - - - - 17

3.6 Administration of Research Instrument - - - - - 17

3.7 Data Analysis Technique - - - - - - - 17

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Data Presentation and Analysis - - - - - - 18

4.1 Number of Gifts/Exchange Books for the Period 2007 – 2012 - - - 18

4.2 Number of Purchasing Books for the Period 2007 – 2012 - - - - 19

4.3 Number of Gift/Exchange and Purchased Books for the Year 2007/08- - 20

4.4 Number of Gift/Exchange and Purchased Books for the Year 2008/09- - 21

4.5 Number of Gift/Exchange and Purchased Books for the Year 2009/10- - 22

4.6 Number of Gift/Exchange and Purchased Books for the Year 2010/11- - 23

4.7 Number of Gift/Exchange and Purchased Books for the Year 2011/12- - 24

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations - - - - 25

5.1 Summary of the Study- - - - - - - - 25

5.2 Summary of Findings - - - - - - - - 25

5.3 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - 27

5.4 Recommendations - - - - - - - - 27

Bibliography - - - - - - - - - 29

Appendix I - - - - - - - - - 30

Appendix II - - - - - - - - - 31

Appendix III - - - - - - - - - 33

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1: Number of Gifts/Exchange Books for the Period 2007 – 2012 - - - 18

Fig. 2: Number of Purchasing Books for the Period 2007 – 2012 - - - - 19

Fig. 3: Number of Gift/Exchange and Purchased Books for the Year 2007/08- - 20

Fig. 4: Number of Gift/Exchange and Purchased Books for the Year 2008/09- - 21

Fig. 5: Number of Gift/Exchange and Purchased Books for the Year 2009/10- - 22

Fig. 6: Number of Gift/Exchange and Purchased Books for the Year 2010/11- - 23

Fig. 7: Number of Gift/Exchange and Purchased Books for the Year 2011/12- - 24

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

These types of co-operation exist between different types of institutional and public

libraries and within the same type of libraries. Libraries co-operate in order to meet their

major objectives of providing materials to meet the various needs of their users. This was

emphasized by Ranganathan (1959) in his five laws of library science when he noted that:

Libraries are for use

Every ready to his book

Save the time of the reader

Every book to its reader

Library is a growing organism

Library co-operation has many objectives. According to Wallace and Magwill (1979) the

two most frequently emphasized are:

The improvement of bibliographic access – the information needed to identify

publications, verify their existence, location etc.

The improvement of physical or textual access – the delivery of the published item that is

a copy of it to the person who wants it.

It is said that in most major co-operation, the two objectives are pursued and bot have

clear implications for collection development plans.

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1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Universities are established in Nigeria to solve the high level manpower needs in the

country. However, there are other objectives for establishing universities in the North

Central Zone. Some of these are:

To encourage the advancement of learning among all class of people by designing

courses for instruction and providing facilities for the pursuit of learning in all its

libraries.

To encourage and promote scholarship and co-ordinate research in all fields of human

endeavours.

Academic libraries therefore, are established to assist in meeting, the above objectives.

To do this, the North Central Zone Libraries need adequate resources/materials.

Unfortunately, majority of the resources needed in our university libraries are produced

in foreign countries. Nigeria, therefore, needs foreign exchange to purchase the required

materials. In the 1970s, there was no problem of buying books from abroad because of

the availability of foreign exchange. The 5% of the total recurrent expenditure of north

central zone that was allocated to libraries was sufficient then to meet their financial

needs. However, since the economic recession started in 1992, foreign exchange became

scarce. This has greatly affected the collection development of the North Central Zone.

The university is more able to acquire accurate material for the use of students and

faculty members. It is therefore important to investigate into the ways and means that the

North Central Zone is employing to solve this problem. One of the possible ways is gifts

and exchange. This problem will be examined and the extent that the library engaged in

gifts and exchange co-operation with other libraries.

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1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This research work intends to answer the following questions:

1. Is there any gifts and exchange programme in the North Central Zone?

2. What are the objectives of the gifts and exchange programme in North Central Zone?

3. Are such objectives guided by any official collection development policy?

4. What are the problems encountered by the collection development unit of the North

Central Zone?

5. What are the other factors that affect the success of the gift and exchange

programme?

1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

1. To know the purpose of gifts and exchange.

2. To survey the objectives of the gifts and exchange programme in North Central Zone

library.

3. To ascertain if programme is guided by any official collection development policy.

4. To find out the problems encountered by the collection development unit of the North

Central Zone library.

5. To find possible solutions to the problems.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Gifts and exchange is very vital to the realization of the objectives of the library. This

study therefore intends to highlight the importance of gifts and exchange in collection

development. it is hoped that the result of this study will be of tremendous benefit to

xii
 North Central Zone in particular since they will be aware of the importance and problems

of gifts and exchange.

The study will encourage the authority to provide the necessary financial material and

personnel resources for the success of the programme.

It is hoped that the result of this study will stimulate interest of researchers in carrying out

further researches in this area.

The research will help in identifying the problems encountered by the collection

development unit of the North Central Zone library and possible proffer the possible

solution.

Finally, it is believed that, this research will also help in knowing the other factors that

affect the success of the gifts and exchange programme in North Central Zone Library.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study is about library co-operation. However, it has been limited to just one aspect

of library co-operation in order to carry out a thorough job on the research. Similar

universities or institutions under the jurisdiction of states and federal are exempted.

1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. EXCHANGE: This involves giving and receiving one thing in place of another.

2. GIFT: To give freely without any price attracted. In librarianship it involves

material that have been given free of charge.

3. LIBRARY: A collection of book and non-book materials processed and organized

for clientele’s utilization.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

In reviewing the related literature, it is quite important to go through all what have been

written on the subject understudy. This creates a bearing and focus to the researchers to

really stretch out to those areas that have been exploited on the topic. The review of the

literature also helps the researcher to standard on the past write-ups and then expand the

frontiers of the immediate research topic. In the light of this therefore, the research work

is broken down into the following:

Historical background of North Central Zone

Aims and objectives of gifts and exchange

Official policies guiding the collection development of gifts and exchange

Problems encountered in the operation of gifts and exchange programme

Sources of gifts and exchange

2.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF UNIVERSITY OF JOS LIBRARY

The nucleus of the University of Jos Library was established in February 1972 when this

institution remained the Jos Campus of the University of Ibadan, located along Murtala

Mohammed Way on the temporary town-site of the University. This library has

undergone significant extension to both its building and stock. The Library is located

along Bauchi Road opposite the Federal College of Forestry Jos. It hosts the Library

Administration, Documents, Cataloguing and Classification as well as the book finishing

units. Collections here service Faculties of Education, Environmental Sciences, Natural

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Sciences and Pharmacy. There are a Serials Section, Systems Unit, Reserved Books, and

Circulation Sections. Naraguta Campus (sometimes called Permanent Site) Library

houses the Social Sciences and Arts collections and is located on the Naraguta Campus

along Zaria Road. Law Library is located on the Bauchi Road Campus and houses the

law collections. It is adjacent to the Online Legal Research Library on the first floor of

the Law Faculty. Medical Library provides services for the students and faculty members

of Faculty of Medical Sciences. Located on the Township Campus along Murtala

Mohammed Way, it has its own eGranary Digital Library version 2.0 to supplement the

CD-ROM and hard copies of medical collection.

The University of Jos was established with the vision of being an innovative institution

with great interaction between 'town and gown'. Today, the university still carries a high

responsibility of fashioning tastes and attitudes of the future. We are committed to

providing education that is globally competitive and relevant to the needs of today's

employer and the developing challenges of Nigeria and beyond. 

The University of Jos started as a Campus of the University of Ibadan in November,

1971, with the appointment of Professor E. A. Ayandele as its first Acting Principlal. Its

first home was the present Township campus of the University which is located along

Murtala Mohammed way, Jos. Its first students admitted in January, 1972 were pre-

degree students. Degree courses in Arts were introduced in October 1973 and in Science

and Education the following year. The same year, the Bauchi Road Campus which then

accommodated only the Faculties of Natural, environmental, Medical Sciences and

Education was acquired. In October 1975, the then Military Government announced the

establishment of seven new Universities and University Colleges including the University

xv
 of Jos. Professor Gilbert Onuaguluchi was appointed its first Vice- Chancellor. Since

then, the University has made enormous progress. By 1993, a new system for

appointment of Vice-Chancellor in Nigerian Universities was introduced. There was

therefore a delay in the appointment of a new Vice-Chancellor in 1993. In the interim,

Prof. G. O. M. Tasie acted as Vice-Chancellor from October 1993 to March 1994.

Eventually, Prof. N.E. Gomwalk was appointed Vice-Chancellor of the University in

April,1994. His tenure ended in 1999. Professor M. Y. Mangvwat was appointed Ag.

Vice-Chancellor from January 2000 to May 4th 2001. He was later appointed substantive

Vice-Chancellor with effect from 5th May 2001. After him, Professor Sonni Tyoden was

Vice Chancellor from June 12, 2006 to June 11, 2011. He was the 7th substantive Vice-

Chancellor of the university. The 8th substantive Vice-Chancellor of the University was

Professor Hayward Babale Mafuyai from June 23, 2011 to June 22, 2016.The current and

9th substantive Vice-Chancellor is Professor Seddi Sebastian Maimako who assumed

duty on the 23rd of June 2016.

2.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF GIFTS AND EXCHANGE

Before a library can go into an exchange programme, it must have some gains to derive

from it and one such gains is to acquire materials without direct cost to the library.

According to Christian (1974) “gifts and exchange make many materials such as

monographs, dissertations, serials, institutions and government reports which cannot be

acquired through normal way available to libraries”.

It is viewed that gifts and exchange enhances international understanding in the sense that

cultural records of every nations are fully available to all other nations. Coupled with this

also, gifts and exchange is an important source for the acquisition of materials which are

xvi
so expensive that the library budget may not be able to afford. Exchange is a useful way

of discarding duplicates and materials as Keller(1941) emphasized when he observed

that:

All libraries have some books, which to them are a complete liability. These require

housing, cataloguing, administration and never pay dividend in form of usage.

These books if placed in other libraries may be in active circulation even filling gaps

difficult to bridge. Offering unwanted materials to exchange partners is a way of putting

books to good use.

The history of exchange parallels the history of civilization from mankind’s earliest days,

one who had something he did not want need or offered it to another for something he did

need or want. At first this activity involved only the necessities of life, but as time went

on and civilization progressed, the range of exchangeable materials expanded. The

interchange of knowledge became not only desirable but important and necessary. In the

development of recorded knowledge, from the earliest clipped stones through the

invention of the printing press to our present day books and audio visual materials, there

is re-elected the idea of exchange of knowledge. Today, the exchange of library materials

is the major importance to any small libraries, too. The question often asked is why go

through the bother of setting up an exchange programme when you can buy the same

materials through established purchase channel? The answer is complex and it is difficult

to establish which elements are more important than other, but the fact is that many

items, both monographs and serial titles are not available in any other way and these kind

of materials are the stuff of research e.g. dissertations, art exhibit catalogues, lecture

notes, reports of special studies and investigations, monthly or quarterly reports etc.

xvii
 Exchange takes place in libraries in a wide variety of ways, these include the exchange of

monographic, government documents, serials and duplicates, issue of periodicals. This

practice has a long history in libraries. Exchange became prominent in libraries on

international level after the World War II. According to Tuber and Associates (1954) the

destruction of libraries abroad and the inability to obtain new items during the war made

it essential to set up exchange programme because of limited funds for purchase.

Exchange of publications between industrialized and developing countries are more

necessary now than before. According to Lane, (1950) “in developing countries, the

demand of scientific and other kinds of publications are becoming more and more urgent

because of their desire and need to build up modern economy and develop their national

self-awareness”. A very large number of serials for example, cannot be obtained in other

way. The contracts and relationships formed with other institutions, particularly with

foreign libraries often yield additional and occasional substantial benefits.

As important as exchange is, it has some requirement to be successful. Discussing the

conditions usually attached to gifts and exchange materials, Lane (1950) gave some

conditions.

There must be the presence of other libraries with which to exchange.

The gifts and exchange should benefit all the participating libraries.

There should be competent, motivated and dedicated shaft to manage it.

There must be collection of materials to exchange.

2.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF GIFTS AND EXCHANGE

The significance of gifts and exchange was stressed by Akinyotolu (1980) when he stated

that;

xviii
 Apart from inter-library loans, there is hardly any area of library co-operation that is

potentially more rewarding than the exchange of duplicate and unwanted but valuable

materials. This is particularly true with libraries in the developing countries because of

the problems, which they face in acquiring required materials through purchase. As a

result of this economic problems in the developing countries, rate of acquisition has been

slow.

Gifts and exchange can be an important source for rare, unusual or expensive item, which

the library budget cannot afford. Numerous worthwhile publications are received through

gifts and exchange programmes. The main function of the gifts and exchange unit of any

library is to acquire material without direct cost to the library. Libraries go into gifts and

exchange because of the following:

Many materials such as monographs, dissertations, serials etc. cannot be acquired through

normal way.

Libraries in developing countries cannot afford to acquire most of the materials that is

required in the library especially those that are scientific in nature.

Exchange is a useful way of disposing of duplicates and unwanted material.

2.5 OFFICIAL POLICIES GUIDING THE COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT OF

GIFTS AND EXCHANGE

In recent years, north central libraries, University of Jos tended to adopt more formal

approaches to selection policy and procedure. Written statements of selection and

acquisition policies and budget allocation formulas are evidence of this trend. A written

policy enables each selector to have a better idea of what the others are doing which in

the long run ought to ensure consistent and balanced collection growth. Sometimes a

written policy may be used to resist pressures from very vocal segments of the library
xix
 community, at other times, it may serve to remind collectors of the needs of the quieter

members of the community. Written policy had great potential and a means of

communication with other libraries. Special inter library loan art arguments, co-operative

acquisitions, agreements etc. have stimulated the development of written policies.

Lane (1950) observed two policies common to libraries, which are: -

It is the policy of libraries that gifts of materials be accepted with the understanding that

is upon the receipt, they are owned by the north central zone library, University of Jos,

and become part of the library’s collections, therefore, the library reserves the right to

determine whatever is to be done to the materials received.

It is the policy of libraries to dispose of materials with the same deliberate attention to the

north central zone, University of Jos as to directed toward the work of collection

development. When unwanted materials are sold, the proceeds shall be returned to the

library. This policy is applied in all libraries except for materials believed to be of

particular value or where a highly specialized market exists for them. Final disposition is

made by the gifts and exchange department according to established priorities.

2.6 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE OPERATION OF GIFTS AND

EXCHANGE

Manu problems are associated with the acquisition of gifts and materials – prominent

among them is the issue of the quality of materials involved. In some cases, one is likely

to receive as gifts large number of books and other library materials, which are not

needed or wanted. This brings about the problems of handling, storage and time to sort

them out. According to Lane (1950) one large library estimated that is could use only

40% of the materials it receives as gifts. The remaining 60% had to be sold or given

away, exchange or discarded or stored against some eventual use for them.
xx
Another problem is the restriction placed on gifts. This according to Carter (1974) has

numerous effects upon libraries. She observed that: -

The restrictions placed upon the gifts in its handling, the effects of library
gift upon the technical service department of library, the restrictions
placed upon the gifts regard physical accommodation, the limitation
which may be placed upon the use of the materials and maintenance cost.

If there are many restrictions that are placed on the gifts in respect of its handling, the

librarian may not be free or allowed to determine whether the item should be integrated,

discarded or sold. When the gift is of confidential nature e.g. unreleased papers, the

librarian is faced with the problem of censorship. It is always expensive to maintain

certain types of gift materials. Also one of the most difficult hurdles in exchange work is

the tremendous amount of searching, checking, record keeping, slipping etc. which

should be taken care of promptly. And as a result of these, some librarians look at

exchange skeptically and feel that it pays for itself. Before exchange was evaluated on a

piece for piece basis but now it is evaluated on monetary basis which means more book

keeping, more records which is a costly procedure. It is important to note that other

obstacles that stand in the ways of exchange involves the following shortage of qualified

staff, inadequate knowledge of language (especially French, Latin, German etc. in the

developing countries), poorly organized and slow transportation, exorbitant postage

service and difficulties with the customs authorities. Another is that selection principle

should be applied to gift materials as are applied to the library’s own selections. This is

sometimes difficult as the human factor in the person of the donor enters into the picture

and the librarian may have to adopt the role of a diplomat. Gifts can be important sources

for unusual or expensive herms, which the library budget cannot afford but it is also true

that the offerings of gifts may include much material, which would only prove a burden

xxi
 to the library. Librarians have on occasions refused a gift collection because the cost of

processing the materials exceeded the worth of the collection.

2.7 SOURCES OF GIFTS AND EXCHANGE

Gifts are a valuable source of enriching the library’s collection, the usually take the form

of books, journals etc. although donations of money for purchase of materials are

sometimes made. The importance of gifts on a source library collection development

cannot be over emphasized. This is because gifts enable librarians to obtain materials free

of charge, which is important, since it is not possible for libraries to purchase material

frequently.

Fortunately, some of these items can be obtained through gifts. Many libraries in the

developing countries have been able to build their collections through gifts or assistance

or donations in form of books, periodicals, monetary support etc. Tauber and other

(1954), noted that: - “the story of gifts to libraries is long and inspirational one”.

He cited the example of Yale University in the United States of America, which had

received 18,184 books, 12,156 pamphlets and 26,269 serials as gifts and also other

10,030 duplicates from friends, faculty members, students and other between 1948 and

1949.

Libraries receive gifts from many sources including:

1. Complimentary copies from authors and publishers.

2. Gifts from local organizations and clubs

3. Donations by governments, various institutions, scientific and learned societies

4. Publications and duplicates from other libraries

5. Gifts from private collections, philanthropists and foundation

xxii
6. Depository right etc.

Exchange on the other hand is an arrangement whereby an organization exchanges its

publication for those of another organization. It is exchange by barter or trade of

duplicate materials with other libraries. The term exchange also refers to the process by

which libraries connected with institutions which publish their own materials (e.g. the

exchange on one university’s publications for another which is done on a wide scale

involving international as well as intra-national exchange). Exchange takes place in

libraries in a wide variety of ways e.g. the exchange of monographic, government

documents, serials and duplicates from other libraries, exchange of personnel etc. After

the World War II, exchange became prominent in libraries on international level.

According to Tauber and Associates (1954):

The destruction of libraries abroad and the inability to obtain new items during the war

made it essential to set up exchange programmes because of limited funds for purchase.

Lane (1950) studied 85 Colleges and Universities libraries and found that 13 different

materials were used for exchange purposes they are:

1. Official publications

2. Dissertation

3. Abstracts

4. Non-duplicate materials

5. Duplicate of books

6. Duplicate serials

7. University published serials

8. Instructional department publications

xxiii
 9. Library publications

10. Society publications

11. Miscellaneous materials

12. Government publications

13. Radio transcripts

Exchange of publications between industrialized and developing countries are more

necessary now than ever. According to Lane (1950):

In developing countries the demand for scientific and other kinds of publications are

becoming more and more urgent because of their desire and need to build up a modern

economy and develop their national self-awareness.

2.8 SUMMARY OF THE REVIEW

A large number of serials example cannot be obtained in another way. The contracts and

relationships formed with other institution particularly foreign libraries often yield

additional and occasional substantial benefits. As important as exchange, it has some

requirements to be successful. Example programme is the availability of suitable

materials for the library to offer exchange. Therefore libraries engaging in the programme

should be willing to share their resources, be it in materials or personnel. Others are

miscellaneous supplies e.g. equipment, typewriters, stationeries etc.

xxiv
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem(s). It

involves the research techniques utilized, research population, sample techniques of the

study area, sample size of the respondents, research instrument utilized, administration of

research instrument, data analysis techniques.

3.1 RESEARCH TECHNIQUE UTILIZED

This research project is aimed specifically at finding out the activities of gifts and

exchange programme in North Central Zone Library in any research work the nature of

the research and the tool to use for data collection, therefore nature of the research study

survey research method was used in this study. According to Charles, et al (1989) survey

methodology is “a method of data collection in which information is obtained directly

from individual persons who are selected so as to provide a basis for making inference

about some larger populations”. This method of research allows the investigation to

gather information about enumeration.

3.2 RESEARCH POPULATION

The population for this study comprises the collection development librarian and the

librarian in charge of gifts and exchange unit in the north central zone library.

3.3 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Purposive sampling technique was adopted for the study due to the population size of the

study method Keveni (2002) stated that purposive sampling techniques involves picking

on a sample based on the investigators judgment to suit his research need.

xxv
3.4 SAMPLE SIZE OF THE RESPONDENTS

The two librarians in-charge of collection development librarian and the librarian in-

charge of gifts and exchange unit constituted the sample size of respondents considering

the fact that these respondents are the librarians who are in direct contact with the gift and

exchange programme. They are also regarded as important source of whatever

information or data that has to do with the programme in the north central zone library.

The opinion at the selected respondent was condiered sufficiently to use to determine

how gift and exchange is being carried out in the north central zone library.

3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Questionnaire was the main research instrument adopted for the study. This instrument

was utilized because it enables the responding to questions asked. Equally, the instrument

provided the researcher easy accumulation of data analysis.

Personal visit and observations of the real event by the researcher was carried out.

3.6 ADMINISTRATION OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The researchers personally administered the research questionnaire to the respondents,

this method or system assisted the researcher to make clarification in the area where the

respondents felt confused. The researcher also collected the answered question personally

for reliability and confidentiality.

3.7 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE

The analysis of the raw data was based on the questionnaire administered, the data was

analyzed through the descriptive method, however, in some cases, diagrams were used to

illustrate findings.

xxvi
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 NUMBER OF GIFTS/EXCHANGE BOOKS FOR THE PERIOD 2007 – 2012

Fig. 1: Number of Gifts/Exchange Books for the Period 2007 – 2012

5,000

4,500

4,000

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0
Year 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12

Source: Field Survey, 2017

The graph is predominantly on the gifts/exchange of books in the north central zone

library for five academic sessions. After heavy purchase of books in 2007/08 academic

session, the remaining years witnessed rigorous pursuance of gifts and of exchange which

has been rising since 2007/08 session. This is due to the economic down turn of the

nation and the unavailability of funds for the library to enrich its collection, and the only

means or sources to enrich its collection development is through gifts, donations and

exchange programme.

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4.2 NUMBER OF PURCHASING BOOKS FOR THE PERIOD 2007/08 – 2011/12
SESSION

Fig. 2: Number of Purchasing Books for the Period 2007 – 2012

9,000

8,000

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

500

0
Year 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12

Source: Field Survey, 2017

The graph attempts to explain the purchased books for the five academic sessions. It is

observed that books were rigorously purchased. This is shown in the graph clearly where

the number of purchased books in 2007/08 session was close to 10,00 (ten thousand).

Other subsequent academic sessions witnessed the pursuance of gifts/exchange instead of

purchase. This is to say that purchased books were no longer a consistent issue because of

the down turn of the economy and so the library resorted to gifts, donations and exchange

to complement the down fall in purchases.

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4.3 NUMBER OF GIFTS/EXCHANGE AND PURCHASED BOOKS FOR THE YEAR
2007/08

Fig. 3: Number of Gift/Exchange and Purchased Books for the Year 2007/08

Gifts/exchange
14%

Purchased
86%

Source: Field Survey, 2017

This diagram shows the percentage of purchased books and that of gift/exchange for the

2007/08 academic year. Books received as gifts/exchange that year were approximately

14% of the total books the library acquired while purchased books was about 86%.

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4.4 NUMBER OF GIFTS/EXCHANGE AND PURCHASED BOOKS FOR THE YEAR
2008/09

Fig. 4: Number of Gift/Exchange and Purchased Books for the Year 2008/09

Purchased
21%

Gifts/exchange
79%

Source: Field Survey, 2017

In 2008/09 academic year, the percentage of gift/exchange was 79% while that of

purchase items was about 21% of the total acquired in the library.

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4.5 NUMBER OF GIFTS/EXCHANGE AND PURCHASED BOOKS FOR THE YEAR
2009/10

Fig. 5: Number of Gift/Exchange and Purchased Books for the Year 2009/10

Purchased
33%

Gifts/exchange
67%

Source: Field Survey, 2017

This indicates the acquisition of books by the library in the year 2009/10 academic year.

The percentage of gift/exchange books was about 67% while that of purchase books was

about 33% of the total acquired in the library.

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4.6 NUMBER OF GIFTS/EXCHANGE AND PURCHASED BOOKS FOR THE YEAR
2010/11

Fig. 6: Number of Gift/Exchange and Purchased Books for the Year 2010/11

Purchased
7%

Gifts/exchange
93%

Source: Field Survey, 2017

This chart shows that of 2010/2011 academic year of books required by the library,

gift/exchange books were about 93% while that of purchased books was about 7% of the

total acquired in the library.

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4.7 NUMBER OF GIFTS/EXCHANGE AND PURCHASED BOOKS FOR THE YEAR
2011/12

Fig. 7: Number of Gift/Exchange and Purchased Books for the Year 2011/12

Purchased
29%

Gifts/exchange
71%

Source: Field Survey, 2017

This explains the acquisition of books in the year 2011/12 where gifts/exchange books

was about 71% while that of purchase books was about 29% of the total materials

acquired in the library that year. From the analysis on the data collected in relation to

gifts and exchange and purchased books to the north central zone library, the researchers

observed that books purchased continued to fall drastically as the year go by. It is

pertinent to say that the north central zone library in meeting their major objectives of

providing adequate materials to meet the various needs of their users now depends

largely on gifts and exchange in enriching its collections due to financial constraints.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 SUMMARY OF THE STUDY

The study of this research work is on the gift and exchange programme in North Central

Zone Libraries, University of Jos Library. The researchers looked into the aims and

objectives of the programme and found out that gifts and exchange is an important source

for the acquisition of materials, which became expensive that the library cannot afford. It

was discovered that gifts and exchange has helped immensely in the growth of the library

stock. Looking at the number of gift/exchange and purchased books for five academic

sessions, the figure revealed that it was in 2008/2009 academic session that books were

heavily purchased last, while the remaining four academic session witnessed rigorous

pursuance of gifts and exchange which has been the main source of collection of books

and non-book materials mainly because of high rate of inflation and acute scarcity of

materials and partly because of the structural adjustment programme which has greatly

affected the purchasing power of libraries in general. The Jos University Library accepts

or receives gifts from various organizations, philanthropists, private collections etc. as

long as the gifts are not banned by the federal government. The gift and exchange laid

down policy. Its policy depends on the source from which the library is receiving the gift

and exchange material from.

5.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

Gifts and exchange programme has been given a tremendous attention over the years due

to high rate of inflation and acute scarcity of materials. In Nigeria, the economic

meltdown has greatly affected the purchasing power of so many academic libraries

xxxiv
especially in Nigeria. It is partly due to these that the library now depends, to a great

extent, on the gifts and exchange programme both at local, national and international

levels. However, it was discovered that Jos University Library has no laid down policy on

the gifts and exchange. Its policy depend on the source from which the library is

receiving the gift and the exchange. The university has an open door policy of accepting

gifts from anywhere provided that the materials to be given as gifts are not banned by the

Federal Government. The library now depends very much on gifts for its collection

development especially in areas of medicine, science and technology, law, library science

and management science. Norman (1980) reveals that “no library can be self-sufficient”.

This is because gifts and exchange enables libraries to obtain materials free of charge.

Organization with mentioning that the university has received gifts or donations from

include – the British council, the United States Information Services, the United Bank for

Africa (UBA), the Bank of the North Plc, who gave the library monetary and material gift

which cuts across various field of discipline. Presently, the North Central Zone,

University Library received over 600 volumes of books from the Book Aid International

since its inception in 1995. Gifts which the library also receive include complimentary

copies from authors and publishers, publications and duplicate from libraries, local

organizations and clubs, faculty members and students.

The library also has an exchange co-operation with other libraries and the main materials

which the library exchange include the university prospectus, annual reports,

seminar/lecture papers, students handbook etc.

xxxv
5.3 CONCLUSION

From the findings of the research work, the following concision were made: the scarcity

of both forgone and local higher education materials has been compounded by the current

economic materials have gone up beyond the reach of the library and this has made it

almost impossible for the library to acquire new books and non-book materials and

journals. These had serious consequences on the library. As a result of these, the library

gave tremendous attention to gifts and exchange to enrich their library collections over

the years. The materials being donated to the library through gifts and exchange has taken

a high proportion of the library collection and has also helped the library in acquiring rare

and expensive items, which the library budget cannot afford.

5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS

Since gifts and exchange are the main source through which the library receives materials

for their collection development, the north central zone university library should try and

increase its effort in identifying organizations and individuals who can provide it with

current materials and rare books.

The collection librarian should try and solicit for back issues of journals especially from

the United States Information Services (USIS) and the British Council who serve as the

major sources of current and rare books. Dormant exchange should be tried because it

will help to eliminate irrelevant acquisition and help in securing urgently needed

materials. This means that emphasis is on the need for the library rather than on the pre-

arranged proposed transaction on papers. For example, if library “A” has materials that

library “B” needs, but found out that at that time of exchange transaction, library “B”

does not have materials that are acceptable or relevant to library “A” exchange then can

xxxvi
still take place. In the sense that library “A” can still supply library “BS” need but not

necessarily receiving what library “B” can offer at that time. With this a “credit” can be

used at a future date. Dominant exchange could be used at a later point in time when

library “A” has its own needs hut not that the materials are acceptable to library “B”.

Thus dormant exchange will enable librarians to secure what is needed at the time of

need. Other recommendations include:

The professional librarian should try and co-ordinate all gifts and exchange activities

properly. This is important because one of the most difficult task of gifts and exchange is

when such gifts or exchange have strings attached to them for example; there are some

restrictions that are placed on the gifts in respect of its handling, the librarian may not be

free or allowed to determine whether the item should be integrated, discarded or sold.

When the gifts is of confidential in nature e.g. unreleased papers, the librarian is faced

with the problem of censorship. He should acknowledge promptly gifts received from

patrons of the library as well as members or friends of the library organization who have

proved effective sources for substantial gifts. The librarian should also be on the lookout

for free materials from various sources.

Finally, the major problem facing the library now is insufficient funds to meet its

challenges, particularly acquisition of current materials, it is therefore recommended that

financial allocation to the library should be increased substantially.

xxxvii
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Akinyotolu, A. (1980). Regional co-operation in library services: Its potentialities to developing

countries with special reference to West Africa. Nigeria Libraries Vol. 16, No.1-2, p.56.
Alfred, H. L. (1950). Exchange work in Colleges and University Libraries. New York, Columbia
University Press. P.50.
Carter, M. A. et al (1974). Building Library Collection. Mehiclen, Scarcrow Press. P. 51.
Charles et al (1989). Introduction to Research Method in Librarianship, techniques and
interpretation. New York Academic Press p.25.
Christian, R. (1974). Gifts of libraries in advantages and procedure: Mississippi Library News
p.9, 15 – 113.
Keller, H. (1941). A memorandum on library co-operation. Washington DC.
Kemoni, H. (2002). “The utilization of archives information by research in Kenya” A case study
of the University of Nairobi, African Journal of Library, Archives and Information
Sciences, Vol. 12.
Kovack, M. (1977-78). The organizational function of gifts and exchange programme.
Fellowship study-Washington DC, p.28.
Norman, S. (1980). A historical perspective on the concept of works. Critical issue in co-
operative history development, New York, Neol Schuman p.45.
Ranganathan, S. A. (1959). Elements of Library Classification. London. The Association of
Assistant Librarians. P.10.
Taubar, M. F. and Associates (1954). Technical service in libraries. The association of Assistant
Librarians. P.10.
Wallace, J. B. and Magwill, R. M. (1979). Building library collections. Mehiden. The Scarcrow
Press, p.190.

xxxviii
 APPENDIX I

Department of Library and

Information Science,
Federal Polytechnic,
P.M.B 001,
Nasarawa State.
September, 2017.
Dear Respondent,

LETTER OF INTRODUCTION

We are final year students of Library and Information Technology, Federal Polytechnic
Nasarawa, Nasarawa state. We are conducting a research on the topic “Gifts and Exhcnage in
North Central Zone, University of Jos LIbrary, as part of the requirements for the award of
National Diploma Certificate in the Department of Library and Information Technology.

Please kindly provide what you know about each item in the Questionnaire. This exercise is
purely for academic purpose and your opinion will be treated confidentially.

Thanks for your co-operation.

Yours faithfully,

Faith A. Agbo
Reg. No. 945

Grace Tishi Christopher

Reg. No. 947

Comfort Ime Sunday

Reg. No. 950

Caroline O. Ibeh
Reg. No. 961

Grace Odiong
Reg. No. 969

xxxix
 APPENDIX II

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR RESPONDENTS “GIFTS AND EXCHANGE UNIT”

1. Gender:
a. Male [ ]
b. Female [ ]
2. Educational qualification of respondents:
a. MLS [ ]
b. BLS [ ]
c. HND [ ]
d. ND [ ]
3. When were you assigned to this office?
a. This year [ ]
b. Last one year [ ]
c. Last two years [ ]
d. Over the year [ ]
4. What are the physical conditions of the gift materials?
a. Excellent [ ]
b. Good [ ]
c. Fair [ ]
5. Does the library have any exchange programme with any library?
a. Yes [ ]
b. No [ ]
c. If no, why _____________________________________
6. How are material given as gifts and exchange evaluated?
a. By soliciting [ ]
b. Voluntarily [ ]
c. All of the above [ ]
7. Do you assess the materials before processing?
a. Yes [ ]
b. No [ ]
xl
 c. If no, why? __________________________________________
8. Are there storage condition attached to gifts received?
a. Yes [ ]
b. No [ ]
c. If yes, what are the conditions? _____________________________
9. What are the problems facing the gifts and exchange programmes?
___________________________________________________________
10. What are the possible solutions to the problems identified?
____________________________________________________________

xli
 APPENDIX III

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT

1. Gender:
a. Male [ ]
b. Female [ ]
2. When were you assigned to this office?
a. This year [ ]
b. Last one year [ ]
c. Last two years [ ]
d. Over the year [ ]
3. What are the major duties of this department?
__________________________________________________________________
4. Does the department have gifts and exchange programmes in enriching their
collection?
a. Yes [ ]
b. No [ ]
c. If no, why _____________________________________
5. If yes what is the percentage of gifts and exchange to your annual collection?
_______________________________________________________________
6. Is there any written policy on gifts and exchange?
a. Yes [ ]
b. No [ ]
7. Does the library have exchange policy with any organization?
a. Yes [ ]
b. No [ ]
c. If no, why _____________________________________
8. Is the library given gifts by soliciting or voluntarily by donors?
a. Yes [ ]
b. No [ ]

xlii
9. Which organization does the library receive gifts from?

a. Non-governmental organization [ ]

b. Philanthropist [ ]

c. Government [ ]

10. How do you assess the national growth of gifts to the library?

a. Effective [ ]

b. Ineffective [ ]

xliii