Science

Quarter 1 – Module 3
Rock Forming Minerals

Images from : https://ccsearch.creativecommons.org/photo s and https://www.needpix.com/photo

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Science– Grade 11 Quarter 1 – Rock-forming Minerals

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Directo r: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Joni S. Aborde

Editors: Emily B. Esmabe

Reviewers: Benjie O. Cadag ; Chozara P. Duroy

Illustrator: Frances C. Morales

Layout Artist: Christy R. Dawal , Antonio L. Morada

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holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these
materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not
represent nor claim ownership over them.

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 properties .
(S11/12ES -1a-9)

Identify common rock-forming minerals

using their physical and chemical

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Dear Learners,

Rocks compose the Earth’s lithosphere. Minerals, on the other hand, are the
building blocks of rocks. Minerals are inorganic matter found in nature. Like rocks,
minerals are important natural resources. We use them in hundreds of ways, from
building the streets to cooking our food. Almost everything we use is made up of
minerals. Minerals are solid substances that are present in nature and can be made
of one element or more elements combined together.

In this module, you will learn about rock-forming minerals and their properties.

After studying this module, you are expected to Identify common rock-forming
minerals using their physical and chemical properties.(S11/12ES-1a-9)

Specifically, you are to:

1. distinguish minerals from non-minerals;
2. demonstrate understanding about properties of minerals;
3. identify rock-forming minerals using their properties; and 4. recognize the
importance of rock-forming minerals to society.

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 Let us define important terms you will encounter in this module.

Mineral- a naturally-occurring inorganic substance with a definite chemical

composition and unique crystalline structure.

Inorganic substances- those that are not derived from a living matter.
Crystal- a solid material composed of an element, a compound or a mixture whose
internal arrangement of atoms or molecules exhibits a repetitive pattern. Mass -the
amount of material present in an object.

Volume - the amount of space occupied by an object.

Water Displacement Method -a means of finding the volume of a solid by

submerging it into water. The volume of the solid is equal to the amount of water it
displaces.

Reniform- kidney-shaped.

Splendent - shiny and radiant.

B efore we proceed, let us find out what you alrea dy know about minerals . Choose
and write the letter of the best answer in your notebook .

1. Which of the following is a characteristic of a mineral?

a. It is inorganic.
b. It is solid at room temperature.
c. It has definite chemical composition.
d. a, b and c

2 . Which property can be used to identify a mineral ?

I. color II. streak III. luster IV. hardness
a. a. I, II and III only
b. II, III and IV
c. I, III and IV
d. all of them
3. What mineral is the hardest according to Mohs Scale?
a. talc
b. quartz
c. calcite
d. diamond

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4. A mineral is harder than glass but softer than steel. What mineral is being referred
to?
a. talc
b. topaz
c. gypsum
d. feldspar
5. Which property is NOT so reliable in identifying a mineral?
a. color
b. streak
c. density
d. specific gravity

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 Let us see if you can still recall the different Earth subsystems . Identify what
subsystem is represented by each item below. Write the answer in your notebook.

_________________ 1. air
_________________ 2. rocks
_________________ 3. plants
_________________ 4. oceans
_________________ 5. magma
_________________ 6 . oxygen
_________________ 7 . glaciers
_________________ 8 . humans
_________________ 9. freshwater
_________________ 10. tectonic plates

Let us explore rocks-forming minerals by doing these

activities.

Activity 1
Sugar or Salt?
Sugar and salt must be very familiar to you. Study their pictures below and answer
the questions that follow. Write your answer in your notebook.

Images by Joni S. Aborde, 12/18/2019

Guide Questions:

1. In what way are sugar and salt similar?

2. In what way are sugar and salt different?
3. Are sugar and salt both minerals? Explain your answer.
4. What characteristics must a substance possess so that it can be considered as a
mineral?

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 Activity 2

Which is Which?

Clear quartz and calcite are similar looking minerals. What property of minerals
will you use to identify them? Write your answer in your notebook.

Image by Joni S. Aborde, 12/18/2019

Activity 3
Gold or Not?

Let’s see if you would have the same thought as the girl in the story.

Read the short story in the next page and answer the questions that follow.
Write your answer in your notebook.

It was school break. Dani and her family went to Camarines Norte to visit their relatives. The
province is known for huge gold deposits. Dani was excited! Her cousins promised to take her
to one of the gold mines. She couldn’t wait to see natural gold!

But one day while taking a fresh bath in a river, she saw a yellow nugget underwater. She
thought of it as gold. Dani couldn’t believe she would have gold in her hand even before the
trip to the mine! She picked up the nugget to examine it later.

Upon reaching the house, Dani immediately rubbed the yellow nugget against a broken
porcelain plate she found in the backyard. She discovered that it gives a greenish-black mark.
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 She got a glass and then rubbed it against the nugget. The nugget scratched the glass. Dani
started thinking. Was it gold or not?

Questions:
1. What is the short story about?
2. Where did Dani and her family go? What is this place known for?
3. What did Dani find in the river?
4. What did she think it was?
5. Why do you think Dani thought that way?
6. What property did Dani consider in testing the nugget?
7. If you were Dani, how would you conclude after doing the tests? Was the
nugget actually a gold? Explain.
8. What other tests can be done to verify Dani’s findings?

Brilliant! You are really good at this!

WHAT ARE MINERALS?

Minerals are inorganic substances that are naturally occurring in the environment.
They have a specific chemical composition. Molecules in a mineral are arranged in a
repeated structure that form a solid crystal. These molecules are composed of atoms

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below shows the elements that comprise almost 99 % of rock-forming minerals.

minerals are made up of chemical compounds and each of them has a unique
chemical formula. For example, quartz is a silicate mineral composed of two oxygen
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atoms bonded with a silicon dioxide (SiO2) while feldspar is a silicate of aluminum
plus any of the elements sodium, potassium, iron, calcium, or barium or their
combinations. The basic building block for all silicate minerals is the anion silica,
SiO4.

Table 2 gives the seven categories of minerals based on their chemical

composition. Minerals within the same group may exhibit similar characteristics.

Table 2. Categories of Minerals According to Chemical Composition

Group Name Composition Example minerals

Native elements only one element gold, diamond

SiO4 (silica) + one or more

Silicates quartz, feldspar
other elements
O2 (oxide) + one or more
Oxides hematite, magnetite,
other elements
SO4 (sulfate) + one of more
Sulfates gypsum, barite
metallic elements
S2 (sulfide) + one or more
Sulfides pyrite, galena
other elements
CO3 (carbonate) + one or
Carbonates calcite, dolomite
more metallic element
halogen + one or more
Halides halite, chlorite
elements

The chem ical composition of minerals is expressed in their physical properties

which are used to identify them. These physical properties are given below:

1. Color and streak

Every mineral has i ts own distinctive color. However, color alone is not enough to
identify a mineral correctly because some minerals may have similar colors. A more
reliable test is the streak test. This test is done by rubbing a mineral against a piece of
porcelain. Streak is the color given by a mineral in its powder form.

https://geology.com/minerals/streak
-test.shtml

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 Figure 1. The streak of a mineral can be different from its color.

2. Luster

The property of a mineral to reflect light is given by its luster. Mineral luster can be
metallic or non-metallic. Metallic luster can be compared to the shine of a polished
metal. Non-metallic luster can be described as dull, pearly, silky, greasy or glassy.

Table 3. Types of Mineral Luster

Type Description
A. metallic opaque and shiny like polished metal
B. nonmetallic
• adamantine sparkly
• vitreous shiny like glass
• pearly milky or like a pearl
• silky fibrous and soft-looking
• resinous like a resin or tree sap
• dull earthy or clay-like
• greasy Oily

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 To identify a
mineral, its hardness is usually compared with that of common objects of known hardness in the
Mohs Scale as shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Hardness of Some Common Objects

Common Objects Hardness
fingernail 2.5
piece of copper 2.5 to 3.0
iron nail 4.5
glass 5.5
steel file 6.5
streak plate 7

4. Density and Specific gravity

Density describes the amount of matter present in a certain amount of space or

volume. To get mineral density, the mass of a sample is taken using a scale and the
volume is determined through the water displacement method. The density is then
calculated by dividing the mass by the volume of water displaced.

Specific gravity is a measure of a mineral’s density as compared to water. It is

calculated by dividing the density of a mineral by the density of water. A mineral with
a specific gravity of 2 is twice as dense as water.

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5. Crys tal habit and form

Crystal habit is the growth pattern exhibited by mineral crystals whilecrystal form
is the external sha pe of a mineral . Some common crystal habits are cube or cubic,
prismatic, bladed, tabular, radial, botryoidal, fibrous and dendritic. Figure 2 shows the
characteristic appearance of these crystal habits and forms.

Figure 2. Mineral crystals have varying habits and forms.

6. Cleavage and fracture

The tendency of a mineral to break along layers of weak points that form flat
surfaces is called cleavage. Fracture refers to the chipping shape of a mineral when
broken.

The quality of cleavage are categorized into the following:

a. Perfect – Mineral cleaves without leaving any rough surfaces forming full
flat planes.
b. Good – Mineral cleaves into smooth surfaces but with some rough
edges.
c. Poor – Cleavage is generally characterized by rough surfaces.
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 d. Indiscernible or indistinct – Cleavage is hardly noticeable.
e. None – Mineral never exhibit any cleavage. Broken surfaces are
fractured and rough

7. Diaphaneity

Also known as transparency, diaphaneity is the degree by which the mineral

transmit light. It can be described as opaque, translucent or transparent.
a. Opaque – The mineral does not transmit light.
b. Translucent – The mineral allows some amount of light to pass through it
in a distorted fashion.
c. Transparent – The mineral allows transmission of light in an undisturbed
manner.

All the properties discussed above are helpful in identifying minerals. The table
below summarizes the observable properties of some common minerals.

Table 6. Properties of Some Common Minerals

Mineral Properties
Name/ Diaphane crystal Hardne
Color Streak Luster
Group ity habit ss
transpare
Amethys
white, vitreous nt to hexagon
t purple 7
colorless glassy transluce al prism
(Silicate)
nt
colorless
,
white, botryoid
gray, al,
Chalced Waxy,
blue, any transluce rounded
oon white vitreous, 6-7
color due nt and
(Silicate) dull, greasy, silky
to stalactiti
embedde c
d
minerals,
tetrahedr
on
Chalcopy brassy
greenbl ,
rite yellow/gr metallic opaque 3.5 - 4
ack commonl
(Sulfide) een
y
massive,
someti
mes
botryoi
dal.
Diamond brown Transpar
(Native or ent, octahe
none,
element) yellow, adamantine transluce dral 10
colorless
colorles nt,
s opaque
Fluorite purple, white vitreous transpar granular, 4
(Halide) green, ent to massive
yellow, transluce octahed

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 also ral,
colorle nodular
ss, ,
nt
blue, botryoi
red, dal,
black
Galena lead
silver,
(Sulfide) gray metallic opaque cubic 2.5 +
gray
to black
Gold
golden golden
(Native metallic opaque granular 2.5 - 3
yellow yellow
element)
Massiv
e,
Gypsum white, transpar
flat,
ent to elongate
(Sulfate) colorless white vitreous to pearly 2
transluce d,
or grey
nt generally
prismatic
cubes,
Halite
transpar but also
(Halide) colorless white vitreous 2
ent granular,
fibrous
Tabular
to thick,
platy,
radiating,
fibrous,
reniform,
botryoida
l

reddish
Hematite grey- metallic or
- opaque 6 – 6.5
(Oxide) black dull
brown

Magnetit octahe
black black metallic, dull opaque 5.5
e (Oxide) dral
Greenish
Pyrite brass- black to
metallic opaque cubic 6 – 6.5
(Sulfide) yellow brownis
h

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 black
transpar
clear,
Quartz white or ent 6-sided
white or vitreous 7
(Silicate) colorless to nearly prism
gray
opaque
colorles
Talc s, white, foliated
transluce
(Silicate) greenish white pearly to fibrous 1
nt
or masses
yellowish
orange,
thin
yellow,
yellowi transpar tabular
Wulfenite gray, resinous-
sh - ent to 2.5 - 3
(Oxide) brown, greasy
white to opaque pyramida
green, l
black

Common Rock-forming Minerals

Although there are around 5000 different mineral species, only a few form rocks
and are called “rock-forming minerals”. Most minerals are “accessory minerals” that
occur in small quantities within a rock. The common rock-forming minerals are
plagioclase feldspars, alkali feldspar, quartz, amphiboles, micas, olivine, pyroxenes,
calcite and dolomite.

1. Plagioclase feldspar

Plagioclase feldspar is a group of silicate feldspar minerals that are rich in sodium or
calcium. These minerals form a solid solution series ranging from pure albite,
Na(AlSi3O8), to pure anorthite, Ca(Al2Si2O8). Their color is usually white to gray with
vitreous luster. Their hardness is 6 to 6.5 in the Mohs Scale. Specific gravity is
between 2.5 to 2.8. Crystals are stubby prisms and have perfect cleavage.

Plagioclase feldspar is the most common rock-forming mineral. It is found in most

igneous rocks including granite, diorite, gabbro and basalt. It is an important
constituent of many metamorphic rocks such as gneiss.

Plagioclase feldspar are used in ceramic products, as fillers in paints, plastics and
rubber and as gemstones.

2. Alkali feldspar

Alkali feldspar is another group of silicate feldspar minerals. Minerals under this
group are rich in alkali metal ions. Their composition ranges between NaAlSi 3O8 and
KAlSi3O8. They are commonly pink to white in color, with vitreous luster and perfect
cleavage.
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 Alkali feldspars are very abundant in alkali and acidic igneous rocks like
syenites, granites, and granodiorites.

Alkali feldspar is used to manufacture glass and ceramics and are sometimes used
as gemstones.

3. Quartz

The third largest group of rock-forming minerals is quartz. It is made up of silicon

dioxide (SiO2). Pure quartz is colorless but can have variations in color due to
impurities. It has a white streak and vitreous luster. Its crystals are usually hexagonal
and prismatic. Its hardness is 7 and specific gravity is 2.65.

Quartz is one of the most abundant minerals. It is found in many metamorphic,

sedimentary and igneous rocks that are high in silica such as granites and rhyolites.

Quartz is used in making glass, abrasive, foundry sand, hydraulic fracturing

proppant and as gemstones.

4. Mica

Mica is a collection of hydrous potassium, aluminum silicate minerals. It has a

variety of colors that ranges from light to dark. It can be colorless, rosy, purple, silver,
gray, dark green, brown or black. Its luster is described as splendent but some
appear pearly. Its hardness is 2.5 – 4. Specific gravity varies with composition at
2.76 to 3.2. It cleaves perfectly into thin elastic sheets.

Mica is among the most important rock-forming minerals. It is found in all rock
types – igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.

Mica is largely used in the electrical industry as capacitors.

5. Amphiboles

Amphiboles are also silicate minerals. They are generally black or brown in color but
can also be dark green, white, gray, colorless or pale green. They have a white
streak and vitreous luster. Their hardness is about 5-6. Crystal habit can be
columnar to fibrous to granular.

Amphiboles are component of many igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Amphiboles are used in construction as paving stones and as a veneer or facing on

buildings, as crushed stone for road and railroad bed.

6. Pyroxene

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 Pyroxene minerals belong to the silicate group that generally contain magnesium,
iron, calcium and aluminum. They are usually dark brown or black but some occur in
a wide range of colors. They have white streak and vitreous to dull luster. Their
hardness is 5 to 7 while specific gravity is 3 to 4. Their cleavage often have nearly
square cross-section

Pyroxenes are found in igneous and metamorphic rocks throughout the world.

Pyroxenes are used as crushed stone and dimension stones, as gem materials, and
as an important source of lithium.

7. Olivine

Another group of silicate minerals is olivine. Their chemical composition range

between Mg2SiO4 and Fe2SiO4. They are usually green in color but can be
yellowgreen, bright green, brownish-green or brown. They have colorless streak and
vitreous luster. Their hardness ranges from 6.5 – 7. Specific gravity is 3.2 to 4.4.
They exhibit poor cleavage and brittle with conchoidal fracture.

Olivine is typically found in igneous rocks such as basalt, gabbro and peridotite.

Olivine is commonly used as a gemstones.

8. Calcite

Calcite is a rock-forming mineral from the carbonate group. Its chemical formula is
CaCO3. It is usually white but can also occur as colorless, gray, red, green, blue,
yellow, brown or orange. It has a white streak and vitreous luster. Its hardness is 3
and specific gravity is 2.7. It cleaves perfectly into three directions.

Calcite is found everywhere in sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks. It is a

principal component of limestone and marble which make up a good portion of the
crust.

Calcite is used as an acid neutralizer, a low-hardness abrasive and a soil

conditioner.

9. Dolomite

Dolomite is a calcium magnesium carbonate with a chemical composition of

CaMg(CO3)2. Its color can be colorless, white, pink, green, gray, brown or black. It
has a white streak and a vitreous to pearly luster. Its hardness is 3.5 to 4 at Mohs
Scale. Its specific gravity is 2.8 to 2.9. It has a perfect cleavage.

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 Dolomite is a primary component of the sedimentary rock dolostone, of the
metamorphic rock dolomitic marble and of the sedimentary rock dolomitic limestone.

Dolomite is useful as construction aggregate. It is a source of magnesia for

the chemical industry and agricultural soil treatments.

Study each picture of minerals and fill the appropriate

columns in the table with their observable properties. Identify the mineral using the
properties and write its name in the last column. You may refer to Table 6 Properties
of Some Common Minerals in this module as a guide. Write your answer in your
notebook.

Properties Nam
Cryst e of
Picture Col Diaphan
Luster al Miner
or eity
Habit al

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 Copy the concept map below in your notebook. Fill the empty boxes with the
correct term observing proper relationship between the ideas you learned about
minerals.

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 Product Mineral Component Useful properties

Example:
gold with attractive color and
metallic luster, soft,
malleable, ductile,
tarnishresistant

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 Here are the key concepts discussed in this module:

Identify the main mineral

• Minerals component ofnaturally-occurring,
are inorganic, the product shown by the pictures. Citesolids
crystalline its with
propertiesdefinite chemical
that make it ideal tocomposition.
use. Write your answer in your notebook using the
• below.
template TheAnchemical property
example is provided of a mineral constitutes its chemical
for you.
composition which is expressed in its physical properties.
• Some physical properties of minerals are color and streak, hardness,
Uses of Minerals
cleavage and fracture, luster, crystal form and habit, density, specific
gravity and diaphaneity. These properties are used to identify minerals.
• Although there are thousands of mineral, only very few groups are
involved in rock-formation. Major rock-forming minerals are
plagioclase feldspar, alkali feldspar, quartz micas, amphiboles, pyroxene,
olivine, calcite and dolomite.
• Minerals are used in a wide array of products such as jewelries,
ceramics, dyes, salts, cosmetics and technologies. Minerals are also
important in the electrical, steel and construction industries.

Answer the following questions. Choose and write the letter of the correct
answer in your notebook.

1. Which of the following is NOT a mineral?

a. silicate
b. table salt
c. table sugar
d. snow flakes

2. What characteristics must a substance possess to be considered a mineral?

I. It must be inorganic. III. It must be naturally found in nature.
II. It must be hard and compact. IV. It must be solid at room temperature.

a. I, II and III only

b. II, III and IV only
c. I, III and IV only
d. I, II and IV only

3. What is the basis in classifying minerals? 24

a. color
b. streak
c. specific gravity
4. A mineral is harder than glass but softer than steel. What must it be?

a. talc
b. quartz
c. calcite
d. feldspar

5. A synthetic diamond is prepared in a laboratory by placing carbon under high

pressure. Is this laboratory-made diamond a mineral?
a. Yes, because it is still made up of inorganic substance.
b. Yes, because it still has a definite chemical composition.
c. No, because it is made up of carbon atoms.
d. No, because it is not made through a natural process.

6. Why is color not a very useful property in mineral identification?

a. because some minerals are clear or colorless
b. because each mineral has its own distinct color
c. because same minerals can have different colors
d. because the color of a mineral can be different from its streak

7. What property does the Mohs Scale measure?

a. luster
b. density
c. hardness
d. specific gravity

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8. Which of the following is true about all silicate minerals?
a. They have high density and perfect cleavage.
b. They are colorless, transparent and prismatic.
c. They are made up of the two main elements silicon and oxygen.
d. a, b and c

9. You found a clear mineral embedded in a rock. It cannot be scratched by your

fingernail but can be scratched by a knife.What mineral is it?
a. quartz
b. calcite
c. gypsum
d. diamond

10. Which of the following is the most common rock

-forming mineral type?
a. quartz
b. calcite
c. alkali feldspar
d. plagioclase feldspar

Clever! One more and you’re done!

You have learned that minerals are valuable natural resources. They have a
variety of applications in the fields of construction, engineering, agriculture,
electronics and even in the food industry. Because of this, the need for minerals
continue to grow. However, mineral resources are non-renewable. Due to high
demand, resources are slowly depleting. Thus, there is a necessity to conserve
minerals.

Make a simple project plan that will show how you can help your community in the
conservation of minerals. Present your plan of activities chronologically in
preimplementation, implementation and post-implementation stages. Include the
persons or organizations you need to involve in your activities as well as all the
materials, resources and facilities you will need. Write your plan in your notebook
using the template below.

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 Mineral Conservation Plan
Materials,
Activities Persons/Organizations Resources and
to Involve Facilities Needed
A. Pre-implementation Stage
Activities:
_______________________

B. Implementation Stage
Activities
_______________________

C. Post-implementation Stage
Activities
_________________________

Congratulations! You did great inthis module!

Commission on Higher Education (2016).Teaching Guide for Senior High School.

Earth and Life Science.

Glencoe McGraw-Hill (n.d.). Science Voyages, Exploring the Life, Earth, and
Physical Sciences. Florida Edition, Level Blue.

Try this
1. a 2. b 3. d 4. d 5. a

Do this
1. atmosphere 6. atmosphere
2. lithosphere 7. hydrosphere
3. biosphere 8. biosphere
4. hydrosphere 9. hydrosphere
5. lithosphere 10. lithosphere
27
Explore
Activity 1. Sugar or Salt?
1. Sugar and salt are similar on color, streak and crystal structure.
2. Sugar and salt differ in luster, hardness and chemical composition.
3. No. Only salt is a mineral. Sugar is not a mineral because it comes from a plant, a
living organism. Therefore, sugar is organic.
4. To be considered a mineral, a substance must possess the following
characteristic: a. naturally-occurring,
b. inorganic (not coming from living matter),
c. with definite chemical composition, and
d. form a crystalline structure.

Activity 2. Which is Which?

Possible answers
I can use Mohs Hardness scale to identify them. I can scratch each of them with an
iron nail with 4.5 hardness in the Mohs Scale. Whichever can be scratched by the
nail is the calcite since its hardness is only 3, much softer than the iron nail. The
other would be the quartz, since its hardness is 7, much harder than the iron nail.

Activity 3. Gold or Not?

Possible answers
1. The story is about Dani and how she tested a yellow nugget which she
thought of as gold.
2. Dani and her family went to Camarines Norte which is known for gold.
3. Dani found a yellow nugget.
4. She thought the nugget was gold.
5. She thought that way knowing that the province has many gold mines and the
nugget has the color of gold.
6. She considered to test for streak and hardness of the unknown mineral.
7. If I were Dani, I would conclude that the substance is not a gold. This is
because gold has a yellow streak not greenish black. Likewise, gold is a
relatively soft, malleable mineral, thus, it will not scratch a glass.
(Hint: Gold has a hardness of 2.5 while a glass has 5.5. The nugget must be pyrite
which is also called “fool’s gold” due to its close resemblance to gold.
Pyrite has a greenish-black streak and hardness of 6.5.)
8. To verify the findings, Dani may observe other properties of the mineral like
crystal habit and specific gravity. She may go to a jewelry shop or pawnshop
to have the nugget checked whether it is gold or not. She may also bring the
sample to a laboratory to test for its chemical composition.

Apply what you have learned

Picture Properties Name

28
 Crystal
Diaphan Habit of
Color Luster
eity Mineral

gray opaque cubic galen

a

metallic

purp vitreous transluc octahe fluorit

le ent dral e

clea vitreous transpa 6-sided

r rent prismat quartz
ic

oran resinous opaque tabular wulfe

ge nite

29
 blac metallic opaque botryoi hemat
k dal ite

Product Mineral Component Useful properties

Example:
with attractive color and
gold metallic luster, soft, malleable,
ductile, tarnish-resistant

aluminum
soft, lightweight, fire proof,
corrosion resistant

graphite
with a dark streak, soft, light
weight

diamond
hard, durable, highly lustrous,
chemically-resistant
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 lithium
lightweight, high
electrochemical potential

talc
soft, transluscent, with pearly
luster

Assess what you have learned

1. c 2. c 3. d 4. d 5. d 6. c 7. c 8. c 9. b 10. d

REFERENCES

Commission on Higher Education (2016).Teaching Guide for Senior High School.

Earth and Life Science.

Glencoe McGraw-Hill (n.d.). Science Voyages, Exploring the Life, Earth, and
Physical Sciences. Florida Edition, Level Blue.

Papa, R.D, et al. (2016). Earth and Life Science, Knowing and Understanding
Nature. Abiva Publishing House, Inc. Araneta Ave., Quezon City

Petersen, J.F., et al (2016). Earth and Life Sciences. Rex Bookstore, Inc. Manila,
Philippines.

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packagingtransparent
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