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TURNING EFFECT OF
N
IA
FORCES
SS
U
H
D
i)Moments
A
M
ii)Centre of
M
iii)mass
A
H
Stability
Turning Effect of Forces 2
Moments
• Describe the moment of a force in terms of its turning
N
effect and relate this to everyday examples.
IA
SS
U
•.
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 3
Moments
• The turning effect of a force is called its moment or
N
torque
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 4
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 5
Moment factor
• The moment of a force is bigger if the force is bigger.
N
• The moment of a force is bigger if it acts further from the
IA
pivot.
SS
U
• The moment of force is greatest if it acts at 90ᵒ to the
H
object it acts on
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 6
Moments
• Make calculations using moment of a force = force x
N
perpendicular distance from the pivot and the principle of
IA
moments.
SS
U
H
•.
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 7
Calculating Moment
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
= F×d
Turning Effect of Forces 8
Problem Solving
1. Calculate the moment for each of the following
N
IA
(a) (b)
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 9
N
force of 300 N at the end of the spanner to undo a nut.
IA
What is the moment he applies?
SS
3. The radius of the wheel of fortune is 1.2 m, and the
U
H
operator applies a force of 45 N tangentially to get it
D
spinning. What torque has he supplied?
A
M
4. A 32 kg child sits on a seesaw. If she is 2.2 m from the
M
N
bicycle which has a crank 0.20 m long. If the cyclist
IA
exerts the same vertically downward push of 25 N with
SS
his foot, in which case A, B and C, is the turning effect
U
H
i. 0,
D
ii. between 0 and 5 Nm,
25 0.2 = 5 Nm? A
iii.
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 11
N
turn the nut by using a longer spanner.
IA
This is because the longer spanner gives
SS
U
A. a larger turning moment.
H
B. a smaller turning moment.
D
C. less friction.
A
M
D. more friction.
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 12
N
There is a pivot P at the wall and a chain is connected
IA
from the end of the pole to a point higher up the wall.
SS
There is a tension force F in the chain.
U
H
What is the moment of the force F about the pivot P?
D
A
A. Fxd M
B. Fxh
M
A
C. Fxl
H
D. Fxs
Turning Effect of Forces 13
N
4. The weight of the lamina is 2.0 N and the centre of
IA
mass is at C.
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A. 0.60 N m clockwise
B. 0.80 N m anticlockwise
C. 1.0 N m clockwise
D. 1.0 N m anticlockwise
Turning Effect of Forces 14
Moments
• State the principle of moments for a body in equilibrium.
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 15
Balance Beam
N
IA
SS
U
father’s
H
push
D
weight of girl
A
M
M
• Two forces are causing this see-saw to tip.
A
• The girl’s weight causes it to tip to the left, while her father
H
Principle of Moments
• Moment can be clockwise or anticlockwise.
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 18
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 19
Example
1. For the beam balance below, work out the unknown
N
weight?
IA
SS
U
H
D
2. Figure below shows three weights on a beam that is
A
M
balanced at its centre. Calculate the distance d from the
M
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
4. The diagram shows a uniform rod balance at its centre.
M
Use the principle of moments to calculate the weight W.
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 21
N
stones. The plank has negligible weight.
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 22
N
b. Calculate the moment of the 6 N force about O.
IA
c. Will the plank balance? If not which way will it tip?
SS
d. What extra force is needed at point P to balance the plank?
U
H
e. In which direction must the force at P act?
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 23
N
stands at the end D of the board, which is 4.0 m from
IA
the hinge. Neglecting the weight of the board, calculate
SS
U
the force F on the rope.
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 24
N
as well as their turning effect.
IA
• So:
SS
U
• The sum of the forces in one direction must equal to the sum of the
H
forces in the opposite direction.
D
• The principle of moments must apply.
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 25
N
unknown forces X and Y.
IA
SS
Y
U
H
1.0 m 2.5 m
D
A
M
M
A
H
X 400 N
Turning Effect of Forces 26
N
The weight of the beam is 40 N. Calculate the unknown
IA
force Z, and the length of the beam.
SS
U
Z
H
0.5 m
D
A
M
M
A
H
30 N 20 N
Turning Effect of Forces 27
N
unknown forces X and Y.
IA
SS
U
Y
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
600 N X
Turning Effect of Forces 28
Moments
• Describe how to verify the principle of moments
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 29
Experiment
• Aim: To verify the principle of moments
N
• Apparatus:
IA
1. Retort stand
SS
U
2. Metre rule with drill hole at the 50 cm mark.
H
3. Pivot
D
4. 10 g slotted mass with hanger labelled W1
A
M
5. 100 g slotted mass with hanger labelled W2
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 30
• Procedure:
N
1. Arrange the apparatus as shown
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 31
• Procedure:
N
2. Suspend different weights, W1 and W2 at different distances d1
IA
and d2 from the pivot.
SS
3. Carefully adjust the distances d1 and d2 until the rule balances
U
horizontally.
H
4. Record the values of W1,W2,d1 and d2.
D
A
5. Repeat procedure 2, 3 and 4 for different values of W1,W2,d1 and
M
d2 .
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 32
• Results
N
• For each set of results, calculate (W1 × d1) and (W2 × d2).
IA
• Conclusion
SS
• For each set of readings, within the limits of experimental accuracy, (W1 ×
U
d1) and (W2 × d2) will be equal for each set of readings.
H
• Hence clockwise moment equal anticlockwise moment.
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 33
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
D
Turning Effect of Forces 34
N
three forces acting on it.
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
The beam is in equilibrium.
M
N
pivot at its centre. The weight of the beam is negligible.
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 36
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
B
Turning Effect of Forces 37
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
A. object 1
B. object 2
C. object 3
D. object 4
Turning Effect of Forces 38
N
compare their weights.
IA
SS
U
H
D
6.
A
Which line in the table shows the correct order of the
M
children’s weights?
M
A
H
C
Turning Effect of Forces 39
N
Which plank turns?
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
D
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 40
N
pivot.
IA
8. Two equal forces F are applied to the rod, as shown.
SS
U
9. Which diagram shows the rod in equilibrium?
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
C
Turning Effect of Forces 41
N
centre.
IA
9. Which beam is balanced?
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
D
Turning Effect of Forces 42
N
at its mid-point.
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
1. What is the weight of the metal block?
A
A. 50 N
H
B. 75 N
C. 100 N
D. 150 N
Turning Effect of Forces 43
N
see-saw. He sits 2.0 m from the pivot.
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
Which statement is correct?
A
N
IA
SS
U
H
Two bags of rice are added to the other five.
D
A
What mass will now balance the bags?
M
M
A. 3.5 kg
A
B. 7.0 kg
H
C. 10 kg
D. 14 kg
Turning Effect of Forces 46
N
by a 9 kg mass.
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
14. Two bags of flour are removed. What mass will balance
A
A. 3 kg
B. 6 kg
C. 7 kg
D. 9 kg
Turning Effect of Forces 47
14. A simple balance has two pans suspended from the ends of
arms of equal length. When it is balanced, the pointer is at 0.
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
15. Four masses (in total) are placed on the pans, with one or more
M
on pan X and the rest on pan Y.
M
pans?
A. 1 g, 1 g, 5 g, 10 g
B. 1 g, 2 g, 2 g, 5 g
C. 2 g, 5 g, 5 g, 10 g
D. 2 g, 5 g, 10 g, 10 g
Turning Effect of Forces 48
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
What is the size of force F needed just to lift the loaded
M
wheelbarrow?
A
H
A. 350 N
B. 430 N
C. 600 N
D. 840 N
Turning Effect of Forces 49
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A. 75 N
B. 150 N
C. 225 N
D. 300 N
Turning Effect of Forces 50
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
What is the force F pulling on the piston?
M
A. 2.5 N
A
H
B. 10 N
C. 100 N
D. 160 N
Turning Effect of Forces 51
Centre of mass
• Describe how to determine the position of the centre of
N
mass of a plane lamina.
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 52
Centre of Mass
• The weight of an object is due to the attraction of the
N
Earth on all these particles.
IA
• The centre of mass is the point through which the entire
SS
weight of the object appears to act.
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 53
N
IA
• Above diagram shows the positions of the centre of
SS
gravity for regular-shaped objects with uniform
U
thickness.
H
D
• If the line of action of the weight of an object does not
A
go through the pivot, then a moment exists makes the
M
M
object to turn.
A
is no moment.
• This fact enable us to find the centre of gravity of an
irregular shaped object.
Turning Effect of Forces 54
Experiment
• Aim: To determine the centre of mass of a plane lamina
N
• Apparatus:
IA
• Retort stand
SS
U
• Cork
H
• Plumb line
D
• Lamina
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 55
• Procedure:
N
• On the lamina, make three holes near the edge of the lamina.
IA
• Suspend the lamina through one of the holes.
SS
• Hang the plumb line on the pin.
U
H
• When the plumb line is steady, make a dot on the position of the
D
line at the edge of the lamina
A
• Repeat steps 2-4 for the other two holes
M
M
• Conclusion
A
• The point where the lines meet is the centre of mass of the body.
H
Turning Effect of Forces 56
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 57
N
the object will be balanced
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
Example
1. The illustration in figure below represents a metre scale
N
balancing on a knife edge at 20 cm mark when a weight
IA
of 60 N is suspended from 10 cm mark. Calculate the
SS
weight of the ruler.
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 59
N
pivoted on a wedge placed under the 40 cm mark and
IA
carrying a weight of 70 N hanging from the 10 cm mark.
SS
The ruler is balanced horizontally by a weight W
U
H
hanging from the 100 cm mark. Calculate the value of
D
the weight W.
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 60
N
centre but maintained in equilibrium by a suspended
IA
weight of 2.4 N. The weight is hung 5 cm from one end
SS
of the metre rule. What is the weight of the metre rule?
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 61
N
N pivoted on a wedge placed under the 40 cm mark
IA
and carrying a weight of 7.0 N hanging from the 10 cm
SS
mark. The rule is kept horizontally by a weight W
U
H
hanging from the 100 cm end. Calculate the value of
D
the weight W.
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 62
N
weighing 10 N and of length 100 cm. The rod is
IA
balanced on a knife-edge at C, when a weight of 8 N is
SS
suspended from the point D and a solid S, of unknown
U
H
weight is suspended from A. Calculate the weight of the
D
solid S.
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 63
N
of 20 N. It is pivoted as shown. A force of 10 N acts at
IA
one end. What force F must be applied downwards at
SS
the other end to balance the beam?
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 64
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Stability
• Describe qualitatively the effect of the position of the
N
centre of mass on the stability of simple objects.
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 66
Stability
• Stability is the measure of a body’s ability to maintain its
N
original position.
IA
• The degree of stability in an object's position depends on
SS
how must its center of gravity will be changed if it is
U
H
moved.
D
• There are three states of equilibrium:
A
M
• Stable equilibrium
M
• Unstable equilibrium
A
H
• Neutral equilibrium
Turning Effect of Forces 67
Stable equilibrium
• If the body returns to its original position after being
N
displaced slightly it is said to be in stable equilibrium.
IA
Explanation
SS
U
If the book is lifted from one edge and
H
then allowed to fall, it will come back to
D
A
its original position.
M
M
Reason of stability
A
Unstable equilibrium
• If the body continues to move away from its original
N
position after being displaced, it is said to be in unstable
IA
equilibrium.
Explanation
SS
U
If thin rod standing vertically is slightly
H
D
disturbed from its position it will not come
A
back to its original position.
M
M
Reason of instability
A
H
Neutral equilibrium
• If an object remains wherever it is after being displaced, it
N
is said to be in neutral equilibrium.
IA
SS
Explanation
U
If a ball is pushed slightly to roll, it
H
D
will neither come back to its
A
M
original nor it will roll forward rather
M
N
1. Lowering its centre of gravity;
IA
2. Increasing the area of its base.
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 71
N
2. Which diagram shows how it hangs when suspended
IA
by a thread?
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
A
Turning Effect of Forces 72
N
from a nail so that it can rotate about any of four holes.
IA
3. What is the smallest number of holes from which the
SS
flat metal plate should be hung in order to find its centre
U
H
of gravity?
D
A. 1
A
M
B. 2
M
C. 3
A
4
H
D.
Turning Effect of Forces 73
N
horizontal pin.
IA
4. At which of the points shown is its centre of gravity?
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
C
Turning Effect of Forces 74
N
5. What is the safest position for its centre of mass?
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
D
Turning Effect of Forces 75
N
as shown. The glass remains stable.
IA
6. Which point is the centre of mass of the glass?
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
C
Turning Effect of Forces 76
N
three wheels, one at the front and two further back.
IA
7. Which point could be its centre of mass?
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
B
Turning Effect of Forces 77
N
mass. The position of the centre of mass of each object
IA
has been marked with a cross.
SS
8. Which object is the most stable?
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
A
Turning Effect of Forces 78
N
liquid.
IA
9. Which diagram shows the most stable arrangement?
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
B
Turning Effect of Forces 79
N
10. Which empty container is the most stable?
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
A
Turning Effect of Forces 80
N
glasses.
IA
11. Which one is the least stable when filled with a liquid?
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
B
Turning Effect of Forces 81
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Turning Effect of Forces 82
N
surface.
IA
13. The centre of mass of each object is marked M.
SS
U
14. Which object will fall over?
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
C
Turning Effect of Forces 83
N
IA
What is the effect of the paper-
SS
clips?
U
They help to raise the centre of mass
H
A.
above her finger.
D
A
B. They help to raise the centre of mass to
M
her finger.
M
N
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
C
Turning Effect of Forces 85
N
of double-decker buses.
IA
SS
U
H
D
A
M
M
A
H
Turning Effect of Forces 86
1. Why is this?
N
A. They would cause the bus to become unstable.
IA
B. They would cause the bus to slow down.
SS
C. They would increase the kinetic energy of the bus.
U
H
D. They would lower the centre of mass of the bus.
D
A
M
M
A
H