Name: Subject: CHEM 1103L Schedule:

Report Sheet #7

DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTENT

AND CHLORIDE IN WATER

Post-lab questions:

1. What are some precautions that should be observed when collecting samples for DO determination, to
ensure the amount of oxygen in the sample is representative of the DO at the site?

Fill and overflow each bottle with at least three volumes. Make sure not to draw any air bubbles into the
sample. Reagents are added with the dispenser tip submerged at least 1 cm below the neck of the vial. The inserted
stopper displaces the excess of water. Carefully avoid contact with reagent and trapping bubbles. The sample is
mixed by thoroughly shaking, as this is a very critical step in the fixation of the oxygen. You can also mix a second
time after a few minutes to maximize the contact between the sample and the reagents. By doing this, you do not
contaminate the sample and you ensure that the amount of oxygen in the sample is an accurate representation of the
DO.

1. The standard Winkler method uses sodium iodide and sodium azide to be added at the same time as
sodium hydroxide. What is the purpose of sodium azide?

Sodium Azide is added to suppress the interference from the nitrite present that would react with the iodide.
In azide modification, sodium azide NaN3 added with alkali reagent. It suppresses the presence of any Nitrite that
would react with the Sodium Iodide.

NaN3 + H+ = HN3 + Na+

HN3 + NO2 + H+ = N2 + N2O + H2O

1. Chlorinated tapwater contains both chlorine (Cl2) and hypochlorite (OCl-). How does the presence of these
species affect DO results? Write equations to represent their individual interactions.

Chlorine can also affect Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) measurement or the amount of oxygen
consumed by microorganisms when they decompose organic matter in stream water by inhibiting or killing the
microorganisms that decompose the organic and inorganic matter in a sample. If you are sampling in chlorinated
waters, such as those below the effluent from some sewage treatment plants, you will have to neutralize the chlorine
with sodium thiosulfate.

When chlorine gas is dissolved in water reacts with the water to form hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid:

Cl2 + H2O → HOCl + HCl-

When a hypochlorite is added to water, it also reacts to form hypochlorite ion and hydroxide:

NaOCl + H2O → OCl¯ + OH¯

These forms can exist together and the relative concentration of each depends on the pH of the solution:
HOCl ⇌ OCl¯ + H

1. What effect would nitrite (NO2-), a common constituent of polluted water, have on DO results? Write a
balanced equation for its interaction.

Biological breakdown of organic nitrogen (oxidation of ammonia or reduction of nitrate) produces nitrites as
an intermediate product in the water. The typical nitrogen concentration range in domestic wastewater includes
organic and inorganic compounds (ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate). Nitrogen comprises 50% of untreated domestic
wastewater in organic form, whereas industrial waste-water could have higher nitrite and nitrate concentrations

3NO + H 0 → 2HNO + NO
2 2 3

Excess nitrate in the water is a source of fertilizer for aquatic plants and algae. In many cases, the amount
of nitrate in the water is what limits how much plants and algae can grow. If there is an excess level of nitrates,
plants and algae will grow excessively. Excess plants in a body of water can create many problems. An excess in the
growth of plants and algae create an unstable amount of dissolved oxygen.

Nitrite in water samples causes interference by oxidising iodide as:

2 NO-2 + 2 I- + 4H+ = I2 + N2O2 + 2H2O

1. What is meant by seawater intrusion in drinking water supplies? How does this happen? What are some
consequences of these phenomena?

Seawater intrusion is the encroachment of saltwater into groundwater, which exists as a natural condition
along any coastline as lighter freshwater is depleted through pumping or drought. Control of saltwater intrusion was
initially controlled by drilling wells inland, which only resulted in further saltwater intrusion. Current measures to
control this include ponding of surface water runoff or treated water from sewage treatment plants on the surface and
letting it infiltrate to resupply the fresh water. Other measures include the use of deep recharge wells where a
potentiometric surface is created to prevent seawater intrusion and to allow pumping below sea level landward of the
barrier. Since saltwater cannot be used to irrigate crops or be consumed by people, saltwater intrusion can be very
problematic to coastal communities that rely on fresh groundwater supplies for their livelihood.

Data and calculations. Present data and show calculations.

A. Dissolved Oxygen experiment

Concentration of Na2S2O3 (mole Na2S2O3/g solution)

Mass of Na2S2O3 (g) 0.891

Mass of solution (g) 100.891g

Concentration of Na2S2O3 0.056 M

Computation:
 Mass of solution (in g) = mass of water (assume density of water is 1.0g/mL) + mass of solute

1.0 g
=(100ml x ) + 0.891g
ml
=100.891g
Concentration of Na2S2O3 = mol Na2S2O3 / g solution

1 mol Na 2 S 2 O 3.5 H 2 O
0.891 g Na2 S 2O 3 x
= 248.19 Na 2 S 2 O3 × 5 H 2 O
100.891 g solution
=3.5582872 x 10-5 ≈ 3.56 x 10-5 molNa2S2O3.5H2O/g solution

Titration Data Trial 1 Trial 2

Mass of water sample used (g) 5.02 5.06

Mass of titrant:

a. Initial mass of Na2S2O3 and Beral pipet (g) 4.06 3.89

b. Final mass of Na2S2O3 and Beral pipet (g) 3.91 3.78

c. Mass of titrant used (g) 0.15 0.11

Computed mass of O2 (g) 4.27 x 10 g O

-5
2
3.13x10-5

Concentration of O2 in water sample 8.57 x 10-6 g O2/g H2O 6.18 x 10-6 g O2/g H2O
sample sample
(g O2/g H2O sample)

Concentration of O2 in water sample (ppm) 8.57 ppm 6.18 ppm

Average concentration of O2 in water sample (ppm) 7.38 ppm

Sample computations:

TRIAL 1

a. Computed mass of O2

Mass of titrant used = 4.06-3.91= 0.15g Na2S2O3.5H2O

Calculate the concentration of thiosulfate:

❑❑
3.56 x 10−5 mol thiosulfate
Concentration of Na2S2O3.5H2O =0.15g thiosulfate x
g thiosulfate solution
= 5.34 x 10-6 mol thiosulfate
Calculate the mass of O2

1 mol O 2 32 g O2
Mass of O2= 5.34x10-6 mol thiosulfate x x
4 mol thiosulfate 1mol O 2
= 4.272x10-5 ≈ 4.27x10-5gO2

b. Concentration of O2 in water sample (g O2/g H2O sample)

gO 2
Concentration of O2 in the water sample =
gH 20 sample
4.27 x 10−5 gO 2
=
5.02 g H 20 sample
= 8.57 x 10-6 g O2/g H2O sample

c. Concentration of O2 in water sample (ppm)

8.57 x 10−6 g O 2 1000 mg 1000 g

Concentration of O2 in ppm = x x
g H 2 O sample 1g mg
= 8.57 ppm

TRIAL 2

a. Computed mass of O2

Mass of titrant used = 3.89-3.78= 0.11g Na2S2O3.5H2O

Calculate the concentration of thiosulfate:

❑❑
3.56 x 10−5 mol thiosulfate
Concentration of Na2S2O3.5H2O =0.11g thiosulfate x
g thiosulfate solution
= 3.91 x 10-6 mol thiosulfate

Calculate the mass of O2

1 mol O 2 32 g O2
Mass of O2= 3.91x10-6 mol thiosulfate x x
4 mol thiosulfate 1mol O 2
= 3.132x10-5 ≈ 3.13x10-5gO2

b. Concentration of O2 in water sample (g O2/g H2O sample)

gO 2
Concentration of O2 in the water sample =
gH 20 sample
3.13 x 10−5 gO 2
=
5.06 g H 20 sample
= 6.18 x 10-6 g O2/g H2O sample

c. Concentration of O2 in water sample (ppm)

 6 .18 x 10−6 g O 2 1000 mg 1000 g
Concentration of O2 in ppm = x x
g H 2 O sample 1g mg
= 6.18 ppm

d. Average concentration of O2 in water sample (ppm)

Trial 1+ Trial 2
Average =
2
8.57 ppm +6.18 ppm
=
2
=7.38 ppm

B. Chloride experiment

Concentration of AgNO3 (mole AgNO3/g solution)

Mass of AgNO3 (g) 4.002

Mass of solution (g) 54.002

Concentration of AgNO3 0.46 M

Computation:

Mass of solution (in g) = mass of water (assume density of water is 1.0g/mL) + mass of solute

1g
=(50ml x ) +4.002
ml
=54.002

1 mol AgNO 3
4.002 g AgNO 3 x
= 169.91 gAgNO 3
54.002 g solution
=4.361624762 x 10-4 ≈ 4.36 x 10-5 mol AgNO3/g solution

Theoretical Computation of %Cl- in salt water sample

Mass of NaCl (g) 1.453 g

Mass of solution (g) 51.453 g

Theoretical %Cl- 0.048%

Computation:

Mass of solution (g) = mass of water (assume density of water is 1.0g/mL) + mass of solute

1.0 g
= (50ml x ) + 1.453g
ml
=51.453g

1mol Cl− ¿
Theoretical %Cl- = 1 mol NaCl 1 mol NaCl
mass of NaCl x x x 100 ¿
58.44 g NaCl mass of solution

1 mol Cl− ¿
= 1 mol NaCl 1mol NaCl
1.453 NaCl x x x 100¿
58.44 g NaCl 51.453 g NaCl
= 0.04832197823 ≈ 0.048%

Titration Data Trial 1 Trial 2

Mass of water sample used (g):

a. Initial mass of salt water and Beral pipet (g) 4.13 4.33

b. Final mass of salt water and Beral pipet (g) 3.22 3.40

c. Mass of water sample (g) 0.91 0.93

Moles of AgNO3 titrant:

a. Initial mass of AgNO3 and Beral pipet (g) 4.24 4.45

b. Final mass of AgNO3 and Beral pipet (g) 3.50 3.72

c. Mass of titrant used (g) 0.74 0.73

d. Moles of AgNO3 used 3.23 x10-4 mol AgNO3 3.18 x10-4 mol AgNO3

Mass of Cl- found in the water sample (g) 1.15 x10-2 g Cl 1.13 x10-2 g Cl

%(w/w) Cl- in the water sample 1.2% 1.2%

Average %Cl- in water sample 1.2%

Sample Computations:

TRIAL 1

a, Moles of AgNO3 titrant used:

4.36 x 10−4 mol AgNO 3

Moles AgNO3 = 0.74g AgNO3 x
g AgNO 3 solution
=3.2264 x10-4 ≈ 3.23 x10-4 mol AgNO3

b. Mass of Cl- found in the water sample

1 mol Cl− ¿ ¿
Mass of Cl- found in the sample = 3.23 x10-4 mol AgNO3 x
1 mol AgNO 3 x
35.45 gCl− ¿ ¿
1 mol Cl−¿ ¿
=1.145035 x 10-2 g Cl- ≈ 1.15 x10-2 g Cl

c. %(w/w) Cl- in the water sample

¿ ¿
%(w/w) Cl- in the water sample = 1.15 x 10−2 g Cl− x 100
0.91
= 1.263736264 ≈ 1.2%

TRIAL 2

a, Moles of AgNO3 titrant used:

4.36 x 10−4 mol AgNO 3

Moles AgNO3 = 0.73g AgNO3 x
g AgNO 3 solution
=3.1828 x10-4 ≈ 3.18 x10-4 mol AgNO3

b. Mass of Cl- found in the water sample

1 mol Cl− ¿ ¿
Mass of Cl- found in the sample = 3.18 x10-4 mol AgNO3 x
1 mol AgNO 3 x
35.45 gCl− ¿ ¿
1 mol Cl−¿ ¿
=1.12731 x 10-2 g Cl- ≈ 1.13 x10-2 g Cl

c. %(w/w) Cl- in the water sample

 ¿ ¿
%(w/w) Cl- in the water sample = 1.13 x 10−2 g Cl− x 100
0.91
= 1.241758242 ≈ 1.2%

d. Average %Cl- in the water sample

Trial 1+ Trial 2
Average %Cl- =
2
1.2% +1.2 %
=
2
=1.2%