Senior High School

NOT

Quarter 3 - Module 1A
Properties of Matter and Intermolecular Forces
of Attraction

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

What I Know
Pre-Test

Directions: Read and answer each item carefully and choose the letter of
the best answer.
1. Which of the following properties pertains to solids only?
a. The kinetic energy is enough to overcome the attractive forces.
b. The particles can slide past one another.
c. They expand slightly when heated.
d. They diffuse extremely slow because the particles are tightly packed.
2. Rank the matter based on decreasing relative strength of attractive forces
between particles.
a. liquid, solid, gas c. gas, liquid, solid
b. solid, liquid, gas d. liquid, gas, solid
3. Which among the intermolecular forces is the weakest?
a. hydrogen bond c. dispersion forces
b. ion-dipole forces d. dipole-dipole forces
4. Which of the following is synonymous to dipoles?
a. nonpolar molecules c. charged atoms or group of atoms b. polar
molecules d. molecules with even sharing of electrons
5. Which intermolecular force is present in all molecules?
a. hydrogen bond c. dispersion forces
b. ion-dipole forces d. dipole-dipole forces
6. Which of the following intermolecular forces is exhibited by N2 molecules?
a. hydrogen bond c. dispersion forces
b. ion-dipole forces d. pole-dipole forces
7. Which of the following intermolecular forces is present in the molecules of
CH20H?
a. hydrogen bond c. dispersion forces
b. ion-dipole forces d. dipole-dipole forces
8. Which of the following is common to both solids and liquids?
a. They have fixed shape and fixed volume.
b. They have a strong intermolecular force of attraction and vibrate in fixed
position because their particles are close to each other.
c. They have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome their attractive forces.
d. They are slightly compressible.
9. Which of the three states of matter has the strongest intermolecular forces?
a. Solid c. Gas
b. Liquid d. gas, solid, liquid
10.Which of the following explains the formation of water droplets on the surface
of a glass of cold water?
a. Water molecules are pushed by air onto the surface of the glass and
form drops.
b. When water molecules in the air move slower, they get attracted to each
other and come together as drops.
c. Water molecules in the air get attracted to the liquid water.
d. Water molecules escape through the porous glass.
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Lesson

1on1Properties of Matter and

Intermolecular Forces of
Attraction
 What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Apply the kinetic molecular theory to describe liquids and solids.

2. Compare the properties of liquids and solids with those of gases.
3. Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces.

What’s In
A. Recall!
Directions: Recall the concepts on Molecular Geometry, Polarity, Bond Dipole and
Dipole Moment. Complete the table below by following these instructions:

1. Draw the Lewis structures of the following molecules with the correct shape
around the central atom.
2. Indicate each bond’s polarity by drawing an arrow to represent the bond
dipole along each bond.
3. Determine the molecule’s polarity and indicate this with an arrow to represent
the dipole.
4. Circle your choice in each box to mark the molecule as polar or nonpolar.
Cl2 NH3 CH3Br CH4

polar or nonpolar polar or nonpolar polar or nonpolar polar or nonpolar

What’s New
Before we start, you should be familiar with the following relevant
vocabulary that will be used in the lesson:

Phase
A homogeneous part of a system in interacting with other parts of the
system but separated from these other parts by well-defined boundaries.

Condensed phases
Liquids and solids

Intramolecular forces and intermolecular forces

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules.
Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.
 What is It
A. Kinetic Molecular Model of Liquids and Solids

The experimental findings about the behavior of gases can be explained with a
simple theoretical model known as the kinetic molecular theory. This theory is
based on the following assumptions:

1. All matter is made of tiny particles.

2. These particles are in constant motion.
3. The speed of particles is proportional to temperature. Increased temperature
means greater speed.
4. Solids, liquids, and gases differ in distances between particles, in the freedom
of motion of particles, and in the extent to which the particles interact.
*For an animation showing the motion of particles in a solid, liquid or gas, the lesson below may be viewed. At
http://preparatorychemistry.com/KMT_flash.html

Liquids and solids differ from gases in that their particles are much closer
together. They are collectively called as condensed phases because their particles
are in virtual contact. To fully understand their properties, examine their kinetic
molecular models as shown in Figure 1 below.
The Condensed State: Liquids and Solids
• In liquids, the molecules are so close
together that there is very little empty
space between them. Liquids are much
more difficult to compress and they are
much denser at normal conditions.

• Molecules in a liquid are held together

by one or more types of attractive forces.
However, the molecules can move past
one another freely. Liquids can flow, can
be poured and assumes the shape of its
container.

• In a solid, molecules are held tightly in

position with virtually no freedom of
liquid.
Figure 1: Molecular or particle level view of a
solid, liquid and a gas. 1Image obtained from • Solids are almost incompressible and possess definite shape
https://www.slideserve.com/tate/solids-liquids-gases-and-solutions and volume.
motion. There is even less empty space in a solid than in a

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Table 1. Properties of Gas, Liquid and Solid
Properties Molecular
of Matter Behavior

Gas Liquid Solid

Volume/Shape Assumes the Assumes Has a definite

volume and shape the shape shape and volume
of its of its
container container
and has a
definite
volume

Density Low High High

 Compressibili Very compressible Slightly Virtually
ty compressible incompressible

Motion of Vibrate and Vibrate, move Vibrate but generally

Molecules move freely at about and do not move from one
high slide past place to another
speeds each other

Table 1 shows the summary and comparison of the properties of gas, liquid
and solid.

B. Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that act between molecules or particles in
the liquid or solid states. These attractive forces are generally much weaker than
bonding forces.
The strength of intermolecular forces operating in solids and liquids can be indicated
by their melting and boiling points. Particles move away from each other when a
solid melts, or a liquid boils. As particles move away, intermolecular forces of
attraction are broken. Larger amount of energy is needed when the intermolecular
forces to be broken are stronger, hence, the higher the melting and boiling points.

The different types of intermolecular forces are the following:

1. Dispersion forces- when temporary dipole moment is induced in ordinarily

nonpolar molecule, dispersion forces result. These forces are present among all
types of molecules because of the movement of electrons. An uneven distribution
causes momentary charge separations as electrons move around the nucleus.
Slightly negative sides of a molecule are attracted to the slightly positive sides of the
adjacent molecule.

* If there is an internet connection, the

video on factors affecting solubility can
be used for demonstration:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpFW7V_GiUQ

Figure 2. (a) Spherical charge distribution in a helium atom.

(b) Distortion caused by the approach of a cation.
(c) Distortion caused by the approach of a dipole.
Image obtained from http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Forces/Intermol/Forces02.html
 What attractive interaction occurs in nonpolar substances? As being shown in
Figure 2, if we place charged (ion) or a polar molecule near an atom (or a nonpolar
molecule), the electron distribution of the atom (or molecule) is distorted by the force
exerted by the ion or polar molecule, resulting to a kind of dipole.

The dipole in the atom (or nonpolar molecule) is said to be an induced dipole
because the separation of positive and negative charges in the atom (or nonpolar
molecule) is due to the proximity of an ion or a polar molecule. The attractive
interaction between a polar molecule and the induced dipole is called dipole-induced
dipole interaction and the attractive interaction between an ion and the induced dipole
is called ion-induced dipole interaction.

The ease with the electron distribution in the atom (or molecule) can be
distorted or polarizability of an atom can also influence dipole moments. Generally,
the more diffused the electron cloud in the atom or molecule and the larger the
number of electrons, the greater is its polarizability. Diffuse cloud is an electron
cloud that is spread over an appreciable volume, so that the electrons are not held
tightly by the nucleus.

Dispersion forces may be the weakest of intermolecular forces that can exist
between two molecules, but the larger the atoms present, the stronger are the
dispersion forces. For example, F2, the lightest halogen, is a gas, Br2 is a liquid, and
the heavier I2, is a solid at room conditions. Further, the more atoms that make up the
molecules, the stronger are the dispersion forces. Methane, CH4, is gaseous, but
larger hydrocarbons like butane, C4H10 is liquid, and those with larger number of
carbon atoms, like the waxes, are solids at room temperature.

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2. Dipole-dipole forces
Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between polar molecules (molecules that
possess dipole moments). In polar molecules, the electrons are unequally distributed
due to the difference of the electronegativities of the atoms. The partial positive side
of one molecule is attracted to the partial negative side of another molecule. Dipole
dipole forces are stronger than the dispersion forces because polar molecules have a
permanent unequal spread of electrons. The nature of attraction is electrostatic and
can be explained in terms of Coulomb’s law: the larger the dipole moment, the
stronger the attraction.

Figure 3. Attractive Dipole-Dipole Interactions. Image obtained from

http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Forces/Intermol/Forces02.htm
 3. Ion-Dipole Forces

Ion-dipole forces attract an ion (either a cation or an anion) and a polar

molecule to each other (Figure 4). These types of forces can also be explained by
Coulomb’s law. The charge and size of the ion, the magnitude of the dipole moment
and size of the molecule greatly influence the strength of this interaction. A cation
interacts more strongly with dipoles than does an anion having a charge of the same
magnitude because the charges on cations are generally more concentrated, for the
reason that cations are usually smaller than anions.

Figure 4.(a) Interaction of a water molecule with a Na+ ion and a Mg2+ ion.
(b) In aqueous solutions, metal ions are usually surrounded by
six water molecules in an octahedral arrangement.
Image obtained from https://www.slideshare.net/Mr-Midgley/intermolecular-forces-15275077

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Figure 4 shows the ion-dipole interaction between the sodium and magnesium
ions with a water molecule, which has a large dipole moment. Because the Mg2+ ion
has a smaller ionic radius (78 pm) and a higher charge than that of the Na+ion (98
pm), it interacts more strongly with water molecules. (In reality, each ion is enclosed
by a number of water molecules in solution.) Similar differences exist for anions of
different charges and sizes.

4. Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bond is a generally strong force of attraction. It is a special type of dipole
dipole interaction between the hydrogen atom in a polar bond, such as N‒H, O‒H, or
F‒H, and an electronegative O, N, or F atom. Hydrogen bonds between water
molecules are particularly strong.

The interaction is written as:

A ‒ H ••• B or A ‒ H ••• A

A and B represent O, N, or F; A ‒ H is one molecule or part of a molecule and A or B

is a part of another molecule; the dotted line represents the hydrogen bond.
Examples of hydrogen bonding are demonstrated in the molecules of water (H2O),
ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen fluoride (HF):
 Figure 5.Hydrogen bonds in H2O, NH3 and HF. Image obtained from
http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/3082/3156196/blb1102.html

What’s More
Activity 3. Let’s Test Your Understanding!
Directions: Read and answer each question carefully. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. (a) Which type of intermolecular attractive force operates between all molecules?
(b) Which type of intermolecular attractive force operates only between polar
molecules?
(c) Which type of intermolecular attractive force operates only between the
hydrogen atom of a polar bond and a nearby small electronegative atom?

2. (a) What is meant by the term polarizability?

(b) Which of the following atoms would you expect to be most polarizable: N, P,
As, Sb? Explain.
(c) List the following molecules in order of increasing polarizability: GeCl4, CH4,
SiCl4, SiH4,and GeBr4.
(d) Arrange the boiling points of the substances in part (c) in increasing order.

3. Which of the following can form hydrogen bonds with water?

CH3OCH3, CH4, F-, HCOOH, Na+.

4. As a metal such as lead melts, what happens to

(a) the average kinetic energy of the atoms?
(b) the average distance between the atoms?

What I Have Learned

Activity 4. Analyze!
Directions: Read and answer each question carefully. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. (a) Does the diagram best describe a crystalline solid, a liquid, or a gas?
(b) Explain.

Brown, 2015

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2. List the three states of matter in their order of
(a) increasing molecular disorder and
(b) increasing intermolecular attraction.
(c) Which state of matter is most easily compressed?

What I Can Do
Activity 5. Comical sketch

Directions: Make a comical sketch using three heroes as particles (or molecules)
and present their behavior and positions relative to each other in the solid, liquid and
gaseous state. Assign one hero as the solid, the second as liquid and the third one as
gas. Explain the part of each hero and put your output on a separate sheet of paper.
 8
Appendix A. Notes on Molecular Polarity

To determine the polarity of a molecule, both the overall shape of the molecule and
the bonds present should be considered. Two or more polar bonds may cancel each
other out leading to a nonpolar molecule.

A molecule will be nonpolar if:

• All of the terminal atoms (or groups) are the same
• All of the terminal atoms (or groups) are symmetrically designated around the
central atom
• The terminal atoms (or groups) have equal or the same charges •
Example: CO2

A molecule will be polar if:

• One or more terminal atoms differ from each other.
• At least one polar bond is present.
• The terminal atoms are not symmetrically arranged
• The molecule has one slightly positive end and one slightly negative end. •
Example: H2O
Summary:

All substances exist in one of three states: gas, liquid, or solid. The major
difference between the condensed state and the gaseous state is the distance
separating their molecules. Substances that are gases or liquids at room temperature
are usually composed of molecules. In gases the intermolecular attractive forces are
negligible compared to the kinetic energies of the molecules; thus, the molecules are
widely separated and undergo constant, chaotic motion. In liquids the intermolecular
forces are strong enough to keep the molecules in close proximity; nevertheless, the
molecules are free to move with respect to one another. In solids the intermolecular
attractive forces are strong enough to restrain molecular motion and to force the
particles to occupy specific locations in a three-dimensional arrangement.

Intermolecular forces act between molecules or between molecules and ions.

Generally, these attractive forces are much weaker than bonding forces.
Dipole-dipole forces and ion-dipole forces attract molecules with dipole moments to
other polar molecules or ions. Dispersion forces are the result of temporary dipole
moments induced in ordinarily nonpolar molecules. The extent to which a dipole
moment can be induced in a molecule is called its polarizability. The term “van der
Waals forces” refers to dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and dispersion forces.
Hydrogen bonding is a relatively strong dipole-dipole interaction between a polar
bond containing a hydrogen atom and an electronegative O, N, or F atom. Hydrogen
bonds between water molecules are particularly strong.

Assessment: (Post-Test)
Directions: Read and answer each item carefully and choose the letter
of the best answer.

1. Which of the following statements does not describe the general properties of
liquids accurately?
(a) Liquids have characteristic volumes that do not change greatly with
changes in temperature. (Assuming that the liquid is not vaporized.) (b)
Liquids have characteristic volumes that do not change greatly with
changes in pressure.
(c) Liquids diffuse only very slowly compared to solids.
(d) The liquid state is highly disordered compared to the solid state.
(e) Liquids have high densities compared to gases.

2. Identify which property of liquids is not common with solids.

(a) rigid shape
(b) volumes do not change significantly with pressure
(c) hydrogen bonding forces can be significant
(d) practically incompressible
(e) volumes do not change significantly with temperature

3. Which of the following statements does not describe the general properties of
solids accurately?
(a) Solids have characteristic volumes that do not change greatly with
changes in temperature.
 (b) Solids have characteristic volumes that do not change greatly with
changes in pressure.
(c) Solids diffuse only very slowly compared to liquids and gases.
(d) Solids are not fluid.
(e) Most solids have high vapor pressures at room temperature.

4. Which of the following interactions is the strongest?

(a) hydrogen bonding force
(b) ion-ion interactions
(c) permanent dipole force
(d) dispersion force
(e) London force

5. The boiling points of the halogens increase in the order F2< Cl2< Br2< I2 due to
the resulting increasing _________ interactions.
(a) ion-dipole (b) hydrogen-bonding (c) ion-ion (d) dispersion forces (e)
permanent dipole-dipole

6. For which of the following would permanent dipole-dipole interactions play an

important role in determining physical properties in the liquid state? (a) BF3(b) ClF
(c) BeCl2(d) F2(e) CCl4

7. For which of the following would dispersion forces be the most important factor
in determining physical properties in the liquid state?
(a) H2O (b) NaCl (c) F2(d) HF (e) NH4Cl

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8. For which of the following would hydrogen bonding not be an important factor
in determining physical properties in the liquid state?
(a) HI (b) H2O (c) HF (d) NH3(e) H2O2

9. Which of the following substances will have the strongest intermolecular

forces?
(a) H2S (b) NO (c) CH3NH2 (d) Cl2 (e) Rn

10.Which response correctly identifies all the interactions that might affect the
properties of BrI?
(a) dispersion force, ion-ion interaction
(b) hydrogen bonding force, dispersion force
(c) permanent dipole force
(d) permanent dipole force, dispersion force
(e) dispersion force
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