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Glencoe Geo Chapter 2 Workbook
Glencoe Geo Chapter 2 Workbook
Glencoe Geo Chapter 2 Workbook
Resource Masters
Consumable Workbooks Many of the worksheets contained in the Chapter Resource
Masters are available as consumable workbooks in both English and Spanish.
ISBN10 ISBN13
Study Guide and Intervention Workbook 0-07-877344-X 978-0-07-877344-0
Skills Practice Workbook 0-07-877346-6 978-0-07-877346-4
Practice Workbook 0-07-877347-4 978-0-07-877347-1
Word Problem Practice Workbook 0-07-877349-0 978-0-07-877349-5
Spanish Versions
Study Guide and Intervention Workbook 0-07-877345-8 978-0-07-877345-7
Practice Workbook 0-07-877348-2 978-0-07-877348-8
Answers for Workbooks The answers for Chapter 2 of these workbooks can be found
in the back of this Chapter Resource Masters booklet.
StudentWorks PlusTM This CD-ROM includes the entire Student Edition test along with
the English workbooks listed above.
TeacherWorks PlusTM All of the materials found in this booklet are included for viewing,
printing, and editing in this CD-ROM.
ISBN13: 978-0-07-873959-0
ISBN10: 0-07-873959-4 Geometry CRM2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 009 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06
CONTENTS
Teacher’s Guide to Using the Chapter 2 Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Resource Masters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Word Problem Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Chapter Resources Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Student-Built Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Anticipation Guide (English) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Lesson 2-6
Anticipation Guide (Spanish) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Algebraic Proof
Lesson Reading Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Lesson 2-1 Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Inductive Reasoning and Conjecture Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Lesson Reading Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Word Problem Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Word Problem Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Lesson 2-7
Enrichment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Proving Segment Relationships
Graphing Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Lesson Reading Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Lesson 2-2 Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Logic Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Lesson Reading Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Word Problem Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Lesson 2-8
Word Problem Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Proving Angle Relationships
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Lesson Reading Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Spreadsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Lesson 2-3 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Conditional Statements Word Problem Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Lesson Reading Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Assessment
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Student Recording Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Word Problem Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Rubric for Pre-AP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Chapter 1 Quizzes 1 and 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Chapter 1 Quizzes 3 and 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Lesson 2-4 Chapter 1 Mid-Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Deductive Reasoning Chapter 1 Vocabulary Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Lesson Reading Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Chapter 1 Test, Form 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Chapter 1 Test, Form 2A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Chapter 1 Test, Form 2B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Chapter 1 Test, Form 2C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Word Problem Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Chapter 1 Test, Form 2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Chapter 1 Test, Form 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Chapter 1 Extended Response Test . . . . . . . . 81
Lesson 2-5 Standardized Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Postulates and Paragraph Proofs
Lesson Reading Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A1–A40
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
iii
Teacher’s Guide to Using the
Chapter 2 Resource Masters
The Chapter 2 Resource Masters includes the core materials needed for Chapter 2.
These materials include worksheets, extensions, and assessment options. The
answers for these pages appear at the back of this booklet.
All of the materials found in this booklet are included for viewing and printing on
the TeacherWorks PlusTM CD-ROM.
Anticipation Guide (pages 3–4) This Practice This master closely follows the
master, presented in both English and types of problems found in the Exercises
Spanish, is a survey used before beginning section of the Student Edition and includes
the chapter to pinpoint what students may word problems. Use as an additional
or may not know about the concepts in the practice option or as homework for second-
chapter. Students will revisit this survey day teaching of the lesson.
after they complete the chapter to see if
their perceptions have changed. Word Problem Practice This master
includes additional practice in solving word
problems that apply the concepts of the
Lesson Resources lesson. Use as an additional practice or as
Lesson Reading Guide Get Ready for the homework for second-day teaching of the
Lesson extends the discussion from the lesson.
beginning of the Student Edition lesson.
Read the Lesson asks students to interpret Enrichment These activities may extend
the context of and relationships among the concepts of the lesson, offer an
terms in the lesson. Finally, Remember historical or multicultural look at the
What You Learned asks students to concepts, or widen students’ perspectives
summarize what they have learned using on the mathematics they are learning.
various representation techniques. Use as a They are written for use with all levels of
study tool for note taking or as an informal students.
reading assignment. It is also a helpful tool
for ELL (English Language Learners).
iv
Graphing Calculator, Scientific Leveled Chapter Tests
Calculator, or Spreadsheet Activities • Form 1 contains multiple-choice
These activities present ways in which questions and is intended for use with
technology can be used with the concepts below grade level students.
in some lessons of this chapter. Use as an • Forms 2A and 2B contain multiple-
alternative approach to some concepts or choice questions aimed at on grade level
as an integral part of your lesson students. These tests are similar in
presentation. format to offer comparable testing
situations.
Assessment Options • Forms 2C and 2D contain free-response
The assessment masters in the Chapter 2 questions aimed at on grade level
Resource Masters offer a wide range of students. These tests are similar in
assessment tools for formative (monitoring) format to offer comparable testing
assessment and summative (final) situations.
assessment. • Form 3 is a free-response test for use
with above grade level students.
Student Recording Sheet This master All of the above mentioned tests include a
corresponds with the standardized test free-response Bonus question.
practice at the end of the chapter.
Extended-Response Test Performance
Pre-AP Rubric This master provides assessment tasks are suitable for all
information for teachers and students on students. Sample answers and a scoring
how to assess performance on open-ended rubric are included for evaluation.
questions.
Standardized Test Practice These three
Quizzes Four free-response quizzes offer pages are cumulative in nature. It includes
assessment at appropriate intervals in the three parts: multiple-choice questions with
chapter. bubble-in answer format, griddable
questions with answer grids, and short-
Mid-Chapter Test This 1-page test answer free-response questions.
provides an option to assess the first half of
the chapter. It parallels the timing of the Answers
Mid-Chapter Quiz in the Student Edition • The answers for the Anticipation Guide
and includes both multiple-choice and free- and Lesson Resources are provided as
response questions. reduced pages with answers appearing
in red.
Vocabulary Test This test is suitable for • Full-size answer keys are provided for
all students. It includes a list of vocabulary the assessment masters.
words and 10 questions to assess students’
knowledge of those words. This can also be
used in conjunction with one of the leveled
chapter tests.
v
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
2 Student-Built Glossary
This is an alphabetical list of the key vocabulary terms you will learn in Chapter 2.
Chapter Resources
As you study the chapter, complete each term’s definition or description. Remember
to add the page number where you found the term. Add these pages to your
Geometry Study Notebook to review vocabulary at the end of the chapter.
Found
Vocabulary Term Definition/Description/Example
on Page
conclusion
conditional statement
conjecture
kuhn·JEK·chur
conjunction
contrapositive
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
converse
counterexample
deductive argument
deductive reasoning
disjunction
Found
Vocabulary Term Definition/Description/Example
on Page
hypothesis
if-then statement
inductive reasoning
inverse
negation
paragraph proof
proof
related conditionals
theorem
truth value
two-column proof
2 Anticipation Guide
Reasoning and Proof
Chapter Resources
STEP 1 Before you begin Chapter 2
• Read each statement.
• Decide whether you Agree (A) or Disagree (D) with the statement.
• Write A or D in the first column OR if you are not sure whether you agree or
disagree, write NS (Not Sure).
STEP 1 STEP 2
Statement
A, D, or NS A or D
1. Inductive reasoning is reasoning that uses facts to reach
logical conclusions.
2. A conjecture is an educated guess based on known
information.
3. A conjunction is two statements joined by the word or.
4. A statement that can be written in if-then form is called
a conditional statement.
5. Statements are logically equivalent if they both have
the same truth values.
6. Deductive reasoning uses examples to make a conclusion.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2 Ejercicios preparatorios
Razonamiento y prueba
PASO 1 PASO 2
Enunciado
A, D o NS AoD
1. El razonamiento inductivo usa hechos para sacar
conclusiones lógicas.
2. Una conjetura es una suposición informada que se basa
en información conocida.
3. Una conjunción son dos enunciados unidos por la palabra o.
4. Un enunciado que puede escribirse de la forma
si-entonces, se llama enunciado condicional.
5. Los enunciados son lógicamente equivalentes si ambos
tienen los mismos valores verdaderos.
6. El razonamiento deductivo usa ejemplos para sacar una
conclusión.
• Give an example of when you might use inductive reasoning in your daily life.
Lesson 2-1
Read the Lesson
1. Explain in your own words the relationship between a conjecture, a counterexample, and
inductive reasoning.
g. h.
3. State whether each conjecture is true or false. If the conjecture is false, give a
counterexample.
a. The sum of two odd integers is even.
d. The perfect squares (squares of whole numbers) alternate between odd and even.
Exercises
Describe the pattern. Then make a conjecture about the next number in the
sequence.
6 7 8
3. 1, ᎏᎏ, ᎏᎏ, ᎏᎏ
6. ⬔ABC and ⬔DBE are vertical angles. 7. ⬔E and ⬔F are right angles.
Lesson 2-1
AB BC C
not the midpoint? This diagram is a counterexample because 3 cm
point B is not on AC. The conjecture is false. A 3 cm B
Exercises
Determine whether each conjecture is true or false. Give a counterexample for
any false conjecture.
1.
11 9
2. ⫺4, ⫺1, 2, 5, 8 3. 6, ᎏᎏ, 5, ᎏᎏ, 4 4. ⫺2, 4, ⫺8, 16, ⫺32
2 2
10. Given:
AB, B
C
, and A
C are congruent.
Conjecture: A, B, and C are collinear.
11. Given: AB ⫹ BC ⫽ AC
Conjecture: AB ⫽ BC
2-1 Practice
Inductive Reasoning and Conjecture
Make a conjecture about the next item in each sequence.
1.
1 1 1
2. 5, ⫺10, 15, ⫺20 3. ⫺2, 1, ⫺ᎏᎏ, ᎏᎏ, ⫺ᎏᎏ 4. 12, 6, 3, 1.5, 0.75
2 4 8
Lesson 2-1
Make a conjecture based on the given information. Draw a figure to illustrate
your conjecture.
12. ALLERGIES Each spring, Rachel starts sneezing when the pear trees on her street blossom.
She reasons that she is allergic to pear trees. Find a counterexample to Rachel’s conjecture.
2-1 Enrichment
Counterexamples
When you make a conclusion after examining several specific
cases, you have used inductive reasoning. However, you must be
cautious when using this form of reasoning. By finding only one
counterexample, you disprove the conclusion.
Example 1
Is the statement ᎏᎏ ⱕ 1 true when you replace x with
x
1, 2, and 3? Is the statement true for all reals? If possible, find a
Lesson 2-1
counterexample.
1 1 1 1 1
ᎏᎏ ⫽ 1, ᎏᎏ ⬍ 1, and ᎏᎏ ⬍ 1. But when x ⫽ ᎏᎏ, then ᎏᎏ ⫽ 2. This counterexample
1 2 3 2 x
shows that the statement is not always true.
Exercises
1. The coldest day of the year in Chicago 2. Suppose John misses the school bus
occurred in January for five straight four Tuesdays in a row. Can you
years. Is it safe to conclude that the safely conclude that John misses the
coldest day in Chicago is always in school bus every Tuesday?
January?
5. Suppose you draw four points A, B, C, 6. Suppose you draw a circle, mark three
and D and then draw A B
, B
C, C
D, and points on it, and connect them. Will the
A
D . Does this procedure give a angles of the triangle be acute? Explain
quadrilateral always or only sometimes? your answers with figures.
Explain your answers with figures.
Step 4 To verify that the points are collinear, press 2nd [QUIT] 2nd [DRAW].
Select 2: Line( from the menu.
Draw X苶Z苶 by pressing 20.5 , 41.5 , (–) 10.2 , (–) 19.9 .
Exercises
Lesson 2-2
e. A statement that has the opposite truth value and the opposite meaning from a given
statement is called the of the statement.
2. Use true or false to complete each sentence.
a. If a statement is true, then its negation is .
b. If a statement is false, then its negation is .
c. If two statements are both true, then their conjunction is and
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
their disjunction is .
d. If two statements are both false, then their conjunction is and
their disjunction is .
e. If one statement is true and another is false, then their conjunction is
and their disjunction is .
Statement p and statement q joined Statement p and statement q joined Negation: not p is the negation of
by the word and is a conjunction. by the word or is a disjunction. the statement p.
Symbols: p q (Read: p and q) Symbols: p q (Read: p or q) Symbols: p (Read: not p)
The conjunction p q is true only The disjunction p q is true if p is The statements p and p have
when both p and q are true. true, if q is true, or if both are true. opposite truth values.
Exercises
1. p and q .
2. p or r
3. q or r
4. q and r
Logic
Truth Tables One way to organize Negation Conjunction Disjunction
the truth values of statements is in a
truth table. The truth tables for p ⬃p p q pq p q pq
negation, conjunction, and disjunction T F T T T T T T
are shown at the right. F T T F F T F T
F T F F T T
F F F F F F
Lesson 2-2
F F F T F F F F
F T T T F
F T F T F
F F T T F
F F F F F
Exercises
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. p r 5. ( p and r) or q
1. p and q
2. p r
3. p or s
4. r s
5. p q
6. q r
7. p q ⬃p ⬃p q ⬃(⬃p q)
8. p q ⬃q p ⬃q
T T T T F
T F T F T
F T F T F
F F F F T
9. q r 10. p r
2-2 Practice
Logic
Use the following statements to write a compound statement for each conjunction
and disjunction. Then find its truth value.
p: 60 seconds ⫽ 1 minute
q: Congruent supplementary angles each have a measure of 90.
r: ⫺12 ⫹ 11 ⬍ ⫺1
1. p q
2. q r
3. p q
4. p r
Lesson 2-2
5. p q ⬃p ⬃q ⬃p ⬃q
6. p q ⬃p ⬃p q p (⬃p q)
T T T T
T F T F
F T F T
F F F F
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. q (p q) 8. q (p q)
2-2 Enrichment
Sudoku
Sudoku is a math puzzle that requires logic
to solve. A Sudoku puzzle is typically a 5 1 2
9 ⫻ 9 grid with each square subdivided into
1 7 3 5 9 8
nine 3 ⫻ 3 squares. The puzzle starts with
some of the numbers given and the goal is
2 8 4 7 9 3
to fill in the rest using the following rules.
9 1 6 7
• Each row and each column has every
number, 1 through 9, with none repeated. 8 6 9 7 1
3 5 1 6
Lesson 2-2
8 5 3 7
Exercises
1. What is a good starting point? Why?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Explain how you can use the second rule to have all the numbers to solve the
larger puzzle.
A B C D E F G
1 p q ~p ~q p and q p or q ~p or ~q
2 T T F F TRUE TRUE FALSE
3 T F F T FALSE TRUE TRUE
4 F T T F FALSE TRUE TRUE
5 F F T T FALSE FALSE TRUE
6 Sheet 1 Sheet 2 Sheet 3
Exercises
Lesson 2-3
b. Write the inverse of the given conditional statement in if-then form and give its truth
value. If the statement is false, give a counterexample.
c. Write the contrapositive of the given conditional statement in if-then form and give
its truth value. If the statement is false, give a counterexample.
d. Write the converse of the given conditional statement in if-then form and give its
truth value. If the statement is false, give a counterexample.
Exercises
Determine the truth value of the following statement for each set of conditions.
If it does not rain this Saturday, we will have a picnic.
7. It rains this Saturday, and we have a picnic.
8. It rains this Saturday, and we don’t have a picnic.
9. It doesn’t rain this Saturday, and we have a picnic.
10. It doesn’t rain this Saturday, and we don’t have a picnic.
Conditional Statements
Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive If you change the hypothesis or conclusion
of a conditional statement, you form a related conditional. This chart shows the three
related conditionals, converse, inverse, and contrapositive, and how they are related to a
conditional statement.
Just as a conditional statement can be true or false, the related conditionals also can be true
or false. A conditional statement always has the same truth value as its contrapositive, and
the converse and inverse always have the same truth value.
Exercises
Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of each conditional statement. Tell
which statements are true and which statements are false.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Lesson 2-3
2. If a polygon is a rectangle, then it is a square.
3. If two angles are complementary, then the sum of their measures is 90.
1. If you purchase a computer and do not like it, then you can return it within 30 days.
2. If x ⫹ 8 ⫽ 4, then x ⫽ ⫺4.
5. “Those who stand for nothing fall for anything.” (Alexander Hamilton)
Determine the truth value of the following statement for each set of conditions.
If you finish your homework by 5 P.M., then you go out to dinner.
9. You finish your homework by 5 P.M. and you do not go out to dinner.
10. Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the conditional statement. Determine
whether each statement is true or false. If a statement is false, find a counterexample.
If 89 is divisible by 2, then 89 is an even number.
2-3 Practice
Conditional Statements
Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of each statement.
2. If you take a class in television broadcasting, then you will film a sporting event.
3. “Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” (George Santayana)
Determine the truth value of the following statement for each set of conditions.
If DVD players are on sale for less than $100, then you buy one.
5. DVD players are on sale for $95 and you buy one.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Lesson 2-3
6. DVD players are on sale for $100 and you do not buy one.
7. DVD players are not on sale for under $100 and you do not buy one.
8. Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the conditional statement. Determine
whether each statement is true or false. If a statement is false, find a counterexample.
If (⫺8) 2 ⬎ 0, then ⫺8 ⬎ 0.
SUMMER CAMP For Exercises 9 and 10, use the following information.
Older campers who attend Woodland Falls Camp are expected to work. Campers who are
juniors wait on tables.
Squares
Rectangles Rhombi
2-3 Enrichment
Venn Diagrams
A type of drawing called a Venn diagram can be useful in explaining conditional
statements. A Venn diagram uses circles to represent sets of objects.
Consider the statement “All rabbits have long ears.” To make a Venn diagram for this
statement, a large circle is drawn to represent all animals with long ears. Then a
smaller circle is drawn inside the first to represent all rabbits. The Venn diagram
shows that every rabbit is included in the group of long-eared animals.
The set of rabbits is called a subset of the set of
animals with long-eared animals.
long ears
The Venn diagram can also explain how to write the
statement, “All rabbits have long ears,” in if-then form.
Every rabbit is in the group of long-eared animals, so if
rabbits an animal is a rabbit, then it has long ears.
For each statement, draw a Venn diagram. Then write the sentence in if-then form.
1. Every dog has long hair. 2. All rational numbers are real.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Lesson 2-3
3. People who live in Iowa like corn. 4. Staff members are allowed in the
faculty lounge.
11. Determine whether statement (3) follows from statements (1) and (2) by the Law of
Detachment or the Law of Syllogism. If it does, state which law was used. If it does not,
write invalid.
a. (1) Every square is a parallelogram.
(2) Every parallelogram is a polygon.
(3) Every square is a polygon.
b. (1)If two lines that lie in the same plane do not intersect, they are parallel.
(2) Lines ᐉ and m lie in plane U and do not intersect.
(3) Lines ᐉ and m are parallel.
c. (1) Perpendicular lines intersect to form four right angles.
(2) ⬔A, ⬔B, ⬔C, and ⬔D are four right angles.
(3) ⬔A, ⬔B, ⬔C, and ⬔D are formed by intersecting perpendicular lines.
Example The statement If two angles are supplementary to the same angle,
then they are congruent is a true conditional. Determine whether each conclusion
is valid based on the given information. Explain your reasoning.
a. Given: ⬔A and ⬔C are supplementary to ⬔B. F
E
Conclusion: ⬔A is congruent to ⬔C.
G
The statement ⬔A and ⬔C are supplementary to ⬔B is B A D
H
the hypothesis of the conditional. Therefore, by the Law C
of Detachment, the conclusion is true.
J
b. Given: ⬔A is congruent to ⬔C.
Conclusion: ⬔A and ⬔C are supplementary to ⬔B.
The statement ⬔A is congruent to ⬔C is not the hypothesis
of the conditional, so the Law of Detachment cannot be used.
The conclusion is not valid.
Exercises
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Determine whether each conclusion is valid based on the true conditional given.
If not, write invalid. Explain your reasoning.
If two angles are complementary to the same angle, then the angles are congruent.
Lesson 2-4
2. Given: ⬔A ⬔C
Conclusion: ⬔A and ⬔C are complements of ⬔B.
Deductive Reasoning
Law of Syllogism Another way to make a valid conclusion is to use the Law of
Syllogism. It is similar to the Transitive Property.
Example The two conditional statements below are true. Use the Law of
Syllogism to find a valid conclusion. State the conclusion.
(1) If a number is a whole number, then the number is an integer.
(2) If a number is an integer, then it is a rational number.
p: A number is a whole number.
q: A number is an integer.
r: A number is a rational number.
The two conditional statements are p → q and q → r. Using the Law of Syllogism, a valid
conclusion is p → r. A statement of p → r is “if a number is a whole number, then it is a
rational number.”
Exercises
Determine whether you can use the Law of Syllogism to reach a valid conclusion
from each set of statements.
5. If you study for the test, then you will receive a high grade.
Your grade on the test is high.
Use the Law of Syllogism to determine whether a valid conclusion can be reached
from each set of statements. If a valid conclusion is possible, write it.
4. If two angles are complementary, then the sum of their measures is 90.
If the sum of the measures of two angles is 90, then both of the angles are acute.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. If the heat wave continues, then air conditioning will be used more frequently.
If air conditioning is used more frequently, then energy costs will be higher.
Lesson 2-4
Determine whether statement (3) follows from statements (1) and (2) by the Law
of Detachment or the Law of Syllogism. If it does, state which law was used. If it
does not, write invalid.
7. (1) If a marine animal is a starfish, then it lives in the intertidal zone of the ocean.
(2) The intertidal zone is the least stable of the ocean zones.
(3) If a marine animal is a starfish, then it lives in the least stable of the ocean zones.
2-4 Practice
Deductive Reasoning
Determine whether the stated conclusion is valid based on the given information.
If not, write invalid. Explain your reasoning.
If a point is the midpoint of a segment, then it divides the segment into two
congruent segments.
S
1. Given: R is the midpoint of Q.
Conclusion: QR
RS
2. Given:
ABBC
C
Conclusion: B divides A into two congruent segments.
Use the Law of Syllogism to determine whether a valid conclusion can be reached
from each set of statements. If a valid conclusion is possible, write it.
3. If two angles form a linear pair, then the two angles are supplementary.
If two angles are supplementary, then the sum of their measures is 180.
4. If a hurricane is Category 5, then winds are greater than 155 miles per hour.
If winds are greater than 155 miles per hour, then trees, shrubs, and signs are blown down.
6. (1) If the football team wins its homecoming game, then Conrad will attend the school
dance the following Friday.
(2) Conrad attends the school dance on Friday.
(3) The football team won the homecoming game.
Lesson 2-4
cannot exist.
3. MUSIC Composer Ludwig van 5. John cannot drink wine legally but is
Beethoven wrote 9 symphonies and 5 allowed to vote.
piano concertos. If you lived in Vienna
in the early 1800s, you could attend a
concert conducted by Beethoven himself.
Write a valid conclusion to the
hypothesis If Mozart could not attend a 6. Mary cannot vote legally but can drink
concert conducted by Beethoven, . . . beer legally.
2-4 Enrichment
1. (1) If you buy Tuff Cote luggage, it 2. (1) If you buy Tuff Cote luggage, it
will survive airline travel. will survive airline travel.
(2) Justin buys Tuff Cote luggage. (2) Justin’s luggage survived airline travel.
Conclusion: Justin’s luggage will Conclusion: Justin has Tuff Cote
survive airline travel. luggage.
5. (1) If you buy a word processor, you 6. (1) Great swimmers wear AquaLine
will be able to write letters faster. swimwear.
(2) Tania bought a word processor. (2) Gina wears AquaLine swimwear.
Conclusion: Tania will be able to Conclusion: Gina is a great swimmer.
write letters faster.
2. Determine whether each statement is always, sometimes, or never true. If the statement
is not always true, explain why.
a. If two planes intersect, their intersection is a line.
b. The midpoint of a segment divides the segment into two congruent segments.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Use the walls, floor, and ceiling of your classroom to describe a model for each of the
following geometric situations.
a. two planes that intersect in a line
4. A good way to remember a new mathematical term is to relate it to a word you already
know. Explain how the idea of a mathematical theorem is related to the idea of a scientific
theory.
Exercises
In the figure, 苶
AC苶 and 苶
DE苶 are in plane Q and 苶
AC苶 || D
苶E
苶.
State the postulate that can be used to show each F
statement is true. C Q
B
7. Exactly one plane contains points F, B, and E. A
E
D
G
8.
BE lies in plane Q.
Exercises
1. Given that ⬔A ⬔D and ⬔D ⬔E, write a paragraph proof to show that ⬔A ⬔E.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. It is given that
BC EF, M is the midpoint of
BC, and N is the C
midpoint of EF. Write a paragraph proof to show that BM ⫽ EN. M
B
E
N
F
1. 2.
Determine whether the following statements are always, sometimes, or never true.
Explain.
C
8. PROOF In the figure at the right, point B is the midpoint of A and A B C D
point C is the midpoint of
BD. Write a paragraph proof to prove that
AB ⫽ CD.
2-5 Practice
Postulates and Paragraph Proofs
Determine the number of line segments that can be drawn connecting each pair
of points.
1. 2.
Determine whether the following statements are always, sometimes, or never true.
Explain.
4. If three planes have a point in common, then they have a whole line in common.
B
7. In the figure, E is the midpoint of A and C
D
, and AB ⫽ CD. Write a C
paragraph proof to prove that AE ED.
A E B
Lesson 2-5
8. LOGIC Points A, B, and C are not collinear. Points B, C, and D are not collinear. Points
A, B, C, and D are not coplanar. Describe two planes that intersect in line BC.
2-5 Enrichment
Use the definitions of even and odd numbers to write paragraph proof for
each statement.
2. Give the reason for each statement in the following two-column proof.
Given: 5(n ⫺ 3) ⫽ 4(2n ⫺ 7) ⫺ 14
Prove: n ⫽ 9
Statements Reasons
Lesson 2-6
when solving an algebraic equation.
Property Statement
Reflexive For every number a, a ⫽ a.
Symmetric For all numbers a and b, if a ⫽ b then b ⫽ a.
Transitive For all numbers a, b, and c, if a ⫽ b and b ⫽ c then a ⫽ c.
Addition and Subtraction For all numbers a, b, and c, if a ⫽ b then a ⫹ c ⫽ b ⫹ c and a ⫺ c ⫽ b ⫺ c.
a b
Multiplication and Division For all numbers a, b, and c, if a ⫽ b then a ⭈ c ⫽ b ⭈ c, and if c ⫽ 0 then ᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏᎏ.
c c
Substitution For all numbers a and b, if a ⫽ b then a may be replaced by b in any equation
or expression.
Distributive For all numbers a, b, and c, a(b ⫹ c) ⫽ ab ⫹ ac.
x⫽4 Substitution
Exercises
Complete each proof.
4x ⫹ 6
1. Given: ᎏᎏ ⫽ 9 2. Given: 4x ⫹ 8 ⫽ x ⫹ 2
2
Prove: x ⫽ 3 Prove: x ⫽ ⫺2
Algebraic Proof
Geometric Proof Geometry deals with numbers as measures, so geometric proofs use
properties of numbers. Here are some of the algebraic properties used in proofs.
Exercises
State the property that justifies each statement.
1. If m⬔1 ⫽ m⬔2, then m⬔2 ⫽ m⬔1.
6. RS ⫽ RS
Lesson 2-6
1. If 80 ⫽ m⬔A, then m⬔A ⫽ 80.
3. If 7x ⫽ 28, then x ⫽ 4.
6. Given: 8x ⫺ 5 ⫽ 2x ⫹ 1
Prove: x ⫽ 1
Proof:
Statements Reasons
a. 8x ⫺ 5 ⫽ 2x ⫹ 1 a.
b. 8x ⫺ 5 ⫺ 2x ⫽ 2x ⫹ 1 ⫺ 2x b.
c. c. Substitution Property
d. d. Addition Property
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
e. 6x ⫽ 6 e.
6x 6
f. ᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏᎏ f.
6 6
g. g.
7. If
PQ and Q
QS S
, then PQ ⫽ ST.
ST P Q
S T
2-6 Practice
Algebraic Proof
PROOF Write a two-column proof.
1. If m⬔ABC ⫹ m⬔CBD ⫽ 90, m⬔ABC ⫽ 3x ⫺ 5,
x⫹1 D C
and m⬔CBD ⫽ ᎏᎏ, then x ⫽ 27.
2
B A
Lesson 2-6
same number of dogs. Robert and Gail figurines. They can both paint 8
also own the same number of dogs. figurines per hour. One day, Pete worked
Without knowing how many dogs they 6 hours while Rhonda worked 9 hours.
own, one can still conclude that Jessica How many figurines did they paint that
and Gail each own the same number of day? Show how to get the answer using
dogs. What property is used to make the Distributive Property.
this conclusion?
4. MANUFACTURING A company
manufactures small electronic
components called diodes. Each diode
is worth $1.50. Plant A produced 4,443 6. Fill in the missing steps and
diodes and Plant B produced 5,557 justifications for each step in finding
diodes. The foreman was asked what the value of x.
the total value of all the diodes was.
The foreman immediately responded Algebraic Steps Properties
“$15,000.” The foreman would not have
been able to compute the value so 4x ⫹ 8 ⫽ 36 Original equation
quickly if he had to multiply $1.50 by Subtraction
4,443 and then add this to the result Property
of $1.50 times 5,557. Explain how you
think the foreman got the answer so 4x ⫽ 28
quickly?
4x 28
ᎏ ᎏ ⫽ ᎏᎏ
4 4
Substitution
Property
2-6 Enrichment
Reflexive a⫽a
Symmetric If a ⫽ b, then b ⫽ a.
Transitive If a ⫽ b and b ⫽ c, then a ⫽ c.
X is next to X. False
If X is next to Y, then Y is next to X. True
If X is next to Y and Y is next to Z, then X is next to Z. False
Only the symmetric property is true for the relation “is next to.”
• Before leaving home, a passenger used a road atlas to determine that the
distance between San Diego and Dallas is about 1350 miles. Why is the flying
distance greater than that?
Lesson 2-7
Read the Lesson
1. If E is between Y and S, which of the following statements are always true?
A. YS ⫹ ES ⫽ YE B. YS ⫺ ES ⫽ YE
C. YE ⬎ ES D. YE ⭈ ES ⫽ YS
E. SE ⫹ EY ⫽ SY F. E is the midpoint of
YS.
2. BC ⫽ CD 2.
3. D is the midpoint of
CE. 3.
4. CD ⫽ DE 4.
5. BC ⫽ DE 5.
6. BC ⫹ CD ⫽ CD ⫹ DE 6.
7. BC ⫹ CD ⫽ BD 7.
CD ⫹ DE ⫽ CE
8. BD ⫽ CE 8.
D
9. B
CE 9.
The points on any line or line segment can be paired with real numbers so that, given any two
Ruler Postulate
points A and B on a line, A corresponds to zero and B corresponds to a positive real number.
Segment Addition
B is between A and C if and only if AB ⫹ BC ⫽ AC.
Postulate
Reflexive Property B
A A
B
Symmetric Property B
If A C
D
, then A
CD B
.
Transitive Property B
If A C
D
and C
D
E
F, then A
B
EF.
Lesson 2-7
Example Write a two-column proof.
B C
B
Given: A ; B
DE C
EF A F
E
Prove: A C
DF D
Statements Reasons
1.
AB
DE 1. Given
2. AB ⫽ DE 2. Definition of congruence of segments
3.
BC
EF 3. Given
4. BC ⫽ EF 4. Definition of congruence of segments
5. AB ⫹ BC ⫽ DE ⫹ EF 5. Addition Property
6. AB ⫹ BC ⫽ AC, DE ⫹ EF ⫽ DF 6. Segment Addition Postulate
7. AC ⫽ DF 7. Substitution
8.
AC
DF 8. Definition of congruence of segments
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Exercises
Justify each statement with a property of congruence.
1. If
DE , then G
GH H
.
DE
2. If
AB
RS and
RS
WY, then A
B
WY.
3.
RS
RS .
1. QA ⫽ QA
2. If
AB
BC and
BC
CE, then A
B
CE.
5. Given:
SU
LR S T U
U
T
LN
L N R
T
Prove: S
NR
Proof:
Statements Reasons
U
a. S , T
LR U
LN a.
6. Given:
AB
CD
D
Prove: C
AB
Proof:
Statements Reasons
a. a. Given
b. AB ⫽ CD b.
c. CD ⫽ AB c.
d. d. Definition of segments
2-7 Practice
Proving Segment Relationships
Complete the following proof.
B
1. Given: A DE A B C
B is the midpoint of
AC.
F
E is the midpoint of D . E
F
D
Prove:
BC EF
Proof:
Statements Reasons
Lesson 2-7
a. a. Given
b. AB ⫽ DE b.
c. c. Definition of Midpoint
d. BC ⫽ DE d.
e. BC ⫽ EF e.
f. f.
2. TRAVEL Refer to the figure. DeAnne knows that the Grayson Apex Redding Pine Bluff
distance from Grayson to Apex is the same as the distance G A R P
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1400 meters
5. Draw a figure to illustrate the situation.
7. 7.
2-7 Enrichment
Midpoint Counterpoint
The midpoint M of
AB when A is (x1, y1) and B is (x2, y2) is found by using
x ⫹x y ⫹y
the formula M ⫽ ᎏ
1
ᎏ2
1
,ᎏ ᎏ2
2
.
2
1
B
Suppose point P is a point on A located ᎏᎏ of the distance from A to B.
Lesson 2-7
4
Juan says the coordinates of P can be found by using the formula
x ⴙx y ⴙy
Pⴝ ᎏ
1
ᎏ2 1
,ᎏ ᎏ
4
2
.
4
1. Is Juan’s formula for P valid? Explain your answer.
2. Use midpoints to find a formula for the coordinates of P. Write your formula in
terms of x1, y1, x2, and y2.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Protractor and a number r between 0 and 180, there is exactly one ray
Given AB
Postulate , such that the measure
with endpoint A, extending on either side of AB P
of the angle formed is r. R
Angle Addition R is in the interior of ⬔PQS if and only if Q
S
Postulate m⬔PQR ⫹ m⬔RQS ⫽ m⬔PQS.
The two postulates can be used to prove the following two theorems.
Supplement If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary angles.
D
Theorem If ⬔1 and ⬔2 form a linear pair, then m⬔1 ⫹ m⬔2 ⫽ 180.
1 2
A B C
Complement If the noncommon sides of two adjacent angles form a right angle, F
Theorem then the angles are complementary angles. J
3
Lesson 2-8
⊥ GH
If GF , then m⬔3 ⫹ m⬔4 ⫽ 90. 4
G H
2
2 1
1 T
M N P S
Exercises
1. T 2. X Y 3. A H
P 7 Z 11
8 J
7 6 13
Q R 8 5
F
12
C
S U V W
B
a. A⊥B
C
a. a. ⬔1 and ⬔2 form a. Given
b. b. Definition of ⊥ a linear pair.
m⬔1 ⫹ m⬔3 ⫽ 180
c. m⬔ABC ⫽ 90 c. Def. of right angle b. b. Suppl.
d. m⬔ABC ⫽ d. Theorem
m⬔1 ⫹ m⬔2 c. ⬔1 is suppl. c.
e. 90 ⫽ m⬔1 ⫹ e. Substitution to ⬔3.
m⬔2 d. d. ⭄ suppl. to the
f. ⬔1 and ⬔2 are f. same ⬔ are .
compl.
g. g. Given
h. ⬔2 ⬔3 h.
2
1 2 6 1
5
2
13 14 8 9 3
7 10
Lesson 2-8
Determine whether the following statements are always, sometimes, or never true.
e. e.
f. f.
2-8 Practice
Proving Angle Relationships
Find the measure of each numbered angle.
4 6
3 5 7
1 2
Determine whether the following statements are always, sometimes, or never true.
7. STREETS Refer to the figure. Barton Road and Olive Tree Lane
Barton Tryon
form a right angle at their intersection. Tryon Street forms a 57° Rd St
angle with Olive Tree Lane. What is the measure of the acute angle
Tryon Street forms with Barton Road? Olive Tree Lane
Lesson 2-8
decide to measure the angle to the other
2. VISTAS If you look straight ahead at a edge. Given that the corner is a right
scenic point, you can see a waterfall. If angle, what is the measure of the other
you turn your head 25º to the left, you angle?
will see a famous mountain peak. If you
turn your head 35º more to the left, you
will see another waterfall. If you are For Exercises 5–7, use the following
looking straight ahead, through how information.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
many degrees must you turn your head Clyde looks at a building from point E.
to the left in order to see the second ⬔AEC has the same measure as ⬔BED.
waterfall?
A
E B
C
3. TUBES A tube with a hexagonal cross
D
section is placed on the floor.
2-8 Enrichment
Stars
There are many different types of stars. Stars can have 5 points, 6 points,
7 points, or more. The sum of the angles of the star changes depending on
the number of points.
D E
I K
3. Complete the table for the sum of the measures of the angles in a
star with the number of points given.
Number of points 5 6 7 8
Sum of angles
4. Make a conjecture about the formula for the sum of the measures
of the angles for a star with n points. Using this formula, what will
be the sum of the angles in a star with 12 points?